BI GING MN X L TN HIU S

S tit l thuyt: 45
S tit thc hnh: 15
Ngi son: L Th Vinh

cng bi ging:
Chng 0: M u (2 tit): Gii thiu tng quan v mn hc x l tn
hiu s. ng dng trong thc t v yu cu mn hc.
Chng 1: Tn hiu v cc h ri rc (16 tit): Tm hiu v cc khi
nim c bn ca mn hc: tn hiu, cc h x l tn hiu, cc tnh cht ca h, cc
i lng c trng ca h x l tn hiu
Chng 2: Bin i Z (15 tit): Gii thiu php bin i Z v Z ngc
dng trong phn tch v tng hp cc h x l tn hiu s.
Chng 3: Biu din h XLTH v tn hiu trong min tn s lin tc (9
tit): Php bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ri rc, p ng tn s v cc b lc
Chng 4: Php bin i Fourier ri rc(DFT) v php bin i
Fourier nhanh(FFT) (3 tit).

MC LC
MC LC--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
CHNG O------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
M U----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
ng dng XLTHS trong thc t-----------------------------------------------------------------4
u im ca tn hiu s---------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Nhim v mn hc---------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
CHNG 1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
TN HIU V CC H THNG RI RC----------------------------------------------------6
1.1 nh ngha v phn loi tn hiu, h x l tn hiu---------------------------------------6
1.1.1 nh ngha tn hiu..............................................................................................6
1.1.2 Phn loi tn hiu................................................................................................6
1.1.3 H x l tn hiu.................................................................................................8
1.2 Tn hiu ri rc--------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
1.2.1 nh ngha...........................................................................................................9
1.2.2 Mt vi tn hiu ri rc quan trng...................................................................10
1.2.3 Cc php ton trn tn hiu ri rc....................................................................12
1.2.4 Nng lng ca tn hiu ri rc........................................................................13
1.3 Cc h x l tn hiu ri rc----------------------------------------------------------------13
1.3.1 Phn loi h theo tnh cht................................................................................13
1.4 Cc h tuyn tnh bt bin------------------------------------------------------------------16
1.4.1 Tnh cht ca tng chp....................................................................................16
1.4.2 H nhn qu......................................................................................................17
1.4.3 Tnh n nh......................................................................................................19
1.5 Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng (PT-SP-TT-HSH)-----------------------20
1.5.1 Gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng............................................21
1.5.2 p ng xung ca h TTBB t PT-SP-TT-HSH..............................................23
1.5.3 Biu din PT-SP-TT-HSH s dng s .........................................................24
CHNG 2-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
BIU DIN TN HIU V-----------------------------------------------------------------------27
H THNG X L TN HIU TRN MIN Z----------------------------------------------27
2.1 nh ngha php bin i Z-----------------------------------------------------------------28
2.2 Min hi t ca php bin i Z-----------------------------------------------------------28
2.2.1 nh ngha.........................................................................................................28
2.2.2 Xc nh min hi t vi tn hiu ri rc x(n) cho trc..................................28
2.3 im cc v im khng-------------------------------------------------------------------30
2.4 Php bin i Z ngc----------------------------------------------------------------------30
2.5 Cc tnh cht ca php bin i Z---------------------------------------------------------34
2.5.1 Tnh tuyn tnh..................................................................................................34
2.5.2 Tnh dch thi gian............................................................................................34
2.5.3 Tnh cht thay i thang t l...........................................................................34
2.5.4 Tnh o trc thi gian......................................................................................34
2.5.5 Tnh cht vi phn trong min Z.........................................................................34
2.5.6 Php bin i Z ca tng chp..........................................................................35
2.5.7 nh l gi tr u.............................................................................................35

2.6 S dng php bin i Z mt pha gii PTSP----------------------------------------35

2.6.1 Bin i Z mt pha..........................................................................................35
2.6.2 Gii PTSP..........................................................................................................36
2.7 Biu din h trong min Z------------------------------------------------------------------36
2.7.1 Hm truyn t ca h tuyn tnh bt bin (TTBB)..........................................36
2.8 Thc hin cc h ri rc---------------------------------------------------------------------39
2.8.1 M u .............................................................................................................39
2.8.2 Dng chun 1 (Dng trc tip 1).......................................................................40
2.8.3 Dng chun 2 (Dng trc tip 2).......................................................................41
2.8.4 Mt s tn gi ca cc h thng gp..............................................................42
2.9 Hm truyn t ca h TTBB nhn qu v n nh-------------------------------------43
2.9.1 Hm truyn t ca h TTBB n nh..............................................................43
2.9.2 Hm truyn t ca h TTBB nhn qu v n nh..........................................43
CHNG 3-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
BIU DIN H THNG V TN HIU RI RC------------------------------------------45
TRONG MIN TN S LIN TC------------------------------------------------------------45
3.1 Php bin i Fourier vi tn hiu lin tc-----------------------------------------------45
3.1.1 Tn hiu lin tc tun hon................................................................................45
3.2 Php bin i Fourier ca tn hiu lin tc khng tun hon--------------------------49
3.3 Php bin i Fourier vi tn hiu ri rc------------------------------------------------53
3.3.1 nh ngha.........................................................................................................53
3.3.2 Cc phng php biu din X(ej)..................................................................53
3.3.3 S tn ti ca php bin i Fourier.................................................................54
3.5 Cc tnh cht ca php bin i Fourier--------------------------------------------------55
3.5.1 Tnh tuyn tnh..................................................................................................55
3.5.2 Tnh cht tr......................................................................................................55
3.5.3 Tnh i xng....................................................................................................56
3.5.4 Tnh o trc thi gian......................................................................................56
3.5.5 Bin i Fourier ca tng chp.........................................................................56
3.5.6 Bin i Fourier ca tch...................................................................................56
3.5.7 Vi phn trong min tn s.................................................................................56
3.5.8 Quan h Parseval ..............................................................................................56
3.6 So snh php bin i Fourier vi php bin i Z-------------------------------------57
3.6.1 Quan h gia bin i Fourier vi bin i Z...................................................57
3.6.2 nh gi X(ej) s dng X(z)..........................................................................57
3.7 Biu din h ri rc trong min tn s lin tc------------------------------------------59
3.7.1 p ng tn s..................................................................................................59
3.7.2 Quan h vo ra trn min tn s........................................................................60
3.7.3 Cc b lc l tng...........................................................................................61
CHNG 4-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
PHP BIN I FOURIER RI RC V----------------------------------------------------64
GII THUT TNH BIN I FOURIER NHANH----------------------------------------64
4.1 Php bin i Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu tun hon------------------------------------64
4.2 Php bin i Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu ri rc c chiu di hu hn--------------65
4.4 Hm ca s-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------68

CHNG O
M U
(Tng thi lng: 2 tit)
Tm tt bi ging (1): Thi lng 2 tit
Gii thiu cho sinh vin th no l XLTHS v ng dng trong
thc t
So snh gia tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t rt ra u im
ni bt ca phng php x l tn hiu s
Gii thiu nhim v ca mn hc
ng dng XLTHS trong thc t
Khi nim tn hiu: Tn hiu l biu hin vt l ca thng tin.
X l tn hiu s: l x l bng my tnh trong s dng cc
cng c ton hc, cc gii thut v k thut can thip vo cc
tn hiu dng s nhm mc ch
o Khai thc cc thng tin cn thit
o Ci thin cht lng
o Nn s liu
o ...
X l tn hiu s c ng dng nhiu trong thc t, c bit l
trong cc lnh vc:
-

Cng nghip gii tr: m nhc(s) Mp3, Mp4, Nhc trc

tuyn...

X l nh: Nhn dng nh, ci thin cht lng nh, nn

d liu nh(Chun JPG)...

X l ting ni: Nhn dng v tng hp ting ni, m ho

ting ni...

Truyn thng: Nn s liu...

u im ca tn hiu s
chnh xc cao
Sao chp trung thc nhiu ln
Khng b nh hng ca mi trng
Cho php gim dung lng lu tr , tng tc truyn
Linh hot v mm do do x l bng my tnh
Nhim v mn hc
Gii thiu nn tng chung nht p dng cho tt c cc lnh vc c
ng dng x l tn hiu s.

CHNG 1
TN HIU V CC H THNG RI RC
(Tng thi lng: 19 Tit)
Tm tt bi ging(2): Thi lng 3 tit
nh ngha v phn loi tn hiu v cc h x l tn hiu
Gii thiu m hnh chung ca x l tn hiu s
Ly v d thc t cho m hnh a ra
nh ngha tn hiu ri rc v mt s tn hiu ri rc quan trng
1.1 nh ngha v phn loi tn hiu, h x l tn hiu
1.1.1 nh ngha tn hiu
Tn hiu l biu hin vt l ca thng tin. V mt ton hc tn hiu c
coi l hm ca mt hay nhiu bin c lp.
V d: Tn hiu m thanh l s bin thin ca p sut theo thi gian P(t) hoc cng
c th coi tn hiu m thanh l s bin thin p sut theo khng gian P(x,y,z).
Quy c: Trong mn hc XLTHS chng ta ch yu coi tn hiu l hm ca bin
c lp thi gian.
1.1.2 Phn loi tn hiu
1.1.2.1 Phn loi theo bin c lp
Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian: l tn hiu c bin thi gian lin tc
(nhn mi gi tr trong mt khong gi tr no )
Tn hiu ri rc: l tn hiu c bin c lp thi gian ch nhn mt s
gi tr(V d: Cc ch s th trng chng khon, cc s liu kh
tng). Ngha l tn hiu c th biu din bng mt dy s, hm
tn hiu ch c gi tr xc nh nhng thi im nht nh. Tn hiu
ri rc (cn c gi l tn hiu ly mu) thu c bng cch ly
mu tn hiu lin tc.

1.1.2.2 Phn loi theo bin

Tn hiu lin tc theo bin : l tn hiu m hm bin nhn bt
k gi tr no. V d: Hm x(t) = sin(t) nhn mi gi tr trong khong
[-1,1].
Tn hiu ri rc theo bin hay cn gi l tn hiu c lng t
ho: l tn hiu m hm bin ch nhn cc gi tr nht nh. V d:
x(t) = 0 vi

t < 0 v x(t) = 1 vi t 0.

Tn hiu tng t l tn hiu c bin v thi gian lin tc.

Tn hiu s l tn hiu c bin v thi gian ri rc.
x(t)

x(n)

t
H1.1 Tn hiu tng t
x(t)

n
H1.2 Tn hiu ri rc
x(n)

t
H1.3 Tn hiu c
lng t ho

H1.4 Tn hiu s

1.1.3 H x l tn hiu
Mt h thng x l tn hiu s xc lp mi quan h gia tn hiu vo v
tn hiu ra: y = T[x].
x(n)

y(n)

H1.5 M hnh mt h x l

Phn loi h x l theo tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra:

o H ri rc: l h x l tn hiu ri rc.
o H tng t: l h x l tn hiu tng t.
Tn hiu s

Tn hiu tng t

Tn hiu vo

LPF

S&H

ADC

DSP

Tn hiu tng t
Tn hiu ra

LPF

DAC

Tn hiu tng t

Tn hiu s

H1.6 M hnh x l tn hiu s trong thc t

LPF(Low Pass Filter): B lc thng thp loi b nhiu v m bo
nh l Shannon.
S&H(Sampling and Hold): Mch trch gi mu gi cho tn hiu n nh
trong qu trnh chuyn i sang tn hiu s.
ADC(Analog to Digital Converter): B chuyn i tng t thnh s.
DAC(Digiatal to Analog Converter): B chuyn i s thnh tng t.

 DSP(Digital Signal Processing) X l tn hiu s.

Cho sinh vin quan st hnh v v gii thch cc khi chc nng.
V d v mt h x l tn hiu thc t: Hy quan st phn mm ht trn my
tnh (Herosoft):
Tn hiu vo: Tn hiu m thanh (ting ht)
LPF+S&H+ADC: Sound card ca my tnh
DSP: Phn mm Herosoft
DAC + LPF: Sound card ca my tnh
Tn hiu ra: m thanh (pht ra t loa)
Nhng thao tc x l no c th thc hin c vi Herosoft?
1.2 Tn hiu ri rc
1.2.1 nh ngha
L tn hiu c th c biu din bng mt dy cc gi tr (thc hoc
phc) vi phn t th n c k hiu l x(n). x = { x(n) } n = -...+
Thng thng tn hiu ri rc c c bng cch ly mu cc tn hiu
lin tc trong thc t. Phng php ly mu thng gp l ly mu u
tc l cc thi im ly mu cch nhau mt khong T s gi l chu k ly
mu.
V d: Tn hiu v nhit l 1 tn hiu lin tc. Ti trm kh tng c 15
pht ngi ta ghi li nhit mt ln. Nh vy tc l thc hin thao tc
ly mu tn hiu nhit vi chu k ly mu T s = 15 pht, s liu thu c
l tn hiu nhit ri rc.

1.2.2 Mt vi tn hiu ri rc quan trng

Tn hiu xung n v:
n=0
n0

1
( n) =
0

H1.7 Xung n v
Tn hiu xung nhy bc n v:
n0
n<0

1
u ( n) =
0

u(n)
1

-2

-1

H1.8 Xung nhy bc n v

 Tn hiu hm s m:
x ( n) = a n
x(n)

-2 -1 0 1 2 3

H1.9 - Tn hiu hm s m vi 0 < a < 1

Tn hiu RectN
0 n N 1
n > N,n < 0

1
x(n) = RECTN ( n) =
0
u(n)

-2 -1 0 1

2 3

H1.10 Tn hiu RectN

Tn hiu tun hon
Xt tn hiu x(n) ta ni rng tn hiu x(n) l tun hon vi chu k N
nu: x(n) = x(n+N) = x(n+kN) vi mi n. Hnh v di y minh
ho tn hiu tun hon vi chu k N = 4.

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

Gi tr N nh nht tho mn x(n) = x(n+N) c gi l chu k c

bn ca tn hiu.
Nhn xt: Mt tn hiu ri rc bt k c th biu din bi cng thc:
+

x( n) = x( k ) ( n k )
k =

Tm tt bi ging(3): Thi lng 3 tit

Tm tt ni dung hc bi trc
Cc php ton trn tn hiu ri rc
Ly v d tnh ton c th cho tng php ton
Khi nim v cc h TT v TTBB, phn loi cc h
H TT:
o p ng xung
o ngha
H TTBB
o p ng xung
o Php tng chp
1.2.3 Cc php ton trn tn hiu ri rc
Php nhn 2 tn hiu: Cho tn hiu x = {x(n)} y = {y(n)} tn hiu
z = x.y = {z(n)}tho mn: z(n) = x(n).y(n)
Php nhn vi h s: Cho tn hiu x = {x(n)} y = .x = {y(n)}tho mn:
y(n) = .x(n)
Php cng 2 tn hiu: Cho tn hiu x = {x(n)} y = {y(n)} tn hiu
z = x + y = {z(n)}tho mn: z(n) = x(n) + y(n)
Php dch phi: Cho tn hiu x = {x(n)} php dch phi tn hiu x i k
mu to ra tn hiu y = {y(n)} tho mn: y(n) = x(n k) trong k l
mt hng s nguyn dng.

 Php dch tri: Cho tn hiu x = {x(n)} php dch tri tn hiu x i k mu
to ra tn hiu y = {y(n)} tho mn: y(n) = x(n + k) trong k l mt
hng s nguyn dng.
1.2.4 Nng lng ca tn hiu ri rc
+

W=

|x(n)|

n =

1.3 Cc h x l tn hiu ri rc
Khi nim: Mt h x l tn hiu s xc lp mi quan h gia tn hiu vo
v tn hiu ra.
x(n)

y(n)

H1.11 H x l tn hiu
y(n) = T[x(n)]

1.3.1 Phn loi h theo tnh cht

Cc h phi tuyn

Cc h x l

Cc h TTBB

Cc h TT
khng BB

Cc h tuyn tnh

Cc h TTBB

Cc h TT khng BB

H1.12 Phn loi cc h x l tn hiu

1.3.1.1 H tuyn tnh

Mt h c gi l tuyn tnh nu n tho mn nguyn l xp chng: gi s
y1(n) v y2(n) l tn hiu ra ca h tng ng vi cc tn hiu vo x 1(n) v x2(n)
hay:
y1(n) = T[x1(n)] v
y2(n) = T[x2(n)]
Th ta c:
T[ax1(n) + bx2(n)] = ay1(n) + by2(n)
Vi a,b l cc hng s.
ngha ca h tuyn tnh: Mt h tuyn tnh c th x l tng cc tc
ng nh th cc tc ng c x l c lp sau cc kt qu c lp c
cng li. T ta c th phn tch cc tn hiu phc tp thnh nhiu tn hiu n
gin hn nhm lm d dng cng vic nghin cu. Cc h phi tuyn c th c
xp x tuyn tnh vi cc iu kin no .
V d 1: Hy xt tnh tuyn tnh ca h sau:
a. y(n) = a2x(n)
b. y(n) = ax(n)
Vi a l mt hng s.
p ng xung ca h TT:
+

x(n ) = x (k ) (n k )
k =

y (n) =T [ x(k) (n-k)]

k=-

= x (k )T [ (n-k)]
k =
+

= x (k )hk (n)
k =

hk(n) c gi l p ng xung ca h tuyn tnh, hay chnh l u ra ca

h khi u vo l xung n v.

1.3.1.2 H tuyn tnh bt bin

Mt h tuyn tnh l bt bin theo thi gian nu tn hiu vo b dch i k
mu th tn hiu ra cng b dch i k mu, ngha l nu x (n) = x(n-k) th y(n) =
y(n-k). Khi mt h tuyn tnh l bt bin ta c: hk(n) = h(n-k) do ta c:

y ( n) =

x (k )h (n k )

k =

Cng thc 2.8 c vit tng ng nh sau:

y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
Nhn xt: Mt h hon ton xc nh nu bit tham s h(n) hay p ng xung ca
h.
V d 2: Hy nhn xt tnh bt bin ca h sau:
a. y(n) = nx(n)
b. y(n) = a2x(n)
V d 3: Cho mt h TTBB c p ng xung
h(n) = anu(n) a < 1
Tm p ng ca h khi tn hiu vo l tn hiu ch nht c rng N, hay x(n) =
RECTN(n).
Tm tt bi ging(4): Thi lng 3 tit
Nhc li nhanh cc kin thc v h TT v h TTBB
Ly v d v cc h TT, h BB, h TTBB
Ly v d v php tng chp
Cc tnh cht ca php tng chp
o Tnh giao hon H qu
o Tnh phn phi H qu
o Chng minh cc tnh cht
ng dng cc h qu trn C th to ra mt h phc tp bng
cch ghp ni nhiu h n gin (Ly v d ghp ni tip v song
song 2 h n gin Tnh p ng xung tng ng)

 Tnh nhn qu v n nh ca h:
o Th no l h n nh v nhn qu
o Ti sao phi xt tnh nhn qu v n nh
o nh l c dng xt tnh nhn qu, n nh
o Chng minh nh l
1.4 Cc h tuyn tnh bt bin
1.4.1 Tnh cht ca tng chp
Tnh giao hon:
y(n) = x(n) * h(n) = h(n) * x(n)
CM:
+

x ( k ) h( n k )

y ( n) = x ( n ) * h ( n ) =

k =

t = nk k = nt
t = khi k = +
t = + khi k =
y ( n) =

x(n t )h(t ) = h(n)* x(n)

t =

Tnh phn phi:

y(n) = x(n) * [h1(n) + h2(n)] = x(n) * h1(n) + x(n) * h2(n)

h( n) = h1 ( n) + h2 ( n)
y (n) = x(n)* h(n) =

x (k ) h ( n k )

k =

x(k )[h (n k ) + h (n k )]
1

k =

x( k ) h ( n k ) + x( k ) h (n k )

k =

k =

= x(n) * h1 (n) + x( n)* h2 ( n)

H qu 1: T tnh cht giao hon ca php tng chp ta c h qu sau: Nu ghp

ni tip 2 h TTBB c p ng xung tng ng l h 1(n) v h2(n) th ta s c mt
h tng ng c p ng xung l h(n) = h 1(n) * h2(n) = h2(n) * h1(n) khng ph
thuc vo th t mc ni tip ca cc h.
H qu 2: T tnh cht phn phi ca php tng chp ta c h qu sau: Nu ghp
song song 2 h ni tip c p ng xung tng ng l h 1(n) v h2(n) th ta s c
mt h tng ng c p ng xung l h(n) = h1(n) + h2(n).

h1(n)

y1(n)
y(n)

x(n)
h2(n)

y2(n)

h(n) = h1(n) + h2(n)

H1.14 Ghp song song 2 h TTBB

Ta c:

y1 (n) = x(n) * h1 (n)

y2 (n) = x(n) * h2 (n)
y (n) = y1 (n) + y2 (n)
= x(n) * h1 (n) + x(n) * h2 (n)
= x(n) * (h1 (n) + h2 (n))
= x(n ) * h(n )
1.4.2 H nhn qu
Mt h TTBB l nhn qu nu: x1(n) = x2(n) vi n < n0 v
x1(n) x2(n) vi n n0 th:
y1(n) = y2(n) vi n < n0 v

Mt h l nhn qu nu tn hiu ra khng ph thuc tn hiu vo tng

lai.
nh l: Mt h TTBB l nhn qu khi v ch khi h(n) = 0 vi n < 0.
CM:
Nu h l nhn qu:
Ta c:

y1 ( n)

x ( k ) h( n k )

k =

n0 1

x ( k ) h ( n k ) + x ( k ) h( n k )

k =

k = n0

x ( k ) h( n k )

y2 ( n ) =

k =
n0 1

k =

x2 ( k ) h( n k ) + x2 ( k )h(n k )
k = n0

Do vi n < n0 th y1(n) = y2(n) v x1(n) = x2(n) nn:

n0 1

n01

x ( k ) h( n k ) = x ( k ) h( n k )

k =

k =

T suy ra:
+

x1 (k )h(n k ) =

k = n0

x (k ) h(n k )

k = n0

h(n k )[ x1 (k ) x2 (k )] = 0
n0

Theo gi thit x1(k) x2(k) vi k n0 nn ta suy ra:

h(n-k) = 0 vi mi n < n0 v k n0
t m = n-k => h(m) = 0 vi mi m < 0 (PCM).
Nu h(n) = 0 vi mi n < 0 (T chng minh)

Nhn xt: H TTBB v nhn qu c phng trnh:

+

y (n ) = x ( n k )h ( k )
k =0

1.4.3 Tnh n nh
Mt h TTBB c gi l n nh nu vi tn hiu vo c bin hu hn
th tn hiu ra cng c bin hu hn.
nh l: Mt h TTBB l n nh nu v ch nu

S=

| h( n ) | <

n =

CM:
Nu tc ng x(n) tho mn: |x(n)| < A vi mi n khi :

| y (n) |=|

k =

k =

x(n k )h(k ) | A | h(k ) |

Do nu S < th |y(n)| < hay h n nh

Nu y(n) < ta chn x(n) = 1 vi h(n) 0 v x(n) = -1 vi h(n) cn li,
tnh p ng ca h ti thi im 0 ta c:

y (0) =|

k =

k =

x(k )h(k ) |= | h(k ) |

T suy ra S <

h(n)
p ng xung ca h khng n nh

H khng n nh

0
h(n)

p ng xung ca h n nh

H n nh

H1.15 Minh ho cc h n nh v khng n nh

Tm tt bi ging(5): Thi lng 4 tit
Nhc li v h TTBB v p ng xung
Nu kh khn khi s dng p ng xung biu din h TTBB
Kh khn s c khc phc th no s dng PT-SP-TT-HSH
Cc bi ton t ra vi PT-SP-TT-HSH v cch gii quyt chng
o Gii phng trnh SPTTHSH: Phng php v ly v d
o Xc nh p ng xung
o S dng s m t PT-SP-TT-HSH
Mc ch s dng s
Cc chun biu din: Chun I v chun II
1.5 Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng (PT-SP-TT-HSH)
Tn ti mt lp cc h x l tn hiu c th c biu din bi phng
trnh dng:
N

a (n) y ( n k ) = b (n ) x ( n p )
k =0

p =0

Dng biu din trn gi l phng trnh sai phn. Trong :

ak(n) v bp(n): L cc hm h s
M,N: l cc hng s nguyn, N c gi l bc ca phng trnh
i vi cc h tuyn tnh v bt bin th cc hm h s s tr thnh cc
hng s, do ta c h tuyn tnh bt bin c biu din bi phng trnh sai
phn tuyn tnh h s hng (PT-SP-TT-HSH) c dng sau:
N

a y (n k ) = b x(n p )
k =0

p =0

R rng vi phng php biu din h tuyn tnh bt bin bi PT-SP-TTHSH ta c th thy rng h c biu din bi mt tp hu hn cc tham s bao
gm:
ak v bp: l tp gm N+1 v M+1 hng s tng ng
M,N: l 2 hng s nguyn
N c gi l bc ca phng trnh
Phng php biu din h TTBB s dng PT-SP-TT-HSH c s dng
trong hu ht cc h x l tn hiu.
1.5.1 Gii phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng
Bi ton t ra l:
Cho mt h TTBB c PT-SP-TT-HSH
N

a y ( n k ) = b x(n p )
k =0

p =0

Bit tn hiu vo x(n) v cc iu kin u hy tm tn hiu ra y(n).

Tng t nh bi ton gii phng trnh vi phn trong gii tch, chng ta s
gii phng trnh sai phn vi cc iu kin nu trn qua cc bc sau:

 Bc 1: Tm nghim tng qut y0(n)

Xt phng trnh:
N

a
k =0

y(n k ) = 0

Ta chn nghim: y(n) = n vi 0, sau thay vo phng trnh

trn ta c:
N

a
k =0

nk

=0

Gii phng trnh trn ta s tm c ng N nghim 1N

Khi nghim tng qut c xc nh bi:
N

y0 (n) = PSk 1 (n ) k n
k =1

Trong :

PQ(n) l a thc bc Q ca n
Sk l bc ca nghim k

Trong trng hp cc nghim k l nghim n th ta c:

N

y0 (n) = Ak k n
k =1

Trong Ak l cc hng s.
Bc 2: Tm nghim ring yp(n)
Xt phng trnh y :
N

a
k =0

y ( n k ) = bp x(n p )
p =0

Thay gi tr x(n) bit vo phng trnh trn v chn y(n) ng

dng vi x(n) ta s gii c nghim ring yp(n) ng dng x(n)
Bc 3: Xc nh cc h s nh iu kin u
Nghim cui ca phng trnh c dng y(n) = y0(n) + yp(n)
S dng cc iu kin u tm cc h s cn cha bit trong 2
bc trn v kt lun nghim cui cng.

1.5.2 p ng xung ca h TTBB t PT-SP-TT-HSH

1.5.2.1 H c p ng xung hu hn (FIR)
Xt phng trnh sai phn
N

k =0

p =0

ak y(n k ) = bp x(n p)
Vi N = 0 phng trnh tr thnh:
M

y (n) = (bp / a0 ) x(n p )

p =0

ng nht phng trnh trn vi phng trnh quan h vo-ra ca h TTBB

bit p ng xung h(n):

y ( n) =

h( p ) x ( n p )

p =

Ta suy ra p ng xung ca h c dng:

h(n) = bp/a0 vi 0nM
h(n) = 0 vi cc n cn li
R rng ta thy rng trong trng hp ny h(n) c xc nh d dng v
c di hu hn, khi h c gi l h c p ng xung hu hn (FIR).
1.5.2.2 H c p ng xung v hn (IIR)
Xt phng trnh sai phn
N

k =0

p =0

ak y(n k ) = bp x(n p)
Vi N > 0. Khi ta thy rng tnh h(n) ta s thay x(n) = (n) vo
phng trnh trn v ta c:
N

a h( n k ) = b ( n p )
k =0

p =0

y l mt phng trnh hi quy do h(n) c di v hn. Khi h

c gi l h c p ng xung v hn (IIR)

1.5.3 Biu din PT-SP-TT-HSH s dng s

Nhm phc v vic phn tch v ti u cc php ton cng nh b nh cn
dng thc hin mt h TTBB biu din bi PT-SP-TT-HSH, ngi ta s biu
din PT-SP-TT-HSH di dng mt s cc phn t, da trn s bin
i tng ng nhm a ra mt s sao cho s php tnh hay b nh s dng
ci t s tit kim hn s ban u. Sau y chng ta s xem xt 2 chun
biu din PT-SP-TT-HSH s dng s .
1.5.3.1 Cc phn t c bn
Phn t cng
x1(n)

x1(n)+x2(n)

x2(n)

Hnh 1.16 - Phn t cng

Phn t nhn
x(n)

x(n)

Hnh 1.17 - Phn t nhn

Phn t tr
x(n)

x(n-1)

Hnh 1.18 - Phn t tr

1.5.3.2 S chun 1
S chun mt c suy ra trc tip t phng trnh SPTTHSH sau khi
thc hin chun ho phng trnh v dng sau:
M

bp

p =0

a0

y ( n) =

x( n p ) +
k =1

ak
y (n k )
a0

S chun 1 c dng sau:

Hnh 1.19 S chun 1

1.5.3.2 S chun 2
Trong s chun 1 ta c th thy rng h c xem nh ghp ni tip ca
2 h TTBB nh hn. Nh vy ta hon ton c th o v tr ca 2 h m khng nh
hng g. Thao tc s to ra s trung gian c dng sau

Hnh 1.20 S trung gian

Trn s trung gian ta s ghp cc b tr cng mc to ra s chun 2 c

dng:

Hnh 1.21 S chun 2

Ta thy rng trong chun 2, s lng b tr gim so vi chun 1 iu ng
ngha vi vic s lng php tnh v b nh s dng khi ci t s tit kim hn.
Tm tt bi ging(6): Thi lng 3 tit
n tp chng I
Lm bi tp cui chng
Bi kim tra 1 tit

CHNG 2
BIU DIN TN HIU V
H THNG X L TN HIU TRN MIN Z
Tm tt bi ging(7): Thi lng 2 tit
Nhc li tm tt chng 1
Khi nim min tn hiu, v cc php bin i, gi nh cho sinh vin
php bin i Laplace m sinh vin hc trong mn hc Mch v tn
hiu
Min Z l g, mc ch s dng min Z
nh ngha php bin i Z
o Mt pha
o Hai pha
o Khi no dng mt pha v khi no dng hai pha
o Ly 2 v d tnh ton c th
Min hi t ca php bin i Z
o Ly 1 v d tnh ton c th
Mc ch: Trong chng I chng ta kho st tn hiu v cc h x l tn hiu,
nh chng ta thy khi biu din tn hiu v cc h x l trn min thi gian s
c nhng bi ton tr nn kh khn. Vi bin i Z chng ta s biu din tn hiu
v h x l trn min Z (bin c lp z l bin s phc), trn min Z cc bi ton
v kho st h x l (tnh n nh, tnh nhn qu, im cc(cng hng), im
khng(phn cng hng)) s tr nn d dng v thun li hn (Sinh vin nh li
php bin i Laplace khi hc mn mch v tn hiu).

2.1 nh ngha php bin i Z

Cho tn hiu ri rc x(n), php bin i Z ca x(n) c nh ngha nh
sau:
a. Php bin i Z 2 pha: (Kho st v mt l thuyt)

b. Php bin i Z 1 pha: (Kho st v mt thc t)

+

X ( z ) = x(n) z n
n =0

Trong ti liu ny chng ta s dng cm t php bin i Z mc nh cho

php bin i Z 2 pha.
2.2 Min hi t ca php bin i Z
2.2.1 nh ngha
Cho tn hiu ri rc x(n), X(z) l bin i Z ca x(n), tp cc gi tr ca z
sao cho |X(z)| < + c gi l min hi t ca php bin i Z ca x(n) (ROC)
2.2.2 Xc nh min hi t vi tn hiu ri rc x(n) cho trc
a. nh l Cauchy
+

Chui S = u (n ) hi t khi v ch khi

n =0

Lim | u (n) |1/ n < 1

n +

b. Min hi t

X ( z) =

x(n ) z

n =
+

t X1(z) =

x ( n) z
n =0

x ( n) z

n =0

, X2(z) =

x ( n) z

x ( n) z

n =

n =

p dng nh l Cauchy i vi X1(z) ta c:

| z |> Lim | x(n) |1/ n = Rx

n +

p dng nh l Cauchy i vi X2(z) ta c:

| z |<

1
+
= Rx
1/ n
Lim | x( n) |

n +

Cui cng ta c:
ROC = {z | Rx- < |z| < Rx+}

H2.1 - Min hi t
* Min hi t ca tn hiu c chiu di hu hn
Khi tn hiu x(n) c chiu di hu hn (gi s x(n) = 0 vi mi n khng
thuc on [n1,n2]) th chng ta khng s dng nh l cauchy xc nh
min hi t ca X(z) m khi ch cn tng phn t trong cng thc bin i
Z ca x(n) l hu hn:
- 0 n1 < n2: Khi cc phn t dng zn hu hn th |z| +
- n1 < n2 0: Khi cc phn t dng zn hu hn th z 0
- n1 < 0 < n2: Khi cc phn t dng zn hu hn th z 0 v
|z| +
V d: Cho tn hiu x(n) = u(n) Hy tnh X(z) v min hi t

Tm tt bi ging(8): Thi lng 3 tit

im cc v im khng
Php bin i Z ngc:
o Mc ch
o Cng thc
o Phng php
o V d tnh ton
Cc tnh cht ca php bin i Z
o S dng cc tnh cht tnh nhanh mt s bin i Z ngc
2.3 im cc v im khng
Mt loi bin i Z thng dng v quan trng l bin i Z m X(z) ca
n c dng l mt hm hu t vi mi z thuc min hi t, ngha l:
X(z) = P(z)/Q(z)
Trong , P(z) v Q(z) l cc a thc bin z hay z-1.
Cc gi tr ca z sao cho X(z) = 0 c gi l cc im khng ca X(z)
(Nghim ca P(z))
Cc gi tr ca z sao cho X(z) = c gi l cc cc ca
X(z). (Nghim ca Q(z))
Nh vy chng ta c nhn xt rng: Min hi t khng cha cc im cc
Biu din X(z) theo cc im cc v khng
2.4 Php bin i Z ngc
Bi ton: Cho bit X(z) v min hi t ca n, hy tm tn hiu ri rc x(n)
a. nh l Cauchy
k =1
k 1

1
1
z k dz =

2 j C
0

b. Php bin i Z ngc

Ta c:

X ( z) =

x ( n) z

n =

Suy ra:
+
1 k 1
1 k n 1
x(n)
z
dz = x(k )

C 2 j z X ( z )dz =
C n
2

j
=

Cc phng php tnh bin i Z ngc

- Phng php thng d

x(k ) =

1
X ( z ) z k 1dz

2 j C

= RES ( X ( z ) z k 1 )| z = z p

k =1

Trong N l s cc ca X(z)zk-1 v zp1zpN ln lt l cc cc ca X(z)zk1

vi cc bc tng ng l s1sN. i lng RES l thng d ca hm s c

tnh bi:

RES ( ( z ))| z = z p =
k

V d: Cho X ( z ) =

1
d
( ( z )( z zk ) sk )| z = z p
sk 1
k
( sk 1)! dz

1
Hy tnh x(n) s dng phng php thng d
1 2 z 1

- Phng php phn tch thnh phn thc n gin

Bng cc php bin i Z n gin
Tn hiu
( n)
u(n)
-u(-n-1)
( n m)
n

a u (n)
a n u (n 1)
na nu (n)

Bin i Z
1
1
1 z 1
1
1 z 1

z m
1
1 az 1
1
1 az 1
az 1
(1 az 1 ) 2

Min hi t
Ton mt phng Z
|z| > 1
|z| < 1
Ton MPZ tr 0 nu
m > 0, tr nu m < 0
|z| > |a|
|z| < |a|
|z| > |a|

na nu ( n 1)

az 1
(1 az 1 ) 2

|z| < |a|

cos(n)u (n)

1 cos() z 1
1 (2 cos ) z 1 + z 2

|z| > 1

sin(n)u (n)

(sin ) z 1
1 (2 cos ) z 1 + z 2

|z| > 1

tnh bin i Z ngc ca mt biu thc phc tp, ngi ta c th phn

tch cc biu thc phc tp ny thnh t hp tuyn tnh ca cc biu thc n gin
hn, sau s dng tnh tuyn tnh ca php bin i Z suy ra kt qu cui cng
t cc kt qu c tnh sn c trong bng.
Vi mt lp cc biu thc ta c th p dng phng php sau:

Aik
N ( z ) N Si
=
D( z ) i =1 j =1 ( z z pi ) j
Trong N(z) v D(Z) l 2 a thc ca z, gi s rng bc ca N(z) nh hn bc
ca D(z) v phn thc l ti gin. N l s nghim ca D(z), zp1zpN l cc nghim
ca D(z) vi bc tng ng l s1sN, Aik l cc h s c tm theo cng thc:

Aik =
V d: Cho X ( z ) =

1
d
N ( z)
si
(
(
z

z
)
)| z = z p
p
si k
i
i
( si k )! dz
D( z )

z 2 1
Hy tnh cc tn hiu x(n). C tn hiu x(n) no nhn
z 2 3z + 2

qu trong cc tn hiu tm c hay khng?

- Phng php chia a thc

2.5 Cc tnh cht ca php bin i Z

2.5.1 Tnh tuyn tnh
Cho 2 tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n) vi cc bin i z tng ng l:
X1(z) = ZT(x1(n)) MHT1 = {R-1 < |z| < R+1}
X2(z) = ZT(x2(n)) MHT2 = {R-2 < |z| < R+2}
Khi :
ZT(x1(n) + x2(n)) = X1(z) + X2(z) vi min hi t l
MHT1 MHT2
2.5.2 Tnh dch thi gian
Cho tn hiu x(n) c bin i Z l X(z) = ZT(x(n)) vi min hi t (MHT)
l R- < |z| < R+. Khi
ZT(x(n-k)) = z-kX(z) vi cng min hi t trn, trong k l mt
hng s nguyn.
2.5.3 Tnh cht thay i thang t l
Cho tn hiu x(n) c bin i Z l X(z) = ZT(x(n)) vi min hi t (MHT)
l R- < |z| < R+. Khi
z
a

ZT(anx(n)) = X ( ) vi min hi t | a | R < | z | <| a | R +

2.5.4 Tnh o trc thi gian
Cho tn hiu x(n) c bin i Z l X(z) = ZT(x(n)) vi min hi t (MHT)
l R- < |z| < R+. Khi
1
z

ZT(x(-n)) = X ( ) vi min hi t

1
1
<| z |<
+
R
R

2.5.5 Tnh cht vi phn trong min Z

Cho tn hiu x(n) c bin i Z l X(z) = ZT(x(n)) vi min hi t (MHT)
l R- < |z| < R+. Khi
ZT (nx(n)) = z

dX
dz

2.5.6 Php bin i Z ca tng chp

Cho 2 tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n) vi cc bin i z tng ng l:
X1(z) = ZT(x1(n)) MHT1 = {R-1 < |z| < R+1}
X2(z) = ZT(x2(n)) MHT2 = {R-2 < |z| < R+2}
Khi :
ZT(x1(n)*x2(n)) = X1(z)X2(z) vi min hi t l
MHT1 MHT2

2.5.7 nh l gi tr u
Cho tn hiu x(n) c bin i Z l X(z) = ZT(x(n)) vi min hi t (MHT)
l R- < |z| < R+. Khi nu x(n) l tn hiu nhn qu th:

x(0) = LimX ( z )
z >

Tm tt bi ging(9): Thi lng 3 tit

S dng php bin i Z mt pha gii PTSP
Biu din h x l tn hiu trong min Z
Thc hin cc h ri rc trong min Z
Tnh n nh v nhn qu ca h TTBB
2.6 S dng php bin i Z mt pha gii PTSP
2.6.1 Bin i Z mt pha
a. nh ngha
+

X + ( z ) = x (n ) z n
n =0

b. Tnh cht
Hu ht cc tnh cht ca bin i z hai pha u ng vi bin i z mt pha
ngai tr tnh cht dch thi gian.
Tnh cht dch thi gian:
Xt mt tn hiu x(n) c bin i z mt pha l X+(z).
Xt tn hiu x1(n) = x(n k), ta c:
+

X1 ( z) = z ( X ( z) +

x ( n) z

n = k

2.6.2 Gii PTSP

V d: Xc nh p ng xung ca h c m t bi phng trnh sai phn
sau bit x(n) = u(n):
y(n) = ay(n-1) + x(n) , vi 1 < a < 1
vi iu kin u l: y(-1) = 1.
Gii: Ly bin i Z mt pha hai v ca phng trnh sai phn ta c:
Y+(z) = a[z-1Y+(z) + y(-1)] + X+(z)
Vi x(n) = u(n) ta c X +(z) = 1/(1-z-1). Thay th y(-1) v X +(z) vo phng trnh
trn v sp xp li ta c:
Y + (z) =

a
1
+
1
1
1 az
(1 az )(1 z 1 )

Tm bin i Z ngc bng phng php khai trin thnh cc phn thc hu t n
gin ta c y(n)
2.7 Biu din h trong min Z
2.7.1 Hm truyn t ca h tuyn tnh bt bin (TTBB)
2.7.1.1. Hm truyn t (hm h thng)
T chng I, ta thy rng mt h TTBB hon ton c th c trng trong
min thi gian bi p ng xung h(n) ca n, vi tn hiu vo x(n), p ng ca h
c tnh bi tng chp:
y(n) = x(n) * h(n)
Gi X(z) v H(z) ln lt l bin i z ca x(n) v h(n), p dng tnh cht chp
ca bin i Z, ta c bin i Z ca y(n) nh sau:
Y(z) = X(z).H(z)

vi mt min hi t thch hp.

Vy, thng qua php bin i Z, tng chp ca hai dy bin thnh php
nhn n gin. Sau khi c c Y(z), ta dng php bin i Z ngc tnh p
ng y(n). Cch lm ny r rng l d dng hn cch tnh trc tip t tng chp.
H ( z) =

Y (z)
X (z)

H(z) c gi l hm h thng (System function) hay hm truyn t

(Transfer function). V H(z) v h(n) l mt cp duy nht, nn mt h TTBB bt k
hon ton c th c c t bi hm h thng ca n.
2.7.1.2. Hm truyn t ca mt h c c trng bi PTSP
Xt mt h TTBB m quan h vo ra ca n tha mn phng trnh sai
phn tuyn tnh h s hng nh sau:
N

a y (n k ) = b x(n p )
k

k =0

p =0

Chng ta cng bit rng, t phng trnh sai phn ta c th tm c

y(n) theo phng php qui. p dng bin i Z cho c hai v ca phng trnh
v n tnh cht tuyn tnh, dch thi gian ca bin i Z, ta c:
N

a z
k =0

Y ( z ) = bp z p X ( z )
p =0

T ta c:
N

Y ( z ) ak z
k =0

= X ( z ) b p z p
p=0

Suy ra hm truyn t ca h c dng:

M

H ( z) =

Y ( z)
=
X (z)

b z

a z

p =0
N

k =0

T cc iu kin u ca PTSP, nu ta xc nh c ROC ca H(z) th

H(z) c t duy nht mt h.

Mt cch biu din khc:

M

H ( z) =

b0
a0

(1 c
p =1
N

(1 d
k =1

z 1 )

z 1 )

Mi tha s (1-cpz-1) trong t s gp vo mt im khng ti z=cp. Tng

t, mi tha s (1-dkz-1) trong mu s ng gp vo mt cc ti z=dk.
2.7.1.3 Ghp ni cc h tuyn tnh bt bin
Cho hai h c p ng xung l h1(n) v h 2(n), hm truyn t tng ng l
H1(z) v H2(z) vi cc min hi t xc nh.
- Ghp ni tip

h tng ng:

H2.2 Ghp ni tip cc h TTBB v h TTBB tng ng

- Ghp song song

H tng ng:

H2.3 Ghp song song cc h TTBBB v h TTBB tng ng

T 2 kt ni c bn trn ta c th cu trc 1 h phc tp. Ngc li ta c th
phn chia 1 h ln, phc tp thnh nhiu h nh hn kt ni nhau tin thit k.
V d: Hy xc nh hm truyn t ca h tng ng ca h c kt
ni bi cc h con nh sau:

H2.4 Ghp nhiu h TTBB

Hm truyn t ca h tng ng l:
H(z) = H4(z)+H1(z)[H2(z)+H3(z)]
2.8 Thc hin cc h ri rc
2.8.1 M u
Nh mc 2.6.2 ta thy rng mt h TTBB c hm truyn t hu t th c
th c biu din bi mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng. Phng
trnh sai phn ny c th suy ra mt cch trc tip t hm truyn t, ngc li,
nu cho trc PT-SP-TT-HSH ta c th suy ra hm truyn t.
thc hin cc h ri rc, t hm truyn t hay PT-SP-TT-HSH ta s
biu din cu trc h bng s khi, bao gm s kt ni ca cc phn t c bn
l cng, nhn, nhn vi hng s v php tr. Cc php tr hm rng cn phi lu
tr cc gi tr ca dy trong qu kh.
V d: Ta xt h c phng trnh sai phn:
y(n)=a1y(n-1)+a2y(n-2)+bx(n)
S tng ng vi mt hm truyn t l:
H ( z) =

b
1

1 a1 z a2 z 2

S khi biu din h c trnh by trong hnh di. y l mt h bc 2.

H2.5 S khi ca h
Mt s khi l c s xc nh cu trc phn cng cho mt h hay
xy dng mt thut ton cho phn mm.
2.8.2 Dng chun 1 (Dng trc tip 1)
Khng lm mt tnh tng qut gi s a0 = 1 ta c:
N

k =1

p =0

y ( n ) a k y ( n k ) = b p x (n p )
N

k =1

k =0

y (n) = ak y (n k ) + bk x (n k )
S khi biu din phng trnh sai phn trn c dng sau:

y(n)

b0

x(n)

z-1

-1

b1

-a1

z-1

z-1
bp

-ak

z-1

z-1
bM

-aN

H2.6 S khi dng chun 1

2.8.3 Dng chun 2 (Dng trc tip 2)

Ta thy rng c th xem h nh l gm hai h con (phn bn tri v phn

bn phi) mc lin tip nhau. Do tnh giao hon ta c th hon chuyn v tr ca
hai h con to ra dng biu din chun 2 nh sau:

x(n)

b0

y(n)

z-1
-a1

b1
z-1
bM
z-1

-aN

H2.7 S khi dng chun 2

2.8.4 Mt s tn gi ca cc h thng gp
H c p ng xung c di hu hn (FIR)
H c p ng xung c di v hn (IIR)
H ng nht: y(n) = x(n)
H kh o v h o: Mt h y(n) = T[x(n)] c gi l h kh o
nu tn ti quan h T tho mn: x(n) = T[y(n)]. Khi ngi ta cng
gi h c quan h T l h o ca h ban u. Nu ghp ni tip mt h
kh o vi h o ca n ta c mt h ng nht.

2.9 Hm truyn t ca h TTBB nhn qu v n nh

2.9.1 Hm truyn t ca h TTBB n nh
Tnh n nh ca mt h TTBB c chng ta kho st trong chng s
1. Chng ta c nh l sau y kho st tnh n nh ca mt h TTBB nu
bit p ng xung h(n) ca h: Mt h TTBB c p ng xung h(n) l n nh khi
v ch khi:
+

S=

| h(n) |< +

n =

Hay ni cch khc S l mt gi tr hu hn.

Mt khc chng ta thy rng: H ( z ) =

h( n) z

n =

Nu xt |H(z)| khi z nm trn ng trn n v hay |z| = 1 ta s c:

| H ( z ) || z| =1 =

| h(n) |= S

n =

Nh vy ta thy rng nu h TTBB l n nh th chc chn hm truyn t ca h

s hi t ti cc im z nm trn ng trn n v, hay ni cch khc ng trn
n v chc chn nm trong min hi t ca hm truyn t.
nh l: Mt h TTBB l n nh khi v ch khi ng trn n v nm trong
min hi t ca hm truyn t.
2.9.2 Hm truyn t ca h TTBB nhn qu v n nh
i vi h TTBB v NQ chng ta cng bit rng min hi t ca hm
truyn t H(z) s l ton b vng mt phng Z pha ngoi ng trn bn knh
Rh-. Do theo nh l trn th h n nh thi ng trn n v phi bao ng

trn bn knh Rh- hay: Rh < 1 .

Mt khc ta thy rng cc im cc ca hm truyn t chc chn khng

nm trong min hi t, trong trng hp ny th chng ch c th nm trong ng
trn bn knh Rh- nn Max|z p |< 1

nh l: mt h TTBB v NQ l n nh khi v ch khi tt c cc im

cc ca hm truyn t u nm trong ng trn n v.
V d: Cho mt h TTBB bi PT-SP-TT-HSH:
y(n) + 0.5y(n-1) = 2x(n)-x(n-3
a. Hy xc nh hm truyn t ca h
b. Hy tnh v v cc im cc v khng trn mt phng Z
c. H c nhn qu v n nh khng?
Tm tt bi ging(10): Thi lng 6 tit
n tp chng 2 (1 Tit)
Lm bi tp cui chng (5 tit)

CHNG 3
BIU DIN H THNG V TN HIU RI RC
TRONG MIN TN S LIN TC
Tm tt bi ging(11): Thi lng 3 tit
Gii thiu v min tn s
Chui Fourier ca tn hiu tun hon
Php bin i Fourier thun v nghch ca tn hiu ri rc
Cc tnh cht ca php bin i Fourier
Mc ch: Phn tch cc c tnh v pha v tn s ca h v tn hiu.
V d: Xt mt v d v lng knh khi cho nh sng trng i qua (c th coi l tn
hiu trn min thi gian) ta s thu c cc vch ph tng ng vi cc thnh
phn tn s ca nh sng: , da cam, vng...

Hnh 3.1 - Ph ca nh sng trng

Nhn xt: cng mt s vt hin tng nu quan st nhng v tr, gc khc
nhau ta s thu c cc thng tin khc nhau v s vt hin tng .
3.1 Php bin i Fourier vi tn hiu lin tc
3.1.1 Tn hiu lin tc tun hon
nh ngha: Mt tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian x(t) l tun hon vi chu
k T nu: x(t) = x(t + T) vi mi gi tr thc ca t. Gi tr T 0 > 0 nh nht
tho mn ng thc trn c gi l chu k c bn ca tn hiu x(t), khi
f0 = 1/T0 c gi l tn s c bn.

 2 Tn hiu iu ho:

x (t ) = Cos ( 0t )
x (t ) = e j0t
2 tn hiu trn u c chu k c bn l: T0 = 2/ v tn s c bn f0 = /2
jk t
T suy ra tn hiu iu ho phc: xk (t ) = e 0 k = 1, 2,3, 4... l cc tn hiu

tun hon vi chu k c bn T0k = T0 / k do ng nhin tn hiu xk(t) cng tun

hon vi chu k T0. Nh vy mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm iu ho phc s
l mt tn hiu c chu k T0:

x(t ) =

ae

k =

jk 0t

Trong cng thc trn cc h s a k l cc h s thc hoc phc. Thnh phn

phc ng vi k = 0 l thnh phn mt chiu (hay khng i) khi k = 1 hoc -1 th
thnh phn tng ng c chu k c bn ng bng T 0 c gi l thnh phn c
bn hay hi bc 1, khi k = 2 hoc -2 th thnh phn tng ng c chu k c bn
bng mt na T0 c gi l hi bc 2,...thnh phn ng vi k = N hoc N gi l
hi bc N. Tn hiu tun hon x(t) c biu din nh trn c gi l chui
Fourier.
V d:
Xt mt tn hiu tun hon vi tn s gc c bn 0 = 2, biu din theo
chui Fourier c dng:

x(t ) =

+3

a e

k =3

jk 2 t

Vi a0 = 1, a1 = a-1 = 1/2 , a2 = a-2 = 1/3 a3 = a-3 =

x(t)

= 1 + 1/4(ej2t + e-j2t) + 1/2(ej4t + e-j4t) + 1/3(ej6t + e-j6t)

= 1 + 1/2Cos(2t) + Cos(4t) + 2/3Cos(6t)

Kt qu ny l mt dng ca chui Fourier ca tn hiu thc m chng ta

quen thuc trong chng trnh ton ph thng. Cng thc tng qut ca dng biu

din ny s c trnh by trong phn di y. Hnh 3.2 minh ho vic t hp

cc thnh phn to nn tn hiu x(t)

H3.2 T hp tuyn tnh ca cc thnh phn

Xt tn hiu x(t) thc v tun hon vi chu k c bn T 0. Gi x*(t) l lin
hp phc ca x(t) ta c:

x* (t )

*
k

k =

k =+

e jk 0t

*
k

e jk 0t

Trong a*k l lin hp phc ca ak. Do x(t) l thc nn x(t) = x*(t). So snh cng
thc trn vi chui Fourier ca tn hiu x(t) ta c: ak = a*-k hay a*k = a-k. T ta
vit li chui Fourier ca x(t) nh sau:

x(t )

ae

k =

jk 0 t

= a0 + ak e

jk 0 t

ae

k =1

k =

k =1

k =1

jk 0t

= a0 + ak e jk 0t + a k e jk 0t
+

= a0 + (ak e jk 0t + a k e jk 0t )
k =1
+

= a0 + 2 Re[ak e jk 0t ]
k =1

Nu biu din ak di dng bin v pha ta c:

ak = Ak e jk
Thay vo ng thc cui cng trn ta c:

x(t )

= a0 + 2 Re[ak e jk 0t ]
k =1
+

= a0 + 2 Re[ Ak e jk 0t +k ]
k =1
+

= a0 + 2 Ak Cos(k 0t + k )
k =1

Nu ta thay:

ak = Bk + jCk
vo ng thc trn, th ta s c:
+

= a0 + 2 [ Bk Cos (k 0t ) Ck Sin(k 0t )]

x(t )

k =1

l cng thc phn tch Fourier m ta quen thuc trong chng trnh ton ph
thng i vi tn hiu thc, cng thc phn tch Fourier ca tn hiu tng qut
(thc hoc phc) thng c cho di dng x(t ) =

ae

k =

jk 0t

, cc h s ak cn

c gi l h s ph.
Tnh ton cc h s trong cng thc phn tch Fourier
Gi s rng mt tn hiu lin tc tun hon x(t) c th c biu din di
dng chui Fourier. Khi cc h s an s c xc nh bi cng thc sau:

an =

1
jn0t
x
(
t
)
e
dt

T0 T0

3.2 Php bin i Fourier ca tn hiu lin tc khng tun hon

Nh trong phn trn chng ta xem xt cch biu din mt tn hiu lin
tc tun hon di dng mt chui Fourier. Di y chng ta minh ho cch biu
din ny bng mt v d. Xt tn hiu x(t) l mt xung vung tun hon vi chu k
T0:
1| t |< T1 < T0
x(t ) =
0 | t |> T1

Khi s dng cng thc chui Fourier trn ta c th tnh c:

ak =

sin( k0T1 )
k

Nu biu din ak trn th ta c hnh minh hoa nh sau:

H3.3 - Biu din cc h s chui Fourier ca xung vung tun hon

a T0 = 4T1
b T0 = 8T1
c T0 = 16T1
Mt khc ta thy rng 0 = 2/T0 do ta c th vit:

T0 ak =

2sin(T1 )
| = k0

Cng thc trn cho ta thy rng T0ak ch l cc mu ri rc ca mt hm s lin tc

theo bin l X ( ) =

2 sin(T1 )
. Hnh di y minh ho cho ta thy rng

khi T0 cng ln th s lng mu ca hm X() cng dy c.

H3.4 Cc h s Fourier v ng bao cc mu

a T0 = 4T1
b T0 = 8T1
c T0 = 16T1

Tr li vi bi ton ca chng ta i vi tn hiu lin tc khng tun hon,

r rng khi ta c th gi nh rng chu k ca tn hiu l v cng ln, mt khc
ta hon ton c th to ra tn hiu lin tc tun hon t tn hiu lin tc c di
hu hn bng cch xp chng. Gi s ta xt tn hiu x(t) c di hu hn T 0. Khi
ta s to ra tn hiu tun hon x%c dng sau:

H3.5 - Xp chng tun hon

a Tn hiu hu hn
b Tn hiu tun hon
p dng cng thc Fourier i vi tn hiu tun hon x%ta c:

x%
(t ) =

ae

k =

ak =

1
T0

T0
2

jk0 t

x%
(t )e jk0t dt

T0
2

Do x%(t) = x(t) vi mi |t| < T0/2 v x(t) = 0 ngoi khong ny nn ta c:

1
ak =
T0

x(t )e

jk0t

dt

T chng ta ta tnh c ngay ng bao cc mu T0ak c cho bi:

X ( ) =

x(t )e

jt

dt

1
x(t ) =
2

X ( )e

jt

dt

2 cng thc trn c gi l cp cng thc bin i thun-nghch ca php bin

i Fourier i vi tn hiu lin tc khng tun hon.
3.3 Php bin i Fourier vi tn hiu ri rc
3.3.1 nh ngha
Cho tn hiu ri rc x(n), php bin i Fourier ca x(n) c nh ngha
nh sau:
j

X (e ) =

x ( n )e

j n

n =

Nh vy php bin i Fourier chuyn tn hiu x(n) t min thi gian

sang min tn s (hay tn s f = /2). Chng ta s dng k hiu sau m t
php bin i Fourier ca tn hiu x(n)

FT ( x(n)) = X (e j )
FT
x(n)
X (e j )

3.3.2 Cc phng php biu din X(ej)

Biu din di dng phn thc v phn o
Bi v X(ej) l mt hm bin phc nn ta c th biu din n trong min tn s
di dng phn thc v phn o nh biu thc di y:

X (e j ) = Re [X(e j )]+jI m [X(e j )]

Re [X(e j )] : l phn thc ca X(ej)
I m [X(e j )] : l phn o ca X(ej)

 Biu din di dng bin v pha

X(ej) lm mt hm bin s phc vy ta c th biu din n di dng
module v argument nh sau:

X (e j ) =| X (e j ) | e jarg[X ( e

)]

|X(ej)|: c gi l ph bin ca x(n)

arg(X(ej)): c gi l ph pha ca x(n)
Ta c quan h sau:

| X (e j ) |= Re 2 [X (e j )]+I m 2 [X (e j )]
I m [X (e j )]
arg[X (e )]=arctg
Re [X (e j )]
j

3.3.3 S tn ti ca php bin i Fourier

Php bin i Fourier hi t khi v ch khi x(n) tho mn iu kin:
+

| x (n) | <

n =

T suy ra

Ex =

| x ( n) | <
2

n =

Ni cch khc php bin i Fourier lun hi t vi cc tn hiu c nng

lng hu hn.
V d: Cho x(n) = RECTN(n). Hy tnh v v ph bin ca x(n)

3.4 Php bin i Fourier ngc

2
j k
e
d

nh l:

k =0
k 0

Mt khc ta xt cng thc bin i Fourier trong 3.3:

+

X (e ) =

x ( n )e

j n

n =

1
2

j k

X (e ) d =

n =

x(n) 2 e

j ( k n )

p dng nh l nu trn vo ng thc cui cng ta c c:

x(k ) =

1
2

jk

X (e j )d

y chnh l cng thc bin i Fourier ngc, cho php chuyn tn hiu t
min tn s v min thi gian.
V d: cho

1
X (e j ) =
0

| |< c
| |> c

Hy tnh x(n).
3.5 Cc tnh cht ca php bin i Fourier
3.5.1 Tnh tuyn tnh
FT(x1(n)+x2(n))=FT(x1(n))+FT(x2(n))
Trong , l cc hng s thc, x1(n) v x2(n) l cc tn hiu ri rc.
3.5.2 Tnh cht tr
FT(x(n-k)) = e-jkFT(x(n))
Trong k l mt hng s nguyn, x(n) l mt tn hiu ri rc

3.5.3 Tnh i xng

Xt tn hiu ri rc x(n), gi s x *(n) l lin hp phc ca x(n). Khi ta
FT(x(n)) = X(ej)

c:

FT(x*(n)) = X*(e-j)
Trong X*(ej) l lin hp phc ca X(e-j). T ta c th suy ra:
Nu x(n) l thc (x(n)=x*(n)) th ph bin |X(ej)| l hm chn v ph
pha arg[X(ej)] l hm l.
3.5.4 Tnh o trc thi gian
Xt tn hiu ri rc x(n), bin i Fourier ca x(n) l: FT(x(n)) = X(e j). Khi
x(-n) c bin i Fourier l: FT(x(-n)) = |X(ej)|e-j(), trong :
() = arg[X(ej)]. Nh vy ta thy rng ph bin ca 2 tn hiu x(n) v
x(-n) nh nhau, cn ph pha ca chng th tri du.
3.5.5 Bin i Fourier ca tng chp
FT(x1(n)*x2(n))=FT(x1(n))FT(x2(n))
Trong x1(n) v x2(n) l cc tn hiu ri rc.
3.5.6 Bin i Fourier ca tch
FT(x1(n)x2(n)) = FT(x1(n))*FT(x2(n))
Trong x1(n) v x2(n) l cc tn hiu ri rc. Php * trn l php tch
chp ca 2 tn hiu lin tc, c nh ngha nh sau:

X 1 (e j )* X 2 (e j ) = X 1 (e j ) X 2 (e j ( ) )d

3.5.7 Vi phn trong min tn s

Nu FT(x(n))=X(ej) th FT (nx (n)) = j
3.5.8 Quan h Parseval
+

1
| x ( n) | =

2
n =
2

| X (e

) |2 d

dX (e j )
d

Cng thc trn cho ta thy nng lng ca tn hiu trn min thi gian v
min tn s lun bng nhau.
Tm tt bi ging(12): Thi lng 3 tit
So snh php bin i Fourier vi php bin i Z
nh gi php bin i Fourier trn min Z
Biu din h ri rc trn min tn s
o p ng tn s ca h
o Quan h vo ra trn min tn s
o ngha ca p ng tn s
o Cc b lc l tng
3.6 So snh php bin i Fourier vi php bin i Z
3.6.1 Quan h gia bin i Fourier vi bin i Z
Quan st cng thc bin i Z trong chng s 2 X ( z ) =

x (n) z

n =

j
cng thc bin i Fourier trong mc 3.3 X (e ) =

x( n)e

j n

ta thy ngay

n =

rng: X(ej) = X(z) khi z = ej hay khi im phc z di chuyn trn ng trn n
v thuc mt phng phc.
3.6.2 nh gi X(ej) s dng X(z)
trn ta thy rng php bin i Fourier l mt trng hp c bit ca
php bin i Z. Do ngi ta c th s dng php bin i Z nh mt cng c
ton hc gii quyt cc bi ton lin quan n php bin i Fourier nh xc
nh ph bin hay ph pha ca mt tn hiu. Sau y ta s xem xt phng
php nh gi X(ej) s dng X(z).
Gi s X(z) c biu din dng cc v khng (dng thng thy)

X (z) = C

(z z

or

(z z

pl

r =1
N
l =1

Trong z0 v zp l cc im khng v cc ca X(z), M,N l s khng v cc

tng ng. Khi thay z = ej vo ng thc trn ta c X(ej) nh sau:
M

X (e ) = C

(e z

or

(e z

pl

r =1
N
l =1

M or =| e j zor |

or = arg[e j zor ]
M pl =| e j z pl |

pl = arg[e j z pl ]
Khi ta c th vit X(ej) dng sau:
M

X (e ) = C

or

pl

r =1
N
l =1

j(

r =1

or

pl )
l =1

T suy ra:
M

| X (e ) |= C

or

pl

r =1
N
l =1

r =1

l =1

arg[ X (e )] = or pl
j

V d: Cho X ( z ) =

z 1
Hy nh gi X(ej) vi =/3.
z + z +1
2

3.7 Biu din h ri rc trong min tn s lin tc

3.7.1 p ng tn s
Trong chng 1 chng ta bit rng p ng xung h(n) l mt tham s c trng
cho h x l tn hiu TTBB, mt khc h(n) chnh l tn hiu ra khi tn hiu vo h
l (n) hay: h(n) = T((n)). Chuyn sang min tn s ta c tn hiu vo
X(ej) = FT((n)) = ejn

Khi p ng ta ca h c tnh nh sau:

y ( n)

m =

m =

h ( m ) x ( n m ) = h ( m )e

j ( n m )

= h(m)e jm e j n
m =

t H (e ) =

h ( m )e

m =

j m

khi ta c: y (n) = H (e j )e jn .

H(ej) c gi l p ng tn s ca h TTBB.
Nhn xt: p ng tn s ca h TTBB chnh l bin i Fourier ca p ng
xung. T ta c cp cng thc:
j

H (e ) =

h( n)e

j n

n =

h( n ) =

1
2

j n

H (e j )d

3.7.2 Quan h vo ra trn min tn s

Theo tnh cht bin i Fourier ca tng chp m ta xt trn th ta c:
Trn min thi gian: y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
Trn min tn s:

Y(ej) = X(ej)H(ej)

ngha: Ph ca tn hiu cho ta bit cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu cn

p ng tn s ca h TTBB cho ta bit ng x ca h TTBB vi cc thnh phn
tn s ca tn hiu vo.

3.7.3 Cc b lc l tng
B lc thng thp l tng
p ng bin ca b lc s thng thp l tng c nh ngha nh
sau:

c < < c

1
| H (e j ) |=
0

| |> c > 0

Hnh di y minh ho p ng bin ca b lc thng thp l tng

|H(ej)|

-c

H3.6 p ng bin ca b lc thng thp l tng

V d: Xt b lc thng thp l tng c p ng xung cho bi

c < < c

1
H ( e j ) =
0

| |> c > 0

S dng cng thc bin i Fourier ngc ta c th tnh c p ng xung

ca b lc thng thp l tng nh sau:

h ( n)

1
=
2
1
=
2
=

H (e

)e jn d

jn

e jn
d =
2 jn

2 j sin( n) sin( n)
=
2 jn
n

Nhn xt:
-

p ng xung h(n) l i xng

p ng xung h(n) khng nhn qu
B lc thng thp l tng khng thc hin c v mt
vt l
B lc thng cao l tng
B lc thng cao l tng c p ng bin c cho bi

0
| H (e j ) |=
1

c < < c
| |> c > 0
|H(ej)|

1
-

-c

H3.7 p ng bin ca b lc thng cao l tng

B lc thng di l tng
B lc thng di l tng c p ng bin cho bi

1
| H (e j ) |=
0

c1 <| |< c 2
| |> c 2 ,| |< c1
|H(ej)|

1
- -c2

-c1

c1

c2

H3.8 p ng bin ca b lc thng di l tng

Tm tt bi ging(13): Thi lng 3 tit

n tp chng 3
Lm bi tp chng 3

CHNG 4
PHP BIN I FOURIER RI RC V
GII THUT TNH BIN I FOURIER NHANH
Tm tt bi ging(14): Thi lng 3 tit
Nhc li nhanh v php bin i Fourier lin tc
Php bin i Fourier thun v nghch
Ly v d tnh trc tip DFT
Gii thut FFT
Ly v d tnh theo gii thut FFT v so snh vi cch tnh trc tip
Giao bi tp thc hnh v lp trnh FFT
Hm ca s
4.1 Php bin i Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu tun hon
Trong chng s 3 chng ta bit n php bin i Fourier lin tc ca
j
tn hiu ri rc x(n): X (e ) =

x(n)e

j n

. Chng ta thy ngay rng trong

n =

cng thc trn X(ej) l mt hm s phc lin tc theo , do ph bin v

ph pha tng ng cng s l cc hm thc lin tc theo bin s tng ng.
Mt khc ci t trong thc t chng ta ch c th lu tr c s lng hu
hn cc gi tr ri rc, do trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt mt biu din
ri rc ca cng thc bin i Fourier ni trn. Trc ht ta s ri rc ho min
gi tr t 0 n 2 thnh N im vi khong cch 2/N.
k =

2
k
N

k = 0,1, 2...N

Khi gi tr ca X(ej) ti cc im ri rc k c tnh bng:

x ( n )e

X (k ) =

2
kn
N

n =

Trong khong [-,+] l chu k ca tn hiu ca tn hiu khng tun hon.

Do vi tn hiu x(n) tun hon vi chu k N ta c cng thc sau:
N 1

X ( k ) = x ( n )e

2
kn
N

k = 0,1, 2...N

n =0

Cng thc trn c gi l php bin i Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu tun hon.

Nhn xt: Cc gi tr X(k) chnh l cc mu ri rc ca X(ej).
4.2 Php bin i Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu ri rc c chiu di hu hn
Trong thc t chng ta thng ch thu c cc tn hiu ri rc c s lng
mu hu hn (chiu di hu hn) do p dng c php bin i Fourier
ri rc ni trn vi tn hiu ri rc c chiu di hu hn, ta s xem tn hiu c
chiu di hu hn nh l mt chu k ca mt tn hiu ri rc tun hon. Gi s
ta xt tn hiu x(n) c N mu, khi ta s xem x(n) nh mt chu k ca tn
+

x(n + kN ) . p dng php bin i Fourier

( n) =
hiu ri rc tun hon x%

k =

(n) ta c:
ri rc vi tn hiu x%

X%( k )

N 1

= x%
(n)e

2
nk
N

n =0

Mt khc ta thy rng X%(k ) cng l mt tn hiu ri rc tun hon vi chu k N

v X(k) l mt chu k ca X%( k ) t ta c cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc

ca tn hiu x(n): X (k )

N 1

= x (n)e

2
nk
N

k = 0,1, 2...N 1

n =0

T cng thc trn ta c th tinh c x(n) bng cng thc bin i Fourier ri
rc ngc sau:

1
x (n ) =
N

N 1

X ( k )e

2
nk
N

k =0

V d: Cho tn hiu x(n) c di 4 x(n) = {-1,1,2,3} Hy tnh cc gi tr X(k)

vi k=0,1,2,3.

4.3 Gii thut FFT

Trong phn 4.2 chng ta xy dng cng thc bin i Fourier ri rc tuy
nhin c th thy qua v d trn rng s lng php tnh cn thc hin l kh
ln t l thun vi N2, hay ni cch khc cng thc c phc tp
O(N2) do vi cc gi tr N ln phng php tnh trc tip s tn
kh nhiu thi gian, sau y ta s xem xt gii thut tnh bin i
Fourier ri rc ca tn hiu ri rc c chiu di N x(n) vi phc tp nh hn.
N 1

X ( k ) = x ( n)e

2
nk
N

n =0

N
1
2

x ( n) e

2
nk
N

r =0
n=2r
N
1
2

= x(2r )e
= x(2r )e

x ( n )e

2
nk
N

l =0
n = 2 l +1
j

2
rk
N /2

r =0

N
1
2

N
1
2

N
1
2

+ x(2l + 1)e

2
(2 l +1) k
N

l =0

2
j
rk
N /2

r =0

+e

N
2 2 1
j
k
N

x(2l + 1)e

2
lk
N /2

l =0

n y chng ta c th thy rng chng ta gp li 2 bi ton tnh bin

i Fourier ri rc ca 2 dy con x(2r) v x(2l+1) vi chiu di N/2. S dng
cc k thut quy bi ton bin i Fourier ri rc s c gii quyt vi
phc tp O(NlogN) nh hn rt nhiu so vi vic ta tnh ton trc tip cng
thc ban u phc tp ln ti O(N2).
V d: Cho x(n) = {-1,1,2,3} Hy tnh X(k) vi k=0,1,2,3 s dng cch
tnh trc tip v gii thut FFT, So snh s lng php tnh cn thc hin trong
2 phng php.

4.4 Hm ca s
Chng ta u bit rng trong cng thc bin i Fourier lin tc

X(f ) =

x ( n )e

j 2 fn

tn hiu c gi nh l tn ti trn ton trc thi gian

n =

t - n +, trong khi thc t ta lun s dng tng on c chiu di hu hn

(N) ca tn hiu x(n) (tn hiu quan st c) thu c bng cch nhn x(n) vi
mt hm ca s:
x(n) = x(n)W(n)
W(n) l mt hm ca s, gii hn chiu di quan st x(n),V d: W(n) =
RECTN(n).
Thc hin php bin i Fourier vi tn hiu x(n) ta c:
X(f) = X(f)*W(f)
Trong X(f) l ph tn hiu x(n) cn W(f) l ph ca hm ca s w(n).
Nh vy ph ca tn hiu quan st v tn hiu gc sai khc nhau t nht ta thy
rng hm W(f) cn c dng ca mt xung n v.
Di y l mt vi hm ca s quan trng v ph tng ng:
Ca s Hamming

Ca s Blackman

Tm tt bi ging(15): Thi lng 1 tit

Tr li cc cu hi, thc mc ca sinh vin

BI TP MN X L TN HIU S
3n

Bi 1.1 Cho tn hiu ri rc x(n) = 2n

0

2 n 2
3 n5
n khac

Hy v tn hiu x(n), x(2n), x(n/2), x(n2), x(-n)

Bi 1.2 Hy xem xt tnh tuyn tnh v bt bin ca h sau:
a. T(x(n)) = x2(n)
b. T(x(n)) = nx(n)
Bi 1.3 Hy tnh tng chp x(n)*h(n) bit rng:
a. x(n) = u(n), h(n) = RECT3(n+1)
b. x(n) = RECT4(n-2), h(n) = u(n) u(n-3)
c. x(n) = u(-n), h(n) = (n+3)+(n-2)
Bi 1.4 Cho 2 h TTBB nh sau:
H S1: y(n) = 2x(n) + x(n-2)
H S2: y(n) = x(n+1)-x(n-1)
a. Ghp ni tip 2 h trn
b. Ghp song song 2 h trn
Hy tm quan h vo-ra ca h tng ng
Bi 1.5 Cho 2 h TTBB c p ng xung tng ng l:
h1(n) = 3nu(n) v h2(n) = 2-n.
Ghp ni tip 2 h TTBB trn, hy tm p ng xung ca h tng ng.
Bi 1.6 Cho h TTBB c PTSP:
k

1
1
y ( n) = x (n) + x (n 1) + ... + x(n k ) + ...
2
2

Hi h c n nh khng?
Bi 1.7 Gii PTST sau:
y(n) 3y(n-1) 4y(n-2) = x(n)+2x(n-1)
Vi y(-1)=y(-2)=0 v x(n) = 4nu(n)

Bi 1.8 Cho h TTBB c PTSP sau:

y(n) + 2y(n-2) = 2x(n)-3x(n-1)+x(n-3)
Hy s chun I v chun II.
Bi 2.1 Cho tn hiu ri rc x(n) = u(n). Hy tnh X(z) v min hi t ca X(z).
Bi 2.2 Hy tnh tng chp x1(n)*x2(n)*x3(n) s dng php bin i Z
x1(n) = RECT3(n), x2(n) = u(n) u(n-4), x3(n) = (n)
Bi 2.3 Dng phng php thng d tm x(n) bit
X ( z) =

1
1 2 z 1

Bi 2.4 Hy tnh bin i Z ngc

X ( z) =

1+ z
vi |z|>2
z 3z + 2
2

Bi 2.5 S dng php bin i Z mt pha gii PTST:

y(n) +2y(n-2)=2x(n)-3x(n-1)+x(n-3)
Bit y(n)=0 vi n<0 v x(n) =3n
Bi 2.6 Hy kho st tnh nhn qu v n nh ca h TTBB c PTSP:
y(n)+y(n-2)=x(n)+3x(n-1)+x(n-2)
V s chun I v II.
Bi 2.7 Cho h TTBB c PTSP:
2y(n)+y(n-1)=x(n)-3x(n-1)+2x(n-2)
a. Xc nh hm truyn t ca h
b. H c nhn qu v n nh khng
Bi 3.1 Cho b lc thng thp l tng c p ng tn s:
1
H (e j ) =
0

c < < c

khac

Hy v p ng bin v tnh p ng xung ca h. H c nhn qu

khng?
Bi 3.2 Mt h FIR c p ng xung h(0)=h(1)=, h(2)=, h(n)=0 vi cc gi tr n
cn li. Hy tnh p ng bin ca h.

Bi 3.3 Cho h TTBB c p ng xung

1 n

h(n) = 2

n0
n<0

a. Tnh p ng tn s ca h
b. Tm y(n) bit x(n) = Aej/2
Bi 3.4 Cho h TTBB c PTSP
y(n) +y(n-2)= x(n)+x(n-1)
Tnh p ng tn s v hm truyn t ca h.
Bi 4.1 Cho tn hiu ri rc x(n) = {-1,2,3,4} Tnh X(k),k = 0..3
Bi 4.2 S dng gii thut FFT hy tnh X(k), k=0..7 ca dy sau
x(n)={-1,2,4,-3,4,2,2,4}