Mc lc

Mc lc........................................................................1
Bi 1: Tn v s dng tn............................................4
Tn ct, tn dng v tn t t trong cc cng thc.........................4
Quy nh chung v t tn.................................................................4
Thao tc t tn..................................................................................4
t tn cho mt , mt vng ................................................................4
t tn cho cng thc, cho hng s.........................................................5
i tn......................................................................................................6
t tn xuyn qua nhiu bng tnh dng tham chiu 3-D.......................6
Thit lp tham chiu ca tn....................................................................7

Dng tn trong cc cng thc............................................................8

Bi 2: Lc d liu..........................................................9
I.s dng chc nng lc t ng Autofilter....................................9
1.Tm s ln nht, nh nht......................................................................9
2.Lc cc trng, khng trng.................................................................9
Lc cc gi tr ln hn b hn mt gi tr cho trc...............................10
Lc gi tr bng, khc mt gi tr cho trc............................................10
Lc cc dng cha mu t cn tm.........................................................11
Lc cc mu t l phn u, phn cui ca mt xu.............................11

Lc mc cao.....................................................................................12
1.iu kin lc........................................................................................12
Thit lp iu kin lc............................................................................12
V d:............................................................................................13
V d:...........................................................................................13
V d:...........................................................................................13
iu kin lc trn nhiu dng...............................................................13
Cc k t i din trong iu kin..........................................................14

V d: Nhng ngi c Chc v l G (gim c) hoc PG (ph

gim c) hoc l TP (trng phng).........................................14
Bi 3: Danh sch nh mt C s d liu........................................16
I. To lp danh sch - CSDL...............................................................16

cc hm CSDL...................................................................................16
1.Khun dng chung..............................................................................16
Cch dng cc hm CSDL......................................................................16

C php: DSum (D1, D2, D3)............................................................16

D1: a ch vng CSDL......................................................................16
Tnh tng cc bn ghi tho mn iu kin t ra..............................17
S dng form....................................................................................19
1.To lp form nhp liu vo danh sch CSDL.......................................19

Trong hp thoi ny xut hin ni dung ca c s d liu. Ta c th

dng cc phm mi tn ln, xung xem cc bn ghi pha
trc hoc pha sau so vi bn ghi hin thi..............................19
Dng cc form lm sn.....................................................................19

Bi 4: Bng xoay Pivot Table.............................................................21

I.Bng xoay.......................................................................................21
1.Bng xoay l g....................................................................................21
Cc thnh phn ca mt bng xoay ......................................................21
c th tip cn c vi Pivot Table Report chng ta s nghin cu
cc khi nim c bn lin quan n kh nng ny ca excel.............21

To lp bng xoay.............................................................................23
1.Bo co bng PivotTable.....................................................................23
Vng d liu to PivotTable Report bt buc phi c dng u tin l
tiu . y chnh l dng cc trng tham gia vo cc vng c bn
ca PivotTable Report. Nu trng tham gia vo vng Data l trng
s th hm c to tnh ton l tng, cc trng hp cn li hm
c tnh ton trong vng Data l m (Count).................................23
Bo co PivotChart.................................................................................26
Chn cc vng d liu ngun khc nhau cho PivotTable\PivotChart......26
Chn cc vng d liu ngun khc nhau cho bo co...........................27
Cp nht bng xoay...............................................................................27
Xa mt bo co bng xoay...................................................................27

Bi 5: Kim tra nhp d liu hp l...................................................28

I.Thit lp iu kin kim tra............................................................28
1.Gii hn phm vi ca mt gi tr kiu s, ngy thng, thi gian.........28

To danh sch chn cc gi tr c th....................................................30

n nh s k t trong .........................................................................30
Thit lp cng thc kim tra gi tr nhp vo.........................................31
Thay i iu kin kim tra....................................................................31

Hin th thng bo.............................................................................31

1.Hin th thng bo tr gip.................................................................31
Hin th thng bo li khi nhp d liu khng hp l.............................32
Khoanh trn gi tr khng hp l............................................................32

Pht hin khng hp l...................................................................32

Bi 6: Phn tch hi quy v d bo..............................34

I.Bng d liu (Data Tables)..............................................................34
1.Bng d liu l g.................................................................................34
Bng d liu mt bin............................................................................34
To bng d liu 2 bin..........................................................................37

Kch bn d bo................................................................................39
1.Kch bn (scenario) l g......................................................................39
To kch bn...........................................................................................39
Thay i gi tr cc ..............................................................................42
Lp bo co tng kt..............................................................................43
Hin th bo co.....................................................................................44

S dng Goal Seek............................................................................44

1.Goal Seek l g?...................................................................................44
Hiu chnh gi tr nhn kt qu mong mun khc....................45

Bi 7: S dng Solver........................................................................48
I.Cc khi nim c bn v Solver......................................................48
1.Solver l g?.........................................................................................48
Lp v gii bi ton bng Solver............................................................48
Thm, bt, thay i cc rng buc trong Solver....................................50
To bo co li gii................................................................................50

S dng m hnh solver....................................................................53

1.Ghi lu m hnh Solver........................................................................53
S dng m hnh Solver.........................................................................53

Bi 1: Tn v s dng tn
Tn ct, tn dng v tn t t trong cc cng thc
- Bng tnh gm 256 ct, t tn l A, B, C,... ln lt t tri qua phi v 16.834
hng nh s l 1, 2, 3,... t trn xung di. Trong khng k dng tn ct trn
cng v ct s th t hng tri cng. Gia cc hng v ct c cc ng li lm
ranh gii.
- Cc hng v ct giao nhau to thnh cc . Mi l mt n v d liu x l
ca Excel. Mi c xc nh bng a ch gm tn ct v s th t hng to ra n.
V d l giao ca ct A v hng 1 c a ch (gi) l A1. a ch ca mt khi lin
tc hnh ch nht vit bng: a ch u : a ch cui, v d a ch khi cc
A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B2, B3, B4, C1, C2, C3, C4 vit A1:C4.

Quy nh chung v t tn
Tt c cc tn u bt u bng mt ch ci, mt du cho ngc (\) hoc du
gch di (_).
Cc ch s v cc k hiu c bit c th c s dng.
Cc ch n, tr ch R v C c th dng t tn.
Cc v tr trng nn thay bng du gch di.
Thao tc t tn
t tn cho mt , mt vng
Excel cung cp vi cch thc t tn cc v cc vng. Nhng cch d
nht v thng l nhanh nht t tn cc v min n gin l bng cch
s dng hp Name. Hp Name l hp nu a ch ca hot ng, xut hin
u tri ca thanh Formular, ngay di thanh cng c Formatting.
t tn cho mt , mt vng hy theo cc bc sau y.
Chn hoc vng
Nhp hp Name, Excel s i thnh hp vn bn bin tp c v lm ni
sng, a ch (ca hot ng).
G tn bn mun s dng vo hp Name.

t tn cho cng thc, cho hng s

Bn c th to tn nh ngha cc hng s v cc cng thc ngay c trong
trng hp cc hng s v cc cng thc khng xut hin trong cc ca
bng tnh. V d, bn thng s dng gi tr 210.000 l mc lng c bn
tnh lng cho cn b (ly 210.000) nhn vi h s lng).
Cc bn c th t tn cho gi tr ny v s dng tn trong cc cng thc.
Sau ny nu c s thay i v lng (tng lng chng hn), bn ch vic
thay i gi tr trong tn m khng phi thay i li tt c cc cng thc c
lin quan n mc lng c bn. t tn cho mt hng, bn tin hnh
nh sau:
Vo bng chn Insert, chn mc Name, chn mc Define.
Khi ny hp thoi Define Name xut hin. (Hnh 1-1)
a mt tn vo khung Names in Workbook. V d:
MLCB (mc lng c bn), v a gi tr 210.000 vo khung Refers to.
Nhn nt OK.
By gi bn c th s dng tn MLCB trong tt c cc cng thc c lin
quan n vn ny thay cho vic phi vit gi tr 210.000.
Bn cng c th gn cho cng thc mt ci tn. V d nh :
$A$3 + 15*$B$3 + 100. Khi , nu c s thay i v ni dung trong cc c
lin quan th gi tr ca tn cng thc cng c thay i theo

Hnh 1.1: t tn cng thc v hng s

i tn
- Ta c th thay i tn bng cch bn hy chn Insert/Name/Define. Khi
Excel hin th hp thoi Define Name (Hnh 1-2), hy chn tn mun i t hp
danh sch Names In Workbook, sau bn thay i tn bng cch s dng hp
vn bn Names In Workbook v thc hin cc thay i cho a ch khong
hoc , s dng hp vn bn Refers To, v nhp OK.

Hnh 1-2: i tn

t tn xuyn qua nhiu bng tnh dng tham chiu 3-D

- Phn ln cc cng thc bn to ra s tham chiu cc khc trn cng
bng tnh. Tuy nhin, bn lm vic ny m khng b hn ch. Bn c th ko cc
gi tr t cc nh v trn cc bng tnh khc v thm ch t cc trong cc s
bng tnh khc.
- Cch d nht lm vic ny l to ra cng thc bng cch g cc ton
t, nhp cc c cha ni dung bn mun s dng trong cng thc ang c
xy dng. Nu bn nh rng bn c th hin th trong bng tnh khc bng cch
g Tab sheet ca bng v bn c th hin th s bng tnh khc bng cch m
hoc chn t Menu Window, bn c th hin th m bn mun s dng v
nhp .
- Bn cng c th g mt cng thc lin kt, hoc s dng nhng trn cc
bng tnh hoc cc khc trong mt s bng tnh khc. to ra cng thc s
dng trn bng tnh khc, hy t a ch vi tn Sheet v mt du chm than

trc. V d, to cng thc nhn gi tr trong B2 trn Sheet5 (t tn l

Nhan vi 25, bn dng cng thc sau y:
=Sheet5!Nhan*25
- to cng thc s dng mt trong s bng tnh khc, hy t a ch
vi mt du ngoc n, tn s bng tnh trong du ngoc vung, tn ca t, mt
du ngoc n v mt du chm than. V d, to cng thc nhn gi tr trong
B2 trn Sheet5 ca bng tnh c tn l Budget vi 25, bn s dng cng thc sau
y:
=[Budget]Sheet5!Nhan * 25
Nu bn thay i tn ca s bng tnh t Budget thnh Bugdet 1999, Excel s
cp nht cc cng thc , nhng phi c s bng tnh bn t tn li v s
bng tnh s dng cc cng thc lin kt u m.
Thit lp tham chiu ca tn
- Trong khi nhp - sa hm, ti v tr con tr (ni cn chn tn khi), c 2 cch
c bn chn tn khi :
Cch 1:

Nu nh tn khi, g ngay tn khi

Cch 2:
+ Chn lnh Insert\Name\Paste. Trong hp thoi Paste Name s xut
hin:

+ Chn tn khi
+

Chn nt OK

Dng tn trong cc cng thc

- Excel h tr cc cng thc ngn ng t nhin. Cc cng thc ngn ng t
nhin cho php bn vit cc cng thc s dng s miu t nhn thay v cc tham
chiu . Kt qu l, bn (v nhng ngi khc) c th c cc cng thc d
dng
-

Hnh 1 -3: Bng tnh s dng cc tham chiu

tnh tin li nu trong B4

hn. V d, bn hy xem (Hnh 1-3). Nu bn xy dng bng tnh ny theo cch

bnh thng, bn c th tnh tnh tin li bng cch s dng cng thc = B2*B3
- Tuy nhin, bn c th vit li cng thc B4 trong thnh = Loan * Rate
nh trn Hnh 1- 4
- Nu bn c bng tnh tng t nh bng tnh trn Hnh 1-5 bn c th vit
cng thc tin li trong B4 l Year1Loan * Year1Rate. Trong trng hp ny,
bn c th vit cng thc tin li trong C4 l Year2Loan * Year2Rate, v cng
thc tin li trong D4 l Year3Loan * Year3Rate .

Hnh 1-4

8
Hnh 1-5: Bng tnh s dng cng thc t nhin tnh
tin li nu trong cc B4, C4, D4

Bi 2: Lc d liu
I. s dng chc nng lc t ng Autofilter
Bi en CSDL
Vo Menu Data/Filter/AutoFilter. Excel s t ng chn nhng mi tn th
xung (Drop - Down arrows) vo bn pbi ca cc tn trng trong
CSDL.
Kch vo mi tn ti ct cha d liu dng lm tiu chun lc.
(Hnh 2-1)
Chn mt trong cc la chn ti Drop - Drown menu:

Hnh 2-1: Lc d liu

1. Tm s ln nht, nh nht
Sp xp trng cn tm theo gi tr gim dn hoc tng dn
Kch vo mi tn th xung: Chn gi tr ln nht hoc gi tr nh nht
Nhn Enter
2. Lc cc trng, khng trng
a.Lc cc trng
Kch vo mi tn th xung: Chn Blank: Ch hin nhng bn ghi trng.
Nhn Enter

Lc cc khng trng
Kch vo mi tn th xung: Chn Nonblank: Ch hin nhng bn ghi khng
trng.
Nhn Enter
Lc cc gi tr ln hn b hn mt gi tr cho trc
Kch vo mi tn th xung. Chn Customers:Xut hin hp thoi Custum
AutoFilter

Hnh 2-2: iu kin lc

Chn ton t so snh trong phn bn tri v chn gi tr nh so snh phn

bn phi ca hp thoi.
a.Lc cc gi tr ln hn mt gi tr cho trc:
Chn trong hp pha trn bn tri Is greater than
Chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn phi ca hp hi thoi
Nhp OK
Lc cc gi tr b hn mt gi tr cho trc
Chn trong hp pha trn bn tri Is less than
Chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn phi ca hp hi thoi
Nhp OK
Lc gi tr bng, khc mt gi tr cho trc
Kch vo mi tn th xung: Chn Customers: Xut hin hp hi thoi
Custum AutoFilter
Chn ton t so snh trong phn bn tri v chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn
phi ca hp thoi.

10

a.Lc gi tr bng:
Chn trong hp pha trn bn tri equals
Chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn phi ca hp hi thoi
Nhn OK
Lc cc gi tr khc mt gi tr cho trc
Chn trong hp pha trn bn tri Do not equals
Chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn phi ca hp hi thoi
Nhn OK
Lc cc dng cha mu t cn tm
Kch vo mi tn th xung: Chn Customers: Xut hin hp hi thoi
Custum AutoFilter
Chn ton t so snh trong phn bn tri v chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn
phi ca hp thoi.
Chn Contains
Chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn phi
Nhn OK
Lc cc mu t l phn u, phn cui ca mt xu
Kch vo mi tn th xung: Chn Customers: Xut hin hp hi thoi
Custum AutoFilter
Chn ton t so snh trong phn bn tri v chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn
phi ca hp thoi.
a.Lc theo mu l phn u.
Chn Begins with: Bt u vi.
Chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn phi
Nhp OK
b.Lc theo mu l phn cui.
Chn Ends with: Bt u vi.
Chn gi tr nh so snh phn bn phi
Nhp OK

11

Lc mc cao
1. iu kin lc
Cha iu kin tm kim, xa, rt, trch Vng ny t nht phi c hai
dng. Dng u cha cc tiu m mi tiu ny phi trng vi tiu
ca vng d liu
Khi trch d liu, Microsoft Excel so snh gi tr cc ct trong vng d liu
vi gi tr ca ct tng ng trong vng tiu chun ly ra cc bn ghi tha
mn tiu chun. Nu tn cc ct khng trng khp vi nhau th khng th
trch c d liu t vng d liu

Hnh 2-3: Lc nhng ngi c chc v nhn vin

Thit lp iu kin lc
a.C hai loi bng:
Bng iu kin n: Bao gm 2 dng, 1 ct
Dng 1 ghi tn trng.
Dng 2 ghi gi tr so snh
12

V d:
Ngy lng
>=30000
Bng iu kin kp: C 2 loi bng:
Bng And: Gm c 2 Hng, 2 Ct
Hng 1, Ct 1, Hng 1, Ct 2 ghi tiu ca bng iu kin.
- Hng 2, Ct 1 ghi gi tr so snh th 1.
- Hng 2, Ct 2 ghi gi tr so snh th 2.
V d:
Qu qun Nm sinh
H Ni
<=1970
Bng Or: Gm c 2 Ct , 3 Hng.
- Hng 1, Ct 1, Hng 1, Ct 2 ghi tiu ca bng iu kin.
- Hng 2, Ct 1 ghi gi tr so snh th 1.
- Hng 2, Ct 2 ghi gi tr so snh th 2.
- Hng 3, Ct 1 ghi gi tr so snh th 3.
- Hng 3, Ct 2 ghi gi tr so snh th 4.
V d:
Ngh

Gii

nghip
Bc s
K s

tnh
N
Nam

Ch : Trong bng iu kin tn trng phi trng vi tn trong CSDL

iu kin lc trn nhiu dng
- Bi en CSDL.
- Vo menu Data/Filter/AdvancedFilter.Hp thoi xut hin(Hnh 2-4)

13
Hnh 2-4: Hp hi thoi lc c iu kin

Ti khung Action:
- Copy to another location: Lc v a kt qu n vng khc ca bng
tnh, a ch c xc nh bi dng Copy to.
Ti khung List range: a ch vng cha d liu
Ti khung Criteria Range: a ch bng iu kin.
Unique record only: Ch mun hin 1 bn ghi trong s cc bn ghi trng
nhau.
Cc k t i din trong iu kin
V d: Nhng ngi c Chc v l G (gim c) hoc PG (ph gim
c) hoc l TP (trng phng).
Khi , bn khai bo:
Chc v
G
PG
TP
Trong iu kin, cc bn c th a cc k t i din l du hi chm (?)
thay cho mt k t v du sao (*) thay cho mt nhm k t.
VD: Tiu chun tm kim l nhng cn b c tn bt u l ch N phn cn li
l bt k, cc bn ghi:
Tn
N*
Tiu chun tm kim l nhng ngi c k t u tin l bt k, k t th hai l
G, phn cn li ca tn l bt k, cc bn ghi:
14

Tn
?G*

15

Bi 3: Danh sch nh mt C s d liu

I.

To lp danh sch - CSDL

- C s d liu (CSDL) l mt bng tnh m trong khng xen k cc

dng hoc ct trng, dng u tin ghi cc tiu ca d liu, mi tiu trn
mt ct. Cc tiu ny c gi l trng (field) ca d liu. T dng th hai
tr i l s liu ca CSDL hin thi. Mi dng l mt bn ghi (Record).
V d: Bng danh sch di y l mt CSDL.
Chc

Ngy

Thu

cng
26

lng

nhp

H tn

Nguyn Huy Hong

v
NV

Phm nh Hng

26

Nguyn Kim Trang

NV

27

Hong Lan Anh

PG

24

Nguyn Minh Thu

NV

25

V Lan Hng

TP

26

Nguyn Xun Chi

NV

27

Ng Quc Vit

NV

25

Nguyn Thch Anh

TP

24

NV

25

10 Nguyn Thu Th

PCCV

Ngy

STT

cc hm CSDL
1. Khun dng chung
C php: Tn Hm (a ch vng CSDL,S th t ca ct, a ch ca
bng tiu chun)
Cch dng cc hm CSDL
a.DSum
C php: DSum (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.
16

- Tnh tng cc bn ghi tho mn iu kin t ra.

Hm Daverage
C php: DAverage (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.
- Tnh trung bnh cng cc bn ghi tho mn iu kin t ra.
Hm Dcount
C php: DCount (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.
- m s bn ghi tho mn iu kin t ra.
Hm Dcounta
C php: DCounta (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.
- m s bn ghi tho mn iu kin t ra.
Hm Dmax
C php: DMax (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.
- Tm gi tr ln nht trong cc bn ghi tho mn iu kin t ra.
Hm Dmin
C php: DMin (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
17

- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.

- Tm gi tr nh nht trong cc bn ghi tho mn iu kin t ra.
Hm DProduct
C php: DProduct (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.
- Nhn tt c cc s trong nhm vi nhau trong cc bn ghi tho mn
iu kin t ra.
Hm DStddev
C php: DStddev (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.
- c tnh chnh lch chun theo mt mu trong cc bn ghi tho
mn iu kin t ra.
Hm DStddevp
C php: DStddevp (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.
- Tnh ton chnh lch chun i vi tp hp chung c tnh trong
cc bn ghi tho mn iu kin t ra.
Hm DVar
C php: DVar(D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.

18

- c tnh s khc nhau trong nhm da trn mu trong cc bn ghi

tho mn iu kin t ra.
Hm DVarp
C php: DVarp (D1, D2, D3)
- D1: a ch vng CSDL
- D2: S th t ca ct trong vng CSDL
- D3: a ch ca bng tiu chun.
- Tnh ton s khc nhau i vi tp hp chung c tnh trong cc bn
ghi tho mn iu kin t ra.
S dng form
1. To lp form nhp liu vo danh sch CSDL
Mi mt dng trong vng d liu c coi l mt bn ghi. V vy, cc bn
c th lm vic vi cc bn ghi ny mt cch c lp nh xa, nhp.. m
khng nh hng n d liu ca cc bn ghi khc.
to lp form nhp liu vo danh sch CSDL ta tin hnh cc bc nh
sau:
Xc nh vng d liu
Vo bng chn Data, chn mc chn Form
Khi hp Data Form xut hin nh sau: (Hnh 3-1)
Trong hp thoi ny xut hin ni dung ca c s d liu. Ta c th dng
cc phm mi tn ln, xung xem cc bn ghi pha trc hoc pha sau
so vi bn ghi hin thi.
Dng cc form lm sn
a.Ti hp hi thoi Form (Hnh 3-1) ta s dng nh sau:
n Enter: n bn ghi sau bn ghi hin thi.
PgUp: n bn ghi u tin ca vng d liu
PgDbn: n bn ghi cui cng ca vng d liu

19

Hnh 3-1: Form nhp d liu

Cng dng ca cc nt trong hp thoi nh sau:

New: Nhp bn ghi mi
Delete: Xa bn ghi hin thi
Restore: Khi phc d liu va nhp hoc va xa
Find Prev: n bn ghi trc bn ghi hin thi
Find Next: n bn ghi sau bn ghi hin thi
Criteria: Nhp iu kin truy tm
Close: ng ca s DataForm
Help: Xem hng dn s dng
Pha trn bn tri ca hp thoi ny, cc bn thy xut hin mt thng bo s th
t ca bn ghi ang xem, sa i v tng s bn ghi c trong bng tnh.

20

Bi 4: Bng xoay Pivot Table

I. Bng xoay
1. Bng xoay l g
Pivot Table Report l chc nng t ng ho qu trnh tng kt, phn tch
v nh gi s liu. Pivot Table Report lm cho vic qun tr ca excel tr nn
d hiu, phong ph v hiu qu hn nhiu. Pivot Table Report d dng c
khi to, iu chnh v c kh nng t ng nh dng Format.
Cc thnh phn ca mt bng xoay
c th tip cn c vi Pivot Table Report chng ta s nghin cu
cc khi nim c bn lin quan n kh nng ny ca excel.
Chng ta hy cng xem mt d liu n gin l doanh s bn hng ca mt
c quan kinh doanh bao gm hai ca hng (K hiu l CH1, CH2)
Ngy

Nhn vin

Ca

Sn phm

Tin

30/04/01

Hoa

hng
CH1

Bnh

5000

30/04/01

Hng

CH1

Ko

4500

30/04/01

Chi

CH2

Mt

8000

30/04/01

Nga

CH2

Mt

10000

01/05/01

Hoa

CH1

Ko

4000

01/05/01

Hng

CH1

Bnh

6000

02/05/01

Chi

CH2

Ko

3000

T bng d liu trn ta c th tng hp theo tng nhn vin ta c bng

tng hp v nhn xt:

21

Ca hng

(All)

Sum of Tin
Nhn vin
Chi

Sn phm
Ngy
30/04/01
02/05/01

Hoa Total
Nga
Nga Total
Grand Total

Mt Grand Total
0 8000
8000

3000

3000

3000

8000

11000

30/04/01

4500

4500

01/05/01

6000

6000

6000

4500

10500

30/04/01

5000

5000

01/05/01

0
5000
0
9000
9000
20000

4000
0
4000
0
0 10000
0
0
0 10000
11500 18000

4000
9000
10000
9000
19000
49500

Hng Total
Hoa

Ko
0

Chi Total
Hng

Bnh

30/04/01
02/05/01

- Trn bng d liu dng u tin l cc trng (Field) ca CSDL bao

gm:
Ngy, Nhn vin, Ca hng, Sn phm v Tin. Chnh cc trng ny s
tham gia vo vic xy dng bng tng kt ca PivotTable Report.
Bng tng kt c chia lm 4 vng:
Ca hng: Ta c th xem theo tng ca hng hoc tt c, mi loi trn mt
bng tnh khc nhau. y c gi l vng Page Field.
Nhn vin, Ngy: Mi s liu ca cc trng ny c tng kt theo tng dng
ca bng. Ta gi cc trng ny l Row Field.
Sn phm: Mi sn phm (ngha l mi s liu ca trng) c ghi kt qu
trn mt ct ring bit. Ta gi trng ny l Column Field.
Vng chnh ca bng tng kt ghi kt qu l mt php ton ( y php cng)
ca trng tin. y l vng Data Field.
- Nh vy hiu c PivotTable Report ta cn nm c ngha
ca cc vng chnh ca bng ny:
22

Page Field: Ton b d liu ca PivotTable Report c tng kt theo

tng s liu (Item) ca trng ny. Dng chut kch ti v tr ca Page
Field ta c th chn tng Item mt. V tr ca Page Field nm pha trn
ca bng.

Row Field: Mi d liu ca trng ny c tng kt trn mt dng (v

vy c gi l Row). Nu s Row Field nhiu hn 1, PivotTable
Report s tng kt cc trng ny theo kiu lng nhau theo th t t trn
xung di.

Column Field: Mi d liu ca trng ny c tng kt trn mt ct (v

vy c gi l Column). Nu s Column Field nhiu hn 1,
PivotTable Report s tng kt cc trng ny theo kiu lng nhau theo
th t t tri qua phi.

Data Field: L s liu c a vo vng chnh ca PivotTable Report.

ch mc nh, php ton tng hp l php ly tng (SUM). Ta c th
iu chnh chng sau ny.
- to mt PivotTable Report ta phi xc nh r trc vng d liu
mun lm bng tng kt, v tr v kiu ca cc trng mun a vo
PivotTable Report. Trong s cc kiu trng trn Row, Column v
Data l bt buc. Kiu Page c th b qua.

To lp bng xoay
1. Bo co bng PivotTable
-

Vng d liu to PivotTable Report bt buc phi c dng u tin l

tiu . y chnh l dng cc trng tham gia vo cc vng c bn ca

PivotTable Report. Nu trng tham gia vo vng Data l trng s th hm
c to tnh ton l tng, cc trng hp cn li hm c tnh ton trong
vng Data l m (Count).
Cc bc to PivotTable Report:
-

Chn vng d liu cn tng hp.

Vo Menu Data/PivotTable and PivotChart Report. Xut hin

hp thoi.(Hnh 4-1)
23

Hnh 4-1: La chn ni ly d liu

Hnh 4-1: Chn ngun d liu cho PivotTable

-

Chn Microsoft excel List or Database.

Chn PivotTable

Chn Next. Hp thoi xut hin. (Hnh 4-2)

Hnh 4-2: La chn vng d liu

- Kim tra a ch vng d liu trong khung Range nu cha ng th chn

li sau chn Next. Xut hin hp thoi. (Hnh 4-3)

24

Hnh 4-3: La chn ni t bo co

New Worksheet: a bng tng hp vo mt worksheet mi.

Existing worksheet: a bng tng hp vo trong Worksheet c.

- Chn Finish kt thc qu trnh to PivotTable Report.

- Xc nh b cc ban u ca bng Pivot bng cch r cc trng t thanh
cng c PivotTable vo cc vng Row, Column, Data v PageFields trong
bng tnh: (Hnh 4-4)

25

Hnh 4-4: a d liu vo bng lm bo co

Bo co PivotChart
a.C1:
Tng t to ging PivotTable
Ti bc Step 1 of 3 chn PivotChart (Hnh 4-1)
C2:
To tng t nh PivotTable
Sau khi kt thc kch vo PivotTable trn thanh cng c PivotTable chn
PivotChart (Hnh 4-4)
Chn cc vng d liu ngun khc nhau cho PivotTable\PivotChart
Khi to PivotTable and PivotChart Report, ti bc Step 1 of 3
(Hnh 4-1) chn
Microsoft Excel list or database: T mt danh sch trong bng tnh ca
mnh
26

External data source: Cc bn ghi nhn c t Microsoft Query

Multiple consolidation ranges: T cc bng Pivot, cc biu Pivot khc
Chn cc vng d liu ngun khc nhau cho bo co
Khi to PivotTable and PivotChart Report, ti bc Step 3 of 3 chn
(Hnh 4-3)
New Worksheet: a bng tng hp vo mt worksheet mi.
Existing worksheet: a bng tng hp vo trong Worksheet c.
Cp nht bng xoay.
Khi bn dng PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard sa i mt bng Pivot,
Excel t ng nh dng li bng ny ph hp vi d liu trong danh sch
v tnh ton kt qu ca hm c dng. Trnh to cc thay i i vi nh
dng bng v tnh nng Autoformat s vit ln chng mi khi bn sp xp
li bng Pivot
Ta c th dng nt Fields Dialog (Hnh 4-4) trn thanh cng c Pivot Table
hin th hp hi thoi Pivot Table Fields v thay i chc nng dng
tm tt 1 trng trong bng Pivot ca bn. Hp thoi Pivot Table Field cho
hin th cc mc ty chn khc nhau ty thuc vo kiu mc nhp c
chn.
Xa mt bo co bng xoay.
xa mt bo co bng xoay:
Bi en bo co cn xa
Nhp chut phi, chn Delete
OK.

27

Bi 5: Kim tra nhp d liu hp l

I. Thit lp iu kin kim tra
1. Gii hn phm vi ca mt gi tr kiu s, ngy thng, thi gian.
Bi en vng cn gii hn. Vo Menu Data/Validation, xut hin hp
thoi.
(Hnh 5-1)

Hnh 5-1: Gii hn phm vi

a. Gii hn phm vi ca kiu s

- Hp thoi Data Validation xut hin chn Tab Settings. (Hnh 5-2)
- Trong Tab Allow kch vo mi tn v chn kiu Whole Number
- Trong Tab Data chn iu kin
V d: La chn vng cn gii hn.
- Trong Tab Allow chn Whole Number, Tab Data chn Between

Hnh 5-2: Gii hn phm vi kiu s

28

- Trong Tab Minimum nhp vo s nh nht cn gii hn

- Trong Tab Maximum nhp vo s ln nht cn gii hn
Gii hn phm vi ca kiu ngy thng
- Hp thoi Data Validation xut hin chn Tab Settings. (Hnh 5-3)
- Trong Tab Allow kch vo mi tn v chn kiu Date
- Trong Tab Data chn iu kin
V d: La chn vng cn gii hn.
- Trong Tab Allow chn Date, Tab Data chn Between

Hnh 5-3: Gii hn phm vi kiu ngy,thng

- Trong Tab Minimum nhp vo ngy nh nht cn gii hn

- Trong Tab Maximum nhp vo ngy ln nht cn gii hn
Gii hn phm vi ca kiu thi gian
- Hp thoi Data Validation xut hin chn Tab Settings. (Hnh 5-4)
- Trong Tab Allow kch vo mi tn v chn kiu Time
- Trong Tab Data chn iu kin
V d: La chn vng cn gii hn.
- Trong Tab Allow chn Time, Tab Data chn Between

29

Hnh 5-4: Gii hn thi gian

- Trong Tab Minimum nhp vo thi gian nh nht cn gii hn

- Trong Tab Maximum nhp vo thi gian ln nht cn gii hn
To danh sch chn cc gi tr c th
- Hp thoi Data Validation xut hin chn Tab Settings.
- Trong Tab Allow kch vo mi tn v chn kiu List
- Trong Tab Source la chn ngun cn to danh sch.
n nh s k t trong
- Hp thoi Data Validation xut hin chn Tab Settings. (Hnh 5-5)
- Trong Tab Allow kch vo mi tn v chn kiu Text Length
- Trong Tab Data chn iu kin
V d: La chn vng cn gii hn.
- Trong Tab Allow chn Text Length, Tab Data chn Between

30
Hnh 5-5: Gii hn di k t

- Trong Tab Minimum nhp vo s k t nh nht cn gii hn

- Trong Tab Maximum nhp vo s k t ln nht cn gii hn
Thit lp cng thc kim tra gi tr nhp vo
- Hp thoi Data Validation xut hin chn Tab Settings. (Hnh 5-5)
- Trong Tab Allow kch vo mi tn v chn kiu Custom
- Trong Tab Formula thit lp cng thc
Thay i iu kin kim tra
- Hp thoi Data Validation xut hin chn Tab Settings. (Hnh 5-5)
- Trong Tab Allow kch vo mi tn v chn iu kin ph hp
- Thit lp li cc iu kin kim tra
Hin th thng bo
1. Hin th thng bo tr gip
Trong hp thoi Input Message (Hnh 5-6), g cc t bn mun hin th
trong hp Pop_up s xut hin khi ngi dng chn mt cha nh dng
data validation. Hp thoi ny s gip ngi dng bit c cc yu cu bn
t ra trc khi h mc li.

31
Hnh 5-6: Hin th thng bo tr gip

Hin th thng bo li khi nhp d liu khng hp l

Bi en vng cn hin th thng bo li. Vo Menu Data/Validation, xut
hin hp thoi. (Hnh 5-7)
-

La chn Tab Error Alert

Hnh 5-7: Hin th thng bo li khi nhp d liu

khng hp l

- Trong Tab Style: Chn kiu ca thng bo

- Trong Tab Title: Chn tiu ca thng bo
- Trong Tab Error Message: Nhp vo li cnh bo.
Khoanh trn gi tr khng hp l
xem no tr v gi tr sai dn n cng thc ca hot ng tr v gi tr
sai, bn chn v chn Tools\Auditing\Trace Error. (Hnh 5-8)
Pht hin khng hp l
Bng tnh thanh ton th chp n gin c s dng lm c s c
chnh sa bng cch nhp cng thc =NA() trong B3 (Hm NA() tr v gi tr
sai #N/A). Nu sau khi lm vic ny, bn chn B5 v chn

32

Tools\Auditing\Trace Error, Excel s v mt mi tn t B3 n B5 nu

cc gi tr sai ny qua bng tnh.

Hnh 5-8: Pht hin

khng hp l

33

Bi 6: Phn tch hi quy v d bo

I. Bng d liu (Data Tables)
1. Bng d liu l g
-

Bng d liu nu ra cc thay i kt qu cng thc khi bn cung

cp gi tr nhp khc nhau. Tuy iu ny c v n gin, nhng cc bng c s

d liu thc hin s phn tch theo kiu ''Nu A th B''. V d, nu bn mun
d on gi tr ca tin tit kim hu tr da trn cc ng gp 2000 la hng
nm v t sut 10% nm trong 10, 20, v 30 nm, bng d liu s l phng
tin rt tt thc hin s phn tch (Trong v d ny, cc gi tr nhp do
bn cung cp. Mc chun d ton cho 10, 20, v 30 nm, cn kt qu cng
thc l gi tr s c ca ti khon tit kim hu tr). Nu bn mun tnh tng li
nhun nhn c t dch v t vn tr gi 80 la/gi, v 120 la/gi, bng d
liu vn l phng tin d dng nht thc hin s phn tch ny. (Trong v
d ny, cc gi tr nhp l cc t sut thanh ton theo gi v kt qu cng thc
l li nhun tng hoc thu nhp tng)
-

C hai loi bng d liu: bng d liu mt bin (ch nhn mt bin

nhp nhng cho php tnh ton nhiu kt qu cng thc) v bng d liu hai
bin (nhn hai bin nhng ch tnh mt kt qu cng thc). Trn y l thng
tin c bn v cc bng d liu. Cch tt nht hiu cng dng ca chng l
thc hnh thit lp cc bng v quan st c ch hot ng ca chng.
Bng d liu mt bin
-

v d nu trn tr nn c th hn, chng ta gi thit bn cn d

ton gi tr ca chng trnh tit kim hu tr 2000 la/ nm da trn li sut

10% v 12% hng nm. Trong trng hp ny, nh c nu trn Hnh 6-1,
bn cn nhp cc gi tr vo khong B4:B7. Trong vic xy dng bng d liu
mt bin, trc ht bn nhp cc gi tr cn cung cp cho cng thc vo
khong cc trong mt ct.

34

Cc gi tr
trong
khongB4:
B7

tng

ng

cc

thi

im

tng
bn

lai
mun

d ton gi

Hnh 6-1: Bng tnh nu ra phng php t

tr qu hu

chc bng d liu nhp mt bin theo ct

- Th thut duy nht trong xy dng bng tnh mt bin l phi bo m c

thm mt hng trng pha trn hng th nht bn c lu cc gi tr nhp. Ni
cch khc, trn hnh 6-1 hng 3 ca ct B l trng khi bn bt u xy dng
bng d liu ca mnh
-

Bc k tip l bn nhp cc cng thc tnh ton vo cc ct tip

theo ngoi tr bn cn nhp cng thc hoc cc cng thc vo hng trng pha
trn hng c gi tr nhp th nht
-

V d, trn hnh 6-1 c hai cng thc ct, mt cho C3 v mt cho

D3. y l cc cng thc Excel s tnh ton nhiu ln trong C3, = FV (0.1,
B3, -2000), d ton gi tr ca tit kim hu tr 2000 la/nm s dng li sut
10%. Cng thc trong D3, = FV (0.1, B3, - 2000), d ton gi tr vi li
sut 12%
- Ch c hai cng thc u tham chiu B3. Thc vy, iu bng d liu
thc hin l s dng ny, c gi l nhp ct, tm thi lu cc gi tr
nhp t khong B4:B7. Excel s tnh ton cng thc s dng tng gi tr nhp.
Sau , Excel lu cc kt qa cng thc trong cng cc hng c cc gi tr nhp
to ra nhng kt qu
- Khi bn nhp cc gi tr v cng thc, bn hy thc hin cc bc sau
y to ra bng d liu:
+ Chn khong c cha cc gi tr nhp v cng thc. V d, trn Hnh 6-1,
khong ny l B3:B7
35

+ Chn Data/Table
+ Sau khi Excel hin th hp thoi Table (xem hnh 6-2), bn nhp hp vn
bn Column Input Cell v nhp B3. iu ny bo cho Excel bit bng mt
bin c t chc theo ct v cc cng thc s dng B3 lm nhp
+ Nhp OK

Cc

cng

thc trong
C3 v D3 s
dng B3
tm lu
thi cc gi
tr nhp t
khong

Hnh 6-2: Hp thoi Table hi tham chiu cc cng thc

B4:B7

v Excel tm thi lu thng tin

- Sau khi bn nhp OK, Excel t cng thc da trn hm = TABLE () vo

cc khong C4:C7 v D4:D7. Cng thc ny tnh gi tr s ton v tit kim hu
tr cc thi im khc nhau.
- V d, trong C5, kt qu cng thc l 114550 la, cho bit bn s tch
ly c nu tit kim 2000 la/ nm trong 20 nm vi li sut 10% hng nm.
Trong D7, kt qu cng thc l 1534183 la, bn tch ly c, nu tit kim
2000 la/nm, trong 40 nm vi li sut 12%
- Cc bng d liu mt bin d s dng v hai l do. Th nht, bng ch
Khong B4: B7 c cc

dng mt cng
TABLE
() tnh Cc
cccng
githc
tr trong
xut. C3
Vvd,
gi thc
tr nhp=khc
nhau.
D3 mi trong
s dng cc li sut khc nhau.
khong C4:D7, u c cng thc = {TABLE
(,B3) }. ch li ca phng php

ny rt r rng: bn dng cng t cng thc, cc sai s cng thc trn bng tnh
cng thp
- Th hai l bn c th d dng thay i cc kt qu ca bng n gin
bng cch cung cp cc gi tr nhp mi. Bn c th thc hin iu ny bng
36
Hnh 3: Bn c th to ra bng d liu ny n gin bng cch cp nht cc gi
tr trong B4:B7 v cng thc trong cc C3 v D3

cch nhp cc gi tr mi vo khong gi tr nhp (chng hn B4:B7) hoc bng

cch chnh sa cc cng thc.
To bng d liu 2 bin
- Bng d liu hai bin cho php xc nh s tc ng i vi kt qu cng
thc khi thay i hai gi tr. Trong xy ng bng hai bin, bn nhp mt tp
hp gi tr vo khong cc trong mt ct v tp hp gi tr khc v khng cc
trong mt hng. Tuy nhin, c th hn, hy gi thit bn mun tip tc phn
tch gi tr d ton ca tit kim hu tr, nhng ln ny bn s thc hnh vi tc
ng ca s bin i nhng ng gp hng nm v li sut hng nm, nhng
vn gi s nm khng i. Trong trng hp ny, nh trn Hnh 6-3, bn nhp
cc gi tr ng gp thay i vo khong B3: B6, v nhp s phn trm li sut
bin thin vo khong C2:E2.
Cc A1 v B1 l v tr lu gi tm thi, cng thc ca
bng d liu s s dng trong tnh ton

B2 cha cng thc ca bng d liu hai bin

Hnh 6-3: Bng tnh nu ra cch t chc bng d liu hai
bin

- Bn nhp cng thc, bn mun bng d liu tnh ton nhiu ln, v
giao im ca hng gi tr nhp v ct. V d, trn hnh 6-3, cng thc c a
vo B2. Tuy nhin, phn th thut nhp cng thc ny khng phi l nhp
ng . Thc t, cng thc cn tham chiu hai trng, lnh Table ca menu
Data s s dng lm cc v tr tm thi lu tng gi tr nhp do bn cung cp.
Trn Hnh 6-3, cng thc = FV (Al,25, -Bi) tnh ton kt qu c ghi trong
B2.
37

- Ch : C hai A1 v B1 u trng, y l cc v tr lu tm thi

cp.
- Khi bn nhp xong cc gi tr v cng thc, bn c th thit lp bng d
liu. thc hin iu , bn hy tun theo cc bc sau:
+ Bn chn khong gp c hai tp hp gi tr nhp v cng thc, v d,
trn Hnh 6-3, bn chn khong B2:B6.
+ Chn Data / Table
+ Khi Excel hin th hp thoi Table, bn nhp vn bn Row InputCell
v nhp bn mun Excel s dng lu tm thi cc gi tr nhp t
khong C2:E2. (Trn Hnh 6-3, bn cn nhp Al).
+ Nhp vn bn Column Input Cell, sau nhp bn mun Excel s
dng lu tm thi cc gi tr nhp t khong B3:B6. (Trn Hnh 6-3,
bn cn nhp B1)
+ Nhp OK.
- Sau khi bn nhp OK Excel t cng thc da trn hm =TABLE()vo
khong C3:E6. Cng thc ny tnh gi tr d ton tit kim hu tr sau 25 nm
da trn cc lng ng gp bin thin v cc li sut hng nm khc nhau. V
d, trong C4, cng thc tnh c kt qu l09659 la bn s tch ly c
nu tit kim 1500 la/nm vi li sut 8% /nm. Trong D6, kt qu tnh ton
l 145868 la bn s tch ly c nu tit lim 2500 la / nm vi li sut
10%.
- Th thut duy nht s dng bng d liu hai bin l bn cn bo m,
trong qu trnh cung cp cc gi tr nhp cho cng thc hm =TABLE ( ) s
dng trong cc tnh ton, khng xo trn cc gi tr nhp. V d: Trn Hnh
4,cng thc thc s tin hnh cc tnh ton lp l =FV(Ai, 25, -B l). Theo hm =
FV ( ), iu ny c ngha l Ai c dng cung cp phn trm li sut nm
v BI cung cp lng tit kim hng nm. Khi bn chn DATA/TABLE
hin th hp thoi Table, bn cn nhp SA$1 v Row Input Cell v $B$l vo
Column Input Cell. Nu bn nhp nhm ln gia cc Row Input Cell v
Column Input Cell, cng thc s khng th a ra cc kt qu ng.
38

Kch bn d bo
1. Kch bn (scenario) l g.
Nh cp u chng, cc bng d liu Excel cho php bn th
nghim hiu ng thay i mt hoc hai bin cng mt lc. iu ny khng kh,
nhng trong thc t nhiu khi bn phi xt n cc thay i ng thi ca nhiu
bin. Thc t lp m hnh ny chnh l ni dung ca Scenario Manager. S
dng Scenario Manager, bn c th thay i cng mt lc n 32 bin. Bn
cng c th lu v d dng truy xut) cc tp hp gi tr nhp.
To kch bn
Mc du Scenario Manager khng kh s dng, nhng bn s theo di
ni dung c trnh by y d dng hn bng cch dng v d c th. Hy
gi thit, bn s lm vic vi bng tnh nh c nu trn Hnh 6-4
Cc ny c gi
tr c t ln

Hnh 6-4: Bng tnh n gin c dng minh chng nng lc

ca Scenario Manager.

39

Khi bn c bng tnh s dng trong bi phn tch bi ton ngc,

bn c th bt u to ra cc kch bn. thc hin iu , bn hy tun theo
cc bc sau:
-

Chn Tools/Scenario

Khi Excel hin th hp thoi Scenario Manager, bn nhn Add.

Khi hin th hp thoi Add Scenario, nh trn Hnh 6-5, bn hy

t tn hoc trnh by kch bn s dng hp thoi Scenario Name.

Hnh 6-5: S dng hp thoi Add Scenario to ra kch bn mi

Bn hy nhp hp Changing Cell, sau s dng mouse, bn chn

tng hoc tng khong bn mun Scenario manager t cc gi tr.

V d, trn Hnh 6-5, bn cn chn khong B1:B3.
-

Cn nh: bn c th chn nhiu khong hoc nhiu bng cch

nhn gi CTRL khi nhp v r.

Ghi ch: Bn c th bo v cc kch bn (tng t nh khi bn bo v
cc v cc bng tnh) ngi khc khng th thay i hoc chnh sa kch
bn . bo v hoc che khut kch bn, trc ht bn chn cc kim
Prevent Changes v Hide pha di cc hp thoi Add Scenario v Edit
Scenario, sau bn chn Tools/Protaction/Protec Sheet.
-

Sau khi bn xc nh cc Scenario Manager c th thay i, bn

hy nhp OK.
40

Khi Scenario Manager hin th hp thoi Scenario Values (xem

Hnh 6-6), bn c th cung cp cc gi tr Scenario Manager t v nhng

. nhp gi tr, bn hy nhp hp vn bn v nhp gi tr.
-

Ch : Trn Hnh 6-6, Scenari Manager s dng cc tn trc

khi b sung kch bn, Scenario Manager s s dng cc a ch - lm cho vic

duy tr cc gi tr nhp tr nn kh khn hn.

Hnh 6-6: S dng hp thoi Scenario Value

lu cc gi tr nhp dng cho kch bn

Bn hy nhp OK. Excel b sung kch bn ca bn vo danh sch

cc kch bn v a bn tr li hp thoi Scenario Manager (xem Hnh 6-7)

lc ny lit k kch bn ca bn).
Tng kch bn
ny v c bn l
tp hp cc gi
tr nhp cho
cc B1, B2 v
B3

Hnh 6-7: Hp thoi Scenario Manager lit k

tng kch bn do bn to ra
Scenario manager v hon tt cc hp thoi do Excel hin th. Hnh 6-7 nu ra
vi kch bn c to ra bng phng php .
41

Thay i gi tr cc
thay i gi tr cc ta chn Scenarios trn menu Tools, chn tnh hung
m ta mun thay i gi tr. (Hnh 6-8)

Hnh 6-8: Thay i gi tr cc

Chn Edit -> OK.
Sau nhp li gi tr vo cc mun thay i: Hnh 6-9

Hnh 6-9: Nhp vo gi tr mun thay i

Ch : Khi Scenario Manager nhp cc gi tr vo cc c chn, s thay ni
dung hin hnh ca cc . iu ny c ngha l c th v tnh lm mt d

42

liu, nu bn khng cn thn. V d, Scenario Manager c th thay cng thc

bng mt gi tr khng i
Lp bo co tng kt
chun b bn bo co tm tt tt c cc kch bn ca mnh, bn hy hin
th hp thoi Scenario Manager v nhp nt Summary. Excel hinth hp thoi
Scenario Summary hi bn mun chun b bn Scenario Summary hay bn
Scenario PIVOTTABLE. (Xem Hnh 6-10). Bn hy nhp nt tng ng la
chn ca bn. K tip, bn hy nhp hp vn bn Result Cells v chn, bng
cch nhp v r, cc bn mun thy trn bo co tm tt. Khi hon tt, bn hy
nhp OK, Excel s b sung mt bng mi cho bng tnh vi bo co bn
chn. (Hnh 6-11)

Hnh 6-10: Hp thoi Scenario Summary hi bn c mun chun b bn

bo co tm tt cc kch bn ca bn khng

Mi ct tm tt mt kch bn

Hnh 6-11: Thm mt trang bng tnh vo s bng tnh cho bo co tm tt

43

Hin th bo co
Cc kch bn c lu vi cc bng tnh, do c lu vi s bng tnh
Excel. Bn c th truy xut cc kch bn ca bn hoc ca ngi khc to
ra trong bng tnh hoc s bng tnh khc, bng cch m s bng tnh v
dng nt Merge ca Scenario Manager. Khi bn nhp nt ny, Excel hin th
hp thoi hi tn s bng tnh v tn bng tnh t bn mun xem v c
th truy xut cc kch bn, nh trong minh ha di y:

Hnh 6-12: Chn ngun truy xut kch

bn

Bn s dng hp danh sch Book chn s bng tnh vi cc kch bn bn

mun v s dng hp danh sch Sheet chn kch bn. Sau khi cung cp thng
tin ny, bn hy nhp OK.
iu ny l r rng, nhng thc s s dng kch bn bn ly t bng tnh
khc, vic a cc gi tr nhp ca kch bn vo cc chn phi c
ngha. iu ny c ngha l, mi bng tnh v mi s bng tnh phi c hnh
thc v lm vic theo cng cch thc. Nu bn dng cc tn tham chiu
cc , cc kch bn cng phi dng cng cc tn v tham chiu cng cc a
ch .
S dng Goal Seek.
1. Goal Seek l g?
Lnh d on c bn ca Excel l Goal Seek c t trong menu Tools.
Lnh Goal Seek xc nh gi tr cha bit to ra c kt qu mong
mun, chng hn nh s lng a CD vi gi 14$ m mt cng ty phi bn
ra t c tng doanh thu l $1.000.000. GoalSeek rt n gin v n
44

c hp l ha, n c th ch cn iu chnh mt bin s han thnh cc

php tnh lp i lp li. Nu bn mun xem xt cc bin s ph trong d
on ca mnh, chng hn nh hiu qu ca qung co hoc s lng hng
gim gi th hy dng lnh Solver.
dng lnh Goal Seek hy cu hnh bng tnh c cha cc yu t sau:
Mt cng thc tnh ton mc ch ca bn
Mt trng dnh cho s b thiu m bn cn tm.
Bt c bin s khc no cn cho cng thc.
Hiu chnh gi tr nhn kt qu mong mun khc
-

Tuy bn thng tnh ton cc cng thc bng cch cung cp cc gi

tr nhp v yu cu Excel tnh kt qu, hoc gi tr xut, nhng bn cng c th

thc hin ngc li. Ni cch khc, bn c th cung cp cng thc, kt qu
mong mun, tt c cc gi tr nhp tr mt gi tr Excel s tnh ton. Excel s
tnh ngc t kt qu n gi tr nhp bn mun tm.
-

minh ha Excel thc hin iu ny, hy gi thit bn tnh s

tin tr gp hng thng cho ngi nh bn mun t mua, nh trn Hnh 6-13
Theo bng tnh ny, vi cn bng n 100.000 la v li sut 8%/nm trong
30 nm tr gp. Vn hng thng v li sut tr gp l -733,76 la. (Gi tr l
m bi v bn phi tr tin).

Cng thc trong B5 l = PMT(B2/12,B3,B1)

Hnh 6-13: Bng tnh ny tnh ton tr gp hng thng cho
khon n 100.000 la, li sut 8% trong 30 nm

45

Lc ny, i vi minh ha ca chng ta, hy gi thit vn ti a

hng thng v tr li ca bn l 700 la. Thay v xy dng cc cng thc mi.

V d: tnh li sut cn thit khi chi tr 700 la, bn c th bo cho Excel
tnh ngc li bng cch dng lnh Goal Seek ca menu Tools.
-

Di y l cc bc thc hin trong trng hp tr gp 700 la

theo v d nu trn:
+ Nhp c cng thc bn mun tnh kt qu. (V d, trn Hnh 6-14, bn
cn nhp B5).
+ Chn TOOLS/GOAL Seek. Excel hin th hp thoi GOALSEEK. Ch :
Excel nhp a ch tuyt i ca c cng thc v hp vn bn Set Cell.

Hnh 6-14: Nhp c cng thc mun tnh kt qu

+ Bn hy chuyn bit gi tr bn mun cng thc a ra s dng hp vn
bn To Value. Trong v d ny, gi tr trong hp To Value l -700 bi v bn
mun tr cc vn v li hng thng l 700 la. (Ch : do y l s tin xutbn phi tr-v vy phi c tnh theo gi tr m).
+ Nhp hp vn bn By Changing Cell.
+ Nhp c gi tr nhp bn mun Excel iu chnh cng thc a ra kt
qu mong mun. Nu bn mun tnh li sut cn thit bn tr gp 700 la
trong 30 nm, vi s tin vay ban u l 100.000 la, n gin bn ch nhp
B2. Excel nhp a ch tuyt i ca , $B$2, v vn bn By Changing Cell.
+ Bn nhp OK, Excel bt u tnh ton. Nu, bng cch tnh ngc, Excel
tm c gi tr nhp lm cho cng thc a ra kt qu chuyn bit ha,
Excel s thay gi tr nhp v hin th hp thoi bo cho bn bit, kt qu.
(Hnh 6-15)

46

Hnh 6-15: Tnh kt qu

Nu bn nhp OK, Excel s cp nht bng tnh cng thc a ra
kt qu bn mong mun. (Hnh 6-16)

Hnh 6-16: Hin th kt qu

47

Bi 7: S dng Solver
I. Cc khi nim c bn v Solver
1. Solver l g?
M hnh ti u ha l cng c tinh vi, ch yu l ti u ha mt chc
nng vi cc rng buc chuyn bit. Tht khng may, ch lp m hnh ti u
ha rt kh thc hin mt cch th cng. V y chnh l vai tr ca Excel. S
dng Excel, bn c th d dng v nhanh chng gii quyt cc vn lp m
hnh ti u ha. (Hnh 7-1)
ny tnh tng gi tr t ngn sch January Salaries ba bng
tnh Administrative v Marketing

Hnh 7-1: Bng tnh nu ra kt qu hp nht

Lp v gii bi ton bng Solver

S lp m hnh ti u ha c v hi rc ri nu ch c trnh by theo cc
thut ng tru tng. Do , hy gi thit bn ang lnh o mt trang tri
5000 acre min ng Oregon. Trong trang tri, gi s bn nui gia sc v
trng la. Mt trong nhng vn ca bn l cn phn chia cc ngun ti
nguyn ca bn nh th no gia chn nui v trng trt tng ti a li
nhun t trang tri. S lp m hnh ti u ha s gip bn gii quyt vn
.
Bc th nht ca bn l to ra hm i tng, y l cng thc tnh gi tr
bn mun ti u ha bng cch tnh cc i hoc cc tiu kt qu tnh ton
ca cng thc . Chng ta hy t iu ny vo trang tri v d nu.
Nu bn u t 400$ cho tng u gia sc v 2.20$ cho tng bushel la,
48

li nhun ca bn c th c xc nh vi cng thc sau := 400 * Cattle +

2.2 * Wheat.
Do cng thc ny l hm i tng, v iu bn mun thc hin l cc
i ha li nhun ca bn bng cch nui bao nhiu u gia sc v gieo bao
nhiu bushel (khong 36.lt) la.,
Nhng tt nhin c cc gii hn v s gia sc nui v s bushel la c
gieo trng. S lp m hnh ti u ha phi hp cc gii hn ny bng cc iu
kin rng buc, n gin l cc cng thc nu ra cc gii hn . V d: trong
trng hp trang tri nu trn, bn b gii hn bi tng din tch. Nu mi n
gia sc i hi 10 acre t v mi bushel la i hi t nht l/50 acre, mi nhn
s lng gia sc v 1/50 nhn s lng bushel la phi nh hn hoc bng tng
din tch trang tri. Bn c th nu ra cc rng buc ny, s dng cng thc sau:
10 * Cattle + l/50 * Wheat <= 5000
Tng t, nu bn b gii hn 5 triu gallon nc mt nm v mi con b cn
1500 gallon nc, cn mi bushel la cn 25 gallon nc, gii hn nc s l
mt rng buc khc, do bn c cng thc
1500 * Cattle + 25 * Wheat <= 5000000
V gi s bn cn c hai rng buc na.
V d: bn mun nui t nht 50 u gia sc cho nhu cu ring chng hn,
bn mun t chc bui tic ln ngoi tri vo ngy Quc T Lao ng (l-5). V
c th bn cn trng t nht 1000 bushel la v bn k hp ng cung cp cho
c s xay xt. Cc gii hn ny s a ra nhng rng buc khc cho hm i
tng, nh sau:
+ Cattle >= 50
+ Wheat >= 1000
Tm li, iu bn mun l t li nhun cao nht t trang tri, vi din tch
5000acre, lng nc s dng ti a 5000000 gal1on, nui t nht 50 u gia
sc v t nht 1000 bushel la. C l bn thy vn . Phng php th v sai, l
phng php rt kh xc nh lng gia sc cn nui v s lng bushel la cn
gieo t li nhun ti a c th. V y l cng dng ca Solver. Bng cch
49

to ra cng thc v hm i tng v cc cng thc tnh cc rng buc, Solver

s bo cho bn phng php ti u ha hm i tng. Hoc, theo ngn ng
trang tri, Solver s cho bn bit s u gia sc cn nui v s la cn gieo
trng.
Thm, bt, thay i cc rng buc trong Solver
Nhn vo nt Add thm rng buc
thay i mt trong cc rng buc c hin th trong hp hi thoi Solver
Parameters, chn rng buc ri nhn vo Change.
xa rng buc, chn rng buc cn xa -> Delete

Hnh 7-2: Thm, bt, thay i rng buc

To bo co li gii
Sau khi bn to ra bng tnh trnh by vn lp trnh tuyn tnh bn mun
gii quyt, bn c th s dng Solver to bo co li gii. thc hin iu
, bn hy tun theo cc bc sau:
- Chn Tool/Solver, Excel s hin th hp thoi Solver Parameters
(Hnh 7-2)
- xc nh no cha hm i tng, bn hy nhp hp Set Target
Cell, sau nhp bng tnh cha hm i tng ca bn. V d, bng tnh trn
Hnh 7-2, bn cn nhp B5 bi v ny cha cc cng thc hm i tng
tnh ton cc li nhun trang tri ca bn.
- Bn hy nu ra cch thc Solver ti u ha hm i tng s dng cc
nt ty chn Equal To. V d, trong trng hp hm ny, bn cn nhp nt Max
do bn mun cc i ha li nhun. Nu hm i tng trnh by cc chi ph
50

bn mun, cc tiu ha, bn cn nhp nt Min. V nu hm i tng ca bn

cn tr v mt gi tr c bit, bn hy chn nt Value Of v nhp gi tr s
dng hp Value Of.
Hp vn bn Set Target cell cc
nh cha hm i tng
Bn hy dng cc
nt

ty

chn

Equal To nu
ra cch thc bn
mun ti u ha
hm i tng

Hnh 7-3: S dng hp thoi Solver Parameters bo cho Solver

cch thc bn sp xp thng tin bng tnh v cung cp thng tin b
sung cn thit trnh by y cc rng buc.

- Bn hy xc nh cc Solver s iu chnh ti u ha hm i tng,

(cc c gi l iu chnh). Trong v d v trang tri, bn cn xc nh
iu chnh cha lng gia sc bn nh nui v iu chnh cha s lng
bushel la bn nh gieo trng. thc hin iu , bn hy nhp hp vn bn
By Changing Cells v nhp trong iu chnh. (V d: trn Hnh 7-3, bn cn
nhp cc B2 v B3).
-

Bn nhp nt Add bt u xc nh cc rng buc.

- Khi Excel hin th hp thoi Add Constraint (Hnh 7-4), trc khi bn
nhp hp Cell Reference sau nhp cha phn cng thc ca lng buc. K
tip, bn dng hp danh sch thp xung Constraint chn ton t so snh, so
snh cng thc ny vi gi tr hng. Cui cng, bn nhp hp Constraint v
cung cp gi tr hng. b sung thm ba rng buc cn li, bn hy lp li cc
bc 5 v 6.

51
Hnh 7-4: Thm rng buc

- Khi bn trnh by xong cc rng buc, hy nhp OK. Excel a bn v

hp thoi Solver Parameters c nu trn Hnh 7-5. (Trn Hnh 7-5, hp
thoi Solver Parameters c in vo y gii quyt vn trang tri.
Ghi ch: Nu bn c nhm ln khi trnh by mt rng buc, bn c th lot b
rng buc bng cch chn trong hp thot Solver Pammeters sau bn
nhp nt Delete. Bn cng c th bin tp rng buc ny bng cch chn trong
hp thoi Solver Parameters sau nhp nt Change. Khi Excel hin th hp
thoi Change Constaint, bn hy dng hp thoi ny chnh sa rng buc
. Hp thoi Change Constraint hot ng tng t hp thoi Add
Constraint Cui cng, nu bn mun bt u li t u v xa ht d liu nhp
- cc xc lp Set Target Cell v By Changing Cell v cc rng buc, bn hy
nhp nt Reset All.

Hp so snh nu ra cc cng thc rng

buc

Hnh 7-5: Hp thoi Solver Parameters

trnh by y vn lp m hnh ti u ha
trang tri

- Sau khi bn chuyn bit cc phng trnh rng buc, bn hy nhp Solve,
Excel s ti u ha hm i tng. Nu c th, Excel s hin th hp thoi
Solver Result. Hp thoi ny a ra mt ty chn thay cc gi tr gc trong cc

52

 iu chnh bng cc gi tr ti u Excel tnh ton. Hoc bn c th khi

phc li cc gi tr gc nhp trong cc iu chnh.
S dng m hnh solver
1. Ghi lu m hnh Solver
Khi xut hin hp miu t Solver Result ta nhn vo Save Scenario
t tn m hnh
Hoc ta c th vo menu File -> Save sau khi hin th m hnh Solver
S dng m hnh Solver
Khi bn hiu cc loi vn lp m hnh ti u ha Solver s gii quyt
bn s thy ngc nhin do vic s dng Solver rt d dng c lp m hnh. Bn
xc lp bng ng v vn lp m hnh ti u ha bn mun gii quyt. K
tip bn nu ra cch thc Solver dng thng tin cn thit bt u cc tnh
ton, v bo co c bit ca Solver.
s dng cng c Solver, bc th nht l to bng ng t tn cc bin
ca hm i tng, nu ra hm i tng v nu ra cc rng buc. Hnh 7-6 nu
ra bng tnh thc hin ba iu cho v d v vn trang tri cp.Vn
c tm tt nh sau, hm i tng cho bit li nhun bng 400$ nhn vi s
u gia sc v 2.20$ nhn vi s bushel la.
Proftts = $400 * Caule + $2.2 * Wheat. .
Cc rng buc sau y, gii hn hm i tng:
10 acres * Cate + 1/50acre * Wheat <= 5000 acres
1500 gal1on * Cattle + 25 gallons * Wheat <= 5000000 gauons
Cattle >= 50
Wheat >= 1000
Ghi ch: Cc cng thc rng buc c th hi kh gii thch khi ln u
bn gp chng, do y s trnh by v cc cng thc ny. Rng buc
th nht cho bit bn s khng th s dng qu 5000acre do y l tng
din tch trang tri. Rng buc th hai cho bit bn khng th s dng
hn 5000000 gallon nc. Rng buc th ba cho bn bit bn cn nui t

53

nht 50 u gia sc. V rng buc th tcho bit bn cn gieo trng t

nht 1000 buset la.
Bn s cn mt bng tnh tng t bng trn Hnh 7-6 cung cp thng tin cn
thit cho Solver. Nu bn mun t xy dng bng tnh ny bn hy nhp cc
nhn c nu trong khang A1:A11. K tip, bn nhp cc gi tr c nu
trong B2 v B3. ( bt u, thc s khng thnh vn cc gi tr no bn
nhp y. Tuy nhin, ni chung, bn nn nhp gi tr c coi l tt nht i
vi cc gi tr bin lp m hnh l ti u). K tip bn t tn B2 l Cattle v
B3 l Wheat.
Tip: Cch d nht t tn nhng ny l chn khong A2:B3, chn
Insert/Name/Creat v nhp OK.
nu r hm i tng, bn hy nhp cng thc =400 * Cattle + 2.2*
Wheat vo B5. Solver ca Excel s tm cc gi tr bin lp m hnh cn ti u
ha - trong trng hp ny l cc i ha - kt qu tnh ton do cng thc ny
a ra.
Bc kt tip l trnh by cc rng buc s lng gia sc c nui v
lng la c gieo trng.
V d: nu ra s rng buc v din tch, bn hy nhp cng thc sau y vo
B8:
= 10*Cattle +1*50 Wheet

54

Cc B2 v B3 cha cc d on tt nht
ca bn theo cc gi tr ti u

Cc B8:B11 cha cc cng

thc rng buc

B5 cha cng thc ca hm i

t

Cc C8:C11 cha cc gi tr Solver so

snh vi cc cng thc rng buc

Hnh 7-6: Bng tnh nu ra cch trnh by vn lp m

hnh ti u ha

Sau , bn hy nhp din tch 5000 acre vo C8.

trnh by phn cng thc v rng buc lng nc, bn hy nhp cng
thc sau y vo B9:
= 1500 * Cattle +''25* Wheat
Bn nhp lng nc 5000000 gallon vo C9.
trnh by phn cng thc rng buc s lng gia sc, bn hy nhp
cng thc sau y B10:
= Cattle
Bn nhp s u gia sc ti thiu 50, vo C10.
Cui cng bn nu phn cng thc sng bushel ti thiu, bn nhp cng
thc sau y vo Bll:
= Wheat
Bn nhp s lng bushel la ti thiu, l000, vo Cll.

55