Bien tap: HAI NGUYEN

Knh dang linh hon co Nhac s Viet Chung. Ngi Thay, ngi cha nuoi knh yeu cua con. Hai Nguyen

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M AU:
e chuan b cho mnh mot von lieng phong phu ve ngon ng dung trong viec sang tac ca khuc th ieu au tien la phai chu kho tm oc, xem xet, nghien cu tat ca cac loai van th . . . . t co ch kim, nhat la cac van th noi tieng cua Viet-Nam ta nh: Truyen Kieu, Luc-Van-Tien, Cung Oan Ngam Khuc, th Tien Chien, Hau Chien, Hoa-Bnh . . . noi chung la tat ca cac the loai, e nh o ta co mot t tng phong khoang, ep e, trong sang, doi dao ve ng van. V sang tac ca khuc rat can en li ca thanh lch, gon gang, trau chuot, co kien thc . . . Nh the t tng cua ta se t nhien cam nhan c nhng tinh tuy ve ng van, nhat la mang theo c cai ac tnh ong Phng mong don, thanh lch . . . Sang tac ca khuc co gia tr hay khong th tuy thuoc vao 3 yeu to: tiet tau, am ieu va hoa am (oi vi Viet van th hoa am ch co tnh cach th yeu). a. Tiet tau trong ca khuc: n v nho nhat can lu y la tiet tau c ban. trng hp thng th khi tau la bc tien (phach 2 trong nhp 2/4, phach 2 va 3 trong nhp 3/4, phach 2, 3, 4 trong nhp 4/4), co the la bc lui (phach 1), ket tau th thng nen bc lui (phach 1). Ngoai tr cac trng hp bat thng, li ca luon phai gan chat va hoa quyen vi tiet tau th mi co the chuyen ch theo tam tnh trong 1 ca khuc. b. Am ieu: ca khuc hay rat can co s trang iem, dong nhac co luc hay, luc thng, luc em em, luc song gio, mi tao cho thnh gia c nhng cam hng khi ta trnh tau, ca khuc mi co sc cuon hut, thu phuc, hap dan. Can tranh trng hp dung nhieu net ac biet, nhieu net hay don trong 1 bai, v se de lam cho thnh gia nham chan v s trang iem qua lo, qua d tha.

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S PHONG PHU CUA AM NHAC:

Am nhac la mot nghe thuat rat tru tng, v s cam nhan nghe thuat am thanh cua con ngi phu thuoc vao thnh giac. Am nhac khong co hnh anh, so lng, hnh tng, kch thc . . . ch la nhng am thanh menh mang, chi vi, l lng . . . so lng % cam nhan cua moi ngi nghe tuy thuoc vao cam giac cua moi ngi. Tuy ch co 12 not nhac:

Nhng tuy vao s thch va kha nang cua moi sang tac gia ma 12 cao o o c dung theo cac he thong, cach thc . . . khac nhau, sinh ra vo so tac pham khac la. Am thanh co tnh tng oi, na vi, hai chieu . . . (la nh vay ma khong phai nh vay). Con ngi tren the gii ai a so eu co s cam nhan am nhac trong ngi, bat ke co kien thc hay khong . . . tat ca eu co t nhieu xuc cam oi vi nghe thuat am thanh. Tuy theo tng sac toc, a phng . . . ma phat sinh ra cac loai dan ca, cac loai trng phai . . . khac nhau. The nhng nen nghe thuat am thanh toan the gii eu gap nhau 12 not nhac. S khac biet la do tuy theo he thong s dung so am thanh nhat nh cua tng loai dan ca, hnh thai nhac ma thoi. Nh tnh chat quy ong hp nhat o ma toan the gii eu de thong cam vi nhau du rang khac ngon ng, khac phong tuc . . . o la tnh chat u viet, phong phu cua am nhac so vi cac loai hnh nghe thuat khac. Sang tac am nhac la ghi chep lai cac cam hng am nhac cua mnh bang cach ky am. Neu ta ghi ung, dien ung th ta a hoan thanh cong viec bat gi cam hng cua Thng-e a trao ban cho moi con ngi. Sang tac o mai mai se la cua ta, mai mai thuoc ve ta.

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IEU KIEN CAN BAN CUA SANG TAC:

- Co giay but san sang e bat c luc nao cung co the ghi chep c. - Phai ranh re xng am va ky am, sao cho co the ghi chep ung cao o, trng o . . . - Tap nghe, tap nhn, tap suy oan . . . thng nen sinh hoat thng xuyen vi ca oan e tao ra cac kha nang nay, v ly do n gian: am thanh c phat sinh can ban la giong ngi. Tay cam nhac, mat nhn nhac, tai nghe nhac, oc suy ngh, oan xet . . . dan dan con tim cua ta se cam nhan c am thanh that ro ret ve cao o, trng o, th bac . . . - Cac cam hng nhac thng ch la mot oan nhac ngan, nhieu khi phat sinh ngau nhien vao bat c luc nao, bat c ni nao, ta c kp thi ghi chep lai ro rang e danh san, s gom gop o se c chon la vao trong moi tac pham cua ta sau nay. Cac cam hng can phai khac nhau ve moi mat e cho cac tac pham cua ta c a dang va phong phu, v the nen tranh s lien ket gia cac cam hng vi nhau, v chung se rap khuon, mat i tnh chat doi dao, phong phu . . .ve nhp ieu, am ieu, am bac, tnh t . . . cua cam hng. Cac bai hat nen viet cach xa nhau, e cho cam hng bai trc phoi phai han trong long ta, cam hng cua bai sau mi co c s khac biet va rieng t cua rieng no.

CACH GHI CHEP CAM HNG NHAC:

Cach ghi chep n gian va ro rang nhat la bang giay but, that nhanh va that chnh xac, v cac cam hng se ch thoang qua roi bay mat, vao bat c luc nao, gi nao, moi trng nao . . . V the s ghi chep oi hoi rat cao s nhanh gon, chnh xac, kp thi . . . Nen tap co thoi quen mang theo viet, giay . . .. san trong ngi, trong hanh ly, nhat la trong cac dp i chi xa, du lch, phong canh hu tnh, trang thai tinh than thoai mai rat de nay sinh cam hng. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

Trong khi sinh hoat, giao tiep vi cac moi trng ben ngoai nh: i chung xe, chung o, chung tau . . . . ta nen dung cach ghi am bang cac con so e tranh phien toai, tranh s hieu lam cua nhieu ngi cho rang ta khoe khoang. Ta mac nhien cong nhan cac con so thay cho cac bac am:

Ve cao o: Thong thng giong hat cua con ngi ch co gii han t Sol bat o 1 len Sol bat o 2 ma thoi. bat o gia th ta mac nhien giao ket la cac am thanh c ghi theo so t nhien. Do cao la so 8, cac not cao na la: Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La . . . th cham tren so o mot cham nho, cac not thuoc bat o 1 th cham di con so mot cham nho.

Ve trng o: Ta mac nhien ong y la viet mot so trong khong th co gia tr bang mot not en. - Not moc mot th gach di con so mot gach. - Not moc hai th gach di con so 2 gach, moc ba th gach di con so 3 gach, moc bon th gach di 4 gach. - Not trang th gach ngang ben phai (sau) con so 1 gach. - Not tron th gach ngang ben trai (trc) con so 1 gach. - Neu co them 1/2 trng o na (dau cham doi) th cham them ben phai 1 cham nho, them 1/4 trng o th cham them 1 cham nho na. - Dau lang th ghi bang hnh thc nguyen ven cua no. - Dau thang & dau giang ghi ngay canh ben trai cua con so . V du: Sol trang: ( 5- ), Sol en cham(nhp ri): ( 5. ), Sol moc 1: ( 5 ), Sol trang cham:( 5 - . ), Sol trang hai cham, ( 5 -..) . . .

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Ta c ghi chep cac nhac hng cua mnh trc vi ay u gia tr ve trng o, cao o . . . sau o, khi muon viet tiep e hoan thanh 1 ca khuc th ta se hat i hat lai nhac e o e tm cam giac phan nhp ieu, phan nhp ieu con lien he rat mat thiet theo giong am ieu o na. Thong thng th nhp 2 thng khi bc tien va bc lui, ket bc lui. Nhp 3 khi bc tien va bc lui, ket bc lui . . . Khi ghi chep cam hng ta nen tranh cho not ket cua oan nhac hng dng vao not bac 1, v dong nhac se kho khai trien sau nay e tr thanh mot ban nhac (cach dung giai ket). n ieu rat de dang va thoai mai, khong co nhng quy luat chuyen ong nh hoa am . . . . ch can de hat va xuoi tai la c. Chu y: cac am giai th not bac IV thch hp cho chuyen ong xuong hn la chuyen ong len. Not bac VII thch hp cho chuyen ong len hn la chuyen ong xuong. V tnh chat quang cua cac not bac o (chuyen ong lien bac na cung).

CACH TAP NGHE BAC AM:

Trong cac sinh hoat ca oan nen tap nghe bang tai trong khi mat nhn nhac e quen dan vi s nhan biet chuyen ong cua am ieu, rat can cho nhng luc thieu ieu kien e hat hoac an. Tap cam nhan s khac nhau cua tng bac am oi vi bac am chu: bac I oi vi cac bac II, bac III, bac IV, bac V, bac VI, bac VII. Tap nghe cac giong Basso trong bang may, radio, tivi . . . e nhan ra c cac bac am, bac hp am. Tap nghe cac quang cua chuyen ong cho that chnh xac. ieu kien e tap ly tng la ca oan. Cac cam nhan nay giup cho ta nang cao kha nang ky xng am. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

CAM GIAC CUA CAC BAC AM:

Cac hp am bac tot nghe manh me, vui ti: Bac I: vng chac, manh me. Bac IV: trong sang, ti tre. Bac V: oi hoi, manh (at am), can phat trien (tr ve bac I). Cac hp am bac thng nghe nhe nhang hn: Bac II: mem yeu , manh de. Bac III: mang mot phan cam giac cua hp am, trng: vui, th: buon. Rieng hp am bac VI v tnh cach chi vi cua no nen xep at cho c dan ti bi chuyen ong quang 3 th: I xuong VI, III len VI . . . cam giac hp am se c tao ra ro rang.

CACH TAP GHI TREN AM GIAI:

Moi tac gia eu se co thoi quen thch hp vi mot vai am giai nhat nh, bieu lo ca tnh nghe thuat cua moi ngi. Tuy nhien ta can phai tap ghi tren nhieu am giai e co s thoang khoat, rong rai trong tam hon cua mnh, tranh s go bo, ong khuon . . . Ta nen tap ghi vi nhieu loai nhp ieu. n gian nhat la nhp 2/4 va nhp 3/4. en khi viet nhieu roi th nen phat trien them cac nhp khac: nhp 6/8, nhp 4/4 . . . .

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MAY IEU CAN THIET KHI MI TAP SANG TAC:

- Sap xep cho ket cau nhac hng dng tren phach 1. - Gii thieu cung va the cua ca khuc ro rang ngay t cau au. - Gii thieu c tiet tau cua toan bai. - Ket cau 1 co gang c xep at thuoc hp am bac I. - Hnh not cua moi o nhp khong xep at giong nhau e cau nhac c phong phu (tiet tau va am ieu). oi hnh not va giong nhac moi o nhp. Tranh dam chan tai cho (dung nhieu not nhac co cung cao o) trong 1 cau, nhng not nhac gan nhau . . .

MOT VAI QUAN NIEM VE CUNG, THE CUA TAY PHNG:

- Cung Do: Bnh d, chat phac, de nghe, de hat, nhng co ve kho khan. - Cung Am: nghe menh mong, buon vi vi, thng dung e dien ta tnh phu t, mau t. - Cung G: thch hp vi hanh khuc, v co u 16 not trong am vc cho cac loai ken. Cam giac hi cng coi, hp vi quan nhac. - Cung F va Dm: co tnh cach ong que, moc mac, gan vi he thong Ngu Cung Viet-Nam va Trung-Hoa. - Cung D: nghe rat bay bm, hp vi tam tnh nghe s (a dung cho nhp Tango). - Cung Bm va Em: mang noi buon bi at, that vong. - Cung Bb: nghe tram hung, ly tng, chac chan. Noi chung: The trng: nghe vui ve, vng chai. The th: mem yeu, de bien oi, co the tao nhieu mau sac do s dung cac loai th khac nhau (am giai th t nhien, am giai th hoa am, am giai th n ieu). - He thong cang nhieu dau thang: y nhac cang sang, thch hp vi s keu goi, anh bnh minh . . . ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

- He thong cang nhieu dau giang: y nhac cang tham tram, co chieu sau. Hp vi triet hoc, ao hoc . . . Cac tnh chat va quan niem tren ch tng oi. Cam giac cua cau nhac con phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua quang chuyen ong: quang trng: vui, khoe . . . , quang th: buon, u toi, am am . . .

QUAN NIEM CHUNG VE TIET TAU:

Thng not tan cua cau nhac hay dng phach au cua o nhp o. Nhp n nghe ro rang, dt khoat . . . Nhp kep nghe uyen chuyen, bong benh . . . Nhp 4 co tnh cach tram hung, cham rai . . . Nhp 2 eu an, giong nh bc i . . . thch hp vi nhac sinh hoat, thieu nhi . . . Nhp 3 thch hp vi vu ieu, nc chay . . . Nhp 6/8 uyen chuyen, khong dt khoat, thch hp vi thanh ca va hanh khuc cham . . . . Dung e dien ta s bong benh, du dng . . . th nen dung nhp kep nh tnh chat tng oi, s chi vi, na vi cua no, bi nhp kep b chia 3 nen khong co tnh cach tuyet oi. Nhp 2 la loai nhp t nhien cua sinh hoat thien nhien nen co tnh cach vng chai, nhat nh. Ve phach: Phach sau (bc tien) dung e khi tau, phach mot (bc lui) dung e ket. Dau lang dung e lay hi. Tnh so o nhp: thng th ch tnh so o nhp khi co nhac bang hoac hn na o nhp, not ngan cua cau nhac c keo dai qua o nhp khac, neu bang hoac hn na o nhp th van tnh so thuoc cau nhac o. Neu muon tnh o nhp o sang cau khac th ta dung dau lang e tao ngan cach vi cau trc.

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NHNG IEU QUAN TRONG KHI SANG TAC:

Trong sang tac am nhac th nhac tnh c coi la quan trong hn li ca, v nhac tnh la tong hp (dung chung) cho tat ca cac loai nhac cu, nhac kh . . . eu co the dien ta c, con li ca th ch ca vien dien ta ma thoi. V tnh chat pho bien rong rai ay ma nhac tnh c coi la quan trong hn. V the khi sang tac, nhac tnh cua mot ban nhac c can la 75%, li ca la 25%. Neu pho nhac theo li co san nh: th, van . . . th ch nen xep at li ca theo y tong hp cua oan van, oan th o. Tranh xep at nhac tnh theo tng cau, tng oan . . . se lam nat y cua mot ban nhac, v o la nhng cai hay nho nhoi, t oan. Ta nen chu trong en cai chung ln hn la cai tieu tiet. Tuy nhien, co trng hp ngoai le la Bnh Ca: mot the loai am nhac Gregorian hay dung trong Thanh Ca truyen thong, Bnh Ca la mot the loai am nhac ma nhac tnh c coi la th yeu, la bo tuc cua li ca, khi sang tac the loai nay can phai coi trong li ca, giai ieu phat trien kem theo li ca, dung e dien ta li ca, v the giai ieu can chu y quan trong la sao cho t nhien, len xuong, tram bong, dien ta theo y t cua li ca, theo dau giong cua ngon ng Viet Nam, v vi tnh chat 5 dau 6 giong th tieng Viet Nam chung ta a c ngi ngoai quoc coi nh la va noi va hat, viet sao cho giai ieu that de hat nh t nhien von la nh the. Thi gian suy ngh e sang tac th co the keo dai bao lau cung c, en khi at but viet ra th nen viet lien mot mach cho ti khi het bai th mi thoi, e cho y tng c noi ket mot cach lien lac, chat che, y nhac c tuon ra cho ti khi het mi nen ngng, tranh s ghi chep ngat quang v y nhac se tr thanh ri rac, chap va . . . Khi sang tac xong th coi ky lai bai va sa ngay nhng cho cam thay thieu sot, ng e mot thi gian sau mi sa, v nhng cam hng ban au khong con na, s sa oi luc o se lam mat gia tr cua ban nhac. Ta luon luon phai nh ton trong cam giac ban au cua tac pham. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

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Trong nghe thuat phai tranh s can o bang ly tr, bang khoi oc . . . bi v nghe thuat la sc song cua con tim, nghe thuat rat lai lang va vo khuon voc. S sang tac khong bao gi nen e b go bo khuon phep trong ly thuyet. Luon co gang cho co s sang tao, co suy ngh ung an, co mot t cach nghe thuat la u, con cam hng th c e t do tung bay, mien la ng co qua ang. Tat ca nhng cai o se tao ra nhng trng hp nghe thuat bat ng rat hay ho va ly thu. Chap nhan vui ve nhng khuyet iem trong tac pham cua mnh, coi o la nhng cai duyen nghe thuat cua mnh, ch nen sa lai oi chut neu o la cai khuyet iem qua ln hoac qua tho lech so vi ban chat cua nghe thuat. V vat the t nhien bao gi cung can phai co nhng khuyet iem ng ben canh nhng u iem, e khuyet iem ton them ve ep cua u iem, e u iem che bt cai xau cua khuyet iem. o mi ung la mot tac pham t nhien, va can nh: ch co nhng bc tng mi co c tat ca moi net hoan my, nhng cung chnh v the nen no se ch mai la mot bc tng ma thoi. Trong am nhac co 3 yeu to can ban: am ieu, tiet ieu va hoa am. Ta co gang dung hoa ca 3 yeu to o trong tac pham cua mnh, s dung tng yeu to mot cach co suy ngh chn chan, yeu to nao thch hp vi oan nao? Cho nao? . . . Neu ket hp c mot cach hai hoa, co pha tron e tao s mi la, bat ng, hap dan . . . V tnh chat cua nghe thuat am nhac la nh vay. Tranh viec dung n thuan mot yeu to, lam dung 1 net ep, v se lam cho bai nhac tr thanh nham chan, ngheo nan. V du: co 1 cau nhac hay, ta yeu qu no, ta dung no vai lan, nhng phai kien quyet ch dung khong qua 3 lan, (Luat bat qua tam). Trong cau nhac m au khong nen dng not I: v kho co the gi y e i tiep, v the nen cho dng tren not III hoac V, oi khi co the dng tren not II hoac VI, t khi dng tren not IV, hiem khi dng tren not VII.

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TM HNG PHAT TRIEN CAU NHAC HNG:

Sau khi a co mot y nhac hay ta can phai an o suy ngh xem cau o thuoc loai nhac nao: Thieu nhi?, sinh hoat?, tnh cam? . . . t o tam lap mot dan bai. Xet tnh chat cua cau nhac: - Thch hp vi n ca hay cong ong? - Co the thc hien cho ca oan, n ca, song ca, top ca? - Can duy tr toc o o hay oi khac? Hay muon ch thay oi mot oan nao o thoi? - Lam tieu khuc hay iep khuc? Tieu khuc: dung ky thuat cao de noi het y nh cua tac gia. iep khuc: ky thuat va phai se de nghe, de hat . . . Noi len c cac y tng chung chung. - Neu m au la the th, nhp ieu se cham rai, ch c ket the trng va nhp o se nhanh hn. - M au tram tnh de dan en song ong, nen chon lam tieu khuc. - M au song ong th nen chon lam iep khuc v co the tr ve e ket thuc. - Mot tac pham cung co bo cuc nh mot bai luan van: co m (m bai), luan (than bai) va ket (ket luan). M: e gii thieu y nhac. Luan: khai trien y nhac cho am a phong phu hn. Ket: tong hp y nhac lai. - Neu cau nhac ch co gia tr ky thuat th nen dung lam bai tap ma thoi. Cau nhac hay th can phai co nhng net ac sac, sang tao . . . nen dung e lam nen tac pham cua mnh, xet xem no thuoc loai nao: lat leo, kho hat . . . nen dung cho solo. n s, moc mac, sang tao . . . nen dung cho hp ca, nhng cau nao ac y nen c nhac lai vai lan trong tac pham e thnh gia chu y en net nhac o. - Ngoai ra nen suy ngh ky en oi tng cua cau nhac, nen viet cung the nao cho hp vi tnh chat cua no? Hp ca: a vui ve, n s, hp oan . . . n ca: a tram lang, co n, cau ky. Xay dng dong ca: ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

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Mot dong ca c xay dng tren 2 yeu to chnh la: am ieu va tiet tau, hai tnh chat nay luon phai i oi vi nhau, thieu 1 trong 2 tnh chat o se lam dong ca mat hay, mat sc quyen ru. Mac du 1 yeu to cung co the u e dien ta mot s kien nao o, nhng van khong the keo dai, v de nham chan, nhc tai . . .

CACH S DUNG AM IEU:

La s lien ket gia cac quang am cao thap, tao thanh chuyen ong da tren am giai, am the va bac am. 1. Viec s dung quang am: Dong ca co the s dung moi hnh thc quang: thuan, trng, th, lien, cach, n, kep . . . Han che dung cac quang nghch va cac quang tao bi cac dau hoa bat thng ngay y nhac m au, v se lam cho chu the b loang ra. Ngoai tr gia cau nhac va cac trng hp co y. Cac s sang tao sao cho phai hoan b va n s. a. Vi quang ung: nghe chac chan , manh bao . . . oi khi rat hoang vu: quang 5 ung, quang 4 ung, quang 8 ung . . .

b. Vi quang trng: nghe phan khi, hung dung.

c)-Vi quang th: nghe mem yeu, m mong . . .

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d)-Vi nhng quang nho: gan va lien: rat thch hp cho nhac cu, quang nho gan va lien lam giai ieu nghe uyen chuyen, lu loat . . .

e)-Vi quang ln: xa va cach: nghe manh bao, hung dung . . .dien ta y ln va manh bao.

2. Viec s dung am giai, am the va hp am: a. Vi chuyen ong lien: ta co the dung lien tiep mot chuoi am giai.

b. Vi chuyen ong cach: ta co the dung ngay nhng not cua hp am bac I.

S xep at hp am va am giai phai can cho ung vi tiet tau th mi xac nh c hp am cho dong ca. Hp am cua ca khuc thng c tnh vao au moi phach, co khi la moi o nhp. Trong mon hoa am th hp am c tnh theo hang doc, moi not la 1 hp am, nhng tren thc te tai ngi nghe bnh thng th nghe va cam nhan khong kp neu bai hat c viet nhp o bnh thng = 60 tr len en nhanh hn, ch trong trng hp bai viet Choral (the loai nay hay hat vi toc o cham) th ta co the tnh theo tng not. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

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Nhan xet: Vi chuyen ong cach nghe cng coi, v chuyen ong vi cac quang am xa, kho hoa am, kho at li, gay kho cho cac be ong chuyen. Bi the ta nen phoi hp ca hai chuyen ong lien va cach e dong ca c mi la, de hat, de nghe. Khi phoi hp ta nen s dung cac not qua, not theu . . . se giup cho dong ca uyen chuyen, tot ep hn.

(+) : Not ngoai hp am. Nhng not qua, not theu . . . la not ngoai hp am, rat thch hp vi nhng t ng co dau hoi, nga, nang . . . + Dau hoi: kep len hay hn. + Dau nga: kep xuong hay hn. + Dau nang: lay qua lay lai (not theu).

Vi tiet tau nhanh khong nen dung cac t co dau hoi , nga, nang lien nhau, v se b ban dau, a thanh. 3. nh v tr s dung hp am: a. Trong y nhac m au phai viet sao cho thay ro vai tro chu am va hp am cua bai, tuy nhien cung co the xen ke nhng hp am bac tot, rieng vi cac not hp am bac V nen xep at cac phach yeu va vi tiet tau nhanh. Hp am bav IV th co the xep at ro hn. b. ong thi cung nen nh hp am cho dong ca phat trien tiep, thong thng th dong ca c dan qua hp am bac IV hoac bac V (bac tot chac hn bac thng).

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c. Khong nen chuyen the hoac chuyen cung ngay cau nhac m au, du ch la thoang qua.

Neu khi co y tng ung an co y, th s chuyen bien rat co y ngha. S chuyen bien ngay cau nhac au nghe co ve mi la nhng lai se lam cho cung the chnh b lu m. d. Co the dung hnh thc trai hp am vi 3 hnh thc: len, xuong, ao lon. S dung trai hp am khong thch hp cho cac ca khuc v giong hat de b sai lac. oi vi nhac cu th rat tot, nhat la dung e dien ta nhng s lu loat, thanh thot, vang doi . . . nh: nc chay, thuy tinh v, gio lay, net A cua an tranh.

Viec s dung am ieu oi hoi nhieu kinh nghiem bang cach quan sat, tm hieu cac loai he thong am nhac va thoi quen cua chung. Ngoai ra cung can tm hieu cac loai am giai, cac tac gia tieu bieu, cac tac pham noi tieng. Khi s dung am ieu can chu y nhng iem sau: - Not IV cua am giai trng nen cho chuyen ong xuong. - Not VII cua cac am giai eu nen cho chuyen ong len chu am. - Not IV cua am giai th co the cho chuyen ong len. - Not VI cua am giai th nen cho chuyen ong xuong lien bac. - Not VI cua am giai trng co the cho chuyen ong tuy y.

---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

17

VAI CACH LAM MOT OAN NHAC:

e co the lam mot ban nhac ta phai co nhac e, nhac e o la nhng cau nhac hng nho nho ma bat c luc nao, ni nao . . . ta cam hng c th ghi chep lai bang giay but hoac ch so e danh cho sau nay, khi can lam mot ban nhac ta c viec la chon trong so cau nhac hng co san lay mot cau co tam tnh, y hng nh ban nhac ta can lam. e co mot ban nhac ay u th ta phai lam tng oan, tng cau. CAU TRUC MOT OAN NHAC TRUNG BNH: Neu ta co mot cau nhac vao loai trung bnh ta se lam theo cach thong thng, v nh tnh cach khong dai khong ngan cua no. I. Mot oan nhac trung bnh thng co 4 cau: 1. Cau I: cuoi cau ta cho cau nhac dng lai tren not bac III hoac bac V, tranh dng not bac I, v se lam cho cau nhac b b, khong phat trien c. Cau I nay se c dung ket bang hp am bac I (s ket) nh dng cac not bac III hoac V. Cau nay neu la trung bnh thng co khoang 4 hoac 5 o nhp, loai nhp ngan: 2/4, 3/4 . . . 2. Cau II: Ta bat au viec phat trien cau nhac e them ra thanh cau na la cau th II, trong cau nay ta co quyen phong tao them bang cach t cau I ta nang len hoac ha xuong vai bac am. Tuy nhien ta phai tuan theo ieu kien la gi nguyen so o nhp bang vi cau I, tiet tau cua moi o nhp cung phai gi nguyen bang vi cau I, khi va ket phai that can oi vi cau I. Nh the co ngha la ta tha ho phong tao ve am ieu, co the ca tiet tau na, cac bc i cua cau nhac . . . nhng co gang e gi c cai tnh chat cua cau I. Cau II se dng tren not bac II hoac V e dung hp am bac V (ban ket). Tranh dng not cam am (tuy nhien, neu nhac hng can th ta van co the). 3. Cau III: Viet lai y nh cau I kem theo cac ieu kien: khong dng not bac I, nen dng not bac VI, vi chuyen ong I xuong VI th rat tot, e cho cau III nay c dng lanh ket. Nh vay ta van phai gi nguyen so o nhp nhat nh nh cau I. am giai th, lanh ket ngoai hp am bac VI con co the hieu la hp am bac IV na. Khi khi cau III

18

---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

co the cho khi trc hoac sau so vi cau I khoang na phach e tao s mi la cho cau III. Tuy nhien s sang tao nay cung phai c dung tuy theo ieu kien khi cua tng cau nhac e co the c ma thoi. 4. Cau IV: Gi nguyen so o nhp cho can oi vi cac cau tren. Ve am ieu va tiet tau ta c hoan toan t do, mien la ng qua lac xa vi cac cau tren. khi cau IV ta co the gi s sang tao ve khi cua cau III (neu co) e tao thanh mot cai sang tao co y cua mnh. Cuoi cau ta dan cau nhac ve toan ket. Co the dng sm hoac tre hn cac cau khac mien la van gi u so o nhp. Ngoai ra ta con phai e y them: Neu khi cau IV bang tiet tau ong th nen dng sm vi tiet tau tnh. Neu khi cau IV vi tiet tau tnh th ket vi tiet tau ong va ung bang cac cau tren ve so o nhp, co the muon hn mot chut. Nh vay: Mot oan nhac trung bnh c cau tao bang 4 cau nhac trung bnh. Cau I: khoang 4, 5 o nhp. Ket bang s ket. Cau II: phong tao t cau I. Ket bang ban ket. Cau III: viet lai cau I khoang 3/4. Ket bang lanh ket. Cau IV: hoan toan t do. Ket bang toan ket. Neu l co cau nhac e dai: 8 o nhp 2/4 hoac 4 o nhp C . . . Ta se lam oan nhac nay ch co 2 cau nhac khac nhau ma thoi. 2 cau nhac khac nhau o se c xep cau I va cau II. - Cau I: la cau nhac e vi ket bang s ket. - Cau II: sang tao khac cau I nhng ng xa lac qua e tranh lac e, dan ve ban ket. - Cau III: viet lai y nh cau I, ket bang s ket nh cau I hoac lai sang lanh ket. - Cau IV: viet giong cau II nhng dan ve toan ket e ket ca oan nhac. Neu muon lam mot oan nhac co cau dai: Nhieu khi ta ch co mot nhac e ngan ma lai muon lam mot oan nhac dai. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

19

Ta co the lam cho oan nhac o tr thanh dai, t cau nhac e ngan o. Ta lam cau I bang nhac e ngan o cong them s phong tao nhng net ngan cua cau nhac e hoac mot vai phan trong cau nhac e. Ngoai ra ta con co the lam cau I dai bang nhac e o cong vi s phong tao bang cach nhoi lai cau nhac e, hoac nang len, hoac ha xuong mot vai bac am, hoac nhoi lai theo tiet tau va oi am ieu . . . hoac gi am ieu ma oi tiet tau . . . nh the cau nhac e cua ta se dai ra nh y muon. Sau o ta lai lam them cac cau II, III va IV e c mot oan nhac dai. Cac cau nhac se van tuan theo cac ieu le ve phong tao, khi, ket, tiet tau, am ieu . . . theo nh cac quy tac a at ra.

KHAI NIEM VE CAN OI, CAN PHNG:

Trong khi sang tao nhac ta phai tuan theo luat sang tac la luat can phng va luat can oi, luat nay nham e tao cho thnh giac cua thnh gia cam nhan c ban nhac o co mot s thang bang, can xng ve cac ieu kien: tiet tau, am ieu, quang am . . . Luat can oi c t do hn ve so o nhp cua cau, chan hoac le tuy y. Mien sao cho cau nhac va oan nhac c can bang tng xng vi nhau. Neu co s sang tao trong moi cau nhac th cung phai nghien cu sao cho s mi la o khong tao ra s oi choi trong oan nhac, khong lam mat i s thuan nhat trong oan nhac o. LUAT CAN OI: so o nhp trong moi cau co the tuy y, co the chan, co the le, cac cau nhac phai thang bang vi nhau e tao cho thnh giac mot cam giac em em, bang ban, khong qua khch en noi gay kho chu cho thnh giac. LUAT CAN PHNG: thoat thai t luat can oi. Luat can phng ra i trong s oi hoi ve nhp cua trong Jass, Guirta bass, an bass . . . Luat can phng quy nh ch co cau chan: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 . . . e cho cac tay chi co s eu an trong cach chi, v thng moi ieu (style) thng co 2 o nhp. Neu l co cau nhac le th phai lam sao lien

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

ket c vi cac cau khac e co oan chan. Nh vay s gay tr ngai cho cac bc nhay, trong jass, an bass . . . se khong ln, v neu co cau le th phai co oan chan. Luat can phng khe khat hn luat can oi la v cac ap lc o. Nhiem vu cao quy cua cac nhac s la luon luon co gang e sap xep nhng lech lac c tr thanh can oi, thang bang. Cac viec phai lam la sang tac lam sao cho s cam nhan cua thnh gia gi c s can xng, thang bang, trong o co kem ca nhieu net mi la na ma van khong tao s nghch cho thnh giac. e cho tac pham cua mnh c ung an va phong phu hn, ta co the tuy nghi sa oi cac luat le, phng phap sang tac . . . mien la co mot s suy ngh ky cang va ung an la c. S sa oi o co the la xep at cac giai ket cua cau, cac bc i cua am ieu, tiet tau cua cau nhac . . . neu ta co y dung e dien ta mot li nhac, mot y tng co suy tnh, co y thc. V du: nh khi dien ta cac li nhac mau thuan vi nhau ta dung cac giai ket va hp am mau thuan (I oi vi VI . . . ), khi muon dien ta s chenh lech, oi khang . . . Ta c sang tao t do, mien la s sang tao o cua ta la mot s co y co y thc, co y co trnh o. Trong cac lien ket cau le sang chan (1 sang 2, 3 sang 4, . . . ) ta co the sang tao them bang cach cho net nhac nay len e lam mot net nhan cho cau sau khi. Co the ap dung gia oan nay sang oan khac, cac net nhan o nen cho nhac lai e thanh mot s sang tao co y thc, nhng sao ng cho co s lam dung qua ma tr thanh nham.

+ : la not nhan e cho cau sau vn len. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

21

NHIEM VU CAO QUY CUA NGI NGHE S:

Thng-e a tac sinh, sang tao ra muon loai, muon vat, quyen nang cua Ngai vo song va rat dieu ky. e nuoi dng va phat trien muon vat hien hu th phai ton tai s sang tao va xay dng. Ngi nghe s la nhan vat c Thng-e trao phu cho mot chut t quyen nang cua Ngai e tiep tuc cac tac pham cua Ngai tren trai at. Ngi nghe s oi hoi phai co mot chuyen mon cao, mot tri thc sang suot, mot tai sap xep kheo leo . . . e lay nhng tai lieu trong thien nhien cau truc lai thanh tac pham ep, song ong, hay ho, mi la . . . sao cho tac pham o ep trong t nhien, song trong t nhien . . . ma khong phai la t nhien. Nghe s la mot tha tac vien cua Thng-e, Ngai dung ngi nghe s e sap xep, dan hoa, pha tron, xay dng cac mau sac, cac tnh chat, cac s lech lac . . . trong t nhien tr thanh mot tac pham t nhien ep e va song ong. Cac tac pham o phai la mot bac cau cho cac tac pham khac, la s lien ket muon loai trong thien nhien thanh mot khoi duy nhat. V muon vat, muon loai eu cung la tac pham cua Thng-e, la lien ket anh em vi nhau. Nghe s phai la mot ong lc thuc ay tao vat, lien ket tao vat lai e ca khen, chuc tung, ton vinh Thng-e, la ang Chan-Thien-My i i vien man. Ngi nghe s phai co gang phan au xay dng cho mnh mot kha nang oc ao, tac pham cua mnh phai cha chan s sang tao, mi me. Nhng phai co gang long trong s hai hoa, thong nhat cua moi tao vat tren a cau. Ta hay luon co gang gi lay cho mnh mot t cach, mot kha nang hoan thien, e xng ang vi chc vu tha tac vien cua Thng-e trong cong viec sang tao va ieu hoa moi tac pham thien nhien tuyet vi cua Thng-e, ang Chan-Thien-My tuyet oi.

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

AP DUNG LUAT CAN OI:

Trong nhac Thanh Ca, ta chu trong en tnh chat can oi cua oan nhac hn la can phng. V the cho nen can en s luyen tap lam theo th t t de en kho. Tuy nhien e hp vi trao lu hien ai la chuyen dung theo luat can phng, ta se tap lam sao cho co cac cau chan, oan chan . . . co the la cac cau le cong lai thanh oan chan. 1. Lam bai tap cau chan: Moi cau khoang 2, 4 hoac 6 o nhp. Trong s tap luyen th ta ch tap lam oan co 4 cau ma thoi, cac giai ket cua cac cau van tuan theo quy luat. - Cau I: s ket (co the dung lanh ket). - Cau II: ban ket (bat buoc). (ket qua cung co the thay oi). - Cau III: lanh ket (co the thay bang s ket). - Cau IV: toan ket (bat buoc). Nh the, ta nhan thay giai ket cua cau II va cau IV th ta phai tuyet oi tuan theo quy luat giai ket. Con cau I va cau III th ta co the hoan chuyen 2 giai ket cua 2 cau vi nhau (quan niem t do giai ket). 2. Lam bai tap cau dai: Muon co cau dai th ta c lay ngay cau nhac e ngan phong tao them ra, hoac nhoi lai y nhac . . . th ta se co cau dai. Neu co san cau nhac hng dai th ta khoi phai phong tao. Cau dai khoang 8 o nhp 2/4, 4 o nhp C . . . Ta van phai gi lay tnh chat chan cua cau nhac. Cach lam th hi khac so vi oan nhac ngan. Ta ch phai lam 2 cau rieng biet thoi: cau I giong cau III, cau II giong cau IV, cac ieu kien giai ket tuan theo y nh oan nhac ngan. 3. Lam bai tap cau le cong thanh oan chan: Ta lam bai tap cau le, sao cho cac cau le cong lai thanh oan chan. Co cac loai cau le: 3 + 4 > < 3 + 4 = 14 o nhp (oan). 4 + 5 > < 4 + 5 = 18 o nhp (oan). 3 + 5 > < 3 + 5 = 16 o nhp (oan). Ta co the tuy nghi thay oi cac th t chan le. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

23

Trong bai tap nay ta ket hp gia cau le va cau chan lai vi nhau e tr thanh oan chan. Cau le va cau chan co the hoan v, thay oi cho trc sau cung c, mien lam sao cho oan nhac o chan la can oi roi. 4. Cau oi va cau ap: Cau oi: la cau nhac e, nhac hng. Cau ap: la cau phong tao t cau oi. Ta lam bai tap theo phng phap oi ap: oi + ap + oi nho + ap nho + Phat trien Cau I Cau II Cau III Cau IV - Cau I: la cau nhac e, chan le tuy y. - Cau II: phong tao t cau I. - Cau III: la cau nhac e dan ve lanh ket. Tuy nhien ta co the chia cau III ra lam 2 ve: oi nho + ap nho. (oi nho: phong tac mi). - Cau IV: cau t do vi toan ket.

Nhan xet: - Cau I: oi ln (4 o nhp). - Cau II: ap ln (4 o nhp). - Cau III: oi nho (2 o) + ap nho (2o) = (4 o nhp). - Cau IV: T do (4 o nhp). Vi oan nhac co cau truc cau nh tren se rat de e ap dung khi pho th. Hnh thc cau ket nh vay rat hp vi the th song that luc bat (7 ch + 7 ch + 6 ch + 8 ch).

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

oan nhac c cau truc bang phng phap nay rat de giup ta lam cau dai, v y nhac co nhieu thay oi nen tao cho ngi nghe co cam giac dai. Neu ta muon dai hn na th ap dung phng cach: cho cau IV thay v ve toan ket th ta cho ve ban ket roi dung dau hoan cho dien lai toan oan mot lan na roi a ve ket tron. A = ban ket, A = toan ket. Mot cau nhac th gom nhieu chi cau ghep lai, neu muon co cau dai th ta ch viec ghep them nhieu chi cau na th cau nhac se dai them. Viec dung dau hoan e tao ra 2 oan nhac A va A se co them ieu thuan li na la cau oi nho + ap nho se c nghe lai mot lan na th thnh giac cua thnh gia se tham nhap c y nhac. V du: ta co cau nhac e 8 o nhp. I = 8 o, II = 8 o, III = ( 4 o + 4 o), IV = 8 o. Cong tat ca thanh 32 o nhp, dung dau hoan na th se thanh 64 o nhp. Trong nhac Thanh Ca th thng khoi can dung dau hoan, v con co them phan tieu khuc (t nhat la 2 cau), c sau mot tieu khuc th lai tr lai oan nhac chnh mot lan, nh the la y nhac a c nhac i nhac lai roi, neu con dung dau hoan cho iep khuc na th se qua dai. S phan cau th tuy thuoc vao giai ket nhieu hn la vao tiet tau.

Thanh nhac la y dung nhac giup ta cau nguyen, v the y nhac can phai de hat, de nghe, de cam . . . ta co the du di bang cach lam iep khuc ngan thoi, roi lam tieu khuc co 3 hoac 4 li hoac 2, 3, 4 tieu khuc khac nhau, the la mot bai hat rat ngan se c nghe i nghe lai, de giup cho giao dan cam c ma cau nguyen. e tranh nham tai ta co the khon kheo oi giai ket cuoi cac cau tao s mi la. Thng th dung ban ket, lanh ket, s ket . . . tieu khuc rat t khi dung toan ket, e danh toan ket iep khuc. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

25

Ngoai ra v cac ly do ac biet: tam tnh li ca, y nhac . . . ta sa oi cac giai ket cho hp vi cac tam tnh o, v cac giai ket co cam giac khac nhau ve tam tnh. Lam them oan B: Khi a tao c 2 oan A va A roi, ta co the lam them oan B na. oan B nay phai co t cach oi nghch vi A va A, s mau thuan nay co the tao ra tren cac phng dien: toc o, hnh not (trng o), chuyen bien, hnh thc cau (A = A = 4 cau >< B = 2 cau, 6 cau), chuyen nhp (bien cot) . . . Mot cung the thng co 7 cung the tng ng va tng tiep theo bieu o:

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

Khi chuyen bien t cung chnh qua cac cung phu ta eu co the chuyen thang qua mot cach de dang, t gap kho khan. T the nay sang the kia cung thng la de dang. Khi chuyen bien t cung phu ve cung chnh ta se gap tr ngai mot vai cung. V du: Vi cung chnh la C: cac cung the Cm, Am, G se rat de tr ve cung chnh, cac cung F, Fm, Dm, Em se gap kho khan khi tr ve cung chnh. Va neu muon tr ve cung chnh cho de th ta nen xep at cho cuoi oan B ket sang hp am bac V cua cung the chnh (la G hoac G7) th se tr ve cung the chnh rat de dang. Neu oan B the hien y tng g khac la, ta muon ket khac th ta c dung tuy y. Sau o viet mot oan nhac cho nhac cu hoac nhac kh dan mach e tr ve cung the chnh. oan B thong thng la dung e tac gia goi ghem tam tnh trong o.

5. Lam bai tap cau oi ap 2: oan nhac oi ap 2 nay cung giong y nh hnh thc oi ap trc, ch khac mot chut la phan oi nho + ap nho khong cau III na ma lai cau IV. + ap + Phat trien + oi nho + ap nho oi Cau I Cau II Cau III Cau IV V du: ( 4 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 ), ( 4 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 3), ( 6 + 6 + 6 + 2 + 2).... ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

27

Tren ay la hnh thc thay oi cua oan A va A. Ta van tap lam them oan B, co gang tao cho A va B co s mau thuan nhau. Bai tap: a. A = I trng. B = IV th dan ve I. Khi dan ve I co nhieu cach: cho ket oan B bang bac V cua I, cho mot oan dan mach, ve thang bac I . . b. A = I th, cham. B = I trng, nhanh. 6. Lam bai nhac 2 be: V la bc au tap hoa am 2 be cho dong ca, nen phai chu y tuan theo mot vai ieu s ang e c goi la hoa am 2 be : - Neu s dung nhieu quang 3 va quang 6 lien tiep th khong the goi la hoa am. - Vi hp am bac V c s dung quang 5 trong ban ket. - nhng phach 1 s dung quang 3, quang 6, quang 8, ong am. - Phach 2 va phan 2 s dung hp am VI va IV, quang 5 va quang 4. - Viet vi cac hp am 3 not ma thoi, cha nen dung hp am nghch. Bai tap: A = I nhanh. B = VI cham, dan ve bac V. Khi 2 be dong ca eu dan ti ong am th nen cho co chuyen ong nghch chieu. Hoac neu la chuyen ong cung chieu th cho be 2 xuong not quang 8 di, hoac mot be chuyen ong na cung th se tng oi.

CAC KIEU DAN DONG CA T BAC I SANG BAC V:

Cach hoa am 2 be (II sang VI, IV sang V): Khi dong ca dan t bac I sang bac V ta se co mot so kieu chuyen ong not, theo moi kieu ta co cach hoa am khac nhau e cho hoa am ep va hay, tranh cac loi hoa am va lam cho dong ca bt s sai lam, kem gia.

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

Tren ay la mot so kieu hoa am e dan sang bac V, ta thay co nhieu cach e dan sang bac V bang hoa am: I sang V, II sang V, III sang V, IV sang V, VI sang V . . . Ta co the tuy nghi s dung theo y thch mien la tranh cac loi luat hoa am la c. hp am bac V ta co the s dung mot quang 5 trong, v du la khong co not cam am ta van nghe thay vang doi. DAN DONG CA TI BAC IV: Khi hoa am cho dong ca dan ti bac IV ta cung co the dung nhieu hp am e dan: I sang V sang IV, I sang IV, II sang IV, V sang IV . . .

Bai tap: lam bai tap hoa am 2 be: 1. A: I trng nhp 3/4, (3 + 3 + 6 + 3 + 3) . . . B: III th dan ve V, nhp 3/4. 2. A: I trng, nhp 3/4. ( 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 4) . . . B: II th, nhp 2/4, dan ve V = 2 cau. 3. A: I th, ket sang bac IV. B: I trng = mot oan duy nhat ket bang I. Trong oan nay ch phong tao ma khong nhac lai.

---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

29

THC TAP THE LOAI CANON (luan khuc):

Loai nhac canon nay c dung viet cho cac cuoc sinh hoat, vui chi . . . nhac mang tnh chat de hat, de nghe, hay ve nhac ieu . . . Loai nhac nay oi hoi mot trnh o hoa am cao hn, ngha la khong phai 2 be vi nhau ma la gia 2 cau vi nhau, cau nay vi cau khac . . e co the cho cac nhom sinh hoat hat uoi nhau tng cau, tng chi . . . Muon at c cac ieu kien tren ta phai chu y vai iem can thiet khi lam nhac ieu cua bai: - Tranh chuyen ong na cung khi hat uoi se tranh c quang 2 th chong len nhau. (quang 2 trng co the chap nhan c). - Khong s dung cac giai ket, v khi hat uoi cac be se chong len nhau, rat de gay ra cac quang am kho nghe.

Nh vay loai nhac nay rat giau co nh loi hat uoi gia cac nhom. Ta co the tang len 3, 4 . . . nhom hat th s sam uat cua bai hat cang tang len. Thong thng khi lam nhac ta xep cho moi cau mot hang, cau ke se oi chieu theo cau tren ma lam ve tiet tau, hoa am cho hoan chnh, mi la. Cau ke tiep na se can theo theo cau tren ma lam, nh vay e at c tat ca cac ieu s ang nhat e lam nen cai hay, cai ln. Dt cua cac cau thng c cho vao phach 1, ta co the cho tiet tau la hn bang cach cho dt cau vao phach 2 chang han . . .

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

Theo v du tren ta nhan thay: 4 cau c oi chieu nhau ma lam theo tiet tau, hoa am. Xen vao o co s thay oi tiet tau phan ket nh cau 3 . . . lam cho nhac ieu co s mi la hn, phan gia cau 4 co mot quang 2 trng khi so vi cau 3 (*) . . . ta co the chap nhan c v khong kho nghe bang quang 2 th. Viec cho cac nhom vao cau uoi nhau cung co the tuy nghi s dung tuy theo cau truc tiet tau va hoa am cua ban nhac. Thong thng th nhom nay dt cau, nhom khac mi vo bai. Tuy theo ieu kien cua bai ta co the chon cho vo bai thch hp: gia cau, sau mot vai o nhp . . . . . Tnh hoa am cho bai: Thng th mot bai co 4 cau, kha nang co the 4 nhom hat, v the yeu to hoa am phai c chu trong. Quan trong nhat la au cau va cuoi cau ta phai tnh sao cho theo hang doc hoa am u hp am, trc hay ao cung c. Con cac o nhp khac trong cau th bien hoa khac i mot chut cung c. Sau khi a lam nhac roi, ta thc tap lam them li vao. Li cua bai nhac Canon yeu cau lam theo y sinh hoat, v tnh nhac mang sac thai sinh hoat. Vao nhom bang v tr khac: Nhac Canon thng moi cau co 4 o nhp. V the neu tr i kieu vo bai dt cau th ta con 2 v tr na e vo bai.

Loi vao bai bang v tr khac ta gi cac ieu kien sau: nhom hat uoi se hat lai y het ca bai so vi nhom 1, v the s sang tac mi se phai can c e tnh sao cho khong kho nghe la c. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

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Thng ch viet cho 2 nhom hat ma thoi, neu tang len na th gap kho khan khi viet, hoa am gia cac cau vi nhau rat kho can e hoan chnh. Khi viet th co bao nhieu nhom hat ta viet bay nhieu hang rieng e co the kiem soat hoa am mot cach ro rang hn. Nh the ta se de dang oi chieu theo hang doc ma sa cau cho hp vi yeu cau hoa am oi hoi.

Nh v du tren ta nhan thay cac nhom hat van khong b truc trac hoa am du rang vo bang v tr khong can xng. Ke t phan nay trong khi lam bai tap ta co gang lam them li ca vao bai tap cua mnh, e quen dan vi viec sang tac nhac va li.

PHAN PHONG TAO NHAC E:

1. Phong tao am ieu: Co ngha n gian la ta gi nguyen khoang cach chuyen ong nhac e, gia tr trng o, cng o . . . ch thay oi bac am ma thoi, nang len hoac ha xuong vai bac so vi nhac e chnh.

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

2. Phong tao tiet tau: gi nguyen chuyen ong bac am, ch thay oi phan trng o ma thoi, hoac co the thay oi them cng o na, bang cach la chia hai tiet tau, gap oi tiet tau . . . So sanh hai cach phong tao: Trong mot tac pham nghe thuat thng khi sang tac ta co gang tao cho trong o co mot s mau thuan ve y tng, ve hnh thc . . . co the nang cao u iem gia cau nay vi cau khac, oan nay vi oan khac . . . mi c cam nhan ro rang. Trong bai nhac o se co nhieu u iem hn nh s mau thuan c tao ra, sao cho s mau thuan o phai lam cho cac phan nh s khac biet nhau ma noi bat len, ma khong lam chm phan khac xuong. o mi la mot trnh o sang tao ly tng.

BAI TAP LUAN KHUC KHAC BAC:

Trong loai luan khuc nay cac nhom se vo bai bang cac v tr 1 va 2, nhng khong nhac lai y het nhac e, ma se vo bang mot giai ieu rieng, co cai hay rieng, ma van khong xa la vi be chnh. Cac be se tuy theo nhac e ma vao bai bang nhng am bac khac nhau, tao ra nhng giai ieu khac nhau, tuy theo oi hoi hoa am cua v tr o, va u iem cua v tr o. Thong thng ta theo s phan cong vao be: - Nhom A vo am bac I. - Nhom B vo am bac V. - Nhom C vo am bac I. - Nhom D vo am bac V. Va khi ket th tat ca cac be eu cho tan bang hp am bac I (toan ket). So nhom co the tuy theo y thch khi viet: 2, 3, 4 . . . be cung c. Nhng can gi lay cai hay rieng cua tng be va cua toan bai, hoa am khong sai luat. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

33

Chu y dan giai ieu cua tng be trong pham vi am vc cua tng be, ra vo cho thch hp. Cac be tren se c giai quyet phu thuoc vao phan sau cua be mi xuat hien ve cac mat: tiet tau, hoa am, cai oc ao rieng . . . Neu co the th lam them li cho cac bai tap.

HOA AM 4 BE CO LI:
Viet mot oan nhac vi cac hnh thc: oi + ap + oi nho + ap nho + phat trien. (8 + 8 + 4 + 4 + 8) hoac ( 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 4) . . . Chu y: trong phan bai tap nay ta gi cho bai mot so o nhp nhat nh, khong them bt so vi nhac e. Nh vay cac be phu se tuy thuoc vao be 1 ve tiet tau, o nhp . . . them hoac bt tng be cho va u. a. Hoa am 2 be uoi nhau khac bac, be phu rut gon phan cuoi cho phu hp vi ket cua nhac e. b. Viet 4 be Choral (hoa am theo hang doc) c. Viet 4 be phu hoa (3 be di phu hoa cho be chnh). d. 4 be uoi nhau khac bac, rut gon phan cuoi cua cac be phu cho hp vi dong ca phan ket. Vi so o nhp co nh. Ta dan cac be phu theo be chnh ve cac mat: hoa am, tiet tau . . . trong cac am vc khac nhau tng be. Trong khi hoa am mot bai hat ta can phai co s xem xet ky, neu cau Sanc co nhng cho xuong thap ta phai tuy nghi ma tang len mot vai bac am, e cac be phu co the hat va chnh ta khi hoa be cung c de dang. Neu cau Sanc vo qua thap ta co the cho Bass vao au cung c (dung cau Sanc), sau o cac be tren cho lp ngoi dan len bang cach cho vao theo cac bac am khac nhau, be Sop hat tren cung ta co the tuy nghi cho cau Sanc len mot quang 8. Neu Sanc cao th ta cho lp ngoi t cao xuong thap. Cau Sanc neu e cho Bass hat trong trng hp Choral se gap khuyet iem v b 3 be tren at mat, tuy

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

nhien o la gap trng hp qua thap ta xet hoa am tam c th cho xuong Bass va hoa am cho cac be tren vao lp ngoi, neu kho co the th ta cho tang Sanc len mot vai bac am.Thng ngi ta hay viet hoa am cac bai hat cac cung: G, F, E (v cac cung nay co am vc rong). Khi hoa am ta phai tnh cac hp am tng cho cho that hp ly, co s moc noi ro rang va hay, tranh s phc tap trong hp am cua bai hat. Ve mat tiet tau phai co y thc ro rang ve tnh toan hp am, ngi ta thng tnh hp am tren phach, au phach, cac phan khac cua phach ta co the tuy theo Sanc cho lay, luyen . . . sang cac not phu khac. Chuyen ong cach trong cau Sanc ta ch nen xep at cho lot trong o nhp. Con gia o nhp nay vi o nhp khac th nen cho chuyen ong gan, qua na la nhay quang 3, nh the s xep at hp am se rat de dang. T cau 1 sang cau 2 ta xep at cho co sang hp am khac e khoi nham tai. Tnh hp am cho bai ca nen chu trong s dung nhieu moc noi hp am bac tot. Qui nh thong thng la I sang IV sang I sang V. oi vi bai ca Choral, neu Sanc vo au phach th se thng vo bang not I, neu vo nhng phan phach khac th vo bang cac not cua hp am, nen chuyen ong gan e de hoa am. Cuoi oan neu Sanc co chuyen ong not VII len VIII se de hoa am cau ket hn la not II xuong I, v am vc cao se de lam giai ket. Neu dong ca len xuong vi chuyen ong t t th se de hoa am, neu chuyen ong len xuong bat thng se rat kho hoa am khi viet be hp ca cho cac be. Trong khi viet hoa am cho bai ca ta nen tnh cho hp am trai rong ra, vai o nhp mot hp am cung c, mien sao s giai quyet gia hp am nay sang hp am khac phai co s hp ly hoa am. Tranh tnh hoa am theo tng phach nh bai tap hoa am, v Sanc bai tap ch co vai ba o nhp. Neu hoa am cho bai kht hp am nh vay se rat uong v tai nghe kho ma tiep nhan nhanh c, va s hoa am se rac roi hn. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

35

Ta chu trong s nhoi hp am, nhoi be trong cac cau nhac giong nhau e s tiep nhan c ro rang va cai hay hoa am se c cam nhan ro rang hn. Can phai tiet kiem nhng cai hay e lam nhieu bai, hn la ham don nhieu cai hay vao mot bai se uong i, va nhieu cai hay don lai trong mot bai se kho ma cam nhan het c. Cac tac pham hp ca phai c tranh lam vi nhng Sanc co tiet tau nho, hoa am se rat kho tnh toan va b vun ra. Ta cha cac khuyet iem o bang cach chia oi cau ra, hoac nhan oi tiet tau len se rat de hoa am Choral, phu hoa . . . Trong loi viet phu hoa ta tao cho gia be chnh va cac be phu hoa mang cac tnh chat tiet tau, s song rieng biet ma khong xa la qua, gia be chnh va be phu hoa phai co mau thuan, trai nghch vi nhau: tnh ong, nhanh cham, ln nho . . . be nay ng th be kia chay, be nay len th be kia xuong, be nay tnh th be kia ong . . . Tnh chat cua mon hoa am la tao s mau thuan gia cac be, cac sc song trong bai vi nhau, be nay len th be kia xuong, be nay ln th be kia nho . . . Loi viet phu hoa co u iem hn cac loai viet khac khi hoa am cho cac bai hp ca.

BAI TAP 2 NHAC E:

a. Lam 2 nhac e khac nhau cung Ton, nhac e 1 dng tren bac V, nhac e 2 dng tren bac I. Tuy khac nhau nhng phai sao cho co the rap vi nhau c. b. Hoa am 4 be uoi nhau bang nhac e 1, vi cach lp ngoi t di len tren, cac be vao sau khi be trc dt cau, Bass vo bac I, Tenor vo cach quang 5, Alto nhac lai Bass, Sop vo cach quang 5 giong Tenor nang len quang 8. Sau khi Sop dt cau th Bass lai bat au bang nhac e 2, cac be khac cung vo vi trnh t va ieu kien nh nhac e 1. Sop dt nhac e la het bai.

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

c. 2 nhac e tren rap vi nhau thanh oan A. Ta lam them oan B (tieu khuc), Sop be chnh, 3 be kia phu hoa. d. Vi tat ca cac phan nhac e tren ta nhan oi tiet tau va viet thanh Choral. Khi lam bai tap 4 be uoi nhau ta chu y en phan be uoi, ta phong tao nhac e bang cach cho be uoi len quang 5, cac bc i th gi nguyen, cac quang th co the thay oi chut t: 1/2 cung, 1 cung . . . cung chap nhan c. Trong oan uoi nhau nhac e 2 th ta cho Sop len giong Bass cach quang 8 e co toan ket.

VIET BE PHU HOA:

Thong thng trong cac bai co 1 be chnh va cac be phu hoa ta nen lam: neu Sanc len cao dan hoac xuong thap dan th cac be phu hoa ta cung cho len cao dan hoac xuong thap dan theo be Sanc e s gan bo ve cao o cua bai c duy tr, ch nen qua e y en tnh cach chuyen ong ngc chieu trong cac be ma lam cho bai nhac mat i sc song. Them na, ta tao cho bai co nhieu tiet tau khac nhau. V du: Sanc chuyen ong vi not en, ta cho Bass chuyen ong vi not trang (not en x 2), Tenor va Alto chuyen ong vi not moc (not en : 2), nh vay trong bai ta se chuyen ong vi 3 tiet tau khac nhau, thnh thoang ta oi tiet tau cua tng be cholp len roi lai duy tr chuyen ong vi tiet tau cu.

---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

37

BAI TAP UOI NHAU TNG CAP BE:

a. Ta co the cho lp ngoi t do t tren xuong hay t di len, nhng theo tnh chat cap be, co ngha la Bass vo trc, Tenor vo bang v tr thch hp, Alto vo tuy y, Sop vo be cach khoang o nhp y nh Tenor vo vi Bass. Nh vay khi be ta co 2 cap co hnh thc vao be an vi nhau: Bass vi Alto, Tenor vi Sop. Neu ta ch co mot nhac e th ta co the vo trc bang nhac e o, cac be sau phong tao nhac e o bang cach nang len hoac ha xuong mot vai bac am. Nhac e o cung co the e cho be chot cung vo, con cac be trc vo bang cach phong tao nhac e mot vai bac am. Co the oi khac nhac e nhng can duy tr net cua nhac e bang cach gi tiet tau, chuyen ong len xuong . . . (80%). Tao 2 nhac e ghep thanh bai 2 oan. oan A ta cho chuyen ong va. b. Lam them oan B: 1 chnh, 3 phu hoa. oan nay co chuyen ong tnh. c. Viet them oan C, phong tac t A (khong c nhan oi tiet tau, co the chia oi tiet tau), gi lay chuyen ong tnh cua nhac e A, co the tang tiet tau e cho oan C ron ra hn, ta c phep chuyen cung sang Ton khac, the khac, vi ieu kien phai co chuan b e chuyen bien. d. Viet them oan Coda (oan ket luan cua bai), that mau thuan vi cac oan tren: that ong hoac that tnh, that manh hoac that yeu, that cao hoac that thap, ket ngan lau hoac ngat ngay . . . Trong Coda la ket luan tom tat tat ca y nhac cua cac oan tren bang cach lap lai nhng cai tot, cai hay trong cac oan tren, vi mot so o nhp gii han e khoi keo dai. Coda thng dung bnh ket (I IV I) e khac vi cac giai ket tren, v bnh ket co tnh chat ven toan hn, hp vi ngon ng tieng Viet hn. Tao cho Coda co mau thuan han vi cac phan tren bang cach ket dung tiet tau ot ngot hoac ngan dai hn.

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

Trong phan bai cac be uoi nhau ta chu y en so o nhp sao cho ay u va can xng vi nhau, s vo be nhac e ke cung phai tuan theo ieu le o. Trong phan em cho 1 n ieu ma co 3 hoac 4 be em ta phai chu y cho em vao cac v tr trong va cac v tr trong giong nhau cua n ieu e lam thanh kieu em nhat mc. e phong phu hn ta nen cho 2 be tren em giong nhau, Bass cho em vi mot tiet tau biet lap. Tao hp am theo y mnh, ng e le thuoc vao dong ca.

BAI TAP LAM MOT OAN:

a. Bai tap nay lam vi 2 nhac e, 3 be tren uoi nhau, be Bass em (hat tng not co trng o bang hoac na o nhp = go nhp). b. 2 be Sop va Tenor uoi nhau, Alto va Bass em. c. oan C: cho be Bass solo, 3 be tren em. d. oan D: lay nhac e I khai trien va ket thuc.

BAI TAP LUAN KHUC T DO:

a. oan A: 4 be luan khuc. Vo be t do ve am bac va v tr. Trong luan khuc vao luc nay ta khong phai phai lap lai giong nhau na, ma co the phong tao ra 2 mat: am ieu va tiet tau. V du: phong tao va am ieu va ca tiet tau.

Cau 2 va phong tao va co keo gian tiet tau. b. oan B: lam 1 Solo. 4 be phu hoa, sao cho 4 be tach ra khoi Solo. Tranh lam lan be Solo. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

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c. oan C: T nhac e A, bat buoc phai chuyen sang cung khac, lam hoa am Choral. Co gang lam them li ca vao nhac lam thanh bai hat.

BAI TAP LAM VI 3 NHAC E:

Bai tap nay ta lam vi 3 nhac e khac nhau, e thanh 3 oan A, B, - oan A: lam 4 be uoi nhau tuy y. - oan B: lam Solo, hac cac be phu hoa, chuyen Ton oan nay e tao s mau thuan hoan toan oi vi A, co the oi them tiet tau, nhp o . . . - oan A: ke oan B, nhac e chnh rut ra t A phat trien them, thng oan nay ta nhan tiet tau len viet thanh Choral. - oan C: la phan boc, v ai, nhanh hn, ao at hn, co the lam khong co lien quan vi cac oan tren. Neu muon khai thac t cac oan tren th nen khai thac t oan B roi phat trien them ra. Nen gi cung Ton vi oan A e tao s thuan nhat cho bai viet. Co the chuyen bien sang cung khac, nen dung the trng v tnh chat v ai cua oan C can en. Ket thuan: Th Trng. Tam tnh thuan: buon vui, thong tha o at . . . C.

BAI TAP 3 NHAC E KHAC BIET:

Bai tap nay lam vi 3 nhac e khac biet nhau, nhng tao s hp nhat gia 3 nhac e o, bang cach tron nhac e vi nhau. Lam A, lam B ma co cha y nhac cua A; lam C: co cha y nhac cua ca A va B. Coda: tong hp ca 3 y nhac cua 3 oan tren.

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

- oan A: hnh thc be phu hoa (va). - oan B: Choral (cham). - oan C: hnh thc Canon (nhanh). - Coda: tron lan 3 y nhac chnh cua 3 nhac e. Trong oan C ta dung hp am nhieu hn e dien ta s cang, v ai cua oan. Giai ket se giup ta ieu o. V du: dung kieu hp am: II7, V7, I7, IV, IVm, I, V, I, IV, (II), I.

BAI TAP 3 NHAC E KHAC NHAU:

- oan A: 4 be luan khuc. - oan B: 1 be Solo, 3 be em. - oan C: nhac e mi, toc o nhanh, tng bng. - oan D: nhac e A pha tron vi C (nhan oi hoac chia oi tiet tau cua 2 nhac e tren e tao s mi la). Nhac e C khi viet phai can theo nhac e A, sao cho 2 nhac e co the pha tron vi nhau D.

BAI TAP 3 OAN, CO CODA:

- A: I, cham, 2 be chnh, 2 be phu hoa. - B: I, oi nghch, nhanh va, Choral. - C: V, rut t A mot nhac e au, nhanh, 2 be uoi, 2 phu hoa. - Coda: ket II trng.

---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

41

BAI TAP TONG HP:

1. 3 bai hat thieu nhi, moi bai mot oan. 2. Mot bai tnh ca ( A, A, B, A). 3. Hai bai thanh ca: (A + B), iep khuc + tieu khuc. 4. Mot bai thanh ca: Choral + tieu khuc (Solo hoac Duo). 5. Mot bai thanh ca: A: Canon 4 be, B: Phu hoa, C: Choral. Y e viet: au co tnh yeu thng, ay co c Chua Tri. 6. Mot bai thanh ca: A: Canon 4 be, B: Choral, C: Solo + phu hoa, D: rut t A, thay tiet tau, co Coda, tron them nhac e mi, gii thieu nhac e trc. Y e viet: Phuc That Tam Moi (Bai Giang Tren Nui).

NHAC DAN:
Nhac dan co 3 hnh thc: 1. M au: La cau nhac gii thieu bai, tom c tat ca cac y chnh cua bai: cung the, tiet tau. Cau nhac m au viet bang cach: rut t y nhac ac y nhat, rut t tiet tau nen cua bai. Cach viet: Cau gii thieu phai nang ve nhac tnh v thng la viet cho nhac cu hoac nhac kh, khong co li ca. Tiet tau ta nhan len gap 2 hoac gap 3 e cau m au c thoang va la. Chu trong vao phan ket cua cau gii thieu o, thng la nen dng bac V hoac bac I sao cho oi nghch vi au bai hat e la va hap dan, muon ngan lau hoac vao ngay cung c (tuy y thch va cau au cua bai), cau gii thieu ch va phai, ng dai hoac ngan qua, thng la khoang 4 o nhp. 2. Chuyen oan: cach viet tng t nh cau m au, sao cho dt c cung cua oan cu va chuyen sang cung cua oan mi c t t va ro rang. Nen viet ngay khi oan trc con ang ngan e tranh s

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---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

t ri hoac ngh ch lau. Cau chuyen sao cho that de nghe va de bat t cung cu qua cung mi. 3. Cau ket: la mot cau noi them, ta dung cau ket e nhoi them cho y nhac c cc ln hoac cc nho. Cau ket dng cung bac chnh, co the oi the tuy y. Dung cac hp am, cac bac cho la hn bai, mien la ng la qua. e dien cho y nhac cc ln va cc nho ta nen khai thac hai mat: cao o va tiet tau. Cac cau nhac dan thng viet cho nhac cu va nhac kh. Co the viet cho giong ngi, nhng phai chu y bt nhac tnh e de hat.

CAC LOAI VIET N IEU KIEU MAU THNG DUNG CHO NHAC DAN:
Viet cau nhac dan bang n ieu khong. Viet n ieu co kem them cac be em cho piano, piano thng chay ngc chieu, theo n ieu ve tiet tau va ien them cac cho trong cua n ieu. 3. Viet bang n ieu kem them cac be em cho organ, thong thng organ ch i hp am, oi khi cung chay theo n ieu nhng t hn piano, bi v loi chi n ieu cua organ ngheo hn piano. 4. Viet toan hoa am theo loi tong pho, loi nay rat tien cho cac dan nhac v co nhieu nhac cu cung chi va theo c toan ven y viet cua tac gia. Mi au ta viet nhac dan cho bai hat bang n ieu, en khi co them dan nhac th ngi ta phai viet them hoa am, va tuy theo cach lam se co the co s khac la so vi y viet va cach viet cua tac gia. V the, neu co sang tac bai hat hp xng, ta nen viet san cau nhac dan va phoi kh theo y cua ta, co the dung cho loai nhac cu hoac dan nhac g tuy y ta thch, sau o, ai dung bai hat o th c theo o ma bieu dien, neu ngi ta co nhu cau viet them cho nhac cu nhac kh, th ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc --------------43 1. 2.

cung a co sn giai ieu hoac hoa am san roi, khong s lam mat i tnh chat va y o cua bai hat cua mnh.

Bai tap: Viet nhac m au theo 4 loi tren cho cac bai sau ay: 1. Cam Men Hong An (Kim-Long). 2. Tan Tung Hong An (Vu-nh-Trac & Hai- Linh). 3. Xin Ta n (Viet-Chung). 4. Hang Be-Lem (Hai-Linh). 5. Kinh Hoa- Bnh (Kim-Long). 6. Cao Vi Khon V (Hung-Lan). 7. Me i! Xin oai Thng (Hai-Linh). 8. Sao Bien (Hai Linh). 9. Linh Hon Toi (Kim Long) 10. Giu-Se.

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HE THONG NGU AM, AM NHAC VIET-NAM:

Theo luat am vang t nhien ta co mot qua trnh sinh not hoa theo khi ta lam phat ra mot am thanh bat ky, t luat am vang nay he thong nhac Tay phng c hnh thanh, hoa am cung da vao can ban o e phat trien. V du not C cho ta nhng hoa am sau:

Ngi ta sap xep cac am thanh nghe c bang may chan ong lai vi nhau theo th t, chung hp vi nhau thanh mot chuoi hp am thuan va nghch. - Not G c goi la ap am v phat sinh ke ngay not C. - Not E c goi la trung am v la am gia C va G. A-ong nhac phat trien bang he thong ngu am. Tuc truyen rang: Trung-Hoa trong thi ky au, ngi ta can uc chuong e dung trong cung ien cho cac dp le lay. Tnh c ngi ta uc c mot cai chuong phat ra am thanh co cao o bang not Fa. Truyen thuyet ke rang khi anh chuong nay len th chim PhngHoang tren tri cung hot theo, ngc lai khi chim Phng-Hoang tren tri hot th chuong cung t nhien ngan len, v hai giong o ung huyet cua nhau, nhng vao thi o ho cha biet ieu nay nen tng la chuong than, ngi ta goi cai chuong o ten la Hoang - Chung (chuong vua), va ngi ta at ten cho not F la Hoang Chung. Da vao am Fa mau o ngi ta che ra mot ong truc thoi ung cao o not Fa. C cat i 1/2 ong roi them vao 1/3 cua ong mi cat . . . ngi ta tm c mot he thong cac not nhac sinh ra theo chu ky sinh quang 5. ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

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Ta sap xep cac cung va na cung nay theo th t not nhac th ta se co 12 ban cung lien tiep:

Vien bao tang Am Nhac Trung-Hoa che ra 12 ong sao ung theo tng not cua 12 ban cung nay. Bo ong sao o c goi la LUAT L. Bo ong sao nay c cat trong bao tang vien e lam ky niem, v trong thc te ngi ta ch dung co 5 am ma thoi, con cac not nhac kia hau nh khong c dung ti ngoai tr Mi va Si. Ngi Trung-Hoa goi ten cac cung bat au t F la Cung, Thng, Gioc, Chuy, Vu, theo th t cac not sap xep lai lien nhau sau chu trnh sinh quang 5.

Not E va B sinh ra cuoi cung, nhng v ch cach F va C co na cung nen nhieu khi b lan lon vi nhau nen ngi ta goi ten E la bien Cung va B la bien Chuy, v gan giong 2 not au: F va C ma ch bien i chut t thoi. Sau nay ngi ta goi chung chung la bien cung E hoac bien cung B cho tien. He thong ngu am Trung-Hoa c xep at t not F, G, A, C, D. Tao thanh mot pycnon (quang 3 trng) ngay au he thong. Nhac ngu am Viet-Nam chung ta cung a c tm toi ra va phat trien trong quan chung, nhng khong co s sap xep theo he thong. Mai en khi quan Mong-Co xam lang nc ta va mang theo he thong am nhac Trung-Hoa vao Viet-Nam, ngi Viet-Nam da vao o ma

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sap xep lai he thong am nhac cua mnh, ch khac mot ieu la chuoi pycnon lai nam cuoi he thong, khac vi cua Trung-Hoa la au he thong.

Trong nhac ngu am Viet-Nam ngi ta cung co tng kieu nhac, tng giong nhac khac nhau theo tng mien. S noi ket mot so am khac nhau, cach dung them cac bien cung khac nhau.

Cac nh cung, tam cung, t cung, ngu cung, luc cung, that cung nay c dung theo tng giong ca van, oc xng, ngam th, hat . . . o la s phat trien dan len cua am nhac Viet-Nam. Cac bai hat do ngi Mong-Co mang theo vao Viet-Nam co tat ca 10 bai: Tau Ma, Sn ong, Hng Ma, Lu Thuy, Hanh Van, Ly Nga O . . .

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Tren ay la 3 he thong trong nhac Ngu Am. He thong I cung F, he thong II cung Dm, he thong III cung G. Moi he thong co nhng not cot tru. Theo Tay Phng nhng not cot tru ay la chu am va ap am theo tng he thong rieng, theo cac cung F, Dm va G. Cac not phu khac la nhng not khac vi 2 not cot tru theo tng he thong. Khi viet bai theo cac he thong, ta muon viet he thong nao th xac nh ro not cot tru cua he thong o bang cach cho 2 not cot tru co mat ngay cau nhac m au. Ta nen luon nhac i nhac lai va keo dai e xac nh ro he thong chnh cua bai.

Trong nhac ngu am nh s hnh thanh t chu ky quang 5 ma ta co the xac nh chuyen he len nhieu Tone khac nhau: G, A, C, Dm. Trong mot bai nhac ta co the chuyen sang tone khac, khong can phai theo th t cua no va cung khong phai tr ve tone cu na. Khi chuyen len, chuyen xuong hoac vao bai ta xac nh cung cua oan o bang cach dung not chu am va at am nhieu e nhan ro ngay cung chnh, khi chuyen he ta dung not chu am va at am cua cua v tr mi e xac nh no. Ta co the dng bai nhac bat c v tr nao trong bai eu c ca. (ay la iem oc ao cua nhac Ngu Am so vi nhac Tay Phng). - Chuyen he: ta chuyen t he thong can ban nay sang he thong can ban khac e thay oi mau sac, lam a dang cung bac cho bai hat. - Chuyen v: dung cac bien cung B, E, Bb, Eb e chuyen dong nhac toi hn hoac sang hn, t vui qua buon, t cung chnh sang bac V th, bac II th . . . hoac ngc lai. Chuyen he cua nhac ngu am tien li hn nhac that am, v chuyen t cung nay qua cung khac, he thong nay qua he thong khac ch can dung not chu am va at am la u. Con nhac that am th phai dung not cam am, hp am ac biet . . .

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SO SANH HAI DAY NHAC: TAY PHNG VA ONG PHNG:

Ta nhan thay hai day nhac cung co nhng ban cung giong nhau, cung dung 12 ban cung nh nhau, ch khac mot ieu la nhac Tay phng bat au t C, nhac ong phng bat au t F. Trong nhac ong phng co 3 cung chnh phu hp 3 he thong: F, Dm va G. Tuy nhien ta co the chuyen len hoac xuong cac cung khac, mien la tuan theo th t cung va na cung trong tng he thong la viet ra ngay. Tat ca cac giong dan ca cua Viet-Nam eu da vao 5 not chnh: F, G, A, C, D. Nhng tuy theo sac giong va tam tnh cua tng mien ma ngi ta dung mot so not rieng biet e tao ra giong dan ca rieng cho tng vung. Nhieu khi con dung them cac bien cung E, Eb, E##, B, Bb, B## e tao net oc ao rieng cho tng mien, tng giong. Muon viet giong dan ca mien nao th th ta viet theo cach moc noi va s dung so not rieng cua mien o (goi tat la hi), ngoai ra ta con co the ket hp them s chuyen he va cac bien cung e viet cho not nhac them phong phu va ro net tng loai dan ca, tng mien dan ca . . . V du: dan ca mien Thng, Trung, Nam, Bac . . . Dan ca Tay Nguyen: a viet khai thac cac bien cung E va B, khai thac triet e cac na cung E F, B C . . . (chu y quan trong: dan ca Tay Nguyen kieng (khong dung) not bac II va not bac VI, vd: Bai viet cung C, kieng not bac II la not D va not bac VI la not A), khi em an cung phai chu y kieng 2 not nay)

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LY THUYET BO TUC NHAC NGU AM:

Quan iem va ten goi Ngu Am cua nhac s Hung-Lan:

Ten goi cua cac bac am trong he thong nhac ngu am thng c s dung:

Bat c ngu am viet giong nao, ta eu lay ten chung la Ho at cho quang 5 cua giong o va tnh not o v tr au tien. nhac Viet-Nam, he thong nhac c dung tng t nh nhac Trung-Hoa va Tay phng. Ch khac mot cho la he thong nhac

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Viet-Nam tren ly thuyet th pycnon (chuoi 3 not lien tiep) luon c at ang sau. Nhac Trung-Hoa th pycnon at ang trc nen rat sat vi nhac Tay phng.

Ky am cua nhac Trung-Hoa tng t cung Fa cua nhac Tay phng.

TEN GOI NHAC VA GIONG THEO NHAC TRUNG-HOA:

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Ten goi he thong va not nhac cha c thong nhat, nen tam thi ta dung ten goi cua he thong Tay phng cho de hieu. Moi loai dan ca theo vung th co thoi quen s dung rieng theo tnh cach rieng cua vung o. Khi viet dan ca mien nao th ta viet theo thoi quen cua mien o, thng them bt mot vai not trong he thong va bien cung. Cac chuyen ong nhay quang 4 va quang 5 thng c s dung trong nhac dan toc, ngi ta goi o la nhng thoi quen cua dan ca.

PHNG PHAP E CHUYEN HE:

Ta muon chuyen dong nhac t he thong nay sang he thong khac (goi tat la chuyen he) th ch can dung cac bien cung e tao ra nhng pycnon mi, nhng pycnon tuy theo tng he thong e ta xac nh he thong nhac mi chuyen qua. Khi chuyen he qua he thong mi neu muon duy tr he thong nhac mi o th ta dung cac thoi quen quang 4 va quang 5 cua he thong o e xac nh. Ta nen dung pha vai he thong vi nhau e bai nhac c phong phu hn. Cac bien cung thng dung la 2 bien cung mi va gan he thong:

Theo ky am cua nhac Tay phng th 2 bien cung nay la not bac IV va bac VII cua he thong. Ta co the dung cao o E va B thng hoac Eb va Bb (tuy theo tng giong dan ca), can lu y la neu dung cac bien cung th phai tranh dung cac chuyen ong quang 2 th (D Eb, A Bb), tr vai dong dan ca co net ac thu la quang 2 th, ngoai ra ta eu phai tranh v neu co chuyen ong quang 2 th se mat tnh chat dan ca Viet-Nam ngay.

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Hai bien cung E va B co the gia hoac non theo dan ca tng vung. Va la E va B, gia la F va C, gia qua hoac qua gia la F# va C#, non la Eb va Bb, non qua hoac qua non la D va A.

S DUNG HOA AM CHO NGU CUNG:

Theo Ngu Cung ta co 5 not la: F, G, A, C, D. Ta co the dng hp am tren mot so not bac am theo ngu cung o.

Ta nhan thay: Hp am bac I: co u 3 not: I, III, V. (q.1 + q.3 + q.5). Hp am bac II: co 2 not. (thieu not quang 3). Hp am bac III: co 2 not. (thieu not quang 5). Hp am bac IV: trong ngu cung khong co hp am bac IV. Hp am bac V: co 2 not. (thieu not quang 3). Hp am bac VI: co u 3 not. (q.1 + q.3 + q.5). Hp am bac VII: trong ngu cung khong co hp am bac VII. Dng hp am 3 not tren ngu cung:

Dng hp am 4 not tren ngu cung:

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Dng hp am 5 not tren ngu cung:

Tren cac bac am eu co the at cac loai hp am thuan va nghch, mien sao ch trong 5 cung va khong e tai nghe lon sang hp am khac, va co the giai quyet sang hp am khac ma khong lon hp am. Theo tai nghe Viet-Nam, ta co them net hoa am la tai ma van co am Viet-Nam la them vao hp am mot not quang 2 trng e tao them pycnon.

Ngoai ra trong hp am ta co the them not quang 6 na. Trong giai ket neu muon dung hp am nghch th ch nen dung hp am co them not quang 2 trng ma thoi, khong nen dung hp am co them not quang 6 trng v not quang 6 trng nghe ra Tay Phng hn la Viet-Nam. /

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Ky niem Lp Sang Tac Ca Khuc khai giang ngay 21/11/1981 Thay: Nhac s Viet Chung. Hoc tro: Ngoc Linh, Anh Tuan, Hai Nguyen Giao trnh Sang Tac Ca Khuc - do Hai Nguyen bien tap lai t chng trnh hoc lp Sang Tac Ca khuc cua Co Nhac s Viet Chung. Moi gop y, thac mac, th t xin lien lac theo a ch: - Hai Nguyen, 873, ng Nguyen Duy Trinh, To 1, Khu pho 2, Phng Phu Hu, Quan 9, Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, Viet Nam. - ien thoai: 084.08.37316104 - 084.093786 9626 - Email: josephhainguyen@yahoo.com - http://www.lebaotinh.com/?page_id=1312 ---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------

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