Книга

53
Auexcan(p parynxnn
souo1me
anrnncxne qop+yum
Hsanne ucnpae.euuoe
n ouent oono.ueuuoe
Knnxnax ]apnxa Anexcanpa parynxnna
Canxr-Herepypr
OOO Yunan nuane1a
Hsarentcxn om AHPA
2005
FFK 81.2 Anrn.
72
Auexcan(p parynxnn
72 53 sonorte anrnncxne ]opmynt. CH.: Vmnax nnanera,
Hsarentcxn om AHPA, 2005. 352 c.
ISBN 5-87852-162-8
Hpenaraemax xnnra coepxnr ynnxantnte paspaorxn nsnecrnoro nerepyprcxoro
]nnonora Anexcanpa parynxnna anropa Honoro pyccxoro meroa nsyuennx anr-
nncxoro xstxa.
4op+v.i npecrannxmr coo rmarentno oropannte nocroxnnte +urpo-
qpasi, ycnoenne xoroptx snaunrentno oneruaer nsyuenne anrnncxoro xstxa.
annoe nsanne ocymecrnneno
npn nnuno noepxxe H. B. Mapxosyonon
unena Koponencxoro nncrnryra apnrpon Bennxopnrannn.
ISBN 5-87852-162-8 ! Anexcanp parynxnn, 2005
! Hsarentcxn om AHPA, 2005
Hsoauue ne:amaemc e aemopcro peoaruu
Aemopcrue npaea sauuueui. Hu ooua :acmi omo ruueu ue +owem oimi eoc-
npouseeoeua, nepeoaua e .moo qop+e u .moi+u cpeocmea+u. +exauu:ecru+,
o.ermpouui+, c no+ouim qomoronupoeauu, sevrosanucu u m. n. oes npeoeapu-
me.iuoeo nuci+euuoeo paspeueuu aemopa.
Hpu umupoeauuu u npu ucno.isoeauuu aemopcrux +emoour cci.ru ua oau-
uvm ruuev u ua qa+u.um aemopa e.mmc oosame.iui+u.
COEPAHHE
Hpencnonne.......................................................................................................... 5
Bneenne ................................................................................................................ 7
O moe pvcuquupoeauuo rpancxpnnnnn.................................................. 14
O oo.eomee anrnncxnx e.acuix ................................................................. 16
53 souo1me anrnncxne qop+yum .............................................. 19
HEPBMH VPOBEHI
1) nmum..................................................................................................... 21
2) nmuu ..................................................................................................... 25
3) a nmnm xe x rex! .............................................................................. 29
4) xouy eeamo....................................................................................... 31
5) Onn eeueuu mne ecmamo......................................................................... 34
6) ue snam .................................................................................................. 37
7) cenau ..................................................................................................... 40
8) enaa, cenae ............................................................................................. 45
9) uuxora uuxoro ue . ........................................................................... 47
10) Ceua +ro! .............................................................................................. 52
11) He sacmaeua menx ..! ............................................................................ 57
12) He yo nnorom! ................................................................................... 59
13) (ue) +oey . ......................................................................................... 61
14) ouxeu . ............................................................................................ 64
15) (ue) coupamco . ............................................................................... 68
16) Mne uyxeu . ......................................................................................... 70
17) Mne (ue) uyxuo .................................................................................. 73
18) Mne +oxuo . ........................................................................................ 78
19) aea cenm . ..................................................................................... 82
20) Ha crone uexum . ................................................................................. 85
B1OPOH VPOBEHI
21) Ecuu ., ec.u m ................................................................................. 90
22) m (cma.) . ........................................................................................ 94
23) xouy, utot on . ................................................................................. 97
24) ymam, umo ...................................................................................... 101
25) cntman, uau ona ............................................................................. 103
26) noov+a., umo +mo oi. . ............................................................... 107
27) y+au, uro ona (ue) uypum .............................................................. 108
28) uyuue noy! .................................................................................... 110
29) , meauo, ..u ......................................................................................... 112
30) Mne m (uvwuo) . .............................................................................. 115
31) Mne cuasauu . ..................................................................................... 118
Auexcan(p Hnxouaennu parynxnn
53 3OHOTBE AHIHHHCKHE +OPMYHB
Honncano n neuart 05.09.2005. uopmar 60#88/16
Iapnnrypa Times. Heuart o]cernax. Fymara rnnorpa]cxax. Oem 22 neu. n.
Tnpax 5 000 +xs. 3axas X
Hsarentcxn om AHPA
E-mail: andrapublishyandex.ru
Orneuarano c rorontx nanosnrnnon n OOO Cenepo-3anant Heuarnt nop.
188350, hennnrpacxax onacrt, r. Iarunna, yn. Conoyxnna, 2
5
HPEHCHOBHE
Ko+v uvwuo eoeopumi
no-aue.ucru? Ba+?
Hv mar u eoeopume'.
A. paevuruu.
oporne pystx!
Vnaxaemte rocnoa!
Bt xornre usv:ami anrnncxn roamn
nnn 3AIOBOPH1L na nm cpasy xe?
Orner xcen cam no cee,
no+romy xnarare +ry xnnry n ne ntnycxare e ns pyx!
Tananrnnnemn Anexcanp parynxnn cnona payer nac,
npeocrannxx ncem nam ouepenym nennxonennym nosmoxnocrt sna-
unrentno yuyuuumo cno aue.ucru, sannmaxct no ero ynnxant-
no meronxe.
Hocne nenoro pxa xnnr, ntmemnx n nocnenee npemx, r-n
parynxnn cosan ouepenym xnnry, ynnnxmmym cnonm aconmr-
no nonmu noxoom u x npenooaeauum, u x usv:euum anrnncxo-
ro, n ammym ncem nam manc oueuo mcmpo nauart npaeu.iuo n
rpacueo (sa-)ronopnrt na +rom ceepxmpvouo+ xstxe, concem ne
rparx npemx na nsyuenne siroeoeo oa..acma n nne, nanpn-
mep, na camom-ro ene n ne nyxntx nam uaseauu anrnncxnx
epe+u n sa.oeoe.
Bmecro +roro ooermo+ nsyuennx cranonxrcx ntenennte
anropom ns xstxono macct nocroxnnte rvcru aue.ope:u (+ur-
poqpasi), xoropte n xnnxmrcx xnnnr+ccennne xstxonoro ome-
nnx, n cocrannenne xoroptx camo no cee xnnxercx nentm nsyuennx
rpammarnxn nmoro nnocrpannoro xstxa.
32) Mne upaeumca erart . ..................................................................... 120
33) Mne uaxemca, umo rt . ................................................................... 124
34) Menx m cueoeauo . ......................................................................... 126
35) Menx euam ........................................................................................... 129
36) Menx ouxum narpanrt .................................................................... 136
37) Bueuu, uau on . ................................................................................. 141
38) Hpenouaeaemca, uto x . .................................................................... 143
39) Hyxuo, umom rt . ........................................................................... 146
40) On ec-mauu . ..................................................................................... 148
41) On uu sa umo ue xouer . ................................................................ 150
42) Tt, uaxemca, . .................................................................................... 151
43) Kau m x xomeu ..! ............................................................................... 153
44) A noue+y +mo x ouxeu . ? ............................................................ 155
45) Kau m +ue . ? ................................................................................... 156
46) Hmo eu ., uau ue .......................................................................... 158
47) Hmo +ue cenart, utom . ? .............................................................. 160
48) Bmuo m sopono, ecuu m . ............................................................ 163
49) He eoeopa uu cnona . ........................................................................ 164
50) Kora rt npuuo, x yxe cze+ . ....................................................... 165
51) Ona cuasaua, uro npum .................................................................... 168
52) On cuasau: ' npuy .......................................................................... 171
53) uenonex, uomopoeo x nnen nuepa, . .................................................. 174
HOB1OPEHLE MATI VuEHI
KAK CKA3ATB no-anrnncxn ..?................................................................ 175
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI
cnon .......................................................................................................... 177
. mu/-a/-o/-n . .......................................................................................... 184
ue cnon .................................................................................................... 189
. yv . ....................................................................................................... 194
Muoxecmeeuuoe uncno ............................................................................... 206
V menx ecmo . ............................................................................................ 211
uyuue, :e+ . ........................................................................................ 228
4 us+eueuu n nanncannn ................................................................................ 234
Mamuua xnaprnpa ......................................................................................... 239
Hexno, tcrpo n r.. ................................................................................... 243
KAK saanart nonpoct? ................................................................................... 246
Hpax1nuecxne pexouen(annn ...................................................................... 259
Cuonapnan uac1t ............................................................................................. 269
7 6
53 aue.ucrue qop+v.i
BBEEHHE
Moe nentm, a coornercrnenno, n nentm moe meronxn n
monx xnnr xnnxercx cnntnemee xenanne nomout xaxomy ns Bac,
mon oporne unrarenn, empamoca us roro mynuua, n xoropt Bac
sarnann rpannnonnte merot npenoanannx anrnncxoro xstxa, nso
ncex cnn ntrammnecx yepxart Bac xax paooe nnn uapro+auoe n
nneny sanncnmocrn or cnonx nmnorenrcxnx noryr .
C nomomtm monx xnnr n Bamnx cocrnenntx ycnnn Bt
nonyuaere peantnt manc paccmamoca c ncnxonornuecxnmn npo-
ue+a+u, nopoxnntmn Bamnmn npomntmn uevcnexa+u n anr-
nncxom, eepuymo cee uyecmeo coc1nennoro ocmouucmea, n
naxonen-ro npeoonert +pmevm mo:rv, na camom ene pemnn cnom
aue.osi:uvm nponemy, n ecmeumeuouo saeoeopue no-aue-
uucuu, rem camtm nornepnn n cee, n oxpyxammnm, uro
BB MOETE CEHATB BC,
ecnn Bam yer npeocrannena nosmoxnocrt .
3ry-ro eos+owuocmi Bt ceuac n epxnre n pyxax!
annax xnnra coepxnr 53 qop+v.i, ro ecrt 53 no-
cmoauume ro+ouuauu nsanmosamenxemtx c.oe n o.e+eumoe
anrnncxoro xstxa, xoropte Bt neocosnanno yxe rorontmn exe-
nenno n exemnnyrno ncnontsyere n cnoe peun, axe ne sameuax
+roro, n nosmoxnocrt ocosuauuoeo cocmae.euu xoroptx cama no
cee ]axrnuecxn n xnnxercx nentm nsyuennx epa++amuru xax npe-
mera.
Hoceuaemc +oe+y omuy
Huuouam Iaepuuoeuuy paeyuuuuy.
3ect xe +rn +urpoqpasi, xoropte rocnonn parynxnn
nasnan qop+yua+u, npenonocxrcx nam ua o.moe:re c eo.voo
ra+o:ro, rorontmn x momenrantnomy ynorpenennm, ro ecrt x an-
romarnuecxomy cocrannennm (c nx nomomtm) npaeu.iuix n rpacu-
eix anrnncxnx npenoxenn no npnnnnny:
J.e+eum o.e+eum qop+v.a,
qop+v.a cnona qpasa.
He ynycxare cno manc ynennrect sa +ry ynnxantnym (n
peantnym!) nosmoxnocrt +a.o rpoeim ocymecrnnrt cno saner-
noe xenanne naxonen-ro saeoeopumo no-anrnncxn, n ennrect
paocrtm or ocrnraemtx n ocrnrnyrtx pesyntraron, npnctnax cnon
orstnt n noxenannx npxmo anropy no apecam:
fondvis@mail.ru
n na ero car
www.dragunkin.ru
Anaronn Kapnon,
unen Fpnrancxoro conera.
Hmnt 1999 r.
Canxr-Herepypr
9 8
n
TO enan, n r.. n nocrynax raxnm opasom, nce mt nontsyemcx
onnmn n remn xe ooopoma+u-qop+yua+u, nenaxno, ronopnm nn mt
o
Hpesuoeume, nnn o ero uoqpe ., nanpnmep:
BHEH/A, KAK Hpesnenr
nospannxn npemtepa
n
CHMLAH/A, KAK nonrent
coneronancx c ncneruepom.
H n rom, n n pyrom cnyuae, onuciea cnryannm, Bt nontsy-
erect o(non n 1on ae cmauoapmuo qop+yuo (B ... ./a uau ...),
nosnonxmme Bam nepeart emopo+v .uv nonyuennym nnuno Bamn
nn]opmannm o ecrnnxx mpemieeo .ua.
Hoonoro poa cumvauu tnn mnom npoaua.usupoeaui
n ei:.eueui ns name exenenno peun, n nx xaxo ns +rnx
cumvau mnom tnn naent nocroxnnte a.eopum+i nx onuca-
uu nnn us.oweuu, xoropte x n nasnan
0OPMVBAMH.
Hpnnnnnt noc1poennn qop+v. nensmennt, onaxo camn
qop+v.i cocroxr xax ns ueus+eue+ix, rax n ns us+eue+ix
cocrannxmmnx.
Knnra +ra cyryo yrnnnrapna, n qop+yum n ne npeno-
nocxrcx Bam eomoei+u r vnompeo.euum, xorx n pesyntrare +roro
xe anannsa ns ncero orarcrna anrnncxoro xstxa mnom, nonropxm,
tno nteneno n onpeennnoe xonnuecrno nocroxnntx o.oroe,
xoropte x raxxe npenaram nx nsyuennx, n ns xoroptx Bt raxxe
cmoxere camn cxnatnart pasnnunte qop+yum-+uupoqpasm, a no-
rom oannxx e uux n u uu+ nmte nyxnte Bam anrnncxne
cnona np+o us c.oeap Bt cmoxere nonyuart cnmnarnunte n
npannntnte anrnncxne npenoxennx, rouno rax xe xax n pesynt-
Beeoeuue
3rn qop+v.i noxptnamr npaxrnuecxn 100 exenenntx
norpenocre uenonexa n onucauuu rex nnn nntx cnryann nnn n
nx us.oweuuu, ro ecrt n nepeaue n nonyuennn uuqop+auu, n x
am Bam nx sect (xax ntme yxe yxasano) ua o.moe:re c eo.voo
ra+o:ro, npeocrannxx Bam rem camtm nosmoxnocrt oornct es
sanynoro usv:euu epa++amuru pau epa++amuuu, a ne pan
cnoonoro nnaennx xstxom xax nncrpymenrom omennx.
Bmecro roro, urot sypnrt nenonxrnte uaseauua
anrnncxnx epe+u n rnarontntx qop+,
ntyunre BCEIO-HABCEIO 53 monx qop+v.i,
ocnonn xoropte (n/nnn npuuuni nx oopasoeauu), Bt cmoxere
oannxx x nnm +ecmou+euu n umme cnona ns cnonapx camocrox-
rentno n es sanynoro sasypnnannx us.uuue (?) nn]opmannn mo-
menrantno cocrannxrt npaxrnuecxn nmte anrnncxne ]past, nepeanax
npn +rom n ronuamne orrenxn Bamnx mtcne, xenann n nacrpoennx.
4vuru monx xnnr saxnmuaercx ue n rom, urot yunrt Bac
ymart x ncxoxy ns roro, uro Bt vwe ymeere +ro enart qvuru
monx xnnr saxnmuaercx n rom, urot oueeuumo mnnnnonam nme,
nmemmnm re nnn nnte rpynocrn c anrnncxnm, ocmyn x +romy
xstxy, n n rom, urot cosart npenoctnxn nx onee tcrporo n
pesyntrarnnnoro oe.aoeuu n no.isoeauu nm.
eno n rom, uro mt c Bamn xnnm n ouent xonxpernom n pe-
antnom mnpe, yyun oxpyxent mnnnnapamn nme, xusuo xoroptx
noncm(y crponrcx na noxowux nnn na oouuaroeix npnnnnnax.
Mt nce nocroxnno ncrynaem n oouuaroeie rnnt ornomenn
n nonaaem n oouuaroeie cumyauuu, onucauu xoroptx sauacrym
ornnuamrcx pyr or pyra rontxo c.oea+u, ro ecrt .ercu:ecru+
uano.ueuue+ (no net uano.ueuue moxno no xenannm menxrt!),
a HE a.eopum+o+ cocrannennx +rnx onucauu.
MI paccrasieae+ pyr pyry O PVIHX nmxx n cotrnxx,
mt paccrasieae+ PVIHM nmxm opve o opvee, mt paccrasieae+
xomy-ro o rom, TO mt nnenn, HAM paccrasieamm, KTO c KEM
11 10
Bet n noncenennom omennn cpenn uenonex nontsyercx
ne onee, uem nocemtm-ecxrtm comu+u cnon, a nx cnoxono mox-
no ntyunrt ne sa 15. Tem onee, uro uem nyume y Bac c ronono,
rem nerue Bam yer ntyunrt anaemte mnom (npxmo n npnmepax)
1.500 cnon sa ror xe camt nepno, sa xoropt pyro uenonex nty-
unr cnon 800.
A nor oo+auuux saoauu nx yuamerocx n nx rpannnon-
nom nne x npaxrnuecxn ne am, rax xax cornacno xonnennnn noconx
BCB KHHIA CAMA HO CEFE BBHBETCB
OHHM HEhIHIM 3AAHHEM
nx sayuueauua,
n Bt moxere ncnontsonart BECB TEKCT noconx nx rpennponox
n camoxonrponx, saxptnax no neoxonmocrn pvccrvm nnn aue.uc-
rvm uacrt npu+epoe, n nocnponsnox n yme saxptrym cropony
ryr xe cex xonrponnponart!
OHOhHHTEhIHOE OB1RCHEHHE HO3HHHH
(nnrart ns monx panee ntmemnx xnnr).
cunram, uro rnanntm npnopnrerom n anno xonxperno
cnryannn ro ecrt nentm anno xnnrn xnnxercx npeocrannenne/
npnoperenne nosmoxnocrn
cnoonoro omennx
na rpammarnuecxn npannntnom anrnncxom xstxe
c nmtm aue.osi:ui+ naprnpom,
nesanncnmo or roro, mvpor nn on, ucnaue nnn ueeo.
4vuru n e.i +ro xnnrn saxnmuamrcx n rom, urot
nontm xstxom pacronxonart Bam nceeoompvouocmu, copart oo-
.o+ru Bamnx snann, ntunennrt cpen nnx camte rnannte o.oru
n nayunrt Bac anromarnuecxn cxnatnart ns +rnx
uouoe qop+yu cuon (npxmo ns cnonapx!)
Beeoeuue
rare ynopxouennoro cuuameauua rupnu:e nonyuamrcx oo+a ,
a ns rvouroe ercxne sa +ru, nnn nnaue ronopx npn nomomn
+rnx o.oroe n qop+v. Bt cmoxere ceasmeamo pyr c py-
rom cnona, nsxrte Bamn npa+o us cuoeapa, nonyuax npn +rom
crponte n npaeuuoume anrnncxne npenoxennx.
Omax xonnennnx paort no anno meronxe
ntrnxnr rax:
1) npn cuoxeuuu raxoro-ro raxoro-ro o.ora
nouyuaemt maro-mo pesyntrar
(ro ecrt: ecnn cnoxnrt omo c omu+, nonyunrcx eom omo!);
2) nx roro, urot cxasart eom + mo,
nyxno cenart eom ma u ro ecrt cnoxnrt omo c omu+.
3aaua y annoro noconx, nonropxm, aconmrno xonxperna
npeocrannrt Bam nosmoxnocrt moxer trt yxe uepes neenm
cymert CKA3ATB na HPABHBLHOM anrnncxom
nou1n nc,
uro Bt saxornre ..!
Ho+romy, nx rex, xro mano snaxom c npannnamn anrnncxo
opqoepaquu, x napxy c anrnncxnm rexcrom (pxtmxom nnn no
nnm) am sev:auue anrnncxnx cnon n n pyccxon mpaucrpunuu,
r.e. pyccxnmn ovrea+u rvpcueo+.
enaercx +ro em n nx roro, urot
OTOPBAB Bac om anrnncxoro TEKCTA,
HPHBBH3H1L Bac u anrnncxomy R3MKV !
Cpasy xe oannm, uro n xonnuecrno cnon, anaemtx Bam n
+ro xnnre, ocrarouno nx roro, urot Bt yxe c/mornn nauart nop-
mantno pasronapnnart no-anrnncxn.
13 12
Cyrt anno meronxn or o Bac cama no cee no mepe
urennx +ro xnnrn a +ro n ecrt e rnannoe ocronncrno, xoropoe
Bt nouyncrnyere rora, xora npaxrnuecxn nesamerno nx Bac n re-
uenne nyx-rpx neent Bamn yer ycnoen n sanono ocmtcnen ma-
repnan, na nontrxn nsyuennx n nonnmannx xoroporo Bt norparnnn
raxym ontmym uacrt Bame xnsnn.
Hpomy Bac ne noanartcx ouaponannm nrxocrn noauu
yuenoro marepnana n ne ymart, uro cam ]axr npourennx +ro
xnnrn pemnr nou1n nce Bamn nponemt, cnxsannte c anrnncxnm
xstxom (xorx, ronopx orxponenno, a nmenno rax n cunram).
upesntuanax nrxocrt noaun marepnana ne osnauaer, uro
Bam ne nyxno yunrt roro, uro Bam npenoneceno na nmeuxe ner,
mox cncrema npenonaraer n sypxuy, onaxo marepnan, npenarae-
mt nx sypxuu, nacrontxo ounmen or menyxn, mnnnmanen, xom-
naxren, xonxperen, n ero ycnoenne ar raxne tcrpte n necrxmne
pesyntrart, uro npocro rpex nemnoxxo ne nosypnrt !.
hrxocrt noaun marepnana +ro +o ocronncrno,
a nrxocrt nocnpnxrnx Baue!.
Hent xnnrn ne crontxo pasnnexarentnax, cxontxo opaso-
narentnax, xorx t axe uepes raxym npospaunym emoncrpannm or-
cyrcrnnx ceepxmpvouocme.
Tex xe, xro sannrepeconan n onee rnyoxom n cncremarnuec-
xom nsyuennn anrnncxoro no moe meronxe, x npnrnamam sannmartcx
no monm Bueo- n Ayuorvpca+ n no pyrnm monm yuennxam, a
raxxe npnctnart cnon noxenannx na mo u+o. nno na mo car!.
(Hs xnnr A. parynxnna).
fondvismail.ru
www.dragunkin.ru
Beeoeuue
npannutnme n xpacnnte anrnncxne npenoxennx,
npnum aemo+amus+ n mom cnyuae ne osnauaer xaxoro-nno map-
narancrna c nnnxnnem na nocosnanne ner, x, nanpornn, xouy, uro-
t Bt aconmrno ocosuauuo mannnynnponann ncemn monmn qop-
+v.a+u, n xax pesyntrar nacnaxannct onroxanno nosmoxnoc-
rtm cnoonoro omena nn]opmanne na uyxom xstxe.
Xnarnr yxe poccnxnam oxcnxrtcx n mnpe na nantnax
y nnx renept ecrt mo
HOBBH PYCCKHH METO
npenoanannx n nsyuennx anrnncxoro
n nycrt nm sannymr nce ocrantnte !
3ror mero ocnontnaercx na ocosnannn roro ]axra, uro anr-
nncxn xstx sa cnom onee uem nonyropartcxuenernmm ncropnm
yrparnn crontxo epa++amu:ecrux qarmopoe, uro ero cmpvrmvpv
na ceronxmnn ent cocrannxer ouent onpeennnoe xonnuecrno no-
croxnntx ueus+eue+ix cocmae.muux (n nx uo+uuauu), xoro-
pte moxno ntennrt, cucme+amusupoeami, n ncnontsonart xax crpo-
nrentnt marepnan npn nocrpoennn rpammarnuecxn npannntntx qop-
+v. n, coornercrnenno, npenoxenn, rax xe xax o.oru ncnontsy-
mrcx npn nosneennn cmeu.
3rnx mnnnmantno neoxonmtx nensmenxemtx cocmae.muux
n nx ro+ouuau nemnornm onee 50 mryx, uro snaunrentno ment-
me uncna ro+ouuau n Tao.ue v+uoweuu, onaxo n nmoe
npemx cyrox nmo ntxnnna na ynnne cxaxer Bam, cxontxo yer n-
mim eoce+i nnn uecmim ce+i, no net n rannne ymnoxennx
e.ix 100 cocmae.muux
Tem onee, uro nce +rn cocmae.muue Bam yxe, nosmoxno,
anno nsnecrnt mt c Bamn nx npocro sanono npoc+ompu+, sanono
oc+ic.u+, sanono cepvnnupve+ n axxyparno pasnoxnm na nonxax
name namxrn yxe ne xax annacr, a xax ynopxouennym n ocryn-
nym nn]opmannm.
15 14
nx ero nponsnomennx npnrorontre pornx
x nponsnomennm 'i, no cxaxnre 'o;
$ $$ $$ e.vxa cornacnax.
nx e npaeuuouoeo nponsnomennx ntcyntre xstx
noantme uea(y syaun n ntnycxare nosyx
(no mououo sect!!!)
BE3 IOhOCA !!!
3nyx nnora noxow na name c,
a nnora na name q;
seouru snyx.
H sect nyxno ntcynyrt xstx mexy syamn
n roxe ntnycxart nosyx (n roxe mououo sect!),
no yxe C IOhOCOM !!!
3nyx moxer trt noxow (no ne onee !!!) na name s,
no raxontm HE xnnxercx !!!;
w +ro xax +, no nponsnocnmoe HECOMKHVTMMH,
HECATMMH,
HEBMHBEHHMMH
ryamn !!!
Hnora +ror snyx noxox na name v, a nnora na name e.
NB.
Vapeuue n rpancxpnnnnn x noxastnam,
oe.a yapnym rnacnym anpnon,
HE ntenxx e rvpcueo+,
n noupxnnax e,
nanpnmep:
city cnmu ropo.
O MOEH PVCH0HHHPOBAHHOH TPAHCKPHHHHH

B +ro xnnre (xax n n ocrantntx monx paorax) x nontsymct rax
nastnaemo pvcuquupoeauuo rpancxpnnnne,
ro ecrt sev:auue anrunncxnx c.oe
x nepeoam pyccxnun ovrea+u.
tn nepntm, xro cenan +ro n Poccnn n name npemx . 3ro
nponsomno em n 1998 roy, xora n npexpacnom xannnnrpacxom ns-
arentcrne nrapnt cxas x ntnycrnn cnom camym nepnym xnn-
ry CvnepPvroeoocmeo o. v+uix .eumee.
Tora +ra mox mpaucrpunu
ntsnana npocro mxnan napexann n neonontcrna n uro xe?!
Tenept c +oe nrxo pyxn pvcuquupoeauuo mpaucrpun-
ue nontsyercx nc ontme n ontme pasnnuntx ocrontx anro-
pon n cocrannrene cnonape n nc n nopxxe !
Onaxo c rex nop xonrnnrenr monx unrarene snaunrentno pacmn-
pnncx, n coornercrnenno n cnxsn c onee ntcoxnm ouu+ yponnem
nx aue.osnann, n +ro n n nocneymmnx cnonx ( +oux) paorax nx
onee rouno nepeaun aueuosevroe x nontsymct yxe c.eovmuu+ na-
pnanrom ceoe rpancxpnnnnn ro+ouuupoeauui+ ro ecrt ocomun
(omenpnnxrtmn) sna(u)xamn +ewovuapoouo mpaucrpunuu x nepe-
am re aue.osevru, xoroptm uem ananoron n pyccxom nponsnomennn,
n xoropte +oeym nrpart c+mcuopasuuuumeuouym pont.
3rnx ocooix suaroe 4, nnmc ooi:uoe anrnncxoe 'w
n nor npnuepnme npaeu.a nx nponsnomennx:
e.acui snyx.
nx ero nponsnomennx npnrorontre pornx
x nponsnomennm 'i, no cxaxnre a;
e.acui snyx. Hnora noxow na name ,
no raxontm ue xnnxercx.
O +oe pvcuquupoeauuo rpancxpnnnnn
17 16
Ho oo.eue e.acuie +ro HE aa n HE oo
ro ecrt +ro HE na a n HE na o,
nponsnecnnte ono sa pyrnm n orentno uem !!!
3ro OHH 3BVK, npocro +ror snyx npooraanyyr ...
H nmenno ua ueeo nourn ncera naaer yape uue !!!
To xe camoe ro ecrt oonrorvv snvvxaa
noxastnaer -y n ovreoco:emauuu my.
NB!
OCOBOE nnnmanne oparnre n na ro, uro

n cnoe mpaucrpunuu
x sauacrym am cuumuoe nponsnomenne
apmur.e c cvuecmeume.iui+u (nnn c nx onpeoe.euu+u),
a :acmui 'to c e.aeo.a+u,
ro ecrt mau, rar +ro n ecrt n peantno xnsnn!
KAK HOhI3OBATIC 3TOH KHHIOH?

1) Craparect ouent nnnmarentno coornocnrt HAHHCAHHE
anrnncxoro cnona no-aue.ucru c ero pvcuquupoeauuo TPAHC-
KPHHHHEH (ro ecrt c ero npousuoueuue+, nepeanntm pvccru+u
yxnamn) sanomnnare, KAK +ro cnono nuuemca no-anrnncxn,
urot norom V3HABA1L ero n nesnaxomom rexcre nnn ymert noc-
nponsnonrt ero na nnctme;
2) HE menxyrect or roro, uro Bt ne ymeere uumamo no-
anrnncxn +ro naunr npnxonrt, ecnn Bt yere conmart npet-
ymym pexomenannm.
OHEHB BAHO !!!
B oasaaameuoueue+ nopaue Bt (ouanm conmaaart
ooonroryyy e.aaacuix,
rax xax or oo.eomiii rnacno
+owem saeucemi axe c+mmmcu c.oea!
Hpnum, yurnre, uro
aue.osi:uie cumma1 +ry pasuuv
mexy oooo.eo n rpamro rnacntmn !!!
H nonropxm nenpnntunax (un nac oo.eoma rnacno
moxer xap(nnautno us+eumi c+mcu anrnncxoro cnona:
Cnono c upamuo Cnono c raxo xe, no
rnacno: oooueo rnacno:
full qy. nanonnennt, u: fool qyy. ypax,
shit uium eptmo, u: sheet uiuum nncr
(ov+aeu),
bitch oum: cyxa, u: beach ouum: nnxx.
onroraaa e.acuo xnnxercx n anrnncxom ouent uacmm+
xnnennem n ncrpeuaercx ropaso uaue, uem mt ymaem:
puo nsannxrtcx or ...,
no: puuo unrart.
C.un nocxontsnyrtcx,
no: c.uun cnart, n r..
O +oe pvcuquupoeauuo rpancxpnnnnn

18
53
souo1me
anrnncxne qop+yum
Pvcuquupoeauua mpaucrpunu ne onxna cmymart Bac, rax
xe xax Bac ne cmymamr (?), nanpnmep, oo.eapcrue, mamapcrue,
aoxascrue n rvmcrue (a pantme, nanpnmep, +oueo.icrue, +o.oaec-
rue n asepoaowaucrue) rexcrt, xoropte nnmyrcx/nncannct pvc-
cru+u yxnamn rupu..ue net axe ecnn t anrnncxn R3MK
nontsonancx apaocru+u yxnamn, on net or +roro HE nepecran t
trt anrnncxnm ..;
3) YHHTE cnona cpasy ae no xoy ena, n ne rontxo nx roro,
urot norom ne rparnrt npemx na nx ecxoneunte noncxn n cnona-
pxx, no (uro ropaso naxnee!!!) n nx roro, urot nmert nosmox-
nocrt xax uoano mc1pee uauamo camnm cocmaeuamo anrnn-
cxne qpasm, n urot nonnmart ro, uro yyr ronopnrt Bam;
4) Homnnre, uro BO BCE mon 4OPMVHM n KOHCTPVKHHH
moxno ncrannxrt HPBME nyxnte n ro nnn nno cnryannn CHOBA,
xoropte Bt moxere nonpocry pa1t ns cuonapn! Ho+romy, paccmar-
pnnare nce npu+epi xax npomomuni ynpaxnenn, rax xax +rn
npu+epi Bt moxere nanonnxrt (pyrnun anrnncxnmn cnonamn, caun
cosanax cee ecxoneunoe xonnuecrno saoauu;
5) Hocne nepnoro npo:meuu (nmenno HPOTEHHB!) +ro xnnrn
pexomenym Bam ryr xe nauart unrart e cnauana
eo-nepemx, Bt onxrt nare n ne uro-nnyt nx cex nonoe,
a eo-emopmx, Bt yere yxe V3HABATB rexcr,
n snax ero,
yxe cmoxere caun nx cex paccrannrt
ocnonnte npnopnrert n axnenrt.
NB.
Vuent marepnan n xnnre pacnonoxen no crenenn uapacmauu
ero c.owuocmu, no camt ua:a.iui +ran pacnonoxen yxe
nocue ncex 53 qop+v. nx roro, urot ne cosanart nenyxntx
cnoxnocre npn paore c xnnro nx yxe npooeuuvmix yuamnxcx.
21
HEPBMH VPOBEHI
1) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
hRFBK .
OH hRFH1 .
TI HHBEHL .
OH EC1 .
a) urot cxasart, uro Bt (ooi:uo nnn eceeoa) (euaE1E
( n uacmoaue+ epe+euu), nyxno npocro nsxrt cnonapt,
narn nyxnt Bam rnaron, n npocro cnoxnrt
, TI, MI, BI, nt, OHH, KOTM nmo HEH3MEHHHMH

}
rnaron:
I, you, we, you, they, My catS EAT .
a mv wn mv o +a rmc uum
!!!!!
Ho nor nocne anrnncxnx oreuea.eumoe namnx
OHC, OHAC, OHOC, KTOC?
n nocne cymecrnnrentntx n euucmeeuuo+ uncne
e uacmoaue+ npemenn
nyxno K xonny rnarona em npnannxrt '(e)S:
OH/OHA/OHO/KTO?/Mo KOT 'IhAIOhS.
He/ she/ it/ Who?/ My CAT
}

EATS:
xu uiu um xvv +a rm
I eat He eatS.
a uum xu uumc
em On(C) ecm.
HEPBMH VPOBEHI .moum .
23 22
3ro (ono) eouE1 ! It stinkS !
um cmuurC
(Kaxo-ro) Myxunna paoomaE1 n none A man workS in the Iield.
o+u wrC uu ,oqnu.o
O1PHHAHHR.
A urot cxasart nc +ro n ompuuameuouo qop+e,
nocnontsyrect ouo ns uertpx ompuame.iuix :acmu
onnm ns 4 anrnncxnx . ue .
(rontxo npaeuuouo ero emepume !!!):
BA . ue . nx uacmoaueeo npemenn:
/rt/nt/mt/onn/xort HE nm/nm/nmt/nre/nm/xr
. DOA`1 love.
OnC/onaC/onoC/KroC?/Mo xorC HE nmH1 . DOESA`1 love.
1 . ue . nx npemenn npoueueeo:
/rt/nt/on/ona/ono/mt/onn/xor/xort HE nmnB/n . DIDA`1 love.
H raxxe 1 . ue . nx yyueeo npemenn:
Bce HE BV. nmnrt . WOA`1 love:
Mo pyr HE BVE1 npesnpart nac.
My Iriend WOA'1 despise us;
+a qpouo wovum oucnas ac
NB. 3nare, uro n anrnncxom npenoxennn
nepe( xaxtm emopi+ no cury rnaronom
nyano crannrt c.oee:ro 'to !!!
(Cm. crp. 31 !).
HPHMEPB:
1 2 1 2
umum (to) eramo I like to run.
a .ar mv pau
1 2 1 2
Tt xoueuo (to) unramo You want to read.
mv woum mopnuo
1 2 1 2
Mt nuauupye+ cxopo nepnymocx We plan to get back soon.
wn n.u mv e+m or cvvu
H:
Bt euaeme +ro ouent xopomo You make it very well!
mv +or um e+pu w+.
Onn +ommca xaxt ent They wash every day.
,o woui +epu o+
ern uepamm no nope Children play in the yard.
:m.opou n.o uu ,onao
H rnaron yxe us+euu 'S:
On ov+aE1 o ree He thinkS about you.
xu 6uurC ooavm mv
Ona ooowaE1 nnert She adoreS Ilowers.
uiu oooo3 q.avoc
HEPBMH VPOBEHI .moum . 4op+v.a 1
25 24
2) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
hRFHB .
TI HHCAB .
OH EB .
urot cxasart, xro uro euaB, nyxno npocro
nocne umoro CVB1EK1A n umou uncne
nocrannrt 2-m 0OPMV rnarona,
a nmenno:
1) 'Iuarou(e)D y npaeu.iuix rnaronon:
I receiveD many letters nonyuaB/nonyunB mnoro nncem.
He studiED art On nsyuaB ncxyccrno.
Hnn:
2) xonxpernoe cnono 2-m qop+y rnarona y uenpaeu.iuix
rnaronon. A nor +1o cnono 2-m qop+v mt eomoeeuiru+/
eomoeeuiro epm npnuo ns 2-on xononxn
nmo Tannnt uenpaeu.iuix rnaronon:
I rAn away yexaB.
Pexomenym ynorpenenne +ro epe+euuo qop+i ocnannart
esorptnno or qop+v. X7 n X50, rax xax n yno1peuennn
nmenno +ro 2-on qop+m rnarona ecrt onn nmanc .
( Cm. crp. 44).
A nmenno:
ncnontsyre 2-m qop+v rnarona, EChH Bt moxere
yxasart, KOIA Bt +ro c/enaun n npomnom
nanpnmep, nocne raxnx vrasvmuux cnon xax:
) Ecnn xe peut nr o rom, uro Bt enaere HMEHHO ceuac,
ro ecrt u+euuo B AHHIH MOMEH1 nnn B AHHIH
HEPHO npemenn, ro cenare npaeuuouo, n n +mo+ cnyuae
OHHHH1E cex npn nomomn armueuoeo INGoeoeo onpeoe.euu,
ncnontsonan INGoevm roucmpvrum npnum cxema nocrpoe-
nnx +ro roucmpvruu nosnonxer n e nnecrn n paspx
qop+v.:
'CVB1EK1 AM/IS/ARE INGoea qop+a nyxn. IHAIOHA.
nnn nx
ompuame.iua qop+a
To ecrt:
I`m (not) writing a+ (uom) pamuue (ne) nnmy
(nmenno e oauui +o+eum).
He`s (not) reading xus (uom) pnuouue On (ne) unraem
(nmenno ce:ac).
We are (not) waiting wn aa (uom) w+muue Mt (ne) x+
(ceuac).
To ecrt:
. (ue) aeua. .VHnm/-KHnm/-AHnm/-EHnm n r.n.,
nnn:
. (ue) uaxo/wvci e cocmoauuu nucauu/:meuu/owuoauu.
A renept n oasameuouo+ nopn(xe cpasy xe nocmorpnre
crartm X7 Cenan na crp. 43.
4op+v.a 1 HEPBMH VPOBEHI .mouu .
27 26
% % % %
& '
I visited London in the year 1998 mB n honone e 1998 eoy.
a ensumu .auoou uu ,ono 1998
uaumuuu uaumu om
NB.
Homnnre, uro ecrnne,
oosnauaemoe +ro epe+euuo qop+o ( 2-o),
H nauanoct, H saxonunnoct (cocmoauoco) n npomnom.
Hpn nepenoe c anrnncxoro ua pyccuu nponem y Bac ne
yer nepenon re +ry ( 2-m) epe+euuv m qop+v nmtm
npoueuu+ epe+eue+ pyccxoro rnarona, a nor npn nepenoe c pyc-
cxoro ua anrunncxnn ytre nnnmarentnee, rax xax anrnncxnx
napnanron nepenoa moxer trt necxontxo (cm. crp. 44).
3ra 2-n qop+a rnarona nno npocro oosnauaer cam qarm roro,
uro oe.o oi.o e npou.o+, nno, nonropxm, onnctnaer oouo/+uoeo-
pasoeoe oecmeue-u+nyuoc, xoropoe nennxom cocmoauoco n npomnom.
(unrare mon Hpmxou e aueuucuu
n Aueuucuue 'epe+eua u 'uoucmpyuuuu!!!).
Inannoe, nomnnre, uro oecmeue, nepeanaemoe +ro 2-n qop+o
rnarona, concem HE cnxsano c uacmouu+, uero nentsx cxasart
o qop+v.ax N7 n N50.
O1PHHAHHE.
A urot cxasart,
uro Bt nnn xro-nnyt pyro uero-ro HE enaB/n,
nocnontsyrect ynnnepcantno nx ncex .u/cvoermoe euaeououo
ompuame.iuo :acmue nx npoueueeo epe+euu
'DIDN`T ououm,
nuepa yesterday ecmooo
nosanuepa the day before yesterday ,oo+ ouqoo ecmooo
neanno recently pnucum.u
na ro neene last week .aacm wnur
n npomnom mecxne last month .aacm +au6
mecxn nasa one month ago wau +au6 oeov
n npomnom roy last year .aacm no
mnnnncexyny nasa a millisecond ago o+n.ucorouo oeov
umme pyrne couerannx co cnonamn 'last nnn 'ago.
Hpnmept
('bought n 'found 2-e qop+i rnaronon
'buy oa xynnrt n 'Iind qauo narn):
% % % % % %
& '
I bought this car two weeks ago uynuB +ry mamnny
a ooom ,uc raa mvv wnurc oeov ne neenn uasa.
% % %
& '
He found this cat yesterday On uauB +ry xomxy euepa.
xu qavuo ,uc rm ecmooo
% % %
& '
We learned this yesterday Mt ysuaBu +ro euepa.
wn .u ,uc ecmooo
4op+v.a 2 HEPBMH VPOBEHI .mouu .
29 28
3) KAK CKA3ATB ?
A hRFhR E TEF!
A hOBHT E OH PIFV!
A uHTAhA E OHA!
enaercx nc +ro npn nomomn 3 anrnncxnx a !,
ro ecrt npn nomomn
3 cnennantntx anrnncxnx ycuuumeuoumx :acmu:
' do !, ' does ! n ' did !,
'
Hacmoauee npemx
' '
Hpoueuee npemx
xoroptmn Bt ne rontxo ycuuume Bame ntcxastnanne,
no n noxaxere epe+a ecrnnx.
Hocne ecex +rnx ' 3 :acmu cumcuonon anrnncxn
rnaron ue us+euaemca, necmorpx na epe+ vcu.euu!
1) nx uacmoaueeo epe+euu cymecrnymr 2 vcu.ume.iuie :acmui:
' do ! ovv n ' does ! oas:
nmnm rex ( A nmnm xe x rex!
I love you ( I DO love you!
a yy .ae mv
Mon ern unramm ( A unramm xe mon ern!
My children read ( My children DO read!
+a :m.opou yy puuo
Hoxoxe anrnncxoe . VV . na pyccxoe A ..! ???
xoropax ynorpenxercx C ummu mecronmennem
(nnn C nmtmn cvoerma+u) HEPE ueus+euuui+ rnaronom:
I/you/he/she/it/we/they DIDA`1 plan to rob the bank
. . . HE n.auupoeaBu orpanrt anx.
NB.
Em ono manentxoe (n nonesnoe!!!) omcmvn.euue:
ncnomnnre, noxanycra, cnono mvs 'used
pont xoroporo n couerannn c ueonpeoe.uuo qop+o
nocue(ymmnx rnaronon ( qop+a c :acmue 'to)
saxnmuaercx n oosnauennn PEIVHBPHOCTH,
HOBTOPBEMOCTH n npouuo+ roro nnn nnoro ecrnnx,
oosnauennoro +rnm/n HOChEVRBHM/n rnaron/-om/-amn:
'USED 1O . euau (uro-nnyt) OBMHHO,
PEIVBRPHO:
I useD to come here every day peeyuapuo npuxouB cma
a mvso mora+ xno +epu o+ xaxt ent.
He useD to drink all his liIe On ecm wusui nonueaB.
xu mvso moopnur oo. xus .aq
Bo oonx npnmepax (') orou:auue cnona 'useD moxer na cuyxy
c.ueamic c nocneymme :acmue 'to ( . mvs-mv.)
no +ro npocro ocooeuuocmi ycrno paseoeopuo peun,
ue nmemmax uuuauoeo ornomennx uu x xaxo meronxe.
4op+v.a 2 HEPBMH VPOBEHI a nmnm xe x .
31 30
4) KAK CKA3ATB ?
XOHV BEIA1L
Ona HE XO1EBA HPMIA1L
Hpaeu.o ouent npocroe:
Hepe xaxtm emopi+, mpemiu+ n r.. (no cury !)
anrnncxnm rnaronom
(n umou epe+euu !!!)
Bt oasaum crannrt c.oee:ro / :acmu:rv 'to mv !
namnm -mo nnn -mu na xonnax rnaronon:
1 2 1 2
onxen sannarnrt emy! I have to pay him!
a xe mv no xu+
1 2 3 1 2 3
xouy erart n nptrart I want to run and to jump.
a woum mv pau uo mv ow+n
1 2 1 2
Ona nnannpyem yexart She planS to leave.
uiu n.us mv .uue
1 2 1 2
Ona HE nnannpyem yesxart She doesnt plan to leave.
uiu oasum n.u mv .uue
H:
1 2 1 2
Ona nnannponaua yexart She plannED to leave.
On(C) nmH1 e ( A nmH1 xe on e!
He loveS her ( He DOES love her!
xu as .ae x
Mox coaxa naE1 ( A naE1 xe mox coaxa!
My dog barkS ( My dog DOES bark!
+a ooe as oaar
Kax nnnre, :acmue 'doeS Bt em noxastnaere n mo,
:mo sect oecmevem OnC nnn OnaC (Crp. 21) !
2) B npoueue+ npemenn nx ncex 1outxo OHA :acmua
' did !
n nmenno EK Bt noxaxere epe+a ncero ntcxastnannx:
nmuB rex ( A nmuB xe x rex!
I loveD you ( I DID love you!
a u .ae mv
Mon coaxn naxBn ( A naxBn xe mon coaxn!
My dogs barkED ( My dogs DID bark!
+a ooes u oaar
Bnnre: uu e ouo+ ns vcu.euuix ' anrnncxnx
npenoxenn anrnncxn rnaron n ornnune or pyccxoro
ue us+euu !!!
3) Cnennantno vcu.ume.iuo :acmui
nx ovovueeo epe+euu ne1,
no+romy n ovovue+ epe+euu Bt npocro eouoco+ ycnnnnaere
o.e+eum 'will:
I WILL come! A npny xe x!
4op+v.a 3 HEPBMH VPOBEHI xouy eeamo
33 32
1 2 1 2
Ona HE nnannponaBa yexart She didnt plan TO leave.
H:
1 2 1 2
Ona nocrapaercx yexart She will try to leave.
uiu wn. mpa mv .uue
1 2
Ona HE yem ntrartcx yexart.
She wont try to leave.
uiu wovum mpa mv .uue
NB 1.
onxen samernrt (urot Bt ne naann n omopox, ecnn maroe
ycntmnre!), uro
xorx aue.u:auuu, ecrecrnenno, nocrannr +ro 'to u nepe emopi+,
u nepe mpemiu+ (no cury) noc.eovmuu+ rnaronom ro ecrt rax,
xax +ro cenano n camom nepnom npnmepe anno remt
('I want to run and to jump),
no a+epuraue moxer yonontcrnonartcx
n nnmt ouu+ 'to rontxo nepe emopi+ rnaronom
('I want to run and jump)
Tax uro, ne ynnnxrect +ro net, pexra, ux xstx ..!;
NB 2.
Ho :acmuv 'to
uu e uoe+ c.v:ae
ue uyxuo crannrt nocue o.e+eumoe
(ro ecrt nocue cnon
can, could, may, might, must, will/shall, would, should,
neednt, d rather, d better),
rax xax o.e+eumi ue aeuammca nepei+u rnaronamn:
1 1
mory :umami no-anrnncxn I can read English.
a ru ' puuo nue.uui
' '

J.e+eumi (
&
Bes 'to !!!

&
&
Ona ymena n.aeami She could swim.
uiu rvo cwn+
HPHMEPB ns CAHKT-HETEPFVPICKOH H3HH:
1
Ecnn Bt xornre II you want
2
nonyunrt connnym 1O get a solid
mpnnuecxym noepxxy, legal assistance
nosnonnre n ]npmy call the
Kasyc uoucaum 'Casus Consult company,
no ren. (812) 275-59-77. (812) 275-59-77.
* * *
1 2
Mne nyxno npnnesrn I need 1O bring
nexoropte ronapt ns Hrannn. some goods Irom Italy.
Kaxym xomnannm nyume ntpart? Which company should I choose?
Tontxo Coqmuau! 'Softline only!
Camt naxnt The most reliable
nepenosunx n ropoe! transporter in our city!
4op+v.a 4 HEPBMH VPOBEHI xouy eeamo
35 34
5) KAK CKA3ATB ?
OHH BEBEBH MHE BC1A1L
OH HPHKA3AB MHE VEXA1L
OHA CKA3ABA MHE HE VXOH1L
herxo !!!

2
1 HEus+euuum
CVB1EKT IHAIOH OB1EKT 1O IhAIOh
n npou. npemenn ns cnonapx.
Kax nnnre,
nepei rnaron cronr sect '
n npoueue+ npemenn,
a emopo rnaron n ueonpeoe.uuo qop+e
(xax n no-pyccxn!).
HAHOMHHAHHE.
urot opasonart npoueuee npemx anrnncxoro rnarona,
x ero xonny nyxno npnannrt orou:auue '(e)D
ecnn +ro rnaron npaeu.iui (nanp.: 'countED cunraB).
Ecnn xe rnaron uenpaeu.iui (ro ecrt, ecnn on ue
nounnxercx npaeu.v '(e)D), ro qop+v ero npoueueeo epe+euu
( cnono) epnre roronentxo ns emopo xononxn
nmo Tao.ui uenpaeu.iuix e.aeo.oe (nanp.: 'wrote).
NB.
Bcnomnnre raxxe, uro
n anrnncxom npenoxennn
nepe( emopi+, mpemiu+ n r.. rnaronom (n umou npemenn !)
onsa1eutno nyxno crannrt :acmu:rv/c.oee:ro 'to mv
(cm. raxxe crp. 31).
Hpnmept c npaeuuoum+ rnaronom:
&
1 & 2
On npnxasaH mne yexa1L.
He ordereD me TO leave.
xu ooooo +uu mv.nue
H:
1 2
On npnxasaH mne HE yesxa1L.
He orderED me NOT TO leave.
xu ooooo +uu uom mv .uue
Hpnmept c uenpaeu.iui+ rnaronom:
&
1 & 2
Ona cxasaHa mne ocrana1Lcx ram.
Ona cxasaHa mne, u1Ot x ocra(na)ncx ram.
She tolD me TO stay there.
uiu mov.o +uu mv cmo +o
H:
1 2
Ona cxasaHa mne HE ocrana1Lcx ram.
She tolD me NOT TO stay there.
uiu mov.o +uu uom mv cmo +o
4op+v.a 5 HEPBMH VPOBEHI Onn eeueuu mne ecmamo
37 36
6) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
HE 3HAK . I DOA`1 know .
OH HE XOuE1 . He DOESA`1 want .
HE FEIAB . I DIDA`1 run.
HE BVV erart

I WILL AO1 run.
I WOA`1 run.
urot cxasart, uro Bt nnn xro-ro uero-ro HE EhAere/-er/-n,
nyxno ncnomnnrt, uro n anrnncxom xstxe CAM IBAIOB
n ompuame.iuix roucmpvrux HE H3MEHRETCR,
a ncera ocrarcx n cnoe cuoeapuo qop+e
nmecro nero pasnme qop+i npnnnmaer
ompuame.iua uacmuua!
Hnn, ronopx nnaue,
y anrnnuan nmeercx 4 e.aeo.iuie ompuame.iuie :acmui
4 . ue .
n nx xaxo xonxperno cnryannn ncnontsyercx
ceo noxoxmee ue:
1) DOA`1 nx n, 1m/nm, um, onn, xorM
n HAC1ORHEM npemenn;
2) DOESA`1 nx on(C), ona(C), ono(C), K1o(C)?
n xo1(C) roxe n HAC1ORHEM npemenn;
3) DIDA`1 nx ncex .u/cvoermoe n umo+ uncne
n HPOHEHEM npemenn;
4) WOA`1 nx ncex .u/cvoermoe n umo+ uncne
n BVVHEM npemenn.
H:
1 2 3
On npnxasaH mne era1L n nptra1L.
He orderED me TO run and TO jump.
HAHOMHHAHHE.
V:mume, uro
aue.u:aue cranxr 'to
u nepe emopi+, u nepe mpemiu+ rnaronom,
a a+epuraui sauacrym cranxr oxsarentnoe 'to
rontxo nepe emopi+ rnaronom:
1 2 3
He ordered me TO run and jump.
HPHMEP ns CAHKT-HETEPFVPICKOH H3HH:
Kora mne nonaonnact When I needed
xomnannx-nepenosunx, a transportation company,
mo pyr noconeronan mne my Iriend adviseD me
narn xomnannm Coqmuau 1O Iind the 'Softline company
onn npeocrannxmr nce nnt ycnyr, they render all kinds oI services
nxnmuax crpaxonanne including insurance
n cxnanponanne. and storage.
nosnonnn I called
no ren. (812) 3-36-37-35 (812) 3-36-37-35
n onn nc ycrponnn! and they arranged everything!
4op+v.a 5 HEPBMH VPOBEHI ue suam
39 38
The teacher DOESA`1 write books.
,ommi:o oa3um pam ovrc
Vunrent HE nnmE1 xnnr.
B npoueue+ xe epe+euu ompuauue HO1 'NOT
( 'N`T) nyxno npnannxrt, xax Bt, naemct, nomnnre,
1outxo x :acmue 'DID:
HHOT ( HH1 DIDN`T,
n +ra nonax ompuame.iua :acmua ynorpenxercx
co nceun cvoerma+u.
Honyuaercx: We DIDA`1 see him.
wn ouum cuu xu+
Mt HE nneBn ero.
A n yyue+ npemenn, xax Bt, naemct, raxxe nomnnre,
ompuauue HO1 'NOT 'N`T
cneyer 3A nnn npnannxercx rontxo K camomy norasame.m ovov-
ueeo npemenn
'WILL,
n nonyuaercx:
WHH HOT . 'WILL NOT . nnn( WOVHT . 'WON`T:
Mt HE BVEM noxynart nonym mamnny, ecnn ne npoanm crapym.
We WILL AO1 buy a new car unless we sell the old one.
wn wn. uom oa oumv raa au.ec wn co. ,oov.o wau
We WOA`1 .
BOT H BC!
3nax +ro, mt cocrannxem +nemenrapnym cxe+v:
Hyxnax Heus+euuui
CVB1EK1 ompuuameuouaa IHAIOH ns cnonapx
HAC1HHA (es 'to).
Bp
'
e+
Hanpnmep:
HEus+euu.
OH1 IhAIOh ns cnonapx:
& & &
I DOA`1 WANT this apple.
a ooum woum ,uc n.
HE xouy +ro xnoxo.
Ho, nomnnre, uro c OHc, OHAc, OHOc, KTOc?
(n c cymecrnnrentntmn n euucmeeuuo+ uncne) n uacmoaue+
epe+euu nyano ncnontsonart
:acmuv A3H1 '. DOESN`T ., a HE ooum
(oasum 'doeSnot),
rax xax n nacroxmem npemenn ecrnyer npannno OnC,
no ca+ rnaron nocne :acmu HE nsmenxercx
snaunr, 'S nepeuocumc n( :acmuv:
'He/ she/ it A3H1 Inaron (n c.oeapuo ]opme):
1 2
HE DOESA`1 WANT to swim.
xu oa3um woum mocwn+
On(C) HE xouE1 nnanart.
3amernnn?
Hepe emopi+ rnaronom onsa1eutna :acmua 'to !!!
4op+v.a 6 HEPBMH VPOBEHI ue suam
41 40
A XB HH um qpo+ +a ov.o qpouo.
I HAVE LEARNED it Irom my old Iriend.
V 3 H A B +ro or cnoero craporo pyra.
H:
Xu X3 BOO1 um oo.p+ou.
He HAS BOUCH1 it already.
On yxe KYHHB +ro. (H +mo y nero ecmo !!!).
V mpaouuoua.ucmoe nmenno +ra roucmpvru xax pas n nmeer
ono ns rex crpamntx nasnann 'Present Perfect.
CVTI E B TOM, uTO BI KOIA-TO uTO-TO CEBABH,
H CAMO
3TO EHC1BHE nnn 300EK1 OT HEIO

BH1CR O CHX HOP .
Ha pyccxn xstx +ra roucmpvru otuno nepenonrcx npoueo-
uu+ npemenem coeepueuuoeo euoa rnarona, no (enc1nne, nepea-
naemoe anno roucmpvrue, ncera nmeer recnym cnxst c rour-
pemui+ momenrom, n xax t HE npeptnaercx na momenr peun.
Bet n ntmenpnnenntx npnmepax uu ro, uro x vsuau,
uu ro, uro ou rvnuu na ceronxmnn ent ue ncuesno, npana?
H axe nastnax xaxo-ro +o+eum n npou.o+,
Bt ronopnre HE o rom,
uro +ro ecrnne n annt momenr cocmo.oci,
a o rom, uro ono xora-ro panee HAHABOCL,
n uuo ero pesyntrar nooeouemc no +ror +o+eum,
uuo ono uauuuaa c +roro momenra uumca O cux nop:
Yesterday BY 3.00 I had already Iinished my job.
Buepa K 3.00 x yxe saxonunu cnom paory.
7) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
CEhAH .
TI HAHHCAH .
OH CTEH .
Cenart +ro +nemenrapno!
ocrarouno cnoxnrt
noxoxmym qop+v rnarona 'HAVE n uacmoaue+ epe+euu
c 3-n 4OPMOH ( c naccnnnmu onpeoe.euue+)
nyxnoro Bam rnarona ( cm. xonen +ro rnanxn na crp. 44).
To ecrt:
'XB (nnn 'X3) 3-n qop+a nyxnoro IHAIOHA.
nnn nx ompuame.iua qop+a
3naunr: (y npaeu.iuix rnaronon): ( ( (

&
'HAVE/HAS
&
'HAVEN`T/HASN`T
Iuarou(e)D.
Hanomnnam, uro 3-n qop+a rnarona +ro (naccnnnoe) onpee-
ueuue, nponsnennoe or rnarona (nanpnmep: onpeoe.euue no-
cunrAHnt 'countED or rnarona 'count cunrart), n
opasyercx ono:
a) 'rnaron(e)D y npaeu.iuix rnaronon,
nnn:
) ntsypennax nnn nsxrax ns 3-en xononxn Tannnt uenpa-
eu.iuix rnaronon eomoeaa qop+a y uenpaeu.iuix rnaronon:
}
HEPBMH VPOBEHI cenau . 4op+v.a 7
43 42
B nepenoe c pyccxoro na anrunncxnn moryr trt n neoxnan-
nocrn, rax xax, nanpnmep, Bt onxnt npnntxnyrt x mtcnn, uro axe
raxne, xasanoct t, euie npenoxennx xax
Hoc.eouee epe+ on mne ouent no+oeaE1,
nepenoxrcx na npaeuuoum anrnncxn moxe npn nomomn
+ro qop+v.i:
'He HAS BEEA very helpful these davs (nnn: 'so far).
xu xs ouuu e+pu x+.nqv. ,uus oos (nnn: cov qaa)
Tax xax, nomnre, uro
ou HAHAB no+oeami ueromopoe epe+ uasao,
u HOMOIAET O cux nop ('has)!
I.aeo.o+ n +rom ntpaxennn xnnxercx cauo eipaweuue
'be (very) helpIul, n nsmenxercx (no epe+eua+) n +rom eipaweuuu
1outxo rnaron 'have, noxastnammn, IE no npemenn naxonrcx
ra mo:ra, no xoropym/ u xoropo nooeouemc +ro ecrnne!
Ecnn xe +ro ecrnne oxastnaercx em n uauu+ca
nnn pacmauymm+, ro Bt moxere n onxnt +ro
norasami, nocrponn cneymmym uoucmpyuuum
(npnum +ra roucmpvru n nocnenee npemx
ynorpenxercx upesntuano uacro):
`VE BEEN
.ume.
&
iuocmi
CVB1EK1 u.u INGoea qop+a
`S BEEN c+mcuoeoeo rnarona.
H nuenno c+ic.oeo rnaron onxen croxrt (n +ro x npomy Bac
sanomnnrt nameprno!)
n INGoeo qop+e:
{
B xauecrne xonxperno nocxasxn mory oannrt, uro pexomenym
ncnontsonart nmenno roucmpvrum 'Have 3-x qop+a sauacrym
em n TOIA, xora Bt moxere ncrannrt n ne
vrasvmuue cnoneuxn:
yxe 'already oo.p+ou
xora-nnyt 'ever +eo
nnxora 'never u+eo
em 'yet em
em ne . 'not yet uom em.
HPHMEPI:
Have we already completed the mission? Mt yxe saeepuuuu
mnccnm?
Have you ever been to London? Tt xora-nnyt mu n
honone?
He has never been to Russia On nnxora ne mu n Poccnn.
She hasn`t finished yet Ona em ne sauouuuua.
They haven`t yet arrived Onn em ne npumuu.
Been - ouuu 3-n qop+a rnarona 'be.
Cmorpnre, net pas yx onn vwe saeepuu.u nnn eu ue
sarou:u.u, ro no ncex +rnx cnyuaxx peut n nr nmenno o mauux
ecrnnxx, xoropte uauauuco xora-ro, n nx nocnenxx ]asa (n sa-
eepuuuocmi, n uesarou:euuocmi) noronxercx no
uacmoauu (have, has) momenr .
Bet axe ecnn xro-ro eu ue oi. e Houooue, ro net n
HE BMH-ro on ram O CHX HOP . ne rax nn?
3anounn1e:
'have been to . notnart e .!
HEPBMH VPOBEHI cenau . 4op+v.a 7
45 44
8) KAK CKA3ATB ?
EHAR, CEHAB
1) B anrnncxom cymecrnymr
rax nastnaemte 'INGoeie qop+i,
onnm ns pyccxnx coomeemcmeu xoroptm n xnnxercx name
oeenpu:acmue ( uoa, rvpa n np.):
On ymn, xypa cnom roncrym cnrapy.
He left smoking his thick cigar.
xu .eqm c+ovruue xus ur cueaa
Ona croxna, cmeact no oxm.
She stood laughing in the rain.
uiu cmvo .aaquue uu op+u
Mt cnenn ram, rnxa na +roro roncroro myxunny.
We sat there looking at this thick man;
wn cm +o .yruue m uc ur +u
2)
A urot cxasart coe.aB nnn, nanpnmep, sarou:uB,
Bam nyxno c.owumi INGoevm qop+v rnarona 'have
( 'having)
c 3-en qop+o nyxnoro Bam c+mcuoeoeo rnarona.
0op+yua sect raxona:
HAVING 3-n qop+a c+ic.oeoeo rnarona:
I`ve been thinking about you (nc npeun) y+am o ree.
He`s been trying to get it (Hocnenee npemx) on
(noc1onnno) nmmaemca sanonyunrt +ro.
NB 1. Ecnn xe Bt uro-ro Cenann em O xaxoro-ro (pyroro
ecrnnx, xoropoe roxe cocroxnoct e npouuo+, ro n noxaxnre +ro
qop+o 'have!!!,
samennn 'have n 'has
( qop+i 'have nx uacmoaueeo epe+euu)
na qop+v h HPOHEHEIO BPEMEHH ( 'HAD:
yxe peuuB +ry saauy K TOMV BPEMEHH, xora rt HPHHB.
I HAD already solveD this problem BY the time you CAME.
a x( oo.p+ou co.eo ,uc npoo.e+ oa ,oma+ mv ro+
To ecrt:
. rt npuuB 'you came,
a V menx vwe BMBA pemena . 'I already HAD .!!!
3naunr, yxe pemnB ( oecmeue n npouuo+)
O roro, xax rt npnuB ( O pyroro oecmeu n npouuo+)!!!
NB 2.
To xe camoe n c yyuu+ npemenem:
K 5.00 x yxe uanuuy +ry crartm.
BY 5.00 I WILL already HAVE written this article.
oa qae or.or a wn. oo.p+ou xe pumu uc aamur.
A renept cpouno munrect
sa monmn Aueuucuu+u 'epe+eua+u u 'uoucmpyuuua+u!!!
HEPBMH VPOBEHI enaa, cenae . 4op+v.a 7
47 46
9) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
HHKOIA HHKOIO HE .
Cnryannx OuEHI npocra!
Kax yxe ronopnnoct, n anrnncxom HE HVHO ynorpenxrt
c1outxo ompuauu,
cxontxo +i ynorpenxem n pvccro+!
Bmecro BVX nnn axe TPX n onee ompuauu, xoropte
moryr trt n pyccxom npenoxennn (nanpnmep: HHxora HHxo-
ro HE nmnn),
n anrnncxom npenoxennn moxer trt
1outxo OHO ompuauue (n nmo ero qop+e).
H nycxa Bac ue cnnamr c ronxy npeo.oweuu-omeemi rnna:
No, I don`t go there! Hem, x ue ny rya!,
uov a ooum eov ,+o
nocxontxy sect, ]axrnuecxn, HE ono, a BA npenoxennx,
pasennnte x romy xe sanxro, nmecro xoropo moxno tno t
cnoxono nocrannrt rouxy.
I. OHO pyccxoe ompuauue +ro nno:
1) anrnncxoe 'NOT, ncnontsyemoe camocroxrentno/orentno
or cnona, xoropoe ono ompuaem
(nanpnmep, '. could no t ue mor
'not me ue x, ue menx,
'not him ue ero,
'I am no t n r..),
On ymn, saxonunB +ry paory.
He left having finished this job;
xu .eqm xeuue qnuuuim uc owo
3) Cm. crp. 164 (On ymn, ue crasaB nn cnona).
HAHOMHHAHHE.
urot opasonart 3-m qop+v anrnncxoro rnarona
( naccnnnoe onpeoe.euue),
x xonny rnarona nyxno npnannrt orou:auue '(e)D
ecnn +ro rnaron npaeu.iui
(nanp.: 'countED cocunrAHnt).
Ecnn xe rnaron uenpaeu.iui
(ro ecrt, ecnn on ue nounnxercx npaeu.v '(e)D),
ro ero 3-m qop+v ( cnono)
epnre roronentxo ns mpemoe xononxn
nmo Tao.ui uenpaeu.iuix e.aeo.oe (nanp.: 'written).
HEPBMH VPOBEHI uuxora uuxoro ue . 4op+v.a 8
49 48
'NO 'THING ('AOTHING HH:mo, HH:mo HE.,
ua6uue HH:eeo, HH:eeo HE..
'NO 'WHERE ( 'AOWHERE HHeoe, HHeoe HE.
uov w+o HHrvoa, HHrvoa HE.:
1 2 12
On HHKOIA HE nxm He AEVER lies.
xu u+eo .as
1 2 12
Ona HHKOIO HE nmum She loves NOBODY.
uiu .aes uovooou
1 2
Ona HE enaem HHuero, utot nomout mne.
12
She does AOTHING to help me;
uiu oas ua6uue mv x+.n +uu
) couerannem 'AO1 AAY nnn 'DOA`1 AAY . ,
npnum 'AAY moxer (xax n 'NO!) ntcrynart xax cauoc1on-
1eutno ro ecrt omeuouo, rax n n cocrane nentx/rorontx cnon,
xoropte cmpomc rouno rax xe, xax cnona c 'NO '.
Hpnum n +rnx uoeix cnonax 'AAY ntnonnxer pont xax t
coomeemcmeu pyccxomy emopo+y ompuauum:
1 2 1 2
DOA`1 touch AAYthing! HE rporan HHuero!
ooum mam: +uu6uue
nnn +ro:
2) 'N`T, xoropoe ncnontsyercx:
a) yyun npucoeuuuum+ x ceoe+v cnony
(nanpnmep, 'can`t ue mory),
rum
n
) n cocrane, nanpnmep, ompuuameuouo :acmui
('don`t, 'doesn`t, 'didn`t nnn 'won`t) c rnaronamn
n n nmtx pyrnx ero co:emauux
'isn`t, 'wasn`t, 'hasn`t n r..);
3) nno +ro 'NO nepe cymecrnnrentntmn
(nnn nepe nx onpeoe.euu+u):
I have AO
(big) money V menx HE1 (ontmnx) ener;

II. BA pyccxnx ompuauu moxere nepeanart:
a) anrnncxnmn cnonamn, VE nmemmnmn n cnom cocrane
OTPHHAHHE 'NO:
'NO 'EVER ( 'AEVER HHroeoa, HHroeoa HE..
u+eo
'NO 'BODY ( 'AOBODY HHrmo, HHrmo HE.,
uovooou HHroeo HE..
'NO 'ONE ( 'AONE HH oouoeo, HH onoro HE.,
uau HH onoro HE1.
51 50
2 3 1 1 2 3
HHuero HHxomy HE ana. I DIDA'1 give AAYthing to AAYone;
a ououm eue +uu6uue mv +uuwau
IV. ea nnn mpu pyccxnx ompuauu moryr no-anrnncxn nepea-
nartcx n npn nomomn enncrnennoro
oeouoeo anrnncxoro ompuauu
neither . nor . ua,o . uoo . 1) . uu ., uu .;
2) . ue . uu ., uu .:
1 2
He neither drinks, nor smokes.
On uu ntm, uu xypum.
1 2 3 12 3
He ena uu roro, uu pyroro! Do neither this, nor that!
Hpanonon nen1p Natalya Markozubova`s
Harantn Mapxosyono Legal Center
n e ]npma Kasyc uoucaum and her 'Casus Consult
uuuoea ue noneyr Bac will never let you down
n pemar nce Bamn nponemt, and will solve all your problems
nxnmuax mexynaponte cnopt. including international disputes.
1 2 1 2
She DOESA'1 go AAYwhere! Ona HE eem HHxya!
uiu oasum eov +uuwoo
1 2 1 2
I DIDA'1 meet AAYone HE ncrperuu HHxoro.
a ouum +uum +uuwau
1 2
She will AO1 talk to AAY stranger.
uiu wn. uom moor mv +uu cmp+uowie
1 2
Ona HE y(e1 pasronapnnart HH c xem uyxnm;
n) ocotm ooopomo+: 'without INGoea qop+a rnarona
(crp. 164):
On ymn, ue cxasan uu cnona He leIt without saying a word;
xu .eqm wu,avm c+uue owo
III. TPETBE (n onee) pyccxoe ompuauue 1axae nepeanare
anrnncxnm 3HH 'ANY
(no nocroxnno opamare nnnmanne na pasuuuy n nopore c.oe
mexy anrnncxnmn n pyccxnmn npenoxennxmn!):
1 2 3 12 3
HHxora HE nmn. HHxoro I AEVER loved AAYbody.
a u+eo .aeo 3HHooou
2 3 1
HHuero HHre HE rpora.
1 2 3
I DIDA'1 touch AAYthing AAYwhere.
a ououm mam: +uu6uue +uuwoo
53 52
Byo mnn co mnom! Buu uac mv +uu!
Be nice to me!
Hu xa, uynu +ry xnnry npxmo ceuac!
Iov uo oa ,m ovr pam uav!
Co and buy that book right now!
Bce anrunncxne rnaront/c.oea, xoroptmn Bt sect ' npocu.u
nnn npurasiea.u, rouno rax xe n ntrnxxr n nmom cnonape!
A urot cxasart: HE . (ena)!:
1) Bostmnre :acmuv OH1 .! ('DON`T .!),
n npnantre x ne ueus+euuui rnaron ns cnonapx (es 'to),
a nx ycnnennx sanpema nocrantre cpasy xe nocne :acmui
'DOA`1 . ! ( nepe( rnaronom)
em n cvoermuoe mecronmenne 'you: 'Don`t you . !!!!
Hanpnmep:
He mpami spx cno paronennoe npemx na ypanxne nemn!
Don`t YOU waste your precious time Ior Ioolish things!
OH1 mv w+cm o np+uiec ma+ qoo qyv.uui 6uues!
He +eua noxy c nnnom! Don`t mix vodka and beer!
OH1 +urc eoora uo ono!
He oeueac! Don`t move!
OH1 +vve!
OH1 IOV 3HHwoo! HE XOH HHxya!
DOA`1 GO AAYwhere! ( Hame eouoe ompuauue).
10) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
CEBAH 3TO! HE EBAH 3TOIO!
Ceuame 3TO! HE euame 3TOIO!
aea, x cenam +ro!
Hycmo on cenaer +ro! Hycmo on HE enaer +roro!,
r.e. nonpocumi, nocoeemoeami, sanpemumi nnn npurasami?
3hEMEHTAPHO!
Hpn npocioe nnn npurasauuu rnaron-npurasauue
HE nsmenxercx, a ncnontsyercx ero 1-n qop+a,
r.e. ra, xoropym Bt nnnre n cnonape.
Hpome ronopx: Orxptnn cnonapt, nocmorpenn cnono
31HM CHOBOM n npocume nnn ro+auovme!.
B pyccxom xstxe ecrt rouno raxax xe mryxa:
Cmoamo!,
Bexamo!,
Mouuamo!,
Hpoouxamo euxeuue!
(no c ropaso onee orpannuenntm npnmenennem
n apmnn n n mnnnnnn).
Hpnmept:
Ho+oeu(-re) mne, noxanycra! X+un +uu, n.uus!
Help me, please!
a xa mne 100 onnapon notcrpee!
Iue +uu oxauopoo oarc uav!
Cive me a hundred bucks now!
HEPBMH VPOBEHI Ceua +ro! 4op+v.a 10
55 54
1 2
HE cmapac ymart o nponnxennn no cnyxe.
OH1 mpa mo6nur ooavm npo+ovuiu
'DON`T trv to think about promotion.
H:
1 2
Crapacx HE ov+ami o nponnxennn no cnyxe.
mpa HO1 mo6nur ooavm npo+ovuiu
'Try AO1 to think about promotion;
Touno rax xe xax Ceua +ro! crpoxrcx n ntpaxennx rnna
Hoseouo mne ., aea, x .:
LET Ozeumuoe IHAIOH ns cnonapx
mecronmenne (es 'to),
r.e. +ro rounax xonnx pyccxoro ntpaxennx
AH +ue CEHATB +ro!.
NB. 'LET .em nosnonxrt, paspemart, Hycmo . .
Cmorpnre:
Hycmo ou yr! (
Let him go!
( a euy yrn!
Hanpnmep:
Hoseouo, x c(euam +ro nx rex! Let me do it Ior you!
Hoseouo mne c(eua1t +ro nx rex! .em +uu ovv um qoo mv
Bvrea.iuo: a mne c(eua1t +ro nx rex!
a e xynn1t ree +ry xnnry! Let her buy that book Ior you!
Hycmo ona xynn1 ree +ry xnnry! .em x oa ,m ovr qoo mv
HE eoeopu emy, utot on +ro cenan! Don`t tell him to do this!
OH1 mo. xu+ mv oyv ,uc!
Ho:
Cuaxu emy HE oe.ami +roro! 1ell him AO1 to do this!
1+u xu+ HO1 mooyv ,uc!
A nocxontxy mt snaem, uro rnaron 'be raxo xe rnaron xax
n pyrne, ro npannna anno qop+v.i pacnpocrpanxmrcx n na nero:
HE BVL myaxom! DOA`1 BE an asshole! ooum ouu ucxov.
2) Hcnontsyre re xe camte oeouie ompuauu,
nanpnmep:
12 1 2
AEJER TRUST a pretty Iace! HHKOIA HE OBEPH
u+eo mpacm onpumu qoc xpacnnomy nnny!
You can regret it! Moxemt noxanert o +rom!
mv ru puep+m um
12 1 2 1 2
TAKE AO1HIAC! HE FEPH HHEIO! DOA`1 TAKE AAYTHING!
TJHK HA6HHI OH1 mor 3HH6uue
NB 1. Pesxo ycnun1t sanpem moxno n pas(eunn 'Do n 'not:
Do AO

1 come to me anymore!
ovv uom ra+ mv +uu ouu+oo
HE npnxon xo mne ontme!
NB 2. Tax xe ncnomnnre, uro nepe xaxtm emopi+, mpemiu+
n r.. anrnncxnm rnaronom nyano crannrt norasame.i
ueonpeoe.uuo qop+i rnarona :acmuv 'to:
HEPBMH VPOBEHI Ceua +ro! 4op+v.a 10
57 56
11) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
HE 3AC1ABBRH(-me) MEH . !
HVC1L OH HE 3AC1ABBRE1 MEH .
3nemenrapno!
1) 4op+v.a nx HE sac1anunn(-re) menx .!:
'DOA`1 MAKE KOIO . IHAIOH es 'to
(Ozeumu. mecronm.) (Cuoeapuaa qop+a),
rax xax e.aeo. 'make +or
xpome snauenn oe.ami, useomae.ueami
nmeer em snauennx sacmaeuamo, npuuyxamo:
He sacmaeua MEHB coxanert o +rom!
Don`t make ME regret about it!
He sacmaeua EIO nnarnrt! Don`t make HIM pay!
He sacmaeua HAC nnaxart! Don`t make US cry!
He sacmaeua HX cmexrtcx! Don`t make THEM laugh!
ooum +or ,o+ .aaq
He sacmaeua CBOHX POHTEHEH coxanert o +rom!
Don`t make YOUR PARENTS regret about it!;
ooum +or o n+opoumc puep+m ooavm um
2) Ecnn xe peut nr o rom, urot rmo-mo pyro HE sacmae-
.. roeo-uuovoi euamo :mo-uuovoi, ro nyxno ncnontsonart
ooopom, nonnocrtm coornercrnymmn pyccxomy
HVC1L OH HE 3ACTABHRET . !
(cmorpn crartm X10 Coe.a omo! na crp. 52).
Ompuuauue n +rom cnyuae crponrcx +nemenrapno
rouno, xax no-pyccxn:
Hosnont(-re) +ue yrn! a(-re) +ue yrn! Let ME go!
.em +uu eov
Hosnont(-re) +ue HE vxooumi! Let me AO1 go!
.em +uu uom eov
Let him AO1 do it! Let`s AO1 dance!
Hycrt ou HE oe.aem +ro(-ro)! ana(-re) HE maueeami!
HO:
HE ABAH emy . ! u.u HE HO3BOHBH e . !:
'Don`t let him ruarou ns cnonapx (es 'to):
Don`t let him do it!
HE oaea emy enart +roro!
Hanpnmep:
He aea emy cxnarnrt rex! Don`t let him grasp you!
ooum .em xu+ epaacn mv
He noseoua e nsenartcx na room! Don`t let her mock you!
ooum .em x +or mv
H axe:
Don`t let`s dance! aea(-me) ue ye+ rannenart!
HEPBMH VPOBEHI He sacmaeua menx . ! 4op+v.a 10
59 58
12) KAK CKA3ATB ?
HE BVL HHOTOM !
HE BVL1E +MOTAMH !
BVL MHh CO MHOR
Hpome npocroro !
BVL mnn co mnom! BE nice to me!
ouu uac mv +uu
BVL ram! BE there!
+o
NB.
Hpnum no-anrnncxn pasuui mexy Byo ..! n Byome ..!
ner:
Byo naropasymen!
BE reasonable!
Byome naropasymntmn!
}
ouu puusuo.
A renept ncnomnnm, uro anrnncxn rnaron 'BE trt raxo
xe e.aeo. xax n nce ocrantnte anrnncxne e.aeo.i, uro on nounnxer-
cx otuntm npannnam, n no+romy c nnm 1oae moxno / nyano ncnont-
sonart anrnncxym sanpemume.iuvm :acmuv 'DONT ... !.
4op+v.a sect ntrnxnr cneymmnm opasom:
'DONT BE KEM ue nyxno trt
nnn KAKHM ue nyxno trt,
Tontxo aue.osi:uie ronopxr:
HE HO3BOBRH EMY 3AC1ABBR1L 1en rnaron !,
a & nmenno: & & & &
'DON`T LE1 HIM MAKE you . !.
ooum .em xu+ +or mv
To ecrt ouu enamr +ro npn nomomn rnarona
'let .em (ana1t, nosnoun1t, paspema1t.
Hpnmept
(npnum nocmorpnre: 2-e eapuaumi pyccxnx npnmepon xnnxmrcx
(are) rountmn cnono n cnono ra.ira+u anrnncxnx npe-
noxenn!!!):
Hyc1t ou ne sacrannxer e crpaart!
He (anan e+y sacrannxrt e crpaart!
Don`t let him make her suIIer!
ooum .em xu+ +or x caqo
Hyc1t oua ne sacrannxer ux coxanert!
He (anan e sacrannxrt ux coxanert!
Don`t let her make them regret!
ooum .em x +or ,o+ puep+m
Hyc1t ouu ne sacrannxmr uac nc noprnrt!
He (anan u+ sacrannxrt uac nc noprnrt!
Don`t let them make us spoil everything!
ooum .em ,o+ +or ac cno. +epu6uue
Kax Bt, naemct, samernnn, n 1axou ' anrnncxom npenoxennn
moxer trt n 2 ooermuix mecronmennx!
4op+v.a 11 HEPBMH VPOBEHI He yo nnorom!
61 60
13) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
(HE) MOIV .
(HE) MOI .
(HE) MOI BM .
(HE) CMOIV .
Hpomy Bac ne nsoperart nenocnnea, a ncnomnnrt nnn sanono
sasypnrt ncero-nancero 2 o.e+euma 1 sa+euume.i, xoropte
noxoxr xo nceu .ua+ ro ecrt eapuaumi, xoropte moxno
ynorpenxrt c ummun cvoerma+u:
1) Mory, uoaemt, uoaer, uoaem, uoaere, uoryr . CAN .;
ru
2) Mor . , uorun . COULD .
Mor BM . , mornn BM . rvo
nnn WOULD BE ABLE TO .;
wvo ouu +o. mv
3) Cmory, Cmoxemt, Cmoxer, Cmoxem . WILL BE ABLE TO .
Cmoxere, Cmoryr wn. ouu +o. mv
H, coornercrnenno,
HE mory, HE moxemt, HE moxer, HE moxem, CANNOT .
HE moxere n HE moryr . ruom
nnn corpau.: CAN`T .
rum
H oparnre nnnmanne: n cnone 'ca nnot y(apenne naaer
na 'ca n., a ue na 'not !!!.
npnuem KEM nepearcx cyuecmeumeuoum+,
a KAKHM nepearcx onpeeueuue+.
HAHPHMEP:
He yo(-me) nnorom! DONT BE an idiot!
ooum ouu u nouom
He yo(-me) xmorom! DONT BE a miser!
ooum ouu o+aso
He yo(-me) raxnm narntm! DONT BE so arrogant!
ooum ouu cov poeoum
H
VCHHBTE, ncrannn '. you .:
He yome nt raxnmn rnyntmn! DONT you BE so stupid!
He yo rt raxnm rnyntm! ooum mv ouu cov cmmvnuo
HAHOMHHAHHE.
Bt moxere em onee vcu.umi Bamy npociov,
pas(eunn 'Do n 'not:
Do AO1 be aIraid! a HE ocx xe rt!
ovv uom ouu oqp+o
4op+v.a 12 HEPBMH VPOBEHI (ue) +oey .
63 62
1 2
Would you be able to steal? Tt m c/uor eopoeamo?
wvo mv ouu +o. mv cmnu.
1 2
Will she be able to learn English? Cuoae1 ona emyuumo
wn. uiu ouu +o. mv .u nue.uui anrnncxn?
They cannot arrive that* soon Onn ne uory1 npummo rax*
,o ruom opae ,m cvvu tcrpo.
We can`t stay here any longer Mt ne uoaeu sect ontme
wn rum cmo xno +uu .oueo ocmaeamoca.
He couldn`t say anything On ne uor cuasamo nnuero.
xu rvoum co +uu6uue
1 2
I wouldn`t be able to deceive people m ue c/uor
a wvoum ouu +o. mv oucnue nuun. o+aumeamo nme.
1 2
She won`t be able to come in time Ona ue cuoae1
uiu wovum ouu +o. mv ra+ uu ma+ npuexamo nonpemx.
* Ecnn Bt xornre cxasart norpacueee,
ro nmecro 'so n snauennn uacmououo
ynorpenxre c.oee:ro 'that m.
HE mor, HE mornn COULD NOT rvo uom
HE mor oi . , HE mornn oi . nnn: COULDN`T,
rvoum
nnn: WOULDA`1 BE ABLE TO .
wvoum ouu +o. mv
HE Cmory n r.n. WILL NOT BE ABLE TO .
nnn coxpamnno: WON`T BE ABLE TO .
wovum ouu +o. mv
Hanomnnam, uro nocue o.e+eumoe 'CAA, 'COULD,
a raxxe nocne ummx ]opm ooopoma 'BE ABLE 1O .
nocue(ymmne e.aeo.i ynorpenxmrcx yxe es 'to.
A n nonpocax c nnmn ( ' )
ne nyanm HHKAKHE eonpocume.iuie :acmui
(ro ecrt HHKAKHX 'Do .? n r.n.).
Hpnmept:
Can you swim? Bt uoae1e nuaeamo?
ru mv cwn+ Bt yuee1e nuaeamo?
Could you see her yesterday? Morun Bt e euemo nuepa?
rvo mv cuu x ecmooo
Could you do me a Iavor? He uorun m Bt ouasamo
rvo mv ovv +uu oq+eo mne ycnyry?
4op+v.a 13 HEPBMH VPOBEHI (ue) +oey .
65 64
A nor ooopom 'HAVE to . xe mv npnmennm no ncex epe+euax,
no n on us+euemc (( 'have to ., 'has to ., 'had to .),
uro moxer npecrannxrt ns cex nsnecrnym cnoxnocrt.
Hpnmept:
I haJE to go ouxeu yrn.
He haS to run away On(C) ouxeu yerart.
We haD to get it! Mt ouxum BMBH nonyunrt +ro!

We`LL have to leave Mt ouxum BVEM yexart.
NB. Bcnomnnre, uro
nocne 'must HE nyana :acmua 'to:
oo.weu crasami npany I must tell the truth.
a +acm mo. ,ompyv6
Tt oo.wua cnacmu ero You must save him.
mv +acm coe xu+
On oo.weu coe.ami +ro He must do it.
xu +acm ovv um
Mt oo.wui npoeepumi ero We must check him.
wn +acm :or xu+
HO:
1 2
ouxeu nsnnnnrtcx I have 1O apologize.
a xe mv ono.oows
14) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
OBEH .
BMB Oh+EH .
BVV Oh+EH .
3ect x npocro em pas onxen nanomnnrt Bam o o.e+eume
'MUST n o ero nonnom sa+euume.e/sa+ecmume.e ooopome
'HAVE TO . c pasnonnnocrxmn
( cm. crp. 226):
ouxeu ocrannrt rex omo.
I must get you home.
eom mv xov+
I have to get you home.
He has to get you home.
BCE had to get you home.
BCE will have to get you home.
I `ve got to get you home.
He `s got to get you home.
J.e+eumi 'MUST n ' `VE ( `S) GOT TO .
ynorpenxmrcx TOhIKO n uacmoaue+ npemenn,
no oosuauamo nmn moxno n ovovuee npemx (xax n no-pyccxn!),
yxastnax npn +rom, KOIA nc +ro npousoom:
ouxeu yexart saempa 'I must/ have to / `ve got to leave tomorrow.
I`ve got to go ouxeu yrn.
He`s got to run away On ouxeu yexart.
We`ve got to get it! Mt ouxum nonyunrt +ro!
4op+v.a 14 HEPBMH VPOBEHI ouxeu .
67 66
Onn BVV1 (ouanm sannarnrt
1 2
They will ( They`LL) have TO pay.
,o wn. ( ,oB) xe mon+
Hpomy raxxe nomnnrt, uro 'MUS1 n 'HAJE to .
nemnoro om.u:ammc pyr or pyra no c+ic.v:
'MUST ropaso onee uameeopuueu
n nmeem ( has) o ntmn orrenox oasameuocmea.
'HAVE TO . nmeer nexoropt orrenox emuyxeuuocmu
nnn nouuuuuocmu oocmome.icmea+
(nannune eueuue npnunnt).
NB. Ho em ontmn orrenox eiuvwoeuuocmu n san.auupoeauuoc-
mu nmeer pexe ynorpenxemax n mano Bam nsnecrnax neoxnannax
qop+v.a
'BE TO . (ntme ona npoxonna y nac n nne napnanra 'AM TO .),
n xoropo, ecrecrnenno,
no epe+eua+ n no .ua+ us+euaemca rnaron 'BE:
1 2
I am to go there ouxeu norn rya.
a + moeov ,+o
He is to go there On ouxeu norn rya.
We are to go there Mt ouxum norn rya.
She was to go there Ona ouxua mua norn rya.
They were to go there Onn ouxum muu norn rya.
'
Bpe+
1 2
Tt ouxua npoart mamnny You have 1O sell the car.
mv xe moc+. ,oraa
On ouxeu nsmennrt He haS 1O change the situation.
cnryannm xu x3 mo:+uoiw ,ocumm+uiu
Bt ouxum yexart sanrpa You have 1O leave tomorrow.
mv xe mo.nue mo+opov
(ouaen BMB nosnonnrt nonpemx I haD TO call in time.
a x moroo. uuma+
Tt (ouana BMBA cpasy xe npnrn
You haD TO come at once.
mv x mora+ mwauc
Ona (ouana BMBA xart She haD TO wait Ior him.
uiu x mow+m qoo xu+
Mt (ouanm BMBH npocrnrt ero We haD TO Iorgive him.
wn x moqooene xu+
BVV (ouaen coomnrt emy I`LL have TO inIorm him.
aB xe mv uuqoo+ xu+
Tt (ouana BVEHL nanncart nam
You`LL have TO write to us.
mvH xe mopam mv ac
On BVE1 (ouaen nepnyrtcx
He will ( He`LL) have TO come back.
xu wn. ( xuB) xe mora+ or
4op+v.a 14 HEPBMH VPOBEHI ouxeu .
69 68
1 2
We are (not) going to wait Mt (ne) conpae+cx (noo-)xart.
wn aa eovuue mv w+m
1 2
They are (not) going to read Onn (ne) conpammcx unrart.
,o aa eovuue mopnuo
1 2
I/he was (not) going to run /on (ne) conpaucx exart.
a/xu wos eovuue mopau
1 2
You/we/they were (not) going to write Tt/Bt/mt/onn (ne) conpaunct
mv/wn/,o w eovuue mopam nnca rt;
2) Cnono 'going n +ro qop+v.e Bt moxere samenxrt na
INGoevm qop+v umoro noxoxmero no cmtcny ruaroua, nanpnmep:
I`m (not) planning to leave today (ne) nuauupym yexamo ceronx;
a+ n.uuue mo.nue moo+
3) Bame ua+epeuue nnn we.auue moxer trt ntpaxeno
n npocro onnm ns coornercrnymmnx no cmtcny e.aeo.o+, xax ro:
intend uum+uo namepenartcx,
plan n.u nnannponart,
want woum xorert, n p.,
nanpnmep:
I (don`t) intend to leave (ne) ua+epeeamco yexart.
She (doesn`t) want to read Ona (ne) xouem unrart,
n r..
15) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
(HE) COBHPAPCB .
TI (HE) HAMEPEBAELBCB .
OHA (HE) HBAHHPVET .
nx +roro ecrt 1PH nosmoxnocrn:
1) Cymecrnyer 2 ycrounntx ooopoma
Hepem rnaron Bmopo rnaron
& &
'BE GOING TO . ouu eovuue mv .
n 'BE ABOUT TO . ouu ooavm mv .,
xoropte xonxperno n snauar: coupamoca, ua+epeeamoca,
mmo eomoem+ (:mo-mo coe.ami).
Hsmenxercx n nnx coornercrnenno .ua+ n BPEMEHAM
1outxo rnaron 'BE:
1 2
I`m (not) going to leave (ne) conpamct yesxart.
a+ eovuue mo.nue
1 2
I`m (not) about to leave (ne) conpamct yesxart.
a+ ooavm mo.nue
1 2
You are (not) going to Iight Tt (ne) conpaeuocx partcx.
mv aa eovuue moqam
1 2
She is (not) going to stay Ona (ne) conpaemcx ocrartcx.
uiu us eovuue mocm+
4op+v.a 15 HEPBMH VPOBEHI (ue) coupamco .
71 70
Mne uyxeu nont xocrmm ( I need a new suit.
a uuuo oumv cmvm
Tee uyxua nonax nopyra ( You need a new girlIriend.
mv uuuo oumv e.qpouo
Emy uyxuo nemnoro connna ( He needS some sun.
xu uuuos ca+ cau
E uyxum entrn ( She needS money.
uiu uuuos +auu
Ham uyxum anropyuxn ( We need pens.
wn uuuo nouc
Bam uyxum cnont ( You need elephants.
mv uuuo +.uqoumc
Hm uyxua samnra ( They need protection.
,o uuuo npom+ruiu
Ham mpeyemca cuerono ( We need an accountant.
wn uuuo uoravumoum
Mne uyxeu BMB anoxar ( I needED a lawyer.
a unuouo o.ooo
Emy BMBA uyxua crmapecca ( He needED the stewardess.
xu unuouo ,ocmmoouc
Tee / nam BMBH uyxum ry]nn ( You needED shoes.
mv unuouo umvs
16) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
MHE HVEH . , . 1PEBVE1CR .
MHE HE HVEH . , . HE 1PEBVE1CR .
EMV HVHA . , . 1PEBVE1CR .
MHE BMB HVEH . , . 1PEBOBABCR .
MHE BMBA HVHA . , . 1PEBOBABACL .
MHE BVE1 HVEH . , . BVE1 1PEBOBA1LCR .
Aue.osi:uie HE ronopxr: Mne (ne) nyxen .
OHH IOBOPRT:
(HE) HVAPCB B .,
a
HYATBCR B . 'NEED . uuuo.
Hpnum 'NEED . uuuo +ro camt otxnonennt
npaeuuoum rnaron, xoropt nsmenxercx no ncem otuntm npannnam:
NEED, needS, needED, needIAC,
uuuo uuuo3 unuoH unuoHHI
a raxxe:
'DON`T need, 'DOESN`T need, 'DIDN`T need, 'WON`T need
ne nyxno, ne muo nyxno, ne yem nyxno.
H onxrt ncnomnnm, uro n anrnncxom npenoxennn
oecmevem 1outxo cvoerm(-uoe mecronmenne)!:
4op+v.a 16 HEPBMH VPOBEHI Mue uyxeu .
73 72
17) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
MHE (HE) HVHO . (VXOHTI)
EMV (HE) HVHO .
MHE (HE) BMBO HVHO .
MHE (HE) BVE1 HVHO .
Ecnn Bam (ne) nyxno :mo-mo nnn :mo-uuovoi c/(eua1t,
ro ne mypcrnyx nyxano ncnontsyre TOT +E camt
npaeu.iui rnaron 'NEED TO . uuuo mv.
Hnn moxere cpasy xe sanomnnrt, uro
HYHO . (uro-ro c/(eua1t) yer no-anrnncxn
'NEED TO . ( rnaron) H nc !!!
Tontxo ne saytre 2 nemn:
1) HEPE rnaronom, oosnauammnm mo,
TO Bam uyxuo (nnn ue uyxuo) cenart,
oasameuouo nocrantre :acmu:rv '1O
otunt norasame.i ueonpeoe.uuo qop+i rnarona
( pyccxomy -1L na xonne rnarona: oeea1L, .eme1L, nu.u1L),
rax xax n +rom cnyuae +ro yxe emopo rnaron
(net nepem no cury rnaron +ro 'need);
2) uro n anrnncxom npenoxennn
oecmevem 1outxo cvoerm(uoe mecronmenne)!,
ro ecrt 1outxo 'I / you / we / they / he / she / it:
Emy 1peOBABCR sam ( He needED a loan.
xu unuouo o .ovu
H:
Mne HE uyxeu cuerono I don`t need any accountant.
oravumoum
Ham HE uyxeu cuerono We don`t need any accountant.
Emy HE mpeyemca sam He doesn`t need any loan.
E HE uyxum nmonnnxn She doesn`t need any lovers.
uiu oasum uuuo +uu .aeoc
Emy HE 1peonaBcn sam He diDn`t need any loan.
Mne HE nyaen BMB anoxar I diDn`t need a lawyer.
.ooe
Mne HE nyaen BVE1 anoxar I WON`T need a lawyer.
Emy HE nyaen BVE1 anoxar He WON`T need a lawyer.
Hm HE nyaen BVE1 anoxar They WON`T need any
lawyer.
NB.
Bcnomnnre, uro c ompuauu+u 'DON`T n r.n. xenarentno
ncnontsonanne c.oee:ra
'ANY +uu,
xoropoe n ompuauuu snaunr uuuauo.
I DOA`1 see AAY tigers HE nnxy HHxaxnx rnrpon.
a ooum cuu +uu maeoc
4op+v.a 16 HEPBMH VPOBEHI Mne (ue) uyxuo .
75 74
1-2) n HAC1ORHEM npemenn ncnontsyre
'DOA`1 . ooum
u.u 'DOESA`1 . oasum,
nanpnmep:
1 2
Mne ue nyano unnnrt mamnny I don`t need to repair my car.
a ooum uuuo mv pun+o +a raa
Emy ue nyano yesxart ceronx He doeSn`t need to leave today;
xu oa3um uuuo mo.nue moo+
3) n HPOHEHEM ncnontsyre 'DIDA`1 . ouum,
nanpnmep:
1 2
Ham HE nyano BMBO xpacrt +ro We DIDA`1 need to steal it;
wn ouum uuuo mocmnu. um
4) a n BVVHEM npemenn 'WOA`1 . wovum:
1 2
Hm HE nyano BVE1 yerart They WOA`1 need to run away.
,o wovum uuuo mopau ow+
NB.
Onaxo nmeercx em ona o.eeaumua nosmoxnocrt cxasart
Mne HE HV+HO .
(no rontxo n uacmoaue+ npemenn):
n anrnncxom cymecrnyer orentnt (+ooa.iui) o.e+eum
'NEEDN`T uuuoum,
Hpnmept:
1 2
Mne uyxuo yrn yrpom ( I need 1O leave in the morning.
a uuuo mo.nue uu ,o+oouuue
Tee uyxuo nocnart 2 uaca ( You need 1O sleep Ior 2 hours.
mv uuuo moc.nun qoo mvv avoc
Emy uyxuo nocnart nnctmo ( He needS 1O send a letter.
xu uuuo3 moc+uo o.emo
E uyxuo, (u1Ot) e nenonann ( She needS TO be kissed.
uiu uuuo3 moonu rucm
Ham BMBO nyano noexart ( We needED TO go.
wn unuou moeov
Bam BVE1 nyano npnrn cma (
( You'LL need 1O come here.
m. uuuo mora+ xno
Hm BVE1 nyano cnomart +ro (
( They WILL need 1O break it.
,o wn. uuuo moop+r um
O1PHHAHHE.
Ecnn xe Bam HE HV+HO . (:mo-mo enart),
ro epnre (n sanncnmocrn or cnryannn!)
ouy ns uertpx yxe nsnecrntx Bam ompuame.iuix :acmu:
77 76
NB 2: ne satnare, uro ecnn Bt xomy-ro uro-ro coeemveme, nnn
pero+euoveme, nnn eipawaeme xaxoe-ro we.auue ornocnrentno
xoro-nno, ro
(xort no-pyccxn +ro roxe snyunr xax: Tee t uyxuo .)
n +mo+ cnyuae
Bam neoxonmo/nyume ncnontsonart o.e+eum
'SHOULD/shouldn`t LP/umoum:
Tontxo
cyzeumuie mecronmennx:
&
E m uyxuo (oi.o oi) nocnart!
& She should have some sleep!
& uiu umo xe ca+ c.uun
&
Emy uyxuo muo m trt cmenee He should be braver.
& xu umo ouu op+eo
&
Ham m muo uyxuo noecrt ]pyxron
& We should eat some Iruits.
& wn umo uum ca+ qpvvmc
&
Hm m (uvwuo) norn n nonenonart e!
They should go and kiss her!
o umo eov uo ruc x
xoropt xax n nce! o.e+eumi HE nsmenxercx no .ua+
(ro ecrt on onnaxon nx ncex cvoermoe n umou uncne),
n HH nepe nnm, HH nocne nero
HE nyxna :acmua 'to
ro ecrt nocne o.e+euma 'needn`t
rnaront ynorpenxmrcx n cnoe cuoeapuo qop+e,
nanpnmep: &
Mne I
&
( ( (
Tee, Bam You &
Emy, e ue uyxuo ( He, she needn`t buv it.
Ham norvnami +ro We
Hm They
HY/+/HAR NB 1:
em pas
oparnre nnnmanne ' na ro, uro u c +rnm o.e+eumo+
(xax n co nceun (pyrnun o.e+euma+u!!!)
ncnontsymrcx 1OBLKO anrnncxne CVB1EK1HME
mecronmennx (I, you, we, they, he, she, it),
a HE ooermuie (xax n pyccxom xstxe
ro ecrt HHKAKHX +ue, meoe, e+v n p.;
} }
79 78
We MAY NOT swim here ( Ha+ HEHB3R sect nnanart.
wn +o uom cwn+ xno
Hpomy Bac ntyunrt nnn ncnomnnrt, uro:
a) uu o 'MAY, uu nocne 'MAY HE crannrcx :acmu:ra 'to;
) nonpoct c 'MAY saamrcx es eonpocume.iuix :acmu
ro ecrt camnmn 'MAY she . ? nnn 'MAY she NOT . ?;
n) c 'MAY ue ncnontsymrcx n ompuame.iuie :acmui,
a ompuauue 'NOT nno cneyer 3A 'MAY,
nno n cnoe corpauuuo qop+e 'N`T npncoennxercx K 'MAY
('mayn`t +oum);
r) x 'MAY ue npncoennxmrcx uuuauue orou:auu
(xax n xo nceu pyrnm o.e+euma+),
rax xax 'MAY ue rnaron
(ro ecrt HHKAKHX 's, '(e)d nnn 'ing);
) 'MAY ue ynorpenxercx uu c xaxnmn pyrnmn o.e+euma+u,
n rom uncne n c norasame.+u ovovueeo epe+euu 'will/shall.
A nocxontxy (ncxox ns ntmecxasannoro) o.e+eum 'MAY
HE nmeer coc1nennmx qop+ npoueoueeo n ovovueeo epe+euu,
ro nmecro 'mav no ncex epe+euax nyxno ncnontsonart
ero sa+euume.i/pacuupume.i:
18) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
MHE MOHO . MHE HEBL3R .
MHE BMBO MOHO / HEHB3B .
MHE BVE1 MOHO / HEHB3B .
MOHO MHE . ?
MOHO HAM . ?
MOHO BH . (MHE .)?
Ouent npoc1o !!!
Hcnontsyre onn ns rpx eapuaumoe:
1) (+ooa.iui) o.e+eum 'MAY MJH on-ro n coorner-
crnyer namemy poxomy Moxuo .?:
Moxuo +ue norn? May I come in?
Moxuo e norn co mnom? May she come with me?
Moxuo ua+ ronopnrt? May we speak?
A ntpaxenne '. MAY NOT . snaunr . HEHB3R .
+o uom ( ue +owuo . ).
Bcnomnnm onxrt, uro v uux (ocoenno c o.e+euma+u!) ncer(a
ecrnyer CVB1EK1, ro ecrt uuuauux +ue, meoe nnn
e ( TOhIKO 'I, 'HE/SHE, 'WE n r..:
I MAY NOT come back alone ( Mue HEHB3R nosnpamartcx
a +o uom ra+ or o.ovu onomy.
He MAY NOT speak English ( E+v HEHB3R ronopnrt
xu +o uom cnuur nue.uui no-anrnncxn.
4op+v.a 18 HEPBMH VPOBEHI Mne +oxuo .
81 80
3) ynnnepcantnt o.e+eum 'CAN ru co ncemn ero nman-
camn (cmorpn qop+v.v B +oev . crp. 61).
Tontxo nomnnre, uro o.e+eum 'can nopasymenaer,
n ocnonnom, qusuuecuym nosmoxnocrt!
Hanpnmep,
'Can I walk? Moey x xonrt? moxer raxxe
cnpocnrt niui nnn paueui,
rora xax
'May I walk? Moxuo mne xonrt? moxer cnpocnrt
rontxo ror, xomy nyxno
ut-nno paspeueuue
nnn coe.acue na +ro xowoeuue.
Walk - woor xo(n1t (nemxom).
Iocnoa!
unrare pyrne sameuarentnte xnnrn Anexcanpa parynxnna
(n rom uncne u o pyccxom, u o xnoncxom xstxax!) n saxonre n ero
nnrepner-marasnn, a raxxe npocro na ero car
www.dragunkin.ru
2) ntpaxenne
'BE allowED to ovrea.iuo: BM1L paspemHntm,
onu o.avo mv ro ecrt: paspeuamic, noseo.mic.
(Ho nomnnre, uro n +mo+ ' napnanre na camom ene
ouent cnnn ommeuor nmenno paspeuumeuoum).
H us+euaemca n +rom ntpaxennn mououo rnaron 'BE
ro ecrt c pasum+u cvoerma+u
n n pasumx BPEMEHAX
ncnontsymrcx pasume ero qop+i:
I am (not) allowed to swim Mne uoano(ue.is) nnanart.
You are (not) allowed to run Tee uoano(ue.is) erart.
He is (not) allowed to smoke Emy uoano(ue.is) xypnrt.
We are (not) allowed to speak Ham uoano(ue.is) ronopnrt.
I was (not) allowed to swim Mne uoano (ue.is) muo nnanart.
She was (not) allowed to read E uoano (ue.is) muo .
We were (not) allowed to speak Ham uoano (ue.is) muo .
You were (not) allowed to run Tee uoano (ue.is) muo .
They were (not) allowed to smoke Hm uoano (ue.is) muo .
You u op. will (not) be allowed to .
Tee (u op.) yem uoano (ue.is) .;
4op+v.a 18 HEPBMH VPOBEHI Mne +oxuo .
83 82
H:
ABAH/-1E HE BVEM rannenart!
LETS NOT dance!
.emc uom ouc
H A+E:
DONT LETS dance!
ooum .emc ouc
ABAH/-1E HE BVEM rannenart!;
2) Ecrt em ona pasronopnax qop+v.a
npue.aueuu r oecmeum:
HEus+euuui
DO YOU CARE TO IhAIOh
ns cnonapx:
1 2
'DO YOU CARE TO dance? ronopnr xon Tpanonra
ovv mv reo mv ouc n ]nntme
ABAH norannyem! Huxopaora e cvooomv ee:epo+.
NB.
Anrnncxn e.aeo. n +ro ' qop+v.e
ue uyxuo us+euamo
noromy, uro ncnomnnre!
nocue :acmui 'to
moxer nrn 1outxo ueus+euuui rnaron !!!
19) KAK CKA3ATB ?
ABAH C1EHM 3TV PIFV!
ABAH1E HOHM B KHHO!
HOHBH BMECTE!
ABAH1E HE BVEM ECTB 3TV PIFV!
B annom cnyuae mt nmeem eno
c rax nastnaemtm npue.aueuue+ r oecmeum.
3ect ecrt 3 nosmoxnocrn.
1) qop+v.a raxona:
HEus+euuui
LETS (not) IhAIOh
ns cnonapx:
ABAH/-me ecmi +ry pty! LETS eat this fish!
C1EHM +ry pty! .emc uum uc quui
ABAH/-me noo+ n xnno!
HOHBH n xnno! LETS go to the cinema!
HOHM/-me n xnno! .emc eov mv ocnuo+o
ABAH/-me noo+ nmecre!
HOHBH nmecre! LETS go together!
HOHM/-me nmecre! .emc eov moe+o
HO1AHHVEM ! LETS dance! .emc ouc
4op+v.a 19 HEPBMH VPOBEHI aea cenm . !
85 84
20) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
HA CTOhE BEH1 . . BEA1 .
. C1OH1 . . C1OR1 .
. EC1L .
. HAXOH1CR . . HAXOR1CR .
TAM HMEE1CR . . HMEK1CR .
. BMB . . BMBH .
. BVE1 . . BVV1 .
,3J H3/AA . - 'THERE IS/ARE .
(Bvre.) TAM EC1L ..
Ho +romy nonoy ouent pexomenym nounrart mom xnnry
Apmuuuo n qenouen 'emauusauuu n anrunncxou nsmxe!!!
A noxa peuo+euym nc npocro sa/sypumo nansycrt!
B +ro qop+v.e cnoneuxo '. IS . us
( . ecrt/naxonrcx/nmeercx .)
xnnxercx 3AMEHREMOH uacrtm
n moxer npnnnmart qop+i aa, wos, w, wnu uu
'are, 'was, 'were, 'will be,
xoropte Bt yxe xopomo snaere!,
r.e. us+eumic no Bamemy xenannm n sanncnmocrn or roro,
K1O nnn H1O ecmi, .ewum nnn uaxooumc (r.e. or
uuua), a raxxe or roro, KOIA +ro cmoum, .ewum nnn
uaxooumc (r.e. or BPEMEHH):
HEPBMH VPOBEHI Ha crone uexum .
3) Ho camo xpacnno xnnxercx qop+v.a,
ncnontsonannax n nasnannn amepnxancxoro ]nntma
aeame, nomauve+! 'Shall we dance!
c Pu:apoo+ Iupo+ n rnanno ponn:
HEus+euuum
SHALL WE IhAIOh
ns cnonapx:
SHALL WE go to bed, darling!
u. wn eov mvo+o oaa.uue
HOHM n xponarxy, oporo!
Haemct, Bt nonnmaere, uro +1on ' qop+v.o
nyume ne npnrnamart cnoero pyra
cxooumi e +aeasuu sa rapmouro
a nor na Ceue.i nnn na Baea+i
(nnn na pomanrnuecxoe cnnanne n ornnunt pecropan)
cesnrt npenoxnrt moxno!
NB.
3ect ' ompuame.iuo qop+o yer cnono
'SHANT ( 'SHALL NOT),
npnammax ncemy ntpaxennm yxe n snauenne
a.imepuamueuoeo eonpoca:
SHANT WE go anywhere, darling?
unaum wn eov +uuwoo oaa.uue
Mt nnxya ue no+, oporo?
4op+v.a 19
87 86
3 1 2 ( 1 2 3
Ha cmo.e uexum xomxa 1here is a cat on the table.
,++ ns orm ou ,+m+u
Ecrt (eo.:.) xomxa na crone.
3 1 2 ( 1 2 3
Bo oeope (ecmo) mnoro coax 1here are many dogs in the vard.
,++ aa ++uu ooes uu ,+na
Ecrt (+u.:.) mnoro coax no nope.
Ecnn xe n anrnncxom npenoxennn nmemrcx cnona, yxastnam-
mne na ro,
KOIA
+ro .ewa.o, cmo.o, oi.o nnn uaxoou.oci n rax anee,
ro +rn cnona,
oosnauammne BPEMR uaxoxeuua,
otuno ntnocxrcx e uauauo npenoxennx,
a oopor ,++ ns . n ero nponsnonte nr cpasy xe nocue uux:
1 4 2 3
B npouuo+ eoy sect mu om
1 2 3 4
Last year there was a house here.
.aacm no ,++ wos oxavc xno
B np. roy tn om sect.
1 4 2 3
Bemo+ sect yem mnoro napoy
1 2 3 4
In the summer there will be many people here.
uu ,oca+o ,++ wnu nu ++uu nuun. xno
There is a table in the room
B xomnare croum cron.
There are (many) tables in the room
B xomnare croam cront.
There was a table in the room
B xomnare mu cron.
There were (many) tables in the room
B xomnare muu cront.
There will be a table in the room
B xomnare yem (croxrt) cron.
There will be (many) tables in the room
B xomnare yym (croxrt) cront.
B xomnare yem (croxrt) unoro cronon.
Hpomy Bac opamart ocooe nnnmanne na nopaou cuon n +ro
qop+v.e n na ro, uro nesanncnuo or roro, ee +ro uaxooumc,
nc panno n nauane npenoxennx cronr ooopom
'There is/are/was/were/will be .!
NB. Tax uro, sanomnnre!:
,+o ns . 'There is . n ero pasuoeuouocmu
crox r n HAHABE npenoxennx nun ero c+mcuoeo uacrn!,
a MEC1O ('. in the room ', ' . on the table '),
IE qax1nuecxn naxonrcx ro, o um mt ronopnm,
nyume crantre B KOHEH +roro xe npenoxennx:
4op+v.a 20
89 88
FOhEE ChO+HIE HPHMEPB:
THERE IS AO money in my pocket B mom xapmane
,3J H3 uov +auu uu +a norum HE1 ener.
THERE isA`1 AAY money in my pocket B mom xapmane HE1
,3J nsHT +uu +auu uu +a norum HHKAKHX ener.
THERE WAS AOTHING in the room B xomnare HHuEIO
,3J WO3 ua6uue uu ,opyv+ HE tno.
THERE AEVER WAS a pool here 3ect HHKOIA
,3J H3BJ WO3 onyv. xno HE muo accena.
NB.
Oparnre nnnmanne:
Hannune cnona '1here . n nauane anrnncxoro npenoxennx
HE ncxnmuaer
nosmoxnocrt nroporo '. there.
n roue +roro xe npenoxennx!:
2 1
1HERE is a house there.
+o us oxavc +o
1 2
1a+ ecmo om.
B BOHPOCAX cu.iuie c.oea
qop+i rnarona 'be ouu FITI
(+, us, aa, wos, w, wn. onu 'am, is, are, was, were, will be)
cranxrcx xax n BOHPOCHTEHBHME cnona
B ca mom HAHABE npenoxennx
(ro ecrt nny1pn qop+v.i menxercx nopxox cnon):
1 2 3 % 1 3 2
IS 1HERE anybody there? EC1L ram xro-nnyt?
H3 ,3J +uuooou ,+o
1 2 3 % 3 1 2
ARE 1HERE many dogs in the yard? Bo nope (ecmo?) mnoro coax?
AA ,3J ++uu ooes uu,onao
WAS 1HERE a house here last summer? BMB (?) sect
WO3 ,3J oxavc xno .aacm ca+o npomntm nerom om?
H:
1 2 3 4 5 123 5 4
WILL 1HERE BE any shop here? BVE1 sect xort xaxo-ro marasnn?
WHH ,3J BHH +uu un xno
WILL 1HERE BE any shops here?
wn. +o ouu +uu unc xno
BVV1 sect xort xaxne-nnyt marasnnm?
4op+v.a 20
91 90
nnn nc xe narcx ror, xro-ro cxaxer: Ecnn m x HPHV .?)!
HEHB3R: H0 a wn. ra+ II I will come .
nnn
W3H a wn. ra+ When I will come ..
HYHO TOHBKO TAK (es 'will/shall !!!):
Ecuu x npnv, . Hq a ra+ .
If I come .
Ecuu ona(C) uannmer, . Hq uiu pamC .
If she writeS .
Ecuu x HE c/mory, . Hq a rum .
If I can`t .
Ecuu y nac yym . Hq wn xe .
If we have .
Ecuu on(C) (rontxo) ysnaem, . Hq xu (ovu.u) .u3
If he (only) learnS.
Ecuu +ro(C) cnyuumca, . Hq um xnuC .
If it happenS .
1 2 2 1 22
Ecuu y nero xora-nnyt n mu. Hq xu +eo x .
If he ever had .
Ecuu rt +roro ue cenaemt, . Hq mv oum ovv um .
If you don't do it .
Ecuu +ro(C) uuuoea ue Hq um u+e+ xnuC .
nponsom, . If it never happenS.
B1OPOH VPOBEHI Ecuu (m) .
B1OPOH VPOBEHI
21) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
ECBH .
ECBH BM .
KOIA HPHHB, .
ECHH . no-anrnncxn: 'IF . H0 .,
ECHH BM . roxe: 'IF . H0 .,
KOIA . no-anrnncxn: 'WHEN W3H ..
Her nnxaxnx nponem c ncnontsonannem +1nx ' cnon
n c nocrpoennem +rnx c.owuix roucmpvru (uemy na rpannn-
onntx xypcax Bac nonpoym1 nayunrt rontxo uepes 4-5 mecxnen
nnn rtcxu, +ax, uepes 10)
npocro npnannxre x +rnm cnonam:
a) nyxnoe Bam mecronmenne,
u ) rnaron n coornercrnymme +romy mecronmennm qop+e
ro ecrt: n cuoeapuo, '(e)S nnn '(e)D
(cmorpnre npnmept anee).
Taxxe c 'IF n c 'WHEN coueramrcx nce o.e+eumi
xpoue o.e+eumoe WHB 'WILL n HB 'SHALL,
r.e. xpoue oonx norasame.e yyueeo npemenn
(net n pyccxom roxe, nanpnmep, c EChH BM . moxno
ynorpenxrt rontxo npoueuee npemx a net 'if snaunr
u Ecnn m:
Ecnn m y menx BMB .,
Ecnn m x HPHLB . n r..
4op+v.a 21
93 92
Peut nr o rom, uro xax yxe ronopnnoct ntme n npannntnom
anrnncxom nocue H4 'IF n ero snauennn Ecnn m .
ns ncex qop+ rnarona 'BE
(c ummun mecronmennxmn!
ncnontsyercx 1outxo qop+a W 'WERE (u.u 'weren`t).
3naunr:
Ecuu m x mu . uq a W .
If I WERE .
Ecuu m rt mua sect, . uq mv w xno .
If you were here .
Ecuu m mt muu orart uq wn w pum: .
If we were rich .
Ecuu m x mu room, . uq a w mv .
If I were you .
Ecuu m x HE mu rnonm parom, .
uq a wum o opa,o .
If I weren`t your brother, .
To ecrt co cnonom 'IF moxno nocrponrt
nor raxym mnnncxe+rv:
WAS (rontxo n cnyuae Ecnn . tn .);
IF I/he .
(Ecnn (t) x/on .) WERE (u n cnyuae Ecnn m tn/n .
u n cnyuae Ecnn . tnn .).
Xorx ouent uacrtmn crann n cnyuan ueconmennx +roro npannna,
xora aue.osi:uie no ncex cnyuaxx ronopxr
'If I was ..
{
B1OPOH VPOBEHI Ecuu (m) .
Koea mt npnee+ rya, . W+u wn opae ,+o .
When we arrive there .
Koea x mu ram, . W+u a wos ,+o .
When I was there .
Koea rt yeuo sopon, . W+u myP rwam oo.pam .
When you`re quite allright .
H:
Ecuu m x rontxo +oe, . Hq a ovu.u rvo .
If I only could .
1 2 2 1 22
Ecuu m y menx muu entrn, . Hq a x +auu .
If I had money.
Ecuu m y menx ne muo ener,. Hq a xo uov +auu
If I had no money .
Ecuu m x npnuu, . Hq a ro+ .
If I came .
Ecuu m on snau, . Hq xu uimv .
If he knew .
NB.
H onxrt x neyromnmo nanomnnam, uro n +rom % ' cnyuae
ecrt ouent naxnt nmanc.
4op+v.a 21
95 94
Ona m HE cenana +roro uiu wyH1 ovv um
Ona m ue cmaua enart . She wouldn`t do it.
'
Hopxox cnon n pyccxou npenoxennn n annom cnyuae ne naxen:
&
Ona HE cenana m +roro She wouldn`t do it.
Ona HE cmaua m +roro enart.
Hnn n eonpoce:
Bt t xorenn .? Would you like to .?
H: wvo mv .ar mv
Bt (m) ne npout .? Wouldn`t you like to .?
wvoum mv .ar mv
Ftno m so pono, ecuu m rt mua sect.
um wy ouu epom uq mv w xno
It would be great if you were here.
Mt m xynnnn mamnny, ecuu m y nac muu entrn.
We`d buy a car if we had money.
wn oa oraa uq wn x +auu
m HHKOIA HE nsxn +roro I would NEVER take it,
u/.u:
t HHKVA HE nomn I WOULDA`1 go AAYwhere.
Ecuu m x mu na rnom mecre, x BM HE nomn rya.
If I were you I WOULDA`1 go there.
uq a w mv a wvoum eov ,+o
B1OPOH VPOBEHI m (cma.) .
22) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
BM .
BM C1AB .
BM HE .
BM HE C1AB .
OuEHI HPOCTO !
hmo CVB1EK1 WV IhAIOh n 1-on qop+e
(WOULD) (npxmo ns cnonapx):
BM (cran) 1-n 4OPMA (es 'to).
I WOULD speak,
nnn:
BB HE (cran) IhAIOh n 1-on qop+e.
I WOULDA`1 speak (es 'to).
Hanomnnam,
uro 'WOULD moxer coxpamartcx o( ' `D
n npncoe(nnn1tcn K mecronmennm,
a 'WOULD NOT coxpamaercx o 'WOULDN`T
n cue(ye1 3A +rnm mecronmennem:
m xoren . I would like to . a wy .ar mv .
I`d like to . a .ar mv .
Bt ne xorenn m .? wyum mv .ar mv .?
Wouldn`t you like to .?
4op+v.a 22
97 96
23) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
XOHV, u1OFI OH .
HE XOHV, u1OFI OH .
OH XOHE1, u1OFI .
MI XOTEBH, u1OFI BI .
MI BVEM XOTETI, u1OFI BI .
'
3amernnn?
Byxnautnan qop+v.a raxona:
XOuV EIO rnaron c '1O . ( n ueonpeoe.uuo qop+e)
I WANT HIM 1O KNOW,
To ecrt:
CVB1EK1 WANT/-s/-ed Ozeumuoe IhAIOh c 'to.
mecronmenne
PACCHABBTECB !
Cmorpnre:
1 2
MM ronopnm: xouy, u1Ot OH cenaB +ro!,
a OHH ronopxr: 'I want him 1O make this!,
ro ecrt ouu ronopxr: 2 1
xouy EIO u1Ot cenamo +ro!
a net rax ' cxasart ropaso npome, rem onee, uro n raxom
anrunncxou npnmepe e.aeo. oecmeu (sect +ro 'make
+or) us+eumi noome HE uyxuo !!!
3naunr, HHKAKOIO ., :mooi ou .,
a mououo anrnncxoe ozeumuoe mecronmenne (( 'him) !!!
B1OPOH VPOBEHI xouy, utot on .
A nor cnoxnoe npenoxenne:
'I wouldn`t charge my people m ue nopyunn cnonm nmxm
a wvoum :aaowi +a nuun. ( ' m ue cmau nopyuart.)
with a mission * I myselI saanne, (xoropoe) x cam
wn, o+nuiu * a +ac+.q
wouldn`t like to execute. ue xoren m ('ue cmau m)
wvoum .ar mv +rcurmvm ntnonnxrt.
* 3ect morno t trt 'that ,m romopoe no ero ner!
Tax no npemx nont cxasan n unemnnr (anrop pomanon o xe-
mce Fone) cnoemy nauantnnxy amnpany pasnexn, xora ror nopy-
unn emy c]opmnponart nnepcnonnym rpynny nx ntnonnennx xpa-
ne onacnoro saannx n rtny y nemnen.
A amnpan ornernn:
'Aeither would I! m roxe ue (cenan +roro)!.
m roxe ue cmau!.
3anomnnm saono +ro ntpaxenne . roxe HE .:
1) Hpocro n npenoxennn:
I would Aeither . I wouldA`1 either . m roxe HE .;
a wvo ua,o a wvoum a,o
2) Kax xparxn (n onontno pemnrentnt!) omeem nnn pearu:
'Aeither would I! m roxe ue cmau!.
ua,o wvo a
Hpnum amepnxannt nponsnocxr unu,o, a anrnnuane ua,o.
4op+v.a 22
99 98
B cnyuae xe ecnn Bame (ue-)xomeuue pacnpocrpanxercx na xa-
xoe-nnyt cymecrnnrentnoe, ro nocxontxy n anrnncxom HE1 nae-
xe +ro cymecrnnrentnoe crannrcx npocro nno n cnoe cuoeapuo
qop+e, nno no +uowecmeeuuo+ uncne ( '(e)S nnn yun nan-
sycrt), rem onee, uro pyrnx qop+ y anrnncxnx cymecrnnrentntx
npocro HE1v !!!:
I want the child(-ren) to play xouy, utot penox
a woum ,o:a.o (:m.opou) mon.+ (ern) nrpan/n.
Bvrea.iuo: xouy, ern utot nrpart
(n cerare rnasxamn n qop+v.v X25 na crp. 103!).
B ompuuameuouo+ xe napnanre, ro ecrt n cnyuae:
HE xouy, utot ou . ,
qop+v.a menxercx na:
I DOA`1 WANT HIM 1O . ( ueus+euuui rnaron),
n sect sa+eumic (n sanncnmocrn or roro, K1O n KOIA
ue xo:em .) moxer, ecrecrnenno,
:acmua 'DOA`1 na( 'DOESA`1, 'DIDA`1 nnn 'WOA`1.
Hpnuepm (n sect em pas oparnre nnnmanne na ro, xax
n pyccxom u1Ot cnpma.oci anrnncxoe '1O):
1 2 2 1
ue xouy, u1Ot ern nrpann I don`t want the children 1O play.
a ooum woum ,o:m.opou mon.+
A norom nmecro namero ., utot . anrnncxoe 'to,
xoropoe n rax cnpmauo n namem utot H nc !!!
Hs+eummc/sa+eummc sect ' (ecnn Bam +ro nyxno)
rnaron 'WANT (na( WANTS, WANTED, WILL WANT)
n
+ecmou+euue
(nanp. 'HIM ( nmoe pyroe ozeumuoe),
xoropoe n sanncnmocrn or roro, K1O ronopnr n O KOM nr
peut (ro ecrt or .ua), moxer trt sameneno cneymmnmn
ozeumui+u mecronmennxmn (nonropnre nx, rax xax Bam nx
nc panno nyxno snart nasyox):
ME +uu uenx; mne; mnom, mno
YOU mv rex, Bac, nac; ree, Bam, nam; room, Bamn
HIM xu+ ero; euy; nu
HER x e; e
IT um ero, e (oo ncex, xpome nme), +ro; emy, e
US ac nac; nam; namn
THEM ,o+ nx; nu; nun.
To ecrt
pyccxoe .,utot B . npenpamaercx n '. ME TO .,
.,utot TM/BM . ( n '. YOU TO .,
.,utot OH . ( n '. HIM TO.,
.,utot OHA . ( n '. HER TO.,
.,utot MM . ( n '. US TO .,
.,utot OHH . ( n '. 1HEM TO ..
4op+v.a 23 B1OPOH VPOBEHI xouy, utot on .
101 100
24) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
VMAK, HTO .
TI HPEHOhAIAEHL, HTO .
OHA HAEE1CR, HTO .
MI 3HAEM, HTO .
Bosmoxnocre necxontxo, no sect x am nannpocremym.
enart +ro moxno rouno xax no-pyccxn
roucmpvru/cxema +nemenrapna:
CVB1EK1 IHAIOH (1HA1` . ., :mo .) . ,
n nyxno qop+e ,m
` npnuem (xax no-pyccxn!!!) n +ro ' roucmpvruu ncnontsonanne
cnona '. THAT . ., :mo . concem HE oosame.iuo
anruosi:uie ero uacro onvcramm!
HPHMEPB nx opoconecrnoro nopaxannx:
y+am, (umo) ona ero snaer I think (that) she knows him.
a 6uur (,m) uiu uovs xu+
On npenouaeaem, (umo) rt +ro nnena
He supposes (that) you saw it.
xu conovsus (,m) mv coo um
B1OPOH VPOBEHI ov+am, umo .
1 2 ( 2 1
(ne) xouy, u1Ot mi snan I (don`t) want vou 1O know.
Tt (ne) xouemt, u1Ot snan You (don`t) want me 1O know.
1 2 ( 2 1
On xouE1, u1Ot +i snann He wantS us 1O know.
On ue xouE1, u1Ot +i snann He doesn`t want us 1O know.
1 2 ( 2 1
Mt xomeBH, u1Ot ou snan We wantED him 1O know.
Mt ue xomeBH, u1Ot ou snan We didn`t want him 1O know.
H:
1 2 ( 2 1
He wantS ME 1O leave On xouE1, u1Ot B yexan/a.
He DOESA`1 want YOU 1O leave On HE xouer, u1Ot TM
yesxana.
1 2 ( 2 1
You want HER 1O cry Tt xouEHL, u1Ot OHA nnaxana.
We want YOU 1O start Mt xomHM, u1Ot BM nauann.
We DOA`1 want YOU 1O start Mt HE xornm, u1Ot BM nauann.
1 2 ( 2 1
I wantED THEM 1O speak xomEB, u1Ot OHH saronopnnn.
He wantED US 1O listen On xomEB, u1Ot MM cnymann.
He DIDA`1 want US 1O listen On HE xomeu, u1Ot MM cnymann.
1 2 ( 2 1
ILL want YOU 1O drive me back home BVV XO1E1L, u1Ot TM
a. woum mv moopae +uu or xov+ orns menx oparno omo.
4op+v.a 23
103 102
25) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
ChIBAB, KAK OHA .
BHEB, KAK OHH .
B +rom cnyuae ecrt 2 napnanra pasnnrnx cotrn:
1) Ecnn Bt xornre paccxasart o rom, xax Bt euoe.u, uro, na-
npnmep, oua nnn ouu uro-ro eua/-em/-ua/-uu, ro nx nauana
Bam nyxno ncnomnnrt
6 rax nastnaemtx e.aeo.oe :vecmeeuuoeo eocnpumu:
see cuu nnert
hear xno cntmart
feel quu. uyncrnonart
notice uovmuc sameuart
observe oose nanmart
watch wom: cnenrt (sa), nanmart (sa).
Hocue +rnx ' 6 rnaronon
nepe noc.eovmuu+ rnaronom
ue nyxno crannrt 'to
n
nocueymuue rnaront Bam noome us+eumi ue nyxno,
ro ecrt qop+v.a yer ntrnxert cneymmnm opasom:
hmo
CVB1EKT Iuarou OB1EKT IHAIOH n 1-o q.
eocnpumu nnn (es 'to)
n nyxno qop+e ozeumu. +ecm.
B1OPOH VPOBEHI c.iua., uau ona .
Mt uaeauuco, umo rt npneemt*
We hoped (that) you would* come.
wn xovnm (,m) mv wvo ra+
Ona suaua, umo mt ne nepnmcx*
She knew (that) we wouldn`t* come back.
uiu umv (,m) wn wvoum ra+ or
Onn yym y+amo, (umo) rt cenan +ro
They will think (that) you`ve done it.
,o wn. 6uur (,m) mve oau um
* Bvovuee n npoueoue+ ncer(a nr uepes 'would
(a ue uepes 'will) !
Cm. crp. 168.
y+am, umo rt moxemt I think (that) you can
trt ynepen n naxnocrn be sure about
xomnannn Coqmuau! 'Softline`s reliability!
Onn ocymecrnnxmr nepenosxn They carry
axe nx IA3HPOMa! even Ior 'CAZPROM!
4op+v.a 24
105 104
H nn(x)nxx xnocrom nepe namxrtm o cnonx nomveax ntyunrt
anrnncxn sa 10 ner, n samnmax cno mnpox or moero ueuanaoeuu
(n romy ecrt aconmrno xonxpernte npnmept!), +rn nonncrnymmne
nneranrt cxenrnuecxn ornocxrcx x anno qop+v.e.
Onaxo npnracnm ntn rnnno ropnopamueuocmu n pexuecxo
(nnuem ne nanonnenno!) a+ouuosuocmu n cnauana anm cnono
Muuy xaeepy (Mick Jagger) ns 'Rolling Stones:
'It is the evening oI the daa-a-a-a-ay. Ceuac neuep.
um us ,o nueuuue oe ,oo+
I sit and WA1CH ( e.ae. eocnpumu) cnxy n HABBKAK
a cum uo Mom: (sa me+),
the children PLAA-A-A-A-AY KAK ern HIPAK1.
,o:m.opou n.o
' Ozeum ' Inaron ns cnonapx es 'to
A nor n mnxapnom ]nntme Omnemme +oueuuuuu omanyrax
amepnxancxax mnnnnonepma ronopnr Cmuey Mapmuuy:
'I saw him shake your hand!.
a coo xu+ uer o xuo
BHEBA, KAK on HOHMAB Bam pyxy!.
Moxer, Murv weepv n +ro amepnxanxe
nyxno noyunrtcx anrnncxomy y Bamnx npenooaeame.e ..?
EB HPHMEPB:
Kaxt ent x CBMHV, KAK mo xx XPAHH1.
Every day I HEAR my uncle SAORE.
+epu oo a xno +a aur. cuoo
Ona HVBC1BVE1, KAK on 1POIAE1 e.
She FEELS him 1OUCH her.
uiu quu.s xu+ mam: x
Hpn +rom ononnnrentno nyxno (rouno rax xe xax n n qop+v.e
xouy, :tooi OH .) namn ., uau oua . nnn ., umo
ou . nepenecrn( n anrnncxne
OB1EK1HME mecronmennx,
ro ecrt:
xax a/ uro a . ( 'me +uu,
xax mm/uro mm . ( 'you mv,
xax ou/uro ou . ( 'him xu+,
xax oua/uro oua . ( 'her x,
xax ouo/uro ouo . ( 'it um,
xax um/uro +m . ( 'us ac,
xax em/uro em . ( 'you mv,
xax ouu/uro ouu . ( 'them ,o+.
H n anrnncxo qop+v.e
HHKAKHX ., rar . nnn ., :mo. HETy !
To ecrt nmecro:
nnen, rar ona mauueeaua,
u.u &
nnen, :mo ona mauueeaua,
ouu ronopxr ovrea.iuo: &
nneh E 1AHHEBA1L.
'I saw HER DAACE.
a coo x ouc
Ham neonepunnt n eopoi napo, npoyunnmncx otuno
ner +ax .ami na xaxnx-nnyt rvpcax, nomnnr cmyrno, uro ryr,
npoe, onxno trt uro-ro INGoeoe .
4op+v.a 25 B1OPOH VPOBEHI c.iua., uau ona .
107 106
26) KAK CKA3ATB ?
HOVMAB, H1O 31O - TI!
OHA HOVMABA, H1O 31O FIh .
OHA VMABA, H1O 31O uVECHO!
3ect ecrt BE nosmoxnocrn:
1. Hepnax npocrax n ouent noxoxax na cno pyccxn ananor:
Pyccuu rnaron moxer trt nponymen.

&
(no-)ymau/ a, uro +1o (mu) rt
I thought (that) IT WAS YOU.
'
Anrunncxnn rnaron
n umon ]opme onsa1euen !!!
Kax Bt nnnre, n cnono ov+aB/ a, n rnaron 'BE trt
croxr n onom ( n npoueue+) epe+euu ( 'thought n 'WAS);
2. Bropax eos+owuocmi nocnoxnee, no nce panno ocrynna
nx ocnoennx:
ymaua, uro +1o (mu) rt I thought IT TO BE you.
Ona ymana, uro +1o nennxonenno She thought IT TO BE great.
3ry ' qop+v.v x raxxe pexomenym npocro sasypumo !
2) Ecnn xe Bt xornre paccxasart, KAK +ro nponcxonno, nnn KAK
oua/ouu uro-ro oe.a/-.a/-.u, ro rora ro.europ nemnoxxo opveo:
'CVB1EK1 Iuarou OB1EKT IuarouIAC.
n nmo nnn
nyxno qop+e oo. +ecmou+euue
To ecrt: nnen KAK ona maueeaua.
& &
nneh E rannyKHe.
'I saw HER DANCIAC.
a coo x oucuue
4op+v.a 25 B1OPOH VPOBEHI noov+a., umo +mo oi. .
109 108
cxasau emy, uro emy uoano (muo) cenart +ro.
I told him (that) he was allowed to do this.
a mov.o xu+ m xu wos o.avo mv ovv uc
NB 1.
OFHA+HBARBHH HKAHC
CKOPEE h HH+OPMAHHH, uEM h EHCTBHR.
Onaxo, ecnn Bt ronopnre o um-ro oueuseecmuo+
nnn peeyuapuo noemopamue+ca,
ro moxno n ne conmart Hpannna coe.acoeauu epe+u:
I read that drinking IS not good for health.
a poo m opnuruue us uom evo qoo xo.
uumau, uro ntxncrno ne nonesno nx sopontx.
We didnt know what time the film usually BEGINS.
wn ououm uov wom ma+ oqn.+ mvwie.u ouenus
Mt ue snaun no cxontxo otuno naunnaemcx ]nntm;
NB 2.
Ecnn xe rnaron euaeuoeo npenoxennx
cronr n uacmoaue+ nnn n yyue+ npemenn,
ro rnaron emopoeo npenoxennx
moxer croxrt npaxrnuecxn n umo+ npemenn
coopasno c neoxonmocrtm ronopxmero:
snam, uro on +ro ronopnn! I know (that) he said it!
a uov m xu coo um
nnxora ne nonepm, uro on raxoe cxasan I will never believe
(that) he said such a thing.
cntman, uro on nosnpamaercx.
I have heard (that) he is coming back;
a xe xo m xu us ra+uue or
27) KAK CKA3ATB ?
VMAB, uTO OHA (HE) KVPH1
1) Bor IHABHOE nx Bac n onontno-raxn npocroe
HPABHHO:
Ecnn rnaron euaeuoeo npenoxennx ro ecrt nepeo uacrn
ncero npenoxennx cronr n npocmo+ npoueue+ epe+euu
no 2-n qop+e, ro n rnaron emopo uacrn +roro npenoxennx
onxen onsa1eutno croxrt 1oae n npoueue+ epe+euu
(nno c o.e+eumo+ 'would c+ompu crp. 168).
To ecrt:
ecnn no-pyccxn uoano cxasart: ymaB, uro cxoV c yma
ro ecrt qop+a uacmoaueeo epe+euu (cxoV)
nny1pn npoueueeo ecrnnx (ymaH),
ro no-anrnncxn OBA ecrnnx onxnt croxrt
n HPOHEHEM npemenn.

I THOUGHT (that) I WAS GETTING MAD.

a oom m a wos e+muue +o
yman, uro x cxoxy/cxonu c yma
ymaB, uro x CTAHOBHBC cymacmemnm.
Bor raxne npnmept na +ry remy anan npo]. B.K. Mmnnep
n epa++amu:ecro uacrn cnoero nsnecrnemero cnonapx:
cnpocnu, xax ero sony1 I asked what his name was.
a aacrm wom xus uo+ wos
4op+v.a 27 B1OPOH VPOBEHI y+au, uro ona (ue) uypum
111 110
3ect ecrt (na eapuauma:
1) Hocne nmoro ns +rnx npaxrnuecxn pannosnauamnx o.e+eumoe
npocro crannrcx CBOBAPHAR uOPMA IhAIOhA
ro ecrt rnaron BE3 uacrnnt 'to:
Hensuennnme anrnncxne rnaront
& &
m cuopee ymu, ue+ ocrancx Id rather leave than stay.
cuopee yy, ue+ ocrauyco. ao paao .uue u cmo
Tt m uyuue sannarnu Youd better pay.
mvo o+mo no
Ona m cuopee nocnymauaco Shed rather obey.
uiuo paao oo+
E m uyuue nocnymartcx Shed better obey.
uiuo o+mo oo+
Bnnre: pvccrue rnaront us+eueum
(vuu, ocmauc, san.amuu, noc.vuauaci),
a rnaront aueuucuue noome HE us+eueui
('leave, 'stay, 'pay n np.)!;
2) Ouent npecrnxno, conpemenno, +neranrno n cnmnarnuno
ncnontsonart sect em n
co:emauue rnarona 'be
c o.ume.iuo INGoeo qop+o cumcuonoro rnarona,
nanpnmep:
ID BETTER BE GOING ! , noxany, nyume noy !
ao o+mo ouu eovuue
28) KAK CKA3ATB ... ?
BVHHE HOHV .
OH CKOPEE 3AHhATHT ...
3ect nx opasonannx qop+v.i mt raxxe saecrnyem
onn ns nyx nentx rorontx rvcroe:
ID BETTER ... ao o+mo
nnn: than u ue+ .
HED RATHER ... xuo paao
}
xoropte emvnvm nuenno +1o n snauar:
BM BVHHE ... , ue+
nnn HEus+euuui rnaron
OH BM CKOPEE ... , ue+
}
(es 'to),
n n xoroptx +ecmou+euue/cvoierm no xenannm ronopxmero
moxno samennrt na nmoe pyroe +ecmou+euue/cvoierm,
nanpnmep:
Hensuennnmn anrnncxn rnaron
& & &
Youd better ... , hed better ... , wed rather ... , n r..:
cuopee sannauy , ue+ yy.
I`d rather pay than leave.
ao pao no u .uue
Baxnee mo,
umo mt c Bamn nocrannm nocue onoro ns +rnx o.e+eumoe ...
4op+v.a 28 B1OPOH VPOBEHI uyuue noy!
113 112
a ca+o oecmeue ro ecrt mo, umo
peeyuapuo nponcxonuo,
oosnauaercx uensuennnmu IHAIOHOM c :acmue 'to,
xoropt n annom cnyuae xnnxercx emopm+ rnaronom
(no+romy on n ue us+euemc
net nocue 'to anrnncxne rnaront uuuoea ue us+eummc !!!).
HAHPHMEP:
Mt omuuo npnxonBn cma xaxoe nocxpecente.
We useD to come here every Sunday.
wn mvso mv ra+ xno +epu cauoo
On(C) eceea mtB cnom mamnny sect.
He useD to wash his car here.
xu mvso mv woui xus raa xno
pauoue mnoro xypnB.
I useD to smoke very much.
a mvso mv c+ovr e+pu +am:
B npomnom roy onn u+eBu npuemuuy snonnrt nam xaxym neenm.
Last year they useD to call us every week.
.aacm no o mvso mv roo. ac +epu wnur
o ero cmeprn onn, meauo, oxornBnct sect.
They useD to hunt here before his death.
o mvso mv xaum xno ouqoo xus oo
29) KAK CKA3ATB ?
OBMHHO HE KVPHh TAM.
PEIVBRPHO HPHXOHh .
PAHLHE HAC1O .
, BMBABO, .
Kax Bt samernnn, nce ntmenepeuncnennte npenoxennx onnct-
namr cumvauu, n xoroptx nopasymenaercx nnn npxmo ner peut
o PEIVhPHO noemopaeuuxca ecrnnxx.
V Bac ecrt 3 nosmoxnocrn cocmaeumi +ry qop+v.v:
1) B uacmoaue+ npemenn moxno npocro ynorpenrt
nopmantnoe cnono
'USUALLY mvwe.u OBMHHO:
USUALLY I drink no beer OBMHHO x (eoooue) ue ntm nnna;
mvwe.u a opuur uov ono
2) A nx noxasannx peev.puocmu ecrnn-x/- n npouuo+
moxno ncnontsonart
rnaron 'USE mvs,
xoroptm +ra PEIVHBPHOCTB nnn HOBTOPBEMOCTB
ecrnnx n npouuo+
n nepearcx.
Hpnum
BPEMR, uoea nc +ro npoucxooum/oi.o,
nepearcx coornercrnymme qop+o rnarona 'USE
cnonom 'USED mvso,
4op+v.a 29 B1OPOH VPOBEHI , meauo, ..u
115 114
30) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
MHE BM . (VHTH)
MHE BM HVHO .
MHE HVHO BMBO BM .
MHE BM CBEOBABO .
HVHO, H1OBM .
OBEH BMB BM .,
nnn nc ro xe camoe, no n ompuame.iuo qop+e?
CXEMA TA +E, uro n n npetyme me+e
rontxo renept epnre LP 'SHOULD
nnn: LPHT 'SHOULDN`T,
ro ecrt:
CVB1EK1 SHOULD(N`T) IhAIOh ns cnonapx
(es 'to):
MHE BB VHTH.
I should go (es 'to).
Bcnomnnm, uro n anrnncxom npenoxennn
oecmevem 1outxo cvoerm(uoe mecronmenne)!
To ecrt HHKAKHX +ue, meoe, ua+ n r..
Hpnmept (cnona cm. na crp. 117):
I shouldn`t do it! ( Mne (oi) ue cueoeauo m enart +roro!
B pasronopno peun (n npoueue+ epe+euu) cnono / qop+a
'used na cnyxy moxer c.ueamic c uacrnne 'to
( ' used to .)
no na cumcue roucmpvruu +ro ne o1paaae1cn
Kax nnnre, camy 0OPMV 'USED moxno nepenonrt
na pyccxn xstx PA3HMMH pyccxnmn cnonamn, xax ro:
omuuo, meauo, u+eu npuemuuy n romy noontmn.
Ecnn xe mt u+ om pyccuoeo, ro sanomnnre, uro xora Ba+
nyxno nepeart PEIVHBPHOCTB nnn nepuoou:ecrvm HOBTOPB-
EMOCTB ecrnnx n npouuo+, cmeno ncnontsyre nx +roro cnono
'USED TO ( c+mcuoeo rnaron);
3) Cymecrnyer em ona (neoxnannax!) nosmoxnocrt yxasannx
na nepuoou:uocmi ecrnnx.
B +rom cnyuae Bt moxere ncnontsonart o.e+eum 'WOULD
wvo n ero neorpannnonntx snauennxx
HAC1O, OBMHHO n KAK HPABHBO.
Hnora +romy o.e+eumv conyrcrnyer n cnono 'often oqu
uacmo:
HAC1O ncrpeuam cnonx pyse n neoxnanntx mecrax.
I WOULD often meet my friends in unexpected places.
a wvo oqu +uum +a qpouos uu auurcn+rmuo n.+cus
Kaxt pas, xora x ncrpeuam e, x paccuasmeam e .
Every time (when)* I meet her I WOULD tell her
+epu ma+ w+u a +uum x a wvo mo. x
* B anrnncxom npenoxennn moxno n es 'when.
4op+v.a 29 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Mne m (uvwuo) .
117 116
ChOBA:
beforehand ouqooxuo npenapnrentno
behave oux+e necrn cex
by heart oaxaam nansycrt
obey oo+ cnymartcx
permission no+nuiu paspemenne
place n.oc mecro
properly npono.u npannntno
shut um saxptnart
shut up uman sarxnyrtcx
take a walk mor owoor rynxrt
without wu,avm es
word wo cnono
You shouldn`t leave without permission ( Tt ue ouxua
mua m yxonrt es paspemennx.
You should behave properly! ( Tee cueoeauo m necrn
cex xopomo!
( Tee cueyem necrn cex xopomo!
Hyxuo, umom rt nena cex xopomo!
Tt ouxua mua m xopomo cex necrn!
You should go and take a walk! Tt m cxonn nporynxrtcx!
( Tee m norn npornct!
He should learn some words by heart Hyxuo, umom on
ntyunn necxontxo cnon nansycrt.
She should obey! Ona ouxua mua m no/cnymartcx!
( E m cueoeauo nounnnrtcx!
We should have planned it beIorehand ( Ham uyxuo muo m
cnnannponart +ro sapanee.
Should we really leave this place? ( Ham ecrnnrentno
uyxuo (muo m) noxnnyrt +ro mecro?
Shouldn`t he shut up? ( A ue cmoum uu emy sarxnyrtcx?
( A ue sarxnyrtcx uu emy?
4op+v.a 30 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Mne m (uvwuo) .
119 118
Bsnoy HPHKA3ABH araxonart.
The platoon WAS orderED to attack.
on.omyvu wos ooooo mv omr
Ham COOFBHBH o +rom cotrnn
We WERE informED about this event.
wn w uuqoo+o ooavm uc ue+um
C nnmn 3AHHMAK1C xaxt ent
They ARE BEING tutorED every day.
o aa ouuue mmymoo +epu o+
' ' '
Bpe+a Hpouecc Haccue
E HAVuAT nnanart She WILL BE TAUGHT to swim
uiu wn. ouu moom mocwn+
Ona yem nayueua nnanart.
Bpe+ Haccue
& &
Menx BIChVBAK1 I WILL BE listenED to
a wn. onu .ucuo mvv
ILL BE listenED to
Bvrea.iuo: yy ntcnymau.
Kax Bt camn nnnre ':
1) BPEMR n raxnx ' anrnncxnx npenoxennxx
eese noxastnaercx qop+o rnarona 'be,
a
2) cyzeum ro ecrt oecmevmuee .uo
eese oosnauaercx 1outxo cyzeumui+ mecronmennem !!!
MHE CKA3ABH ... ( BMB cxasAH(-ui+) ...
TEFE ABH ... ( Tt BMB aEH ...
E HAVHHBH ... ( Ona BMBA nayuEHa ...
EMV HPHKA3ABH ... ( On BMB npnxasAH ...
n r.n.
Koucmpvru +ra oes.u:ua n nepearcx cneymme qop+v.o:
hmo Bpe+
CVB1EK1 BE (n nyxnom nne) Haccnnnoe onpeoe.euue
(ro ecrt
Inaron n 3-e qop+e).
Bcnomnnre em pas, uro y npaeu.iuoeo rnarona
3-n qop+a 'IHAIOH(e)D,
a y uenpaeu.iuoeo +ry 3-m ero qop+v nyxno npocro
pas n nancera emyuumo nansycrt uau otunoe cuoeo!
HPHMEPB: Bpe+
&
Mne CKA3ABH npany I WAS TOLD the truth.
a wos mov.o ompyv
O ree CKA3ABH, uto rt orcyrcrnyemt.
You WERE SAID to be missing.
mv w coo mv ouu +ncuue
Emy ABH rpynoe saanne.
He WAS GIVEN a difficult task.
xu wos eueu oonquro.m maacr
4op+v.a 31 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Mne cuasauu .
121 120
BPE3KA.
Houemy . to swim?
a noromy, uro 'likeS +ro n annom cnyuae
nepem (no cury) rnaron,
a 'swim +ro emopo (no cury) rnaron !!!
A nepe( emopi+ no cury e.aeo.o+ (ro ecrt nepe( c.eovmuu+
sa nepei+) nyxno oasameuouo crannrt :acmu:rv 'to:
1 2 1 2
'I like to read Mne npannrcx unrart.
AHBmE:
+ra anrnncxax qop+v.a nenrnuna pyccxomy ntpaxennm
cu+namusupvm ... ( PP+), n xoropom cnono cu+namusupoeami
nonnocrtm ananornuno anrnncxomy 'like, n +ra cu+namu pac-
npocrpanxercx na nmo ozeum nnn na nmoe saumue, a 'like
nsmenxercx ue n sanncnmocrn or nyx ooerma, a coornercrnenno
cyzeumy,
ro ecrt:
Mue npann1cn +ro xnoxo I like this apple.
a .ar uc n.
1ee npann1cn +ra enymxa You like that girl.
mv .ar m e.
E+y npann1cn nyremecrnonart He likeS to travel.
On(C) nmum nyremecrnonart xu .arc mv mpe.

Crp. 123
Ha+ npann1cn, xax Bt paoraere We like the way you work.
wn .ar o w+ mv wr
32) KAK CKA3ATB ?
MHE HPABH1CR FEIATI.
MHE HPABH1CR OH.
EH HPABH1CR, KAK .
HAM HPABH1CR, KAK BI .
B +rnx xasanoct t npocrtx ntpaxennxx ecrt onpeennnax
c.owuocmi,
xnnxmmaxcx ocooeuuocmim anrnncxoro (n pyrnx eeponecrux)
xstxa/xstxon:
n aue.ucro+ npenoxennn (n ornnune or pvccroeo!)
eceea ecrnyer CVB1EK1,
(a HE ooerm) !
To ecrt: uuuauux Ha+ crpamno! nnn E+v xonono!
a mououo:
MM onmcx! nnn OH mpsner!.
Cama xe qop+v.a, xoropym Bam npnrcx sayunrt n +1ou cnyuae,
cxnatnaercx o.e+eumapuo ns otuntx cocmae.muux:
Coornercrnymmax qop+a
CVB1EK1 rnarona 'LIKE OB1EK1
(I, you, we, they, nnn
he, she, it) IhAIOh c 'to:
&
&
E+v npannrcx nnanart He likeS to swim.
On(C) nmum nnanart. xu .arc mv cwn+
4op+v.a 32 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Mne upaeumca erart
123 122
Emy ue npanxrcx mtmn He doesnt like mice.
On(C) ue nmnr mtme. xu oasum .ar +ac
Ham ue no/npannuact noroa We didnt like the weather.
wn ououm .ar ow+o
Hm +ro ue nonpannrcx They wont like it.
o wovum .ar um
NB.
Ecnn xe Bt xornre cxasart, uro Bam npannrcx,
KAK xro-ro uro-ro oe.aem,
ro ynorpenre ntpaxenne '. THE WAY ow+,
ro ecrt:
Mne npannrcx I like

KAK THE WAY

on rannyem he dances.
To ecrt qop+v.a cranntno ntrnxnr cneymmnm opasom:
CVB1EK1 LIKE THE WAY uec1onuenne IHAIOH
(n nyxno qop+e) (n nyxno qop+e).
SHE LIKES THE WAY HE MOVES.
uiu .arc o w+ xu +vves
EH HPABHTCR KAK OH BHIAETCR.
Pyccxoe Anrnncxoe
cyzeumuoe mecronmenne ozeumuoe mecronmenne !!!
& &
H+ npannucn mt They like us.
o .ar ac
Mue npannBnct re xyxnt I likeD those dolls.
a .arm ovs oo.s
Mou+ oem+ noupaeumca +ror mnmxa.
Mv children will like this teddy-bear.
+a :m.opou wn. .ar uc m+ouooo
A urot cxasart, uro Bt uero-ro HE .moume,
nnn uro Bam uro-ro HE upaeumc,
ocrarouno:
1) nepe cymecrnnrentntm, xoropoe Bam HE npannrcx,
nocrannrt 'NO
n +rom cnyuae oprannuntm yer ncnontsonanne n pyccxom
nepenoe cnona uuuauo (nnn ero pasuoeuouocme):
Mne (coece+) HE npanxrcx xnoxn I like AO apples.
(coece+) HE nmnm xnoxn a .ar uov n.s
E ue npanxrcx (uuuauue) xypnant She likes no magazines;
uiu .arc uov +eosuus
2) nepe rnaronom 'LIKE, croxmnm n cuoeapuo qop+e,
ncnontsonart ouo ns yxe snaxomtx Bam anrnncxnx ue
1-y ns 4 ompuame.iuix :acmu:
'dont, 'doesnt, 'didnt nnn 'wont:
On mne ue npannrcx! I dont like him!
a ooum .ar xu+
4op+v.a 32 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Mne upaeumca erart
125 124
Oparnre nnnmanne na cneymmne umauci:
1) ooport 'It seemS to . n 'It seemED to
moxno npocro sasvopumi, rax xax onn cranntnt
us+euemc rontxo epe+a, ro ecrt qop+a rnarona 'seem;
2) KOMV

rawemc nnn rasa.oci
ooosua:aemc npenorom '1O .
n samenxemtm ozeumui+ mecronmennem
('to me, 'to you, 'to him, 'to her, 'to it, 'to us, 'to them);
3) epe+euua qop+a cumcuonoro rnarona,
ro ecrt rnarona, noxastnammero,
umo, cocrnenno ronopx, xomy-ro rawemc nnn rasa.oci,
onxna coornercrnonart epe+euu oopora
'It seemS to nnn 'It seemED to :
It seemS to me (that) he IS fighting
& Mne xaxE1cx, (uro) on ep1cx.
Bpe+a
Ho: '
It seemED to me (that) he WAS fighting
Mne xasABoct, (uro) on pABcx;
4) cnoneuxo '., that m , :mo ,
croxmee sect ' n cxoxax,
moxno cnoxono n HE ncnontsonart.
33) KAK CKA3ATB ?
MHE KAE1CR, H1O TI
EMV KA3ABOCL, H1O OHA
B +rom cnyuae mt c Bamn nnepnte cranxnnaemcx
c pyccxnm oes.u:ui+ npenoxennem.
Onaxo anrnncxax qop+v.a n nx +roro cnyuax
onontno npocra n ouennna.
Bt rontxo oantre n otunoe npenoxenne mecronmenne 'IT
n qop+v.a, renept yxe ouent noxoxax na e pyccxn ananor, rorona!
Tontxo nopaou c.oe nemnoxxo pyeo.
Hyxno ronopnrt:
'IT KA+ETC/KA3AhOCI MHE, (uTO) CVB1EKT IhAIOh
n nyxno
qop+e,
ro ecrt:
Mne xaxE1cx/ xasABoct, uro on ep1cx/ pABc.
IT seemS / seemED to me (that) he IS / WAS fighting.
um cuu+s/cuu+ mv +uu m xu us / wos qamuue
Emy xasABoct, uro ona noneBa ero.
It seemED to him that she LET him down.
um cuu+ mv xu+ m uiu .em xu+ oavu
NB. Henpaeu.iui rnaron 'LET no ecex rpx cnonx qop+ax
onnaxon (let, let, let), a snaunr, n ero qop+a npoueueeo epe+euu
(ro ecrt 2-x) raxax xe, xax n ocuoeua (ro ecrt xax 1-x qop+a).
4op+v.a 33 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Mne uaxemca, umo rt .
127 126
2) n anrnncxom npenoxennn
oecmevem 1outxo cvoerm(uoe mecronmenne)!
HPHMEPI: ' ouxeu mmo .eu
'

Menx m cueoeauo nontcnrt ( I should be promotED.
npo+ovmuo
Tex uyxuo muo m ycnart ( You should be sen1 away.
orcma coum ow+
Ero m uyxuo nponepnrt ( He should be checkED.
:orm
E uyxuo muo m noompnrt ( She should be encouragED.
uurapuowim
Hac m uem-nnyt narpanrt ( We should be rewardED.
puwooouo
Bac/nac m cueoeauo ( You should be hangED!
nonecnrt! xueo
Hx uyxuo muo m coxpannrt ( They should be preserveD.
npuseo
Mamnny m cueoeauo nomtrt ( The car should be washED.
wouim
Komnart uyxuo muo m ( The rooms should be tidiED.
ypart maouo
Hyxuo (muo) m ypart ( The table should be clearED.
co crona r.noo
Bonoct cueyem crpnut
noxopoue The hair should be CU1 shorter.
Bonoct ouxum mmo nocrpnxEHt . ram uomo
34) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
MEH BM CBEOBABO . (uarasami)
MEH BM HVHO .
MEH HVHO BMBO BM .
MEH BM .
Hpocro!
Onxrt ncnontsyem o.e+eum 'SHOULD LP
(no roxe c cyzeumui+ mecronmennem!).
4op+v.a ouent nornuna aue.osi:uie ronopxr nor rax:
OBEH BM1L HAKA3AH(-ntm).
To ecrt: I SHOULD BE punishED,
nnn:
hmo CVB1EK1 SHOULD BE 3-n 0OPMA rnarona.
&
3naunr, no ncex +rnx cnyuaxx ovrea.iuo &
no-anrnncxn +ra qop+v.a snyunr xax, &
nanpnmep: &
&
Ona OHHA BM1L narpaxEHa.
Tenept, aeame onxrt ecno+uu+, uro:
1) y npaeu.iuix rnaronon 3-n qop+a Iuarou(e)D,
a y uenpaeu.iuix +ry qop+v nyxno
u.u: a) part ns 3-n xononxn Tao.ui .,
u.u: ) npocro pas n nancera nmyun1t uausycmo !!!;
4op+v.a 34 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Menx m cueoeauo .
129 128
MEH ... BHR1, BHEBH
TEF ... BLK1, BHBH
E, EIO ... BKBR1, BKBHBH
uopmantno n +ra roucmpvru nastnaercx oes.u:uo. Ona nepe-
arcx no-anrnncxn rax nastnaemtm cmpaoame.iui+ sa.oeo+.
4op+v.a n sect ouent +nemenrapna n xonxperna, rax xax n sect
anrnnuane HE nepeoamm oecmeue,
a xax ncera
onucieamm
ceo ca+ux nnn ceo cocmoauue.
Onn ronopxr:
BMB (ecrt, yy) H3FHBAEM/i+.
I WAS (am, will be) BEATEN nrm+,
a wos ouumH

'
npnum BPEMR, roeoa c Bamn ovovm :mo-mo oe.ami,
Bt noxaxere 0OPMOH rnarona 'be:
ecnn Bac .uu euepa noxaxnre +ro npn nomomn cnon
'was n 'were,
ceuac 'am / is / are,
a saempa 'will be !
T.e.,
MEC1OHMEHHE, BE IHAIOH
cyuecmeumeuouoe (n nyxnom nne) (n 3-e qop+e
nnn u+a cocmeeuuoe ' naccueuoe

Bpe+a
onpeoe.euue)
ChOBA:
check :or nponepxrt
clear r.no ounmart
cut (cut, cut) ram pesart
encourage uurapuowi noompxrt
hang xue nonecnrt
preserve npuse coxpanxrt
promote npo+ovm nponnrart
reward puwooo narpaxart
send away couo ow+ orctnart (3-x qop+a sent)
short uom xoporxn
tidy maou ynpart
wash woui mtrt
4op+v.a 34 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Menx euam
131 130
Byyuee npemx ( ( ( ('will be):
&
E HPHBE3V1 rya She WILL BE BROUGHT there.
uiu wn. ouu opoom +o
C HAMH BVV1 OBPALATBCB xax c xoponxmn.
We WILL BE treatED like kings.
wn wn. ouu mpnumuo .ar ruues
To ecrt ovrea.iuo: Bpe
&
+
mu nrm+ ... 'I was beaten,
a wos ouumu
Tt mua npecneyEMo ...,
epeno muo cpynEHo,
Ona yem npnnesEHa cma ..., n r..

'
Bpe+ !
Hy rouno xax no-pyccxn !!!
ChOBA:
axe rc ronop
bring opuue npnnocnrt
caress rop+c nacxart
enter +umo nxonrt
follow qo.ov (npe-)cneonart
king ruue xopont
lock .or sannpart
perform nqoo+ ncnonnxrt
trap mpn nonymxa
treat mpuum opamartcx (c ...)
NB. nx monx pyse evp+auoe n annom cnyuae nmeercx
npexpacnax nosmoxnocrt noca+ovmeepwoamic n necnyrt
XOPOBHM anrnncxnm.
H nonyuaercx (n uuuauux Meu, eeo n r..
1outxo 'I, he, she n r.n.) .:
Hacmoauee npemx ('am/is/are):
MEHR FIK1 xaxt pas, xora x nxoxy n ror ap.
IM BEATEN every time I enter that bar.
a+ ouumu +epu ma+ a +umo m oaa
O HM mnoro IOBOPR1 He IS very much SPOKEN ABOUT.
xu us e+pu +am: cnovru ooavm
HAC HAKA3IBAK1 ouent uacro We ARE PUNISHED very often;
wn aa nauuuim e+pu oqu
Hpoueuee npemx ( ( ('was/were):
&
EIO hACKABH nce He WAS caressED by everyone.
xu wos rop+cm oa +epuwau
EPEBO CPVFHBH ronopom The tree WAS CUT with an axe.
ompnu wos ram wn urc
MV3MKV HCHOhHRBH ouent xopomo.
The music WAS performED very well.
o+mvsur wos npqoo+o e+pu w+.
HX 3AHEPBH n nonymxy They WERE lockED in a trap.
o w .orm uu ompn
1EBR HPEChEOBAB xnocr You WERE followED by a tail;
mv w qo.ovo oa om+.
133 132
Menx 1pe1nponaun xax paa I was being treated like a slave.
Co mno opamaunct xax c paom a wos ouuue mpnumuo .ar o c.oe
(moeoa, e mom nepuoo epe+euu).
A nor n ovovue+ epe+euu +ra roucmpvru c 'being
ue ucnouosyemca,
rax xax aue.osi:ui+ ne npannrcx non1openne 'be being!
HETPAHHHOHHIH TEXHHuECKHH HPHM.
Hepenonre CAMO cnono 'being na pyccxn xax ceuac,
moea nnn e mom +o+eum n Bam yer ropaso nerue !
To xe camoe n npn nepenoe c pyccxoro ua( anrnncxn !!!
HKAHC.
3ect ecrt onn ouent naxnt umauc, xoropt nmeer ornomenne
x +ro n x nocneymme remam ononpemenno eno n rom, uro rou-
cmpvru, xoropym mt ceuac paccmarpnnaem, xnnxercx HACCHB-
HOH no ncex ntmenpnnenntx npnmepax EHCTBVET ue cam
cvoerm, o xoropom nr peut, a uro-ro nponcxonr C HHM.
Coornercrnenno, c+mcuoeo rnaron cronr n 3-e qop+e
n qop+e naccnnnoro onpeoe.euu, n na +rom yponne
nosnnxaer onpeennnax (.eeropeuae+a) nponema, xoropax rem
ne menee rpeyer ononnnrentnoro oxcnennx.
Cymecrnymr rax nastnaemte e.aeo.i oeouoeo oecmeu,
nanpnmep,
ABATB
no net oaeami moxno
u KOMV-ro, u KOIO-ro ...
nx +roro ocrarouno ncnomnnrt,
uro n anrnncxom xstxe cymecrnymr
INGoeie qop+i rnarona,
c nomomtm xoroptx moxno ouent rouno norasami, uro
EHCTBHE nponcxonHo, nponcxonT nnn BVET nponcxonrt
n ouent xonxpernt MOMEH1,
nnn xe ua npomweuuu onpeennnoro HEPHOA npemenn
ro ecrt tno (e.emc, ovoem) uumeuoum+ nnn noemopamuu+ca.
3naunr, ecnn Bac uuu (oimm) nnn ueuoeauu (e.vmm)
u+euuo rora-ro nnn o:eui oueo,
ro Bt moxere +ro upesntuano nerxo noxasart,
ncrannn n +ry qop+v.v em n c.oee:ro 'BEING ouuue
HOCHE coornercrnymme qop+i rnarona 'BE
(xoropo Bt ecrecrnenno! yere nouasmeamo
BPEMR ecrnnx):
&
Ty xnnry ce:ac nnmy1 That book is being written now.
Ta xnnra ce:ac nnme1cn. m ovr us ouuue pumu uav
Co mno (ce:ac nnn eceeoa) opamam1cn xax c penxom.
Im being treated like a child.
a+ ouuue mpnumuo .ar o :a.o
Tex (ce:ac nnn eceeoa) 1pe1npym1 xax paa/ patnm.
You are being treated like a slave c.oe
Mamnny uom1 np+o ce:ac.
The car is being washed right now.
o raa us ouuue wouim pam uav
135 134
A photograph was given to me (Ko+v ?)
o qovmoepaaq wos eueu mv +uu
uororpa]nK oraun mne
uororpa]nx mua oraua +ue;
) Ecnn xe ocuoeum nepeno na pyccxn xstx
HEBO3MOEH,
npo1nnopeun1 3PABOMV CMMCHV,
xax nanpnmep n npenoxennn,
I WAS GIVEN A PHOTOGRAPH.
a wos eueu o qovmoepaaq
MHE ann ]ororpa]nm,
a ovrea.iuo: FIh AH uOTOIPAuHR
Feccmtcnnna!,
ro anrnncxn cvoerm 'I nepenonre na pyccxn xstx xax
MHE, 1EBE, EMV, EH . n r..,
ro ecrt n ameuouo+ naexe.
Honropxm, uro ntmecxasannoe ornocnrcx, n ocnonnom, x rna-
ronam oeouoeo oecmeu, snauenne xoroptx onycxaer u e-
crnnx CAMOIO OB1EKTA, u ecrnnx HO OTHOBEHHR K
OB1EKTV (oaeami, oapumi, eoeopumi, cooouami n p.).
Btpaxenne 'I WAS GIVEN ..., nanpnmep, moxer n pasntx
xonrexcrax nmert na namerpantno npornnononoxntx cmtcna:
1) MHE AhH ...
n
2) MEHR AhH ...
urot nsexart noono nyrannnt,
x cpasy xe am Bam rpn npocrtx conera:
1) npn nepenoe c pyccuoeo na anrnncxn cmeno crpore +ry
roucmpvrum, rax xax Bt 3HAE1E, umo u+euuo Bt xornre
cxasart, a anrnnuane cnoxono pasepyrcx no xonrexcry;
2) npn nepenoe xe c aueuucuoeo na pyccxn
npnnnmare no nnnmanne ea ]axropa:
a) ecrt nn n npenoxennn c raxo roucmpvrue
OHOBHH1EBLHME OFTCHEHH,
npnammne npenoxennm 3PABMH CMMCH
(nanpnmep, o uanpae.euuocmu oecmeu) ?:
I WAS GIVEN TO THE CANNIBALS.
a wos eueu mv oruuoo.c
FIh OTAH ( hROEAM MEHR orann ...,
nnn
BO3MO+EH nn ocuoeum nepeno na pyccxn xstx,
n omee:aem nn on 3PABOMV CMMCHV ?
Ecnn a, ro nepenonre anrnncxoro oecmevmueeo
cvoerma 'I nnn nmoe pyroe anrnncxoe +ecmou+euue nnn
cymecrnnrentnoe na pyccxn xax
MEHR, 1EBR, EIO, E, ]ororpa]nK . n r..
ro ecrt no-pyccxn crantre ' +ror cvoerm n euuumeuoum naex:
137 136
1) 'MUST BE npenonaraer nanoutmym eepomuocmi,
oasameuouocmo, nompeuocmo n ecnn xornre
npeonpeeuuuocmo.
Hpomy onaxo nomnnrt, uro nocxontxy 'MUST ue rnaron,
a) ro c nnm HE nyxnt HHxaxne ompuame.iuie :acmui,
a ompuauue 'NOT camo cneyer npnuo 3A 'MUST
u.u n nne 'N`T npncoennxercx K nemy;
) uro n eonpocax x 'must
HE nyxnt HHxaxne eonpocume.iuie :acmui,
n
n) uro ynorpenenne 'MUST cnntno orpannueno rem,
uro y nero HET qop+ npoueoueeo n ovovueeo npemenn
(ro ecrt x nemy ue npncoennxmrcx uuuauue orou:auu
n on ue co:emaemc c o.e+euma+u 'will/shall).
Ho+romy ero ouent xopomnmn sa+euumeua+u/pacuupume.+u
xnnxmrcx (are) ooopomi/euaeoum:
2) 'HAVE TO BE 3-x ]opma, n xoropom, xax Bt
naemct nomnnre:
a) n oxsarentnom nopxxe no npemenam us+euemc cam rnaron 'HAJE
(( 'has, 'had, 'will have);
) ompuauue nr yxe uepes ompuame.iuie :acmui
'. don`t ., '. doesn`t ., '. didn`t . n '. won`t . ;
36) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
MEH (TEBB n r..) OBHM . (HAIPAHTI)
OBEH (BMB) BM1L . (HAKA3AH)
MEH OBHM BMBH .
MEH OBHM BVV1 .
MEH HVHO (. BMBO ., . BVE1 .) .
Cxema/qop+v.a cneymmax
ro ecrt yxnantno aue.osi:uie ronopxr:
* OHEH BM1L naxasAH(ntm).
I* MUST BE punishED nauuuim
. HAVE/HAS TO BE punishED.
. `VE GOT TO BE punishED.
. AM TO BE punishED,
ro ecrt: . BE 3-n qop+a.
Cm. crp. 64.
` H onxrt 1outxo cvoermnte mecronmennx!!!
a-a, ne ynnnxrect!
Hpax1nuecxn nce +rn 4 napnanra
('must, 'have to, ' `ve got to n 'am to)
snauar ono n ro xe ( . ouxeu .) n xnnxmrcx (are) nsanmo-
samenxemtmn, xorx mexy nnmn cymecrnymr nexoropte
c+ic.oeie n cmu.ucmu:ecrue pasnnunx:
4op+v.a 36 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Menx ouxum .
139 138
3ror eapuaum ( 'be to .) npenonaraer xax t sanuauupo-
eauuocmo (xeu-1o!!!) roro, uro c Bamn nnn c xem-ro pyrnm (oua-
no nponsorn, Bamy saeucu+ocmo or +roro, no on
pexe ncnontsyercx n ovovue+ npemenn.
Tax uro, camtm voooui+ n ynnnepcantntm nx Bac xnnxercx
ooopom
'HAVE TO BE 3-x qop+a rnarona.
Oh+EH FITI .Hntm, .1tm, n r..
HPHMEPB:
I must be instructED.
a +acm ouu uucmparmuo
(ouaen mmo nponncrpyxrnponAH.
Menx (ouanm nponncrpyxrnponart.
He must be executeD Ero (ouanm xasnnrt.
xu +acm ouu +rcurmvmuo
On (ouaen mmo xasnH.
He must NOT be executeD On HE (ouaen m1t xasnH.
Ero HE (ouanm xasnnrt.
I`ve got to be instructED Menx (ouanm nponncrpyxrnponart.
ae eam moonu uucmparmuo
(ouaen mmo nponncrpyxrnponAH.
He`s got to be executED Ero (ouanm xasnnrt.
On (ouaen mmo xasnH.
n) a eonpoci moryr saanartcx
u npn nomomn eonpocume.iuix :acmu
'Do .?, 'Does .?, 'Did .? n 'Will .?,
u camnmn qop+a+u 'Have/Has/Had .?;
3) n ero eapuaum ' `VE ( `S) GOT TO BE .
upesntuano ynorpenrentnt pasronopnt napnanr
ooopoma 'HAVE TO BE . nx uacmoaueeo npemenn;
4) a uernprtm eapuaumo+ xnnxercx (is) ooopom
'. AM TO BE .ED, n xoropom, coornercrnenno:
a) sa+eue+i+ xnnxercx cnono/qop+a 'AM
(( 'is, 'are, 'was, 'were n 'will be
+rnmn cnonamn Bt noxastnaere epe+a!);
) ompuauue 'AO1 cue(ye1 3A ono ns +rnx qop+
nnn n nne 'N`T npncoennxercx K ne;
n) eonpoci saamrcx npxmo camnmn xe qop+a+u rnarona 'be
(ro ecrt remn xe
'Am I to ..?, 'Is he to ..?, 'Are ..?,
'Was ..?, 'Were ..?,
'Will . be ..?),
xoropte cranxrcx n cauoe nauauo nonpoca:
Is he to be blameD? ouxeu (nn) on mmo onnnH?
us xu mv ouu o.o+o
4op+v.a 36 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Menx ouxum .
141 140
BHEBH, KAK OH
3ra qop+v.a noxoxa na ]opmyny X35 (crp. 129), no ornnuaercx
or ne n cnocooo+ oopasoeauu, n c+ic.o+, rax xax n ne cooma-
ercx o xaxom-ro ]axre uepes nocnpnxrne mpemie cropont.
4op+v.a +ra opasyercx nerxo n cranaprno e moxno npocro
ntsypnrt a e ocnonnt pyccxn aua.oe
(x nastnam nx PP+ PVCCKO-PVCCKHMH 0OPMVhAMH)
snyuan t xax
OH BMB VBHEH HAA1L,
ro ecrt:
'HE WAS SEEN TO FALL.
xu wos cuuu mv qoo.
Hnn xe:
Bpe+a 3-n qop+a IHAIOH

&
CVB1EK1 qop+a 'BE rnarona n ueonpeoe.uuo
eocnpumu qop+e c 'to.
nnn pe:u
HPHMEPB.
HAC1ORHEE npemx ('am / is / are):
Ioeopam, :to mt rparnm mnoro ener
We are said to spend a lot of money.
wn aa coo mv cnouo o.om oe +auu
Ioeopam, :to mt norparnnn mnoro ener
We are said to have spent a lot of money.
They have to be fed up Onn (ouanm mmo naxopmnEHt.
qoo an Hx (ouanm naxopmnrt.
They DOA`1 have to be fed up qoo an
Onn HE (ouanm mmo naxopmnEHt
Hx HE (ouanm naxopmnrt.
She has to be sen1 away.
uiu xs mv onu coum ow+
Ona (ouana mmo orocnAHa
E (ouanm orocnart.
She DOESA`1 have to be sen1 away.
Ona HE (ouana mmo orocnAHa ( orocna1a).
E HE (ouanm orctnart.
We haD to be taught to Ily.
wn xo mv onu moom moq.a
Mt (ouanm mBn mmo nayuEHt nerart
Hac (ouanm mBn nayunrt nerart.
We DIDA`1 have to be taught to Ily.
Mt HE (ouanm mBn mmo nayuEHt nerart
Hac HE (ouanm mBu nayunrt nerart.
4op+v.a 36 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Bueuu, uau on .
143 142
HPEHOBAIAE1CR, u1O ...
Toxe +ue+eumapuo !
4op+v.a:
Bpe+

&
CVB1EK1 BE SUPPOSED 1O IHAIOH:
IM SUPPOSED TO ... (r.e B npeono.aeamci ...),
a+ conovso mv
nnn:
IM NO
T SUPPOSED TO ...
a+ uom conovso mv c voapeuue+ na 'NOT !
B +ro qop+v.e nsmenxercx 1outxo rnaron 'BE
(( 'am, are, is, was, were, will be)
n sanncnmocrn or roro,
o uo+ n o uauo+ BPEMEHH nr peut,
a ompuauue 'NOT cneyer npxmo sa qop+a+u 'be
(n voapeuue naaer na 'no t),
nno n nne 'nt npucoeouuemc npxmo K uu+,
n pesyntrare uero mt nmeem ( we have):
am not, are not, isnt, wasnt, weret, wont be ...
HPOHEHEE npemx ('was / were):
Cumuauu, uau ona nnaxana She was heard to cry.
C.iua.u, :to ona nnaxana. uiu wos xo morpa
y+auu, :to on ncues He was thought to disappear.
xu wos oom mv ouconno
3a+emuuu, uau mt nenyemcx We were noticed to kiss.
3a+emu.u, :to mt nenyemcx. wn w uovmucm mornc
BVVHEE npemx ('will be):
O nnx cuaxym, :to onn ntmr They will be said to drink.
O nnx yym eoeopumo, uto . o wn. onu c+o mv opuur
Hseecmuo, uro Hpanonon nen1p Mrs. Markozubova`s
rocnoxn Mapxosyono Legal Center
na yn. Moxonax, 18 in the Mohovaya str. 18
xnnxercx is known to be
camo ontrno the most experienced
mpnnuecxo ]npmo legal company
n Canxr-Herepypre. in Saint-Petersburg.
4op+v.a 37 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Hpenouaeaemca, uto x .
145 144
Hpeono.aeaemca, uto mt HE onosaem
We are not supposed to be late;
wn aa uom conovso moonu .om
HPOHEHEE npemx ('was / were):
Hpeono.aeauoco, uto x sopon
I was supposed to be healthy.
a wos conovso my onu x+.u
HE npeono.aeauoco, uto x sopon
I was not supposed to be healthy.
a wos uom conovso mo ouu xo.u
Hpeono.aeauoco, uto ona coxaneer
She was supposed to regret
puep+m.
Hpenonarauoct, uto nac ne muo ( mt orcyrcrnonann)
We were supposed to be missing;
wn w conovso moonu +ncuue
BVVHEE npemx ('will be):
Byem npenonarartcx, uto onn ay1 ornop
They will be supposed to fight back.
o wn. onu conovso mo qam or
Or nnx HE BVV1 owuoami, uto onn ayr ornop
They will not be supposed to fight back.
HPHMEPB.
HAC1ORHEE npemx ('am / is / are):
Hpeono.aeaemca, uto x orcyrcrnym
Im supposed to be absent.
a+ conovso moonu ocoum
Hpeono.aeaemca, uto rt nponamt
You are supposed to disappear.
mv aa conovso my ouconno
Hpeono.aeaemca, uto on nepnrcx
Hes supposed to return.
xus conovso my pumu
Hpeono.aeaemca, uto mt onosaem
We are supposed to be late.
wn aa conovso moonu .om
Hpeono.aeaemca, uto onn nam nosnonxr
They are supposed to call us.
o aa conovso my roo. ac
HE npeono.aeaemca, uto x orcyrcrnym
Im not supposed to be absent.
ocoum
HE npeono.aeaemca, uto on nepnrcx
He isnt supposed to return.
pumu
Hpeono.aeaemca, uto on HE nepnrcx
He is not supposed to return.
xu nsum conovso my pumu
4op+v.a 38 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Hpenouaeaemca, uto x .
147 146
n) '1here is a necessity 1HA1 WE SHOULD COME,
ro ecrt:
'There is a necessity 1HA1 Cvoermuoe SHOULD HEus+euuui
mecronmenne rnaron
ns cnonapx.
3ect ' samenxmrcx (coornercrnenno ueooxoou+ocmu)
+ecmou+euua n (coornercrnenno c+ic.v) camn euaeoum;
2) Ecnn +ra nompeouocmi/uvwoa n xaxom-ro ecrnnn sarparnnaer
n nnrepect roro, K1O yer +ro ucno.umi,
ro moxno orpannunrtcx n namnm craptm pyrom n snaxomnem
(+ooa.iui+) o.e+eumo+ LP 'SHOULD
nnn ero ompuame.iuo qop+o 'SHOULDN`T,
nocue xoroptx, nanomnnam, pyrne c+mcuoeme rnaront
HE nmemr :acmu:ru 'to,
ro ecrt croxr n cnoe cuoeapuo qop+e ueus+euuui+u:
You should go and take it by Iorce
mv umo eov uo mor um oaqooc
Hyxuo, umom mm nou. n es. +ro cnno.
1ee m nomu n esmi +ro cnno.
She shouldn`t do it again He uyxuo, umom oua
uiu umoum ovv um oe+u oe.a.a +ro onxrt.
E ue uyxuo enart +ro onxrt.
Bnnre, pyccuu rnaron us+euemc, a anrnncxn uem !!!
39) KAK CKA3ATB . ?
HVHO, H1OBM TI .
Bor Bam, oporne mon unrarenn, 2 camtx npocrtx nosmoxnocrn
cenart +ro:
1) Hcnontsyre eipaweuue, upesntuano noxoxee na name:
Hmeercx neoxonmocrt n rom, urot .
'There is a necessity ..
,oo ns ouuc+cumu
3ro eipaweuue nmeer 1PH pasnonnnocrn, n pasnnna n
snauennn mexy nnmn nacrontxo nenennxa, uro Bt na panntx
moxere nontsonartcx nmo ns nnx.
HVHO, H1OBM MM HPHBhH:
a) '1here is a necessity OF OUR COMIAC,
ro ecrt:
'There is a necessity OF Hpumwame.iuoe INGoea qop+a rnarona;
mecronmenne
) '1here is a necessity FOR US 1O COME,
ro ecrt:
'There is a necessity FOR Ooermuoe rnaron c 'TO;
mecronmenne
4op+v.a 39 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Hyxuo, umom rt .
149 148
B raxom npenoxennn na o.e+eum 'shall
nyxno enart ocooe voapeuue!
HAHPHMEP:
Tt oasameuouo cenaemt +ro ! You shall do it !
mv un. ovv um
Ona yem eiuvwoeua nonnnonartcx ! She shall obey !
uiu un. oo+
On ec paeuo npnr ! He shall come !
xu un. ra+
Ona oasameuouo ouxua sanaxrt ! It shall bark !
um un. oaar
Onn uenpe+euuo cayrcx ! They shall surrender !
o un. cop+uoo
NB.
Hpomy yuecrt, uro npenoxennax ntme qop+v.a xnnxercx napn-
anrom oueuo xopoueeo xstxa, n e npocro moryrt ne snart Bamn
pystx n snaxomte (n rom uncne n axe nexoropte aue.osi:-
uie)!
40) KAK CKA3ATB ?
OH BC-1AKH
TI OBR3A1EBLHO
MI BC PABHO
3ect, ne nsoperax nenocnnea, x nemnoro saerax nnepe
coomy Bam, uro n anrnncxom xstxe nx mecronmenn
'I n 'WE R n MM
npn opasonannn ovovueeo epe+euu
xpoue o.e+euma
WHH 'WILL
cymecrnyer em n o.e+eum
LBH 'SHALL,
xoropt, cocrnenno, snaunr n snaunn BVV n BVEM,
no xoropt n paseoeopuo+ xstxe yxe npaxrnuecxn ntrecnen
ynnnepcantntm o.e+eumo+ WHH 'WILL.
Onaxo n anno cnryannn nac ropaso ontme nnrepecyer
ror ]axr, uro +ror o.e+eum 'SHALL moxer ncnontsonartcx
H c ocrantntmn mecronmennxmn,
no yxe coece+ e pyeo+ uauecmee:
c mecronmennxmn
'YOU, 'HE, 'SHE, 'IT n 'THEY
o.e+eum LBH 'SHALL
npnnnocnr snauenne
OBR3AHHOC1H,
BIHV+EHHOIO OBEHC1BOBAHHR !!!
4op+v.a 40 B1OPOH VPOBEHI On ec-mauu .
151 150
42) KAK CKA3ATB ?
TI, KAE1CR,
OH, KA3ABOCL,
HOXOE, H1O OH .
Tenept yxe rpynocre y Bac nourn ner, no+romy
eapuaumi n +ro qop+v.i x mory anart ne menee cxemarnuno.
Hpenaraemt (n xopomn!) eapuaum ouent noxox na cno
pyccxnn aua.oe.
B +rom cnyuae Bt ncnomnnaere, uro:
1) n anrnncxom npenoxennn eceea nmeercx CVB1EK1;
2) nocue :acmui 'to
anrnncxn e.aeo. HE us+euaemca !!!
H nonyuaercx:
MM KA+EMC IhAIOh n ueonpeeueuuo qop+e,
OH KA+ETC . (c :acmue 'to) n r..
To ecrt:
'WE SEEM TO
nnn: 'HE SEEMS TO ,
nnn: ' I SEEMED TO .
Cam xe rnaron 'seem xax nnnre
us+eumic uoae1 n (ouaen (xora +ro nyxno!).
41) KAK CKA3ATB ?
OH HH 3A H1O HE XOuET HhABATI!
OHA HH 3A H1O HE uHTAET!
OHH HH 3A H1O HE XOTEhH BIXOHTI!
Bt axe ne moxere cee npecrannrt, nacxontxo nerxo
nc +ro ' cxasart no-anrnncxn!
B+ecmo ncex +rnx uu sa :mo ue Bt (nesanncnuo
or epe+euu) npocro ncnontsyere cnono 'wouldnt wvoum,
ro ecrt o.e+eum 'would n ero ompuame.iuo qop+e:
Ona uu sa umo ue xouem mtrt nocyy!
She wouldnt wash dishes!
uiu wvoum woui onuus
Onn uu sa umo ue xomeuu ntxonrt!
They wouldnt get out!
o wvoum eom avm
OH uu sa umo ue cacrcx!
He wouldnt give up!
xu wvoum eue an
Ona uu sa umo ne nonntnr!
She wouldnt swim!
cwn+
Mt uu sa umo ue cmaue+ pyxnrt c nem!
We wouldnt make friends with her!
wn wvoum +or qpouos wn x
4op+v.a 41 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Tt, uaxemca, .
153 152
KAK BM XO1EB/-A !
ECBH BM 1OBLKO C/MOI/-HA !
B oonx +rnx cnyuaxx Bam npnrcx ntsypnrt roronte qop+v.i,
xoropte Bt camn yere ononnxrt nyxntmn Bam cnonamn .
1) KAK BM XO1EB !:
HEus+euuum
I WISH I COULD rnaron
a wnui a rvo ns cnonapx.
???
Houe+y rnaron ue us+euu
n noue+y nepe nnm uem 'to?
a noromy, uro
nocne umoro o.e+euma
(a 'could +ro +ue+eum!)
rnaron ue us+euemc
n nepe nnm ue cmaeumc :acmua 'to !!!
KAK BM XO1EBA nerart!
I WISH I COULD fly!;
a wnui a rvo q.a
KAK BM XO1EB xynnrt +ry mamnny!
I WISH I COULD buy this car!
a wnui a rvo oa uc raa
HAHPHMEP:
Tt, uaxemca, onmtcx You seem TO be afraid.
mv cuu+ mv ouu oqp+o
Ona(C), uaxemca, nnauer She seemS TO be crying.
uiu cuu+s mv ouu rpauue
On(C), noxoxe, ymn He seemS 1O have gone.
xu cuu+s mv xe eau
Mt, noxoxe, mBu ronont We seemED TO be hungry.
'
Bnnre, anrunncxnn e.aeo.
nocne 'to ue us+euu.c !!!
Kax nnnre, us+euemc n +rom eapuaume
n no .ua+, n no epe+eua+
mououo rnaron 'SEEM cuu+ rasamic:
Mt, rasABoci, sanynnnct We seemED 1O be lost.
Bmopo rnaron n +ro qop+v.e moxer trt n c.owuococmae-
ui+, no ero e.aeo.iua cocmae.mua (n annom cnyuae 'be nnn
'have '!) nc panno ue us+euemc:
On(C), uaxemca, ocrarouno nocpaxancx.
He seemS TO have fought enough.
xu cuu+s mv xe qoom uuaq
4op+v.a 42 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Kau m x xomeu .
155 154
44) KAK CHPOCHTB ... ?
A HOHEMV 31O OBEH ... ?
C HEIO BM 31O ... ?
C KAKOH C1A1H FVV ... ?
HEIO PAH ... ?
A HOHEMV 31O BPVI ... ?
enaercx nc +ro npn nomomn mnorocroponnero o.e+euma
'SHOULD LP:
A noue+y +mo x onxen .? . read this book ?
C ueeo m +mo x ...? Why go away ?
C uauo mauo cmamu x yy ...?
}
SHOULD
}

write to him ?
Heeo pau x ...? I fight with them ?
C uauo cmamu x nosnonm emy Why should I let him insult me ?
ocxopnxrt menx ? wa umo a .em xu+ uuca.m +uu
Heeo +mo mt epye
yem rannenart ? Why should we dance ?
C ueeo +mo epye wa umo wn ouc*
mt yem rannenart ?
A noue+y +mo ona onxna Why should she retire ?
yxonrt na nencnm ? wa umo uiu pumao
(C uauo cmamu ?)
* Cnono 'dance
aue.u:aue nponsnocxr xax oaauc,
a a+epuraui xax ouc !
H:
KAK BM XO1EBA, urot OH CMOI
I WISH HE COULD
a wnui xu rvo
KAK BM MI XO1EBH, urot OHH MOIHH
WE WISH THEY COULD
wn wnui o rvo
2) ECBH BM 1OBLKO MOI !:
HEus+euuum
IF I ONLY COULD rnaron
uq a ovu.u rvo ns cnonapx:
ECBH BM 1OBLKO MOI xynnrt +ry mamnny!
IF I ONLY COULD buy this car!
uq a ovu.u rvo oa uc raa
ECBH BM 1OBLKO MOIBA nepnyrt ero!
IF I ONLY COULD get him back!
uq a ovu.u rvo eom xu+ or
ECBH BM OH 1OBLKO MOI npecrannrt cee .
IF HE ONLY COULD imagine
uq xu ovu.u rvo u+owiuu
4op+v.a 43 B1OPOH VPOBEHI A noue+y +mo x ouxeu . ?
157 156
Kau m HAM ypartcx orcma ?
How could WE get out from here ?
eom avm qpo+ xno
Kau m HAM nx narn ? How could WE find them ?
qauo
Kau m HM orenartcx or +roro ?
How could THEY get rid of this ?
eom pno oe uc
Kau m HM nac narn ? How could THEY find us ?
xav rvo o qauo ac
PACmHPEHHE.
Ecrt em ona uyrt onee epo+osora,
no ouent aue.ucra nosmoxnocrt cxasart ro xe camoe:
Bes 'to
&
wom umo a ovv mv +or x & .ae +uu
What SHOULD I do to make her & love me?
uro MHE ceuamo, utot sacrannrt e nonmnrt menx?
Kau +ue sacrannrt e nonmnrt menx?
NB.
'To nepe emopi+ anrnncxnm rnaronom
nocne 'make
ue nyxno !
KAK BM MHE TEF ... ?
KAK BM EMV HAC ... ?
KAK BM BAM HX ... ?
B annom cnyuae anrnnuane ronopxr:
KAK BB B MOI IHAIOH es 'to TEF ?.
'HOW COULD I YOU ?,
xav rvo a mv
nnn:
KAK B MOIY IHAIOH es 'to TEF?.
'HOW CAN I YOU?.
xav ru a mv
HPHMEPI:
Kau m MHE rex ncrpernrt ? How could I meet you ?
xav rvo a +uum mv
Kau m 1EBE / BAM nonyunrt entrn ?
How could YOU get the money ?
eom o+auu
Kau m EMV e conasnnrt ? How could HE seduce her ?
coomvc
Kau m EMV nomart e ? How could HE catch her ?
rm:
Kau m EH nsexart +roro ? How could SHE avoid this ?
oeoo
4op+v.a 45 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Kau m +ue . ?
159 158
WHAT ELSE CAN I DO BUT cuoeapuaa qop+a IhAIOhA
(u.u COULD) (ro ecrt rnaron ns cnonapx).
uro mne eu ocrarcx enart, uau ue npnsnartcx ?
What else can I do but confess ?
wom +.c ru a ovv oam rouq+c
uro eu enart, uau ue ocrartcx ?
What else can she do but stay ?
wom +.c ru uiu ovv oam cmo
uro eu mt mornn cenart, upo+e uau yexart ?
What else could we do but leave ?
wom +.c rvo wn ovv oam .uue
Byyuee npemx n +ro qop+v.e opasyercx (yxe nx Bac,
naemct) cmauoapmui+ nyrm ( 'can ( 'be able to ):
uro eu mt c+owe+ enart, upo+e uau cpaxartcx ?
What else will we be able to do but fight?
To ecrt o.e+eum 'can npocro samenxercx cnonm o.usueo+ /
cuuouu+o+ euaeouo+
&
'be able to ouu oo. mvv,
xoropt yxe moxer us+eumic rax, xax name c Bamn ymentxe
yer yrono,
sa cur, ecrecrnenno, pasnmx qop+
e.aeo.a 'be !
H1O EH MOIV EhATI, KAK HE ...
H1O MHE (EH) OC1A1CR EhATI .
H1O EH (EH) EBA1L, KAK HE ...
H1O HAM (EH) BMBO EhATI, KPOME KAK ...
Cxasart +ro raxxe onontno npocro!
1)
3anomnnaem, uro
... EH ... n annom cnyuae 'ELSE o.c,
a antme crponm ooi:ui BOHPOC no cmauoapmuo cxeme:
WHAT ELSE CAN (u.u COULD) I DO ?
wom +.c ru (rvo) a ovv
uro eu x mor/y c/enart ?
uro eu x mor t cenart ?;
2)
A nor renept VCHOHBEM ]pasy, n enaem ns ne ro, :mo ua+
oi.o uvwuo c ca+oeo ua:a.a ( what we needed from the very
beginning).
... KAK HE ... n annom cnyuae yer no-anrnncxn
'BUT oam,
nor n npnannm +ro cnono x xonny ]past,
nonyunn rem camtm roronym n nocroxnnym qop+yuy:
4op+v.a 46 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Hmo eu ., uau ue .
161 160
B yyue+ xe epe+euu ynorpenxercx 1outxo ooopom
'BE ABLE TO
(n xoropom us+euemc
1OBLKO rnaron 'BE ( 'will be):
Kax x c+oey sacrannrt e nepnyrtcx?
How will I be able to make her come back?;
xav wn. a onu +o. mv +or x ra+ or
2) Bt npocro ronopnre:
uTO MOIV / MOI CEhATI,
u1OFI 3ACTABHTI e nepnyrtcx?
sect qop+v.a roxe ouent xonxperna:
rvo wn. onu +o. mv
(could, will be able to )
'WHAT CAN I DO TO MAKE her come back?;
wom ru a ovv mv +or x ra+ or
uTO OBEH CEhATI,
u1OFI 3ACTABHTI e nepnyrtcx?
47) KAK CKA3ATB ?
H1O MHE CEhATI, H1OBM OH .?
H1O MHE CEhATI, H1OBM MI .?
H1O MHE CEhATI, H1OBM OHH .?
Bostmm, nanpnmep, npocroe xnrecxoe npenoxenne rnna:
H1O MHE CEhATI, u1OFI OHA BEPHVBACL?.
3ect ecrt TPH npocremnx eapuauma:
KAK MOIV 3ACTABHTI e nepnyrtcx?.
3ro otunt nonpoc c yxe otuntm nx Bac o.e+eumo+ 'CAN:
'HOW CAN I MAKE her come back?,
xav ru a +or x ra+ or
n n +rom npenoxennn OBA rnarona ('make n 'come back)
ynorpenxmrcx es :acmui 'to, rax xax
u nocne o.e+euma 'CAN,
u nocne rnarona 'MAKE +or sacrannxrt,
rnaront, cueymuue sa uu+u, ncera ynorpenxmrcx
BE3 'to !
Ecnn xe Bt xornre cxasart ro xe camoe, no yxe n npoue-
ue+ epe+euu, ro Bam nyxno nsxrt yxe ne o.e+eum 'can,
a o.e+eum 'COULD rvo MOI:
HOW COULD I MAKE her come back?
4op+v.a 47 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Hmo +ue cenart, utom . ?
163 162
BMBO BM 3O
POBO, ECBH BM ...

Ouent npoc1o !
IT WOULD BE GREAT IF ...
npnum nmecro 'GREAT epom moryr trt pyrne ne menee
snyunte cnona, nanpnmep:
WONDERFUL wauooqv. BEhHKOhEHHO
SPLENDID cn.euouo FhECTBE
TREMENDOUS mpu+ouooc OFAhEHHO
FABULOUS qom.oc CKA3OuHO
HPHMEPI:
Bmuo m nennxonenno, ecuu m ona npnexaua cma.
It would be wonderful if she came here.
um wvo ouu wauooqv. uq uiu ro+ xno
Bmuo m necrxme, ecuu m rt tu ymnee.
It would be splendid if you were smarter.
um wvo ouu cn.euouo uq mv w c+aamo
Bmuo m oanenno, ecuu m rt ntnrpau!
It would be tremendous if you won!
um wvo ouu mpu++uooc uq mv wau
Bmuo m npocro cxasouno, ecuu m onn noxennunct.
It would be fabulous if they got married.
um wvo ouu qom.oc uq o eam +puo
sect nx oosnauennx ouxeucmeoeauua nyxno ncnontsonart
ooopom
'HAVE TO
sa+euumeuo o.e+euma 'MUST,
n us+euemc n +rom ooopome no .ua+ n no epe+eua+,
ecrecrnenno, cau e.aeo.
'HAVE (( 'has, 'had, 'wll have):
uro ouxeu on ceuamo u1Ot sacrannrt e nepnyrtcx?
What HAS he TO do TO MAKE her come back?
wom xs xu mv ovv mv +or x ra+ or
uro ouxeu mu on cenart, u1Ot sacrannrt e nepnyrtcx?
What HAD he TO do TO MAKE her come back?
wom x xu mv ovv mv +or x ra+ or
NB. To ecrt nmenno qop+a+u rnarona 'have
Bt n yere noxastnart epe+a nce roucmpvruu:
Hpoueuee npemx: 'had.
Hacmoauee npemx: 'have / has.
Byyuee npemx: 'will have.
3asypnre nce +rn ' eapuaumi npxmo co ncemn 'to,
rax xax annax qop+v.a onosnauna, ynnnepcantna n npocra.
NB.
Ho, xoneuno xe, n sect moxno nontsonartcx ncemn 4-mx anrnnc-
xnmn eonpocume.iui+u :acmua+u ('Do?, 'Does?, 'Did? n 'Will?)
What does he have to do to make her come back?
wom as xu xe mv ovv mv+or x ra+ or
. utot sacrannrt e . ?
4op+v.a 47 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Bmuo m sopono, .
165 164
49) KAK CKA3ATB ?
, HE IOBOPR HH CHOBA
, HE CKA3AB HH CHOBA
, HE 3AHHATHB HO CTV
3ra qop+v.a opnrnnantna, no raxxe ouent xonxperna,
n no+romy n e moxno sasypueamo nansycrt.
Oa pyccxnx ompuauu, nmemmnecx n +ro qop+v.e (ue n
uu), nepenoxrcx na anrnncxn OHHM cnoneuxom
'WITHOUT wuavm (uro ovrea.iuo snaunr BE3),
a e.aeo. (ro ecrt mo, HEIO ne tno cenano)
cronr n INGoeo qop+e:
' WITHOUT InaronING ( a word).
HAHPHMEP:
On ymen, ue cxasaB uu ennoro cnona.
He left WITHOUT sayING a word.
xu .eqm wuavm c+uue o wo
Mt yexann, ue sannarnB no cury.
We quit WITHOUT payING the bill.
wn rwnm wuavm n+uue oon.
NB. Inaron 'quit rwnm uenpaeu.iui,
no+romy u n npoueoue+ epe+euu on 1oae 'quit!
50) KAK CKA3ATB ?
KOIA TI HPHHL, VE C1EM
3ABTPA K 3.00 VE BMMOK
HA 3TOT uAC VE KVHHB 3TV MABHHV
KOIA TI HPHHBA, VE HAPHCOBAB
(ononnnrentno cm. crp. 40).
4op+v.a:
4op+a
CVB1EKT 'HAVE 3-n qop+a
' c+mcuoeoeo rnarona.
'
Bpe+a !
Hnn
( xora +oxuo cosart
mom Pyccxo-Pyccxym 0opmyny)
PP+:
V BMBO / BVE1 CEHAHO:
3anrpa K rpm mt yxe BMMOEM +ry nocyy
3anrpa K rpm +ra nocya V nac yxe BVE1 ei+i1a.
Tomorrow BY three we WILL HAVE washED
mv+opov oa puu wn wn. xe these dishes.
wouim uus onuius
4op+v.a 49 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Kora rt npuuo, x vwe cze+ .
167 166
HA +ror uac x yxe KVHHB ry mamnny
K +romy npemenn V menx yxe KVHHEHA ra mamnna.
BY this time I HAVE already BOUGHT that car.
oa uc ma+ a xe oo.p+ou ooom m raa
K romy npemenn, xora rt npuuua, on yxe HAPHCOBAB
K , V nero BMB uapucoeAH
BY the time (when) you came, he HAD already PAINTED
oa oma+ w+u mv ro+ xu xo oo.p+ou n+umuo
TEOPHR ( cm. crp. 40).
Bo ncex +rnx ' npnmepax mt nmeem eno c rax
nastnaemtm 3-nu muno+ ecrnn nnn xax x nx nastnam
c ecmeu+u 'K
(mpaouuoua.ucmi no-+oueo.icru nastnamr +ry mryxy
'Perfect).
3ro oecmeu,
xoropte ua:a.uci pauee xaxoro-ro +o+euma no npemenn
(pauee 3 uacon, pauee roro, . roeoa rt npuuu n np.),
n nno onn ca+u, nno +qqeum or nnx
npooo.wae(m)mc o +roro camoro +o+euma
(xax t nooeouemc no nero, K nemy).
4op+a.iui+u npusuara+u ( vrasvmuu+u c.oea+u)
n annom cnyuae xnnxmrcx npenorn ua [omom +o+eum| n
K [omo+v +o+eumv].
Ca+ xe +ror +o+eum moxer uaxooumic
n umou ns 3
peantno cymecrnymmnx na +1on nnanere epe+u
(n uacmoaue+ [ 'have/has],
n npoueue+ ['had]
n n yyue+ ['will have]).
BPEMB xe, ee uaxooumc +o+eum,
K xoropomy nooeouemc ro nnn nnoe oecmeue,
mt n +mo roucmpvruu xax nnnre
noxastnaem qop+a+u rnarona 'have.
HOBTOP HPHMEPOB:
3anrpa K rpm mt yxe BMMOEM +ry nocyy
3anrpa K rpm +ra nocya V nac yxe BVE1 ei+i1a.
Tomorrow BY three we WILL HAVE washED
these dishes.
mv+opov oa puu wn wn. xe wouim uus onuius
HA +ror uac x yxe KVHHB ry mamnny
K +romy npemenn V menx yxe KVHHEHA ra mamnna.
BY this time I HAVE already BOUGHT that car.
oa uc ma+ a xe oo.p+ou ooom m raa
K romy npemenn, xora rt npuuua, on yxe HAPHCOBAB
K , V nero BMB uapucoeAH
BY the time (when) you came, he HAD already PAINTED
oa oma+ w+u mv ro+ xu xo oo.p+ou n+umuo
4op+v.a 50 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Kora rt npuuo, x vwe cze+ .
169 168
Kpome +roro, em pas opamam Bame nnnmanne na ro, uro
n monx anrunncxnx npnmepax () cnoneuxo
'... that ... m ..., uro ..., ..., xoropt ...
sauacrym cronr n cxoxax,
r.x. n anrnncxnx npenoxennxx ono concem ue oxsarentno!
EB HPHMEPB h 3A3VFPHBAHH:
suau, uro ona cuaxem emy +ro.
I knew (that) she WOULD tell him this.
a umv m uiu wvo mo. xu+ uc
H:
suau, uro ona (em pantme) cuasaua emy +ro.
I knew she HAD TOLD him this.
a umv uiu xo mov.o xu+ uc
Mt suauu, uro onn ue saeoeopam no-anrnncxn.
We knew they WOULDNT speak English.
wn umv o wvoum cnuur nue.uui
Ham crasauu, uro onn yym ronont.
We were told (that) they WOULD be hungry.
wn w+o mov.o m o wvo ouu xauepu
crasau, uro x ue noy rya.
I said (that) I WOULDNT GO there.
a coo m a wvoum eov +o
uaoeuc, uro emy ue cuaxym.
I hoped they WOULDNT tell him.
a xovnm o wvoum mo. xu+
51) KAK CKA3ATB ?
OHA CKA3ABA, uTO HPH1.
BVVHEE n HPOHEHEM:
cxasaB emy, uro npuy I tolD him I would come.
a moyu xu+ a wy ua+
ncera ymaB, uro CTAHY nrunxom.
I always thoughT (that) I WOULD become a pilot.
a oo.wos oom (m) a WV oura+ ona.om
Tt nnxora ne noospenaBa, uro on HPEACT rex.
You never suspecteD (that) he WOULD betray you.
mv u+eo cocn+rmu (m) xu WV oump+ mv
On ne snaB, uro BYET aaue1t o +rom ncm cnom xnsnt.
He didnt know (that) he WOULD regret about it all his life.
xu ouum uov (m) xu WV puep+m ooavm um oo. xus .aq
( BYY Oh+EH )
ne oxnaB, uro mne HPHTCR yexart.
I didnt expect (that) I WOULD HAVE TO leave.
a ouum urcn+rm (m) AH WV XB TV .uue
Kax Bt, naemct, samernnn,
BVVHEE n HPOHEHEM
no ncex ntmenpnnenntx npnmepax
a noome-ro,
BCEIA
nr uepes ... WV ... '... WOULD ...,
a HE uepes 'will!
4op+v.a 51 B1OPOH VPOBEHI Ona cuasaua, uro npum
171 170
52) KAK CKA3ATB ?
OH CKA3AB: HPHV ...
Hpannna Coe.acoeauu/co:emauu epe+u (crp. 108) ecrnymr
n npn nepeeooe np+o anrnncxo peun n( roceeuuvm.
Inanntm npannnom n annom cnyuae xnnxercx
oasameuouocmo
nx ooeux uacre npenoxennx
croxrt e ouo+ u mo+ xe npemenn.
Onaxo ecrt n ononnnrentnte 7 npannn +roro
nepeeooa np+o peun n roceeuuvm,
ne nmemmne npxmoro ornomennx x anrnncxnm epe+eua+ n
roucmpvru+, n xoropte moxno nepeuncnnrt nxparne n noxox,
(uyrt anee +rn npaeu.a
nornepxamrcx xonxperntmn npnmepamn) :
1) Inaron 'say samenxercx( na rnaron 'tell
(ro ecrt 'say ( tell);
2) 3anmie, raei:ru n eonpocume.iuie suaru onycxamrcx;
3) Cvoermuie mecronmennx ( cvoermi)
n npumwame.iuie +ecmou+euu
( onsa1eutnme onpeoe.ume.u)
samenxmrcx coornercrnenno cmtcny;
H nx nyme yenrentnocrn nor Bam ]pasa ns +nna Mop+na
( anropa Hepeo rpoeu):
'Heres the postcard I THOUGHT I WOULD never SEND.
xnos onovcmraao a oom a wvo u+eo couo
Bor orxptrxa, (xoropym) x ov+aBa, (uro) nnxora ne HOHBK.
' '
Hpoueuee Byyuee
npemx npemx
4op+v.a 51 B1OPOH VPOBEHI On cuasau: npuy .
173 172
4) Hponcxonr cneymmax noc1onnnan sa+eua cnon:
will ( would wvo
this ( that m
these ( those ovs
now ( then ou
today ( that day m oo
yesterday ( the day before oo+ ouqoo
tomorrow ( the next day ou+rcm oo
ago ( before ouqoo
here ( there +o;
5) Hpn neoxonmocrn oooae.mmc cnona
'whether w+o (nnn 'if uq) ... uu ...;
6) B noee.ume.iuo+ uar.oueuuu
rnaron n 1-n ( n c.oeapuo) qop+e
samenxercx( na rnaron c :acmue 'to ;
7) 3anpeuamua :acmua 'Dont
samenxercx( na npocroe ompuauue 'not.
Hocnenne 2 nynxra moxno cnecrn x npocro sa+eue
'Dont ( '... not to ....
HPHMEPB:
She said to me: ( She told me (that)
'We will leave ( we would leave
tomorrow ( the next day.
They asked us: ( They asked us whether (nnn: if)
'Have you ( we had
read the book? read the book.
You asked me: You asked me
'Where where
do you ( I
go? ( went.
He said to her: ( He told her
'Come ( to come
to me! ( to him.
She said to me: ( She told me
'Dont ( not to
kiss her! kiss her.
4op+v.a 52 B1OPOH VPOBEHI On cuasau: npuy .
174
HOBTOPEHBE
MATB YHEHBR!
nnn
KAK CKA3ATB
HO-AHIHHHCKH ..?
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI
4op+v.a 53
53) KAK CKA3ATB ?
uEhOBEK, KO1OPOIO BHEH BuEPA
OHH CMEhHCI HA 1EM, H1O OH CKA3AH
1) ono ns ocooeuuocme anrnncxoro xstxa xnnxercx ero
crpemnenne nc vropa:ueami n rom uncne, n sa cur
onvcrauu, ueucno.isoeauu npenoron ram, re mt
ronopx no-pyccxn nx ucno.isve+:
uenonex, uomopoeo x euoe. nuepa,
The man I saw yesterday
o+u a coo ecmooo
Onn cmexnnct ua me+, :mo on crasa..
They laughed at what he said;
o .aaqm m wom xu coo
2) sauacrym npeo.oeu cranxrcx aue.osi:ui+u ne nepe,
a nocue cnona, xoropoe onn ooc.vwueamm.
Ho+romy nx moxno nastnart n nocue.oea+u.
Bor npnmept nepe+eueuu npenora:
Bor uenonex, O romopo+ x ceuac ymam.
Here is the man Im thinking ABOUT.
xno us o+u a+ nuruue ooavm
A re coaxa, C romopo on nyremecrnyer?
And where is the dog he`s travelling WITH?
uo w+o us oooe xus mpe.uue wn
177
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI cnon
KAK CKA3ATB . ?
(ecmo) .
TI (ecmo/e.euic) .
OH (ecmo/e.emc) . n r..
C/enart +ro ouent nerxo, ecnn nomnnrt 2-e Hpaeu.o paevu-
ruua (cm. mo Hpmxou e aueuucuu), a nmenno:
B umou npaeu.iuo+ n no.uo+ anrnncxom npenoxennn
oasameuouo onxen trt euaeou (n nmo qop+e)!!!
3naunr, PP+ (Pyccxo-Pyccxax 0opmyna) nx +roro cnyuax:
RBBRKCL penxom.
3asypume ntenennoe:
I: II: III:
Ina
&
rona uem ! Ina
&
ron
&
ecmo !
yuennx A+ onmvn. I`m
&
a pupil.
Tt ypax Kv aa oqyv. You are a Iool.
Bt nnxenep Kv aa unuowiuuuo You are an engineer.
On orar(-t) Xu us pum: He is rich.
Xus pum: He`s rich.
Ona nona Liu us ownoov She is a widow.
Lius ownoov She`s a widow.
Ono npexpacno! Hm us wauooqv. It is wonderIul!
Hmc wauooqv. It`s wonderIul!
Coaxa ontmax ,oooe us oue The dog is big.
179 178
ncnontsymrcx rontxo cnona
RBBRKCL . , . RBBRE1CR . n r..,
nnn: HAXOVCL ., . HAXOH1CR . n r..,
xoropte nonnocrtm +xnnnanenrnt anrnncxnm
a M . , . H3 ., . AA .
'I am . , '. is ., '. are ..
Onaxo n pyccxom xstxe n onn ne ncer(a oxsarentnt
nx ynorpenennx
( n necy 'I am in the Iorest qopucm),
Inarona uem '
'
Inaron ecmo
rora xax n anrunncxou xstxe yno1peuenne qop+ rnarona
'BE
( oimi, e.mic, uaxooumic)
onsa1eutno BO BCEX BPEMEHAX n CHYHARX:
I/he/she/it/who?/my dog was there /on/ona/ono/xro?/mox coaxa mu ram.
You/we/they/my dogs were there Tt/nt/mt/onn/mon coaxn muu ram.
BCE will be there BCE BV... ram.
Hpnmeuannx:
Oparnre, noxanycra, nnnmanne na ro, uro nexoropte qop+i
rnarona 'be onu mmo (npnnennte na crp. 177 n III-m
cronnxe npnmepon) xnnxmrcx ( ARE) corpaueuu+u, ouent ynor-
penrentntmn n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe,
a nmenno:
a+ . I`m . % I am . a + . nnunmct .
xus . He`s . % He is . xu us . On .
uius . She`s . % She is . uiu us . Ona .
umc . It`s . % It is . um us . Ono, ona, on .
(ue o .mox).
Mt yuennxn Wn aa nmvn.s We are pupils.
Bt nnxenept Kv aa nuowiuuuoc You are engineers.
Onn paoune ,o aa wroc They are workers.
Bc +ro ' tnn couerannx +ecmou+euu c qop+a+u rnarona
'BE ouu mmo, aeuamoca, uaxoumoca n oparnre,
noxanycra, nnnmanne na ro, uro n uacmoaue+ epe+euu
cymecrnyer nentx 3 qop+i rnarona 'be:
AM, IS, ARE,
+ us aa
npnum qop+a 'ARE ona n ra xe
nx +ecmou+euu mm, Bm, em, +i, ouu 'you, we, thev
n nx cvuecmeume.iuix no +uoxecmeeuuo+ uncne
('My catS are .).
XVV AA KV? KTO BI/TI? WHO ARE YOU?
Ho-anrnncxn onsa1eutno nyxno ronopnrt e.uro+,
ro ecrt ne nponvcra qop+v rnarona 'be:
ec1t . , Tt ec1t . , On ec1t .
a + mv aa xu us
'I am ., 'You are ., 'He is .,
n r..
T.e., nonropxm, nyxno BCEIA ncnontsonart ony ns qop+
rnarona BMTB BE ouu.
B pyccxom xstxe ynorpenenne qop+ rnarona oimi raxxe
oxsarentno, no rontxo n npoueoue+ n n ovovue+ npemenax:
BMB paounm, BVV na mre n r..
B uacmoue+ xe npemenn n pyccxom xstxe nmecro . ECTB .
181 180
MAHEHBKAR HOhE3HA CHPABKA.
urot saart nonpoc rnna Ti .? nnn Oua .?,
nyxno npocro nomenxrt nepeie 2 cnona mecramn ro ecrt
uauamo nonpoc c nyxno Bam qop+m rnarona 'be:
+ a .? 'Am I .?.
Aa mv .? 'Are you .?.
Hs xu .? 'Is he .?.
Aa wn .? 'Are we .?,
W wn .? 'Were we .?, n r..
Hanpnmep:
? onen? + a u.? Am I ill?
?Tt xnn? Aa mv o.ae? Are you alive?
?On sect? Hs xu xno? Is he here?
?Ona opax? Hs uiu evo? Is she good?
?Ona (o ruuee) Hs um numpucmuue? Is it interesting?
nnrepecnax?
?Mt orart? Aa wn pum:? Are we rich?
?Bt xenart? Aa mv +puo? Are you married?
?Onn ram? Aa ,o ,+o? Are they there?
Anrunncxnn eonpoc ncera naunnaercx
c uero-nnyt eonpocume.iuoeo, ro ecrt:
1) C umon qop+i rnarona 'be:
?Cranon (uaxooumc) ram? Hs ,ocm+ouo+ ,+o?
Is the stadium there?
?(Ecmi) Komxa n xomnare? Hs ,orm uu ,opyv+?
Is the cat in the room?
Kpome +roro, nomnnre, noxanycra, uro n conpemennom anrnnc-
xom xstxe uem opamennx na 1m
ouu xo ncem opamamrcx mououo na Bm!
Ho+romy namemy nannparcxomy 1m
ceuac n anrnncxom coomeemcmevem rontxo 'YOU mv,
c xoroptm n uacmoaue+ npemenn
ynorpenxercx 1outxo qop+a 'ARE aa:
Tm/Bt xopomn nsnecmen You are a good businessman.
( Tt aeuaeuoca .) mv aa oeyo onsuuc+u
CHMHATHHHBH COBET.
Kpome otunoro cnocoa npecrannxrtcx:
'My name is Carol +a uo+ us rpo. Menx sonyr K+pon
ecrt em na ononnnrentntx cnocoa enart +ro xe camoe,
n onn ceronx xnnxmrcx yxe ne menee pacnpocrpannntmn:
1) Bt npocro ronopnre: 'I`m Carol! n +ro nonnocrtm
coornercrnyer namemy Menx sonyr K+pon!;
2) Bropo cnoco noorsomu:uee, n ynorpenxercx otuno
rora, xora nepe nnm napa ]pas yxe nponsnecena:
'The name`s Carol! ,ou++s rpo. A sonyr menx K+pon!.
183 182
NB.
Vrounenne moero amepnxancxoro naprnpa eocnoouua 1u+a Aupm
no nonoy npu+epoe rnna:
'I am AO soldier n 'She was AO nurse.
a + uov co.owie uiu wos uov uc
HE conar n Ona tna HE mececrpo:
Mt uocume.u xstxa nonnmaem raxne ]past xax:
Hnoxo ns menx conar!, u.u: n conart ne roxyct!.
A ]pasa nacur +eocecmpi (no-moemy!) no-pyccxn nepearcx,
cxopee, xax: Mececrpa ns ne tna uurvoiuu!.
Ecnn xe Bt npocro xornre no-anrnncxn cxasart, uro mon V Bac
opvea cqepa oeme.iuocmu (n nosmoxno onee mnponmn-
nax!), ro n ronopnre npome:
'I`m AO1 A soldier
a nor +ry-ro ]pasy moxno yxe n npooo.wumi,
oannn, nanpnmep:
'I`m an engineer!.
?On niu? Hs xu opaur?
Is he drunk?
2) C eonpocume.iuoeo c.oea qop+i rnarona 'be:
Ie uaxooumc cranon? W++ us ,ocm+ouo+?
Where is the stadium?
Ie .ewum xomxa? W++ us ,orm?
Where is the cat?
Houe+y on ntxn? Wa us xu opaur?
Why is he drunk?;
3) C umon eonpocume.iuo :acmui
(npnum oua xe noxastnaer epe+a !):
Do you know her? yy mv uov x?
? Tt snaemt e?
DoeS he know her? as xu uov x?
? On snaE1 e?
DiD you know her? u mv uov x?
? Tt/Bt snaB/n e?
Will you know her? Wnu mv uov x?
Byeuo rt snart e?;
4) C eonpocume.iuoeo c.oea eonpocume.iuo :acmui:
I(e ? rt xnnmt? W+o yy mv .ue?
Where do you live?
185 184
Mt muu . wn w . We were .
Bt muu . mv w . You were . r.e. npome ronopx,
Onn muu . ,o w . They were . mun 'were:
Hamn xorM muu . avo rmC w . Our catS were .
Mt muu entmn wn w nyo
We were poor.
Bt muu n xomnare mv w uu ,opyv+
You were in the room.
Bt muu ouent mnnt! mv w e+pu rauo
You were very kind!
Onn muu ocrannent ,o w ou.neoo
They were delivered.
Hamn py3LR muu pat avo qpouo3 w e.o
Our IriendS were glad.
Ho nocxontxy y aue.osi:uix cnona mi renept uem
ro ouu ncera ronopxr Bi, n, coornercrnenno:
Tm mu . roxe: mv w . You were .:
Tm mu panen mv w wyvuouo You were wounded.
BOHPOC xax n no ncex pyrnx cnyuaxx saarcx
uem-nnyt BOHPOCHTEHBHMM
(n +ro eonpocume.iuoe ncer(a cronr n nauaue eonpoca).
Ho qop+i rnarona 'be nacrontxo cnutnm, uro onn ue nyx-
amrcx n nomomn uuuauux eonpocume.iuix :acmu, ro ecrt nonpoc
nno naunnaercx npxmo C camnx qop+ 'be,
nno +rn qop+i camn cneymr
cpasy xe 3A eonpocume.iui+ c.oeo+,
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI . mu/-a/-o/-u
KAK CKA3ATB . ?
BMB/-a/-o MI BMBH
C +rnm ropaso npome, a n um-ro axe n nnrepecnee:
BBH/-a/-o 'WAS, a BBHH 'WERE.
wos w
3A3YBPHTE:
mu . a wos . I was . r.e. npome ronopx,
On mu . xu wos . He was . mu/-a/-o 'was
Ona muA . uiu wos . She was . (no ue nx mi!).
Ono muO . um wos . It was .
Ham xor mu . avo rm wos . Our cat was .
HPHMEPB:
mu na mre I was in the South . uu ,ocav6
On mu orar He was rich . pum:
On mu ynr He was killed . ru.o
Ona mua ouent She was very . e+pu
xpacnna beautiIul omvmuqv.
On mu ontmnm It was big . oue
(nanpnmep, o oo+e).
Ona mua nnnno It was long . .oue
(nanpnmep, o s+ee).
Ono muo ntcoxnm It was tall . moo.
(nanpnmep, o oepeee).
Ham par mu onen Our brother was ill u.
187 186
Kora H4 'IF ntcrynaer n cnom snauennn ECHH BM,
ro nocne nero
nx BCEX uuu/cvoermoe ncnontsyercx
rontxo npoueuee epe+ rnarona
(r.e. 1outxo ero 2-n qop+a xax n no-pyccxn !!!),
a n cnyuae c rnaronom 'BE oimi
(n ouent npannntnom anrnncxom !!!)
ncnontsyercx mououo ero
qop+a 'WERE W (a HE 'was):
Ecuu m x mu occom, . Hq a W ,oooc .
If I were the boss .
Ecuu m ona mua sect, . Hq uiu W xno .
If she were here .
Ho:
Ecuu ona mua ram, . If she was there . uq uiu wos ,oo .
!!!
NB. onxen cxasart Bam urot Bt ne naann n omopox, ecnn
omu+ cronxnrect uro aue.osi:uie yxe ouent uacro ue npnep-
xnnamrcx npannna 'Ecnn t/iI were, n no ncex cuyuanx ronopxr
'II I was ..
Ho ecnn Bt xornre ronopnrt oueuo npannntno n upacueo,
ro enare mar, rar x Bam pexomenym
(ro ecrt: 'Ecnn m/II . were)!!!
nanpnmep:
2 1 ( 1 2 1 2
On mu ram? ( Wos xu ,+o? Was he there?
Bmua ona oma? ( Wos uiu mxov+? Was she at home?
Onn muu pat? ( W ,o e.o? Were they glad?
To ecrt ouu ncera cnpamnnamr:
1 2
Bmuu onn ram? Were they there?
Bmuu onn pat? Were they glad?, n r..
Ho:
1 3 2 ) 1 2 3 1 2 3
Koea +ro oi.o? W+u wos um? When was it?
O1BE1M raxxe moryr trt ouent rpamru+u:
a, (x) mu! Ec, a wos! 'Yes, I was!.
Her, (x) ue mu! Hov, a wosum! 'No, I wasn`t!.
a, mt muu Ec, wn w! 'Yes, we were!.
OHEHB BAHOE OB1RCHEHHE.
Anrnncxoe cnono 'IF uq nmeer (na snauennx:
1) ECHH .;
2) EChH BM .
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI . mu/-a/-o/-u
189 188
KAK CKA3ATB . ?
- HE cnon.
HE BMB cnonom.
HE BVV cnonom.
urot oxasart xomy-ro, uro Bm HE cuou,
ocrarouno cxasart o +rom raxnm nor opasom:
A+ HO1 u+.uqoum! 'I`m not an elephant!,
nnn: A+ HOV +.uqoum! 'I`m no elephant!.
To ecrt,
nocne M, H3, AA, WO3, W
nyxno nocrannrt HO1 nnn HOV:
'AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE AO1 nnn '. AO.
B yyue+ xe npemenn qop+v.a uyrt-uyrt menxercx:
I will AO1 be an elephant ( I WOA`1 be an elephant,
u.u:
I will be AO elephant ( I`ll be AO elephant.
To ecrt 'NOT ompuaem rnaron,
a 'NO xax t ompuaem cymecrnnrentnoe!!!
NB. Hocue 'NO ne cranxrcx HHKAKHE apmur.u
(n uuuauue pyrne onpeoe.ume.u !!!),
rax xax 'NO n apmur.u nm1ecnnm1 pyr pyra !!!
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI ue cnon
Hmauc nx nmosnarentntx.
nx ]nnonora e.acuie n cnonax nnuero ne snauar, rax xax onn nerxo
esau+osa+eummc (cOnart ( cVnyrt) nnn noome uc:esamm
(pOr ( pra), a nor nx coe.acuix n pasntx xstxax moxno naxo-
nrt noc1onnnme coomeemcmeu n +rn-ro coomeemcmeu moryr
nnora npnnonrt x ouent nnrepecntm pesyntraram rem onee uro c
rouxn spennx roro xe ]nnonora coe.acuie, opasymmnecx n onom n
rom xe mecre (pra!), ouent nnsxn (cm. mom xnnry 5 ceucauu).
A renept:
Pvccr. F I h B 'W, r.x. onn opasymrcx ryamn,
He+e. 'W A R H 'R, r.x. onn roxe opasymrcx n onom
Aue.. 'W A S mecre n noome uacro esau+osa+eummc
(y ere, nanpnmep, piora uiora).
'R 'S, r.x. n onn roxe opasymrcx pxom,
n nonyuaercx, uro pyccxoe BtB n anrnncxoe 'WaS
ne raxne yx n anxne pocrnennnxn, rax xe xax n
BtBn c 'WeRe (npocnenre poocmeo camn !!!).
Em npnmept:
TRee TPuu Peno.
SCuLL (snau. :epen) CKaH CKyHa.
(uacrt :epena).
LEEt HE4m HEBt.
EeLL 4oH yHaH.
A net raxnx ' napa..e.e ouent mnoro ..!
(Cm. mom nonmenym xnnry 5 cencannn!).
Btno:
He on1ect anrnncxoro ne rax-ro yx on n crpamen !!!
191 190
ue yy nrunxom
A wnu uom uu o na.om I will no t be a pilot.
A woyum uu o na.om I wo n`t be a pilot.
A wnu uu uoy na.om I will be no pilot.
Au uu uoy na.om Ill be no pilot.
. ue y/-y/-emt/-er/-em/-ere/-yr . . wnu uom . ( . woyum .
. will not . ( . won`t .
ue yy nnaxart A wnu uom rpa ( A woyum rpa.
I will no t cry ( I won`t cry.
ue yy oxrtcx A wnu uom uu oqp+o I will no t be aIraid.
A woyum uu oqp+o I wo n`t be aIraid.
ue c+oey . (oeeami) A wnu uom uu +u my . (pau).
I will no t be able to . (run).
A woyum uu +u my . (pau).
I wo n`t be able to . (run).
HORCHEHHR:
1) Em pas nonropxm, uro
nocue HOV 'NO
(u.u: Ecuu ecrt 'NO, ro)
nnxaxon apmur.i
(n uuuauo pyro onpeoe.ume.i) HE nyxen !:
You are AO
beggar! Tt HE nonpomaxa!;
mv aa uov o+eo
B pesyntrare nmeem (:epeov 'not n 'no, n nomnx, uro:
a) na o1(eutno croxmee ompuauue ncer(a naaer yape uue;
) ompuauue c 'AO ropaso onee uameeopuuuo!):
3A3YBPHTE:
ue ypax A+ uom + . I`m no t a .
Tt ue ypax Kv aa/ Kvp uom + qvv. You`re no .
On ue ypax Xu us/ Xus uoy qvv. He`s no .
Ona ue ypa Liu us/ Lius uom + . She`s no t a .
Bt ue ypax Kv aa/ Kvp /op uoy You`re no .
Bt ue ypaxn Kv aa/ Kvp/op uo m qvv.3.
Mt ue ypaxn (ue ypt) Wn aa/Wnp uo y qvv.3.
Onn ue ypaxn ,o aa uoy qvv.3.
On ue mu ypaxom Xu wos uo m + qvv. He wa sn`t a Iool.
Tt ue mu ypaxom Kv w uo y qvv. You were no Iool.
Bt ue muH ypaxam Kv w uo m qvv.3 You were no t Iools.
Onn ue muH ypaxamn ,o w uo y qvv.3 They were no Iools.
ue yy ypaxom
A wuu uom uu + qvv. I will no t be a Iool.
A woyum uu + qvv. I won`t be a Iool.
Au uu uoy qvv. I'll be no Iool.
Mt ue ye+ ypaxamn
Wn wnu uo m uu qvv.s We will no t be Iools.
Wn woyum uu qvv.s We won`t be Iools.
Wnu uu uo y qvv.s We'll be no Iools.
193 192
Axnenr n +rom cnyuae naaer na ro, uro +ror uenonex
HE BMB ypaxom.
Bropo napnanr ( 'He was AO Iool!) ropaso ouee uameeo-
puueu, nmeer nooc+ic. roro, uro omoeo :e.oeera mpvouo ua-
ovmi u.u npoeecmu, uro ecnn ou rmo-uuovoi u ecmi, ro yx
rontxo
. HE VPAK!.
Coornercrnenno, axnenr sect na rom, uro +ror uenonex
Ftn HE YPAKOM
(ro ecrt c.oeo e c.oeo xax no-pyccxn !!!).
pyro npnmep:
'I`m no t a cook 3ect n nepnom cnyuae Bt ronopnre, uro
u v Bac opvea npoqeccu
'I`m no cook nonrent, nnxenep, cyrenp, xro yrono
no HE noeap!.
Bo nropom xe cnyuae Bt xax t onpaeoieaeme cno
uev+euue eomoeumi .
3ect xopomnm nnreparypntm nepenoom/coomeemcmeue+ tno t:
H.oxo us +eu noeap!,
nnn:
Iomoeumi ue muv ..!
ro ecrt pasnnna onxrt-raxn
a) n rameeopu:uocmu;
) n areumax.
2) Hanomnnam, uro nepe( +uoxecmeeuum+ uncnom
oasameuoum onpeoe.ume.i 'an nnn 'a HE cmaeumc:
We are no t animalS! Mt ue xnnornte!
wn aa uom uu+.s
Hponcxonr +ro noromy, uro cnono 'A A
xora-ro snaunno OouH n +ro snauenne uacrnuno coxpannnoct,
a net nenornuno ronopnrt:
Ouu myxunnM nnn Ouu cronM npana?
HKAHCB h IVPMAHOB
(renept yxe no Anaronnm Kapnony):
'Hpannntno rocnonn Tnm Anpa vmo:uu. ntme o cnone 'AO,
no x em uyrt-uyrt nopaseueam +ry mtcnt:
'He wasn`t a Iool Bam ocrarouno ynorpenrt umon
u ns +rnx eapuaumoe, n nce Bac nomyr!
'He was no Iool!. Ipammarnuecxn nc o]opmneno
npannntno n n rom, n n nnom cnyuae.
Onaxo, ecnn yrnynxrtcx n ce+aumurv, ro onapyxnnaercx, uro
neontmax, no xonxpernax pasuua mexy +rnmn nymx npnmepamn
nc xe u+eemc.
B nepnom napnanre mt coomaem, uro +ror uenonex ne tn +a-
.axo.iui+, ue uvwoa.c e .e:euuu nnn e uso.uu om
oouecmea ro ecrt mt n omem xoncrarnpyem cau qax1 roro,
uro ou ue maro-mo vw u e.vni.
195 194
Hocnenne 2 xouonxn ( X4 n X5) +ro corpauuuie qop+i.
Hmn nontsymrcx, noxany, axe uame,
uem no.ui+u qop+a+u ns 2-n n 3-n xononox.
BOHPOC xax n n pyrnx me+ax saarcx +mu+ xe camtm
+ue+eumo+ WHB .? 'WILL .?, xoropt, ecrecrnenno,
crannrcx
e camom uauaue nonpoca/npenoxennx:
1 2 3 2 1 3
Wnu mv uum ,uc? Will you eat this? Tt yeuo +ro ec1t?
1 2 1 2 12
Wnu uiu ua+ u? Will she come back? Ona nepn1cn?
1 2 3 2 13
Wnu xu uu +u mv oyv ,uc? On cuoae1 +ro cenart?
Will he be able to do this? On yem n coc1onnnn .?
Ecnn xe n nonpoce npncyrcrnyer
ono ns eonpocume.iuix c.oe nnn eipaweuu rnna:
What .? wom uro .? Kaxo .?
Where .? w+o Ie .? Kya .?
Which (oI) .? wnm: (oe) Koropt (ns) .?
When .? w+u Kora .?
How .? xav Kax .?
Who .? xvv Kro .?
Whom .? xvv+ Koro .? Komy .?
What kind of .? wom rauo oe Kaxoro rnna .?
Kaxo .?
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI . yy .
KAK CKA3ATB . ?
BVV ., BVELB ., BVEM .,
n r..
uem antme, rem npome!
Hoxasa1eunun/oopasoeame.+u yyueeo epe+euu
n anrnncxom xstxe xnnxmrcx o.e+eumi
. WHB . '. WILL .
n . HB . '. SHALL .,
a nocxontxy yuueepcauoum+ n nanonee ynorpenrentntm xnnxercx
o.e+eum 'will, ro nmenno nm mt n yem nontsonartcx n namnx
npnmepax.
Onaxo nomnnre, uro 'will n 'shall +ro HE rnaront,
a +ue+eumm n +rnmn o.e+euma+u Bt rontxo
noxasmnae1e ovovuuocmi:
'. WILL/SHALL IhAIOh!
Ho+romy ne ymax nn o um cmeno ronopnre/opasontnare
yyuee epe+ nor rax:
1. 2.
&
Inaron
3. 4. 5.
y(y . a wnu . I will ( I`ll AHB
Tt y(emt . mv wnu . You will ( you`ll KVB
On y(er . xu wnu . He will ( he`ll XHB
Ona y(er . uiu wnu . She will ( she`ll HLHB
Ono y(er . um wnu . It will ( it`ll H1B
Mt y(em . wn wnu . We will ( we`ll WHB
Bt y(ere . mv wnu . You will ( you`ll KVB
Onn y(yr . ,o wnu . They will ( they`ll ,3HB.
197 196
When was it ? Koeoa +ro tno?
w+u wos um
Where were you yesterday? Ioe Bt tnn nuepa?
w+o w mv ecmooo
How do you do? Kar noxnnaere?
xav ovv mv ovv
When does she sing? Koeoa ona nom?
w+u oas uiu cuue
What did he do? mo on enau?
wom ou xu ovv
How much is that jacket? Cro.iro cronr ra xyprxa?
xav +am: us ,uc owrum
How long will it last? Kar oo.eo +ro nponnrcx?
xav .oue wn. um .aacm
How often do you plan to visit us? Kar :acmo Bt nnannpyere
xav oqu ovv mv n.u moensum ac nocemart nac?
Ecrt nn1t umaucoe:
1) Ecnn Bt xornre cxasart, H1O Bt nnn xro-ro pyro yeme
nnn yem n yymem EBA1L, ro Bam ocrarouno npocro cnoxnrt
HEus+euuui
' . WILL nyxnt IHAIOH (npxmo ns cnonapx) .
'
(es 'to).
What colour .? wom ra.o Kaxoro nnera .?
How often .? xav oqu Kax uacro .?
How long .? xav .oue Kax onro .?
Cxontxo (npoo.umc .) ?
How many .? xav ++uu Cxontxo .?
(o rom, uro +oxuo cunrart noumv:uo)
How much .? xav +am: Cxontxo .?
(o rom, uro ueuosa cunrart noumv:uo),
ro +ro eonpocumeuouoe cuoeo ynorpenxercx B CAMOM HAHABE
nonpoca, a nmte eonpocume.iuie :acmui nnn o.e+eumi n rom
uncne n 'WILL
cranxrcx cpasy xe HOCHE eonpocume.iuoeo c.oea:
1 2 3 1 23
Who will come here? Kmo npnr cma?
1 2 3 1 2 3
Whv should she do that? Ho:e+v (ouana ona c/enart +ro?
wa umo uiu ovv m
3aono nocmorpnm, xax +ro npannno paoraer n c pyrnmn eonpo-
cume.iui+u c.oea+u, c pyrnmn eonpocume.iui+u :acmua+u
n c pasnmun qop+a+u 'be:
Where are they going? Kvoa onn nyr?
w+o aa ,o eovuue
Which of the books is the best? Kara us xnnr camax nyumax?
wnm: oe ,ooyrc us ,oo+cm
199 198
Bor no-anrnncxn nuenno 1ax n ronopxr ro ecrt
yyuee npemx rnarona 'be mmo opasyercx
rouno rax xe, xax n ovovuee npemx ncex opveux rnaronon.
Hnaue ronopx, no-anrnncxn oasameuouo nyxno ronopnrt:
yy mmo conarom 'I will be a soldier (
( 'I`ll be a soldier.
a. onu oco.owie
Hanpnmep:
I`ll be a pilot yy nrunxom.
a. onu ona.om
Hnn:
I won`t be a pilot ue yy nrunxom
a wovum ouu ona.om
It`ll be very beautiIul Ono yem ouent xpacnntm
um. onu e+pu omvmuqv. (o oepeee).
This dog will be a good shepherd 3ra coaxa yem
,uc ooe wn. onu oeyo uieneo xopomnm nacryxom.
B xauecrne npnmepa (a ne oxasarentcrna) mory npnnecrn cnona
ns necnn namero xora-ro snamennroro n no ce ent ynaxaemoro
Bnnnn Toxapena, xoropt nor no-pyccxn, a ymaer, nnnmo, no-
anrnncxn no cmtcn npn +rom aconmrno HE repxercx, a moxer
trt, axe n noo:prueaemc:
Xouy x occom oimi,
H yy occom mmo!.
Hanpnmep:
12 1 2
Mt no+ sanrpa We will ( we`ll) go tomorrow.
wn wn. ( wn.) eov mo+opov
1 2 1 2
Mt ye+ eeamo xaxt ent We`ll run every day;
wn. pau +epu o+
2) Ecnn xe Bt xornre cxasart, KAKHM, KEM nnn HEM Bt
nnn xro-ro pyro yeme nnn yem C1AHE1E nnn C1AHE1
e ovovue+, nnn IE Bt BVE1E (uaxooumic)
ro nyxno oasameuouo oannrt euaeou
BHH 'BE BMTB!
Tax xax:
a) c ono cropont, nannunne umoro rnarona n umon qop+e
n anrnncxom npenoxennn
xnnxercx OBR3ATEHBHBM
(a net 'will/shall +ro HE rnaront, a o.e+eumi !!!);
) a c pyro cropont, rnaron 'be rouno raxo xe rnaron,
xax n nce pyrne rnaront!
3naunr, ecnn mt ronopnm:
yy ecmo 'I will eat uum,
yy cnamo 'I will sleep c.uun,
yy npmeamo 'I will jump ow+n,
yy uumamo 'I will read puuo,
ro nouemy +ro npyr (no-anrnncxn) ne nyxno ronopnrt:
yy mmo .?
201 200
HAC1ORHEE:
&
I`M going to leave conpaKCL yesxart.
a+ eovuue mv .nue
You ARE going to stay Tt conpaEHLCR ocrartcx.
mv aa eovuue mv cm+
He IS going to run away On conpaE1CR yexart;
xu us eovuue mv pau ow+
HPOHEHEE:
&
She WAS going to buy it Ona conpaBaci xynnrt +ro.
uiu wos eovuue mv oa um
We WERE going to sell it Mt conpaBuci npoart +ro;
wn w eovuue mv co. um
3) 'WILL WHH (n 'shall) HE ynorpenxercx
nocne 'IF H4 n ero snauennn ECBH . !
Kora Bt xornre cxasart n yyue+ npemenn:
ECBH x noy, .,
ro Bam nyxno
nocne 'IF - H4 npocro noc1ann1t IhAIOh ns cnonapx
(nnn 'IhAIOh(e)S):
ECHH x yy eeamo
IF I run H0 a pau.
ECHH x noeey
}
Ecrt n anrnncxom (xax n n pyccxom!) n ntpaxennx,
yxe nuemmne n cnom cocrane
rnaron 'be ouu trt.
3rn eipaweuu nonnocrtm coomeemcmevmm namnm e.aeo.a+,
no na camom ene xnnxmrcx
co:emauu+u rnarona 'be ( mmo) c onpeoe.euu+u
ro ecrt onn xnnxmrcx uncro onucame.iui+u roucmpvru+u,
nanpnmep,
be asleep cnart mmo cnxmnm,
uu oc.nun
be aIraid oxrtcx mmo ncnyranntm,
uu oqp+o
be able to . c/mout . (c/oe.ami :mo-uuovoi)
uu +o. mv . mmo n cocroxnnn .,
be nervous nepnnnuart mmo nepnntm.
ouu ueoc
Taxxe rnaron 'be nmeercx n n noc1onnnmx co:emauux
c INGoei+u qop+a+u:
3A3YBPHTE !!!
be doing . xnrt, nowueami;
onu oyvuue
be going to . conpartcx, namepenartcx (:mo-uuovoi
onu eovuue mv coe.ami).
H n +rnx ' co:emauux nsmenxercx, ecrecrnenno,
TOHBKO qop+a 'be n sanncnmocrn or .ua n n ocnonnou
or BPEMEHH ecrnnx!
203 202
Do it BEFORE he COMES!
ovv um ouqoo xu ra+3
Cena +ro npewoe, :e+ on npnr!
We won`t be able to solve that problem UA1IL she HELPS us.
wn wovum ouu +o. moco.e ,m npoo.e+ aumn. uiu xo.nc ac
Mt ne cmoxem pemnrt +ro saaun, nora ona nam ne nomoxer.
WHEA you RE1URA I`ll be already sleeping.
w+u mv pumu a. ouu oo.p+ou c.nunuue
Koeoa rt nepnmtcx, x yxe yy cnart.
H:
I was sleeping WHEA you RETURNED.
a wos c.nunuue w+u mv pumuo
cnan, roeoa rt nepnyuact.
NB.
Ho xora cnono 'When . ? xnnxercx HE comsom, a npocro
eonpocume.iui+ c.oeo+, ro nocne nero uoae1 ynorpenxrtcx n
ue.mou+i nm o.e+eum 'WILL:
WHEN WILL you return?
w+u wnu mv pumu
Kor(a rt nepnmtcx?;
4) urot cxasart: Cmory ., Tt Cmoxemt .,
On Cmoxer . n r..,
nyxno ynorpenxrt rontxo ntpaxenne
' . will be able to . . wnu nu +u my .:
ECHH rt yeeuo H4 mv uuue.
H:
If you leave.
ECHH ona(C) npum IF she comeS.
uq uiu ra+3
Em 'WILL wn. HE ynorpenxercx nocne comsoe:
when w+u xora .
as soon as s cyvu s xax rontxo .
till mu. o ., o rex nop, xax .
until aumn. o ., o rex nop, xax .,noxa . ne
before ouqoo npexe, uem ., o roro, xax .
after aaqmo nocne roro, xax .
provided npoeaouo npn ycnonnn, uro .
Inaront nocue +rnx comsoe ynorpenxmrcx:
a) n cnoe cuoeapuo qop+e;
) .uoo n qop+e na '(e)S, ecnn peut nr o ecrnnxx
EIO nnn E;
n) .uoo n qop+e npoueueeo epe+euu
( na '(e)D nnn no 2-n y uenpaeu.iuix rnaronon
cm. no 2-n xononxe nmo Tao.ui uenpae. e.aeo.oe).
HPHMEPI:
AS SOOA AS I FIAISH my work, I will help you.
s cyvu s a qnuuui +a wr a wn. xo.n mv
Kar mo.iro x saxonuy mom paory, x nomory ree.
205 204
(oo. 'able cnocont, morymn uro-nno cenart);
5) Cm. crp. 168-169.
HPHMEPB (n cm. crp. 198):
yy sapaammeamo entrn Au ++u +auu.
I`ll make money.
Tt yeuo ntcoxnm Kvu nu moo..
You`ll be tall.
On yem nsnecrntm Xuu nu q++oc.
He`ll be Iamous.
Ona yeem sanrpa Liuu uuue mo+opov.
She`ll leave tomorrow.
Ono yem yxacntm! Hm wnu nu ae.u!
It will be ugly!
Hmu nu ae.u!
It`ll be ugly!
Mt ye+ xopomnmn Wn wnu nu evo.
We will be good.
Wnu nu evo.
We`ll be good.
Bt / nt npume rya Kvu ua+ ,+o.
You`ll come there.
Onn ue ucnyeammca ,o wovum nu oqp+o.
They won`t be aIraid.
ne c+oey npnrn sanrpa
1 2
I will not be able to come tomorrow,
a wnu uom uu +u m+ra+ mo+opov
u.u: I won`t be able to come tomorrow.
wovum

1 2
Onn ne c+oeym cnert +ro They will not be able to sing this,
,o wnu uom uu +u m+cnue ,uc
u.u: They won`t be able to sing this.
Hponcxonr +ro noromy, uro
anrnncxn o.e+eum 'can ru mout
(xax n ece ocrantnte o.e+eumi)
HE uoae1 ncnontsonartcx c pyrnmn o.e+euma+u.
B rom uncne on ue ncnontsyercx n c o.e+eumo+
WHB 'WILL BV. .,
n, coornercrnenno,
cam 'can HE moxer yuacrnonart n opasonannn cnoero xe
ovovueeo epe+euu.
Bet n no-pyccxn HEBL3R cxasart: yy mout .,
a ronopxr:
y(y cnocoen . (cenart +ro)
u.u: y(y n coc1onnnn . (cenart +ro),
no net +ro 1ounoe coomeemcmeue anrnncxomy
'I will be able (to) .
a wn. ouu +o. mv .
' '
Hepem rnaron Bmopo rnaron
207 206
Ecrt 9 cymecrnnrentntx, +uowecmeeuuoe uncno xoroptx
yxe tno opasonano roeoa-mo, uuaue, no-ocooo+v, c nsmenennem
ropueeo e.acuo nnn c npuoae.euue+ renept yxe uecmauoapmuo-
eo (n ceronx yxe necymecrnymmero!) orou:auu +rn 9 cyme-
crnnrentntx n 9 qop+ nx +uowecmeeuuoeo :uc.a ( 9 9 cuon)
ocrannct raxnmn, xaxnmn onn tnn onee 1000 ner romy nasa!
3rnx cnyuaen, nonropxm,
ncero 9 mryx,
n nx nyxno npocro ntyunrt pas n nancera:
Euucmeeuuoe ( Muoxecmeeuuoe
uncno: uncno:
man +u ( men +ou myxunnM
myxunna, uenonex
woman wy+ou ( women wH+uu xenmnnM
xenmnna
child :a.o ( children :M.oPJH erH
penox
foot qvm ( feet qHHm norH, crynnH
nora, crynnx
mouse +avc ( mice +AHc mtmH
mtmt
louse .avc ( lice .AHc nmH
nomt
goose evvc ( geese eHHc rycH
ryct
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI Muoxecmeeuuoe uncno
KAK CKA3ATB ... ?
MAhIuHKH nmecro MAhIuHK,
r.e. cenart MHOEC1BEHHOE uHChO ns eouucmeeuuoeo ?
Cenart +uoxecmeeuuoe uncno ns eouucmeeuuoeo
OHEHB HPOCTO !
nx +roro ocrarouno r rouv nourn nmoro cvuecmeume.iuoeo
(no cm. cne. crp.)
npnannrt 'S ( 3 nnn C )
nnn 'eS ( H3),
ecnn +ro cnono ca+o oxanunnaercx na '-S
nnn na pyrym uunauym coe.acuvm
(ro ecrt na '-SH, '-CH, '-J, '-X nnn na '-Z).
HPHMEPB:
oo ( o3 ovr ( yxC
boy ( boyS book ( bookS
mantunxH , mantunxOB n r.. xnnrH, xnnr.
HO:
oaC anroyC, oorC xopoxA,
oa cH3 anroycM oo rcH3 xopoxH.
busES. boxES.
Fontme uuuauux us+eueuu co cnonamn
no +uowecmeeuuo+ uncne
HE HPOHCXOHT,
rax xax n anrnncxom xstxe naoewe HE1.
209 208
3rn cnona nmemr cnon coocmeeuuie
npaeuua opasonannx +uowecmeeuuoeo uncna,
nanpnmep:
ua1nncxoe 'algA noopocHB,
uo: 'algAE noopocBH ,
rpeuecxoe 'phenomenON ]enomeH,
uo: 'phenomenA ]enomeHM.
NB.
Taxxe npomy Bac em pas oparnrt ocooe nnnmanne
na e.acuvm '-e-,
nmemmymcx
n orou:auuu 'eS
( +uoxecmeeuuoeo uncna cymecrnnrentntx),
n qop+ax e.aeo.a nx ou(C), oua(C), ouo(C) n Kmo(C)?
e uacmoaue+ epe+euu,
n orou:auuu 2-o n 3-e qop+
npaeu.iuix rnaronon 'eD,
a raxxe
n orou:auux 'eR n 'eST cmeneue cpaeueuu.
3ra '-e- npnmeuarentna rem, uro ona cnyxnr cnoeopasntm
ovqepo+, cranonxct +exy nocue(nen yxno cnona, x xoropo-
my onxno npncoennxrtcx ro nnn nnoe orou:auue, n ca+u+ +rnm
ououuauue+, enax rem camtm nosmoxntm npousuoueuue +roro
orou:auu n ece nonoopasonanno qop+m n nenom.
Honpoyre nponsnecrn 'bushS rvcmM es +roro
ovqepuoeo '-e- npocro ne nonyunrcx, n nc!
Ho+romy-ro rvcmM no-anrnncxn n yyr
nuca mic n sev:ami xax 'bushEs ov uiHs!
tooth mvv ( teeth mHH syM
sy
ox orc ( oxen orcH nonM.
non
B cymecrnnrentntx, cocroxmnx us eyx cnon, noxasarent +uo-
wecmeeuuoeo uncna '(e)S npnannxercx x xonny eceeo cnona:
schoolboyS, housewiveS,
cryv.oo3 xavcwae3
nnn xe qop+v +uowecmeeuuoeo uncna npnnnmaer
nocueuee cnono:
FrenchmAn ( FrenchmEn
]pannys ( ]pannysM.
B cocmaeuix xe cymecrnnrentntx, ocoenno n nnmymnxcx pas-
entno uepes :pmo:rv, ]opmy +uowecmeeuuoeo uncna npnnnmaer
nepeoe cnono:
father-in-law ( fatherS-in-law recro re crH,
qaao uu .oo
passer-by ( passerS-by npoxoxn npoxoxnE.
naaco oa
son of a bitch ( sonS of a bitch cyxnn ctn cyxnnt ctnOBIR.
cau oe oonm:
NB.
Kpome +roro, n anrnncxom xstxe nmeercx nexoropoe xonnue-
crno cnon uamuucuoeo n (opeeue)epeuecuoeo nponcxoxennx, xoro-
pte ncnontsymrcx, n ocnonnom, n nayxe.
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI Muoxecmeeuuoe uncno
211 210
KAK CKA3ATB . ?
V MEH EC1L . Y MEH HE1 .
V HEIO EC1L . V HEIO HE1 .
V TEF BMB . V TEF HE BMBO .
V HAC BVE1 . V HAC HE BVE1 .
Bmecro Y menx ec1t.
aue.osi:uie ronopxr( HMEP .,
a
HMETB no-anrnncxn yer XB 'HAVE.
Cam rnaron 'have
xpome ueonpeoe.uuo qop+i (TV xe 'to have)
nmeer eme 5 qop+:
HAVE n uacmoaue+ npemenn corp. ( '-`VE,
HAS n uacmoaue+ npemenn corp. ( '-`S,
HAD n npoueue+ npemenn corp. ( '-`D,
WILL HAVE n yyue+ npemenn corp. ('-`LL HAVE,
HAVING INGoea qop+a.
B conpemennom xstxe reopernuecxn x umon ns +rnx qop+ (n nx
coupauuuo+ napnanre) xpoue 'having, no n ocnonnom
n uacmoaue+ epe+euu
(ro ecrt u ' `ve n u ' `s)
moxno n axe ouent xenarentno (oanun1t
cnoneuxo/o.e+eum 'GOT eam,
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI V menx ecmo .
BBYHHTE:
O(nnaxonan qop+a cymecrnnrentnoro n eouucmeeuuo+
n no +uowecmeeuuo+ uncnax:
aircraft +orpaqm camonr/-t
deer ono onen/-t/-nn
fish quui pt/-a/-t
grand epuo rtcxua (paseoeopu. amepnx.)
quid rwno ]ynr (anrnncxn)
salmon caa+ou noco/-ct/-cn
sheep unun onn/-a/-t
trout mpavm ]ope/-nt/-nn;
Cymecrnnrentnte ynorpenxemte npe(nou1n1eutno
n eouucmeeuuo+ uncne (n c rnaronom n qop+e (e)S):
advice ooeac coner/-t
craft rpaaqm cy/-no/-a
evidence +euoouc oxasarentcrn/-o/-a
furniture quum:o meent
hair x+o nonoc/-t
information uuqo++uiu nn]opmannx
knowledge uoo.uowi snann/-e/-x
luggage .aeuowi arax
money +auu entrn
news uimvc nonoc/-rt/-rn
nonsense uoucouc epyna
progress npoepoc nporpecc
* Cymecrnnrentnoe 'business nsnec, panee ue ynorpe-
nxnmeecx no +uowecmeeuuo+ uncne, renept yxe (ne cnnmxom uac-
ro, no) ynorpenxercx
('businesses onsuucus nsnecm).
213 212
A urot cxasart, uro
V Bac (nnn: y xoro-nnyt) uero-ro HE1,
nyxno npoc1o
x nmomy ns +rnx napnanron '. GOT``
npnannrt 'NO HOV!!!
(Homnnre, uro nocue 'AO
ne nyxnt nnxaxne apmur.u!):

I`JE CO1 AO
Iriends at all ae eam uov qpouos moo.

V MEHB concem HE1 pyse!
HPHMEPB:
V menx ecmo cecrpa I have a sister cncmo
I`ve got a sister.
H axe: I got a sister.
V menx uem cecrpt I have AO sister.
I`ve got AO sister.
H axe: I got AO sister, n r. .
Bor n ronopnre (HE saoiea npn xenannn
oannxrt 'got n 'no):
V MEH AH I I`JE .
V TEF KV YOU YOU`JE .
V HAC EC1L . WH XB . WE HAJE . u.u WE`JE .
V BAC, V nac KV YOU YOU`JE .
V HHX ,JH THEY THEY`JE .
} }
n pesyntrare uero nonyuaem:
I`ve got . ae eam . V menx ecmo .
You`ve got . mve eam . V rex/nac ecmo .
We`ve got . wne eam . V nac ecmo .
They`ve got . ,oe eam . V nnx ecmo .
She`s got . uius eam . V ne ecmo .
NB. uopmantno ronopx,
'GOT +ro 3-n qop+a rnarona 'GET eom nouyua1t
(ro ecrt 'got nonyuEH/nt).
Coornercrnenno, ncx +ra qop+v.a yxnantno snaunr:
V menx nonyuEH . B nonyunB .,
ny, a pas HOHVEH nnn HOHVHB snaunr HMEP .
nornxa xenesnax ..!
Camo no cee 'CO1 sect yxe ue necr cmtcnono narpysxn,
a xnnxercx nnmt cocranno uacrtm nono roucmpvruu.
B ceronxmnem pasronopnom xstxe qop+a ' `ve/ `s got
yxe xnnxercx nocmoauuo.
Cmorpnre, x xaxomy nnrepecnomy pesyntrary npnnena
ncropnuecxax eno:ra paseumu ( mpaucqop+au).
H +ro peauouocmo conpemennoro anrnncxoro !!!:
HAVE ( HAVE GOT ( `VE GOT ( GOT !!!
CO1 any Iriends? (V .) EC1L (xaxne-nnyt) pystx?
eam +uu qpouos
215 214
V nnx sanrpa yem ntxono ,o wnu xe oo+oq mo+opov.
They will have a day oII tomorrow.
,ou xe oo+oq mo+opov.
They`ll have a day oII tomorrow.
V nnx ue yem nponem ,o wnu xe uoy npoo.e+s.
They will have no problems.
,ou xe uoy npoo.e+s.
They`ll have no problems.
HhH +E:
BAPHAHT II.
PA3MBmHEHHR.
Hpn nomomn n yuacrnn rnarona 'have opasyercx n nexoropoe
xonnuecrno rpammarnuecxnx ro+ouuau/roucmpvru, no+romy
pont rnarona 'have n anrnncxom xstxe upesntuano nennxa.
'HAVE XB nmert.
Hoont rnaron nmeercx n ontmnncrne enponecxnx xstxon,
xpome nexoroptx (nanpnmep, vepo-quucrux).
Ho-nenrepcxn ronopxr: Mne ec1t . 'Nekem van .,
no-]nncxn: (Ha) mne ec1t . 'Minulla on .,
no-pyccxn xe ronopxr: V menx ecmo .
(u.u V menx mu ., u.u V menx yem .),
Tontxo nocne HEIO n HE x rnarony n uacmoaue+ npemenn
nyxno (xax ncera!)
npnannxrt '(e)S:
V HEIO ECTB . XH X3 . HE HAS .
V HE ECTB . LiH X3 . SHE HAS .
V . (o ueoovuee..) HT X3 . IT HAS .
V . nenaxno xoro . BMB/a/o/n . . X . . HAD .
V . nenaxno xoro . BVE1 . . WHH XB .
. WILL HAJE .
Coxpamnno: . ...`B XB . .`LL HAJE . :
V menx ecmo pyr A xe oqp+uo Ae eam oqp+uo.
I have a Iriend I`ve got a Iriend.
V menx uem pyra A xe uoy qpouo Ae eam uoy qpouo.
I have no Iriend I`ve got no Iriend.
V nero ecmo uact Xu xs owom: Xus eam owom:.
He has a watch He`s got a watch.
V ne uem uacon Liu xs uoy wom: Lius eam uoy wom:.
She has no watch She`s got no watch.
V nac muu ern Wn x :m.opou.
We had children.
V nac ue muo ere Wn x uoy :m.opou.
We had no children.
217 216
Ho, nonropxm, no-anrnncxn ronopxr 1outxo:
R HMEK . (. HMEB/n ., . BV. HMETB),
a u+emi no-anrnncxn XB 'Have !!!
B pyccxom xstxe noonoe oosnauenne coocmeeuuocmu nnn oo.a-
oauu uepes rnaron u+emo ncrpeuaercx xax +ro nn ynnnrentno
ouent uacro.
Cpannnre, nanpnmep, xaxoe ns ntpaxenn onee eipasume.iuo,
a xaxoe onee epo+osoro:
He HMEH cro pyne, a HMEH cro pyse! (u.u uaooopom ..?),
nnn:
HVCTB V TEBB BVET cro pyse, a ne cro pyne! ?
Orner xcen cam no cee!
HPHMEPB:
He HMETB nn xona, nn nopa.
He HMETB nn rpoma sa ymo.
He HMETB nnuero xpome rononntx one.
He HMETB nn ennoro manca.
HMETB onn nenpnxrnocrn.
HMETB n cnom cocrane .
HMETB nosmoxnocrt .
HMETB ontmoe snauenne.
Hocmorpnm, uro mt ryr HMEEM ..!, n r..
xorx ecnn xopomentxo pasopartcx
pyccxn npenor V snaunr oro.o, poo+
snaunr qax1nuecxn pyccxne ronopxr
OKOBO menx EC1L . !!!
PVCCKO - PVCCKA 0OPMVhA ( PP+)
&
3HAHHT:
&
pyccxoe V MEH EC1L . ( HMER ..
'I HAJE .!!!
Mt no-pyccxn roxe onontno-raxn uacro ynorpenxem cnono/rna-
ron u+emo npocro mt moxem ronopnrt u mar, u mar
(ro ecrt n V menx ecmi ., n u+em .),
a aueuosi:uie ronopxr mououo
HMEK 'I HAJE a xe .
MOH B3IHR.
Pyccxnn napnanr qop+v.i oo.aoauu (V . ecmo .)
em pas noupxnnaer om.u:ue pyccxoro omu:ecru-uoea.ucmu:ec-
roeo noqueucmcroeo menrannrera or uncro +amepua.ucmu:ecro-
eo sananoro.
Pyccxnn xstx omoe.em e.aoe.ia or npeo+ema oo.aoa-
uu, ocrannxer cvoerm cnoo(nmu or ooerma (net npenor
V snaunr OKOBO, PROM, nanpnmep: V oma tna peu-
xa), rora xax sanante xstxn npn nomomn e.aeo.a ceasmeamm
cvoerm c ooermo+, enax nx saeucu+m+u pyr or pyra .
219 218
B annom cnyuae npocro nsmennre uyrt-uyrt cno menrannrer
n sanomnnre +ro pvccro-pvccroe coomeemcmeue
(Pyccxo-Pyccxym 0op+v.v PP+):
V MEH ECTB . ( HMEK .,
V HEIO ECTB . ( OH HMEE1 ., n r..
Cymecrnymr, ecrecrnenno, n rax nmnmte anrnnuanamn
coupauuume qop+i:
I`ve, you`ve, they`ve % . have.
He`s, she`s, it`s % . has.
I`d, you`d, he`d, she`d, we`d, they`d % . had.
HACTHHHBH HOBTOP.
H nor x +rnm-ro corpauuui+ napnanram (ocoenno x coxpame-
nnxm '.`JE n '.`S ) ouent uacro n npnannxercx c.oee:ro-
napasum 'CO1 (nponsnocnrcx n IOT, n IAT), xoropoe s(ect
nnuero ne snaunr (uuraroeo sua:euu HE HMEET), no ouent pac-
xpamnnaer Bamy peut, n cpasy xe ar coecennxy nonxrt, uro Bt,
noome-ro,
c anrnncxnm e oouo rpoeamu cnume!
H nonyuaercx:
I`ve got a good Iriend Y menx ec1t xopomn pyr.
ae eam oeyo qpouo
You`ve got the best girl in the world Y rex camax nyumax
mve eam oo+cm e. uu ,ow.o n mnpe enymxa.
Tax uro, rnaron u+emo nam concem ne uyx, n ne nao crponrt
ontmnx nponem c ero ynorpenennem, rem onee, uro on noome
ropaso onee xomnaxren n ynnnepcanen, uem nama onontno-raxn
rpomosxax ]opmyna V . ecmi.
Inannoe urot noome xort uro-ro u+e.oci, a yx EC1L +ro V
Bac nnn Bt +ro HMEE1E ne rax naxno, nocxontxy ne HME-
E1 ontmo ponn n ne nrpaer ontmoro snauennx ( myrxa!).
Inaron 'HAJE nsmenxercx xax camt otunt npaeu.iui
anrnncxn rnaron, rontxo nyxno yuecrt, uro or uacrort ynorpene-
nnx rnarona 'have n nyx ero qop+ax y nero xora-ro nauan
ntnaart (n emnau-raxn!) cpeouuui cnor '-ve-, rax uro, ceronx
n pesyntrare mt nmeem ( we have) cneymmee:
1) n uacmoaue+ npemenn nocne OnC, onaC, onoC, KroC?
'He, she, it, Who?
n nocne cymecrnnrentntx n euucmeeuuo+ uncne
x ocmamra+ rnarona npnannxercx '(e)S ( HAS;
2) n npoueue+ npemenn
no ncex nnnax (ro ecrt c ummun cvoerma+u)
x ocmamra+ rnarona npnannxercx '(e)D ( HAD;
3) a yyuee npemx opasyercx (xax ncera!) npn nomomn
norasame. ovovueeo npemenn o.e+euma
WHH 'WILL ( 'WILL HAVE.
To ec1t:
I, you, we, they, cats HAVE .,
he, she, it, my cat HAS . (a HE 'haves),
I, you, he, she, it, we, they, cat/s HAD. (a HE 'haved),
I, you, he, she, it, we, they, cat/s WILL HAVE .,
n: HAVIAC nmeKHn, nmeR.
221 220
V menx (n p.) HE1 .
& & &
I have (had, will have) AO Iriends V menx HE1 pyse.
Bvrea.iuo: nmem HE pyse.
You have (had, will have) AO money V rex (nac, Bac) HE1 ener.
He has (had, will have) AO girlIriend V nero HE1 enymxn.
She has (had, will have) AO daughter V ne HE1 ouepn.
It has (had, will have) AO leaves V nero (o oepeee) HE1 nncrten.
We have (had, will have) AO Ilat V nac HE1 xnaprnpt.
They have (had, will have) AO stamps V nnx HE1 mapox.
BCE HAD AO Iuture V . HE BMHO yymero.
BCE WILL HAJE AO chance V . HE BVET manca.
Hnn:
I`ve got AO .
You`ve got AO .
He`s got AO .
She`s got AO . Iriends V . HE1 pyse
It`s got AO . Ouent pacnpocrpaneno, no +ro
We`ve got AO . uncro pasronopnt xanp!
They`ve got AO .
chance :aauc manc
daughter ooomo out, ouxa
flat q.m xnaprnpa
future qmvm:o yymee
girlfriend e.qpouo enymxa, nopyxxa
leaf (leaves) .uuq (.uues) nncr(-tx) (pacmeuu)
stamp cm+n mapxa (no:moea)
}
We`ve got an old house Y nac (ec1t) crapt om.
wne eam uov.o xavc
They`ve got a lot oI problems Y nnx xyua nponem.
,oe eam o.om oe npoo.e+s
He`s got very much money Y nero ouent mnoro ener.
xus eam e+pu +am: +auu
She`s got a big nose Y ne ontmo noc.
uius eam oone uovs
It`s got a very long tail Y nero (nanp., v roma)
umc eam oe+pu .oue mo. ouent nnnnt xnocr.
friend qpouo pyr nose uovs noc
house xavc om problem npoo.e+ nponema
long .oue nnnnt tail mo. xnocr
money +auu entrn world w.o mnp, cner
A urot cxasart,
uro y Bac (nnn y roeo-uuovoi) :eeo-mo HE1,
cymecrnymr 1PH camtx ynorpenrentntx eapuauma:
1) B nepnom napnanre camom npocrom nyxno npoc1o
HEPE nmtm/n nyxntm/n Bam cymecrnnrentntm/n
(ro ecrt nepe( rem, EIO y Bac HE1)
noc1ann1t cnoneuxo 'AO HOV
npnum c.oeo e c.oeo !!!
(Hpn +rom voapeuue nepenocnrcx na 'no ) !:
223 222
Hpnmept: & Kpacnnt napnanr
V menx uem uuuauux pyse I haven`t (got) any Iriends.
V nero uem uuuauux ener He hasn`t (got) any money.
V ne uem uuuauux pocrnennnxon She hasn`t (got)
any relatives.
V nac ue muo uuuauo nosmoxnocrn We hadn`t (got)
any opportunity.
V nac ue yem uuuauoeo npemenn You won`t have
any time.
opportunity onommvuumu nosmoxnocrt
relatives p+.omues pocrnennnxn
time ma+ npemx.
Hpn +rom nomnnm, uro ecuu ecrt 'any,
ro yxe ue nyxno HHKAKHX apmur.e !!!
Taxxe nomnnm, uro 'any ouent vcu.ueaem,
aueuusupyem Bame ntcxastnanne !!!;
3) B rpertem xe napnanre ca+ rnaron 'have ue nsmenxercx noome,
no n uacmoaue+ n n npoueue+ epe+euax
n npenoxenne nnonrcx pyro
yxe ouent snaxomt Bam nn ompuauu
o(na ns 4 ompuame.iuix :acmu
( o(no ns 4-x anrnncxnx . HE .).
Bcnomnnaem, uro nocne umoeo anrnncxoro . ue .
anrnncxn rnaron ue nsmenxercx !
NB.
Homnnre, uro HH nocne 'NO, HH nocne 'ANY (()
HE nyanm HHKAKHE apmur.u
n uuuauue pyrne onpeoe.ume.u !;
2) Bo nropom napnanre anrnnuane ronopxr:
a) )
V MEH HE1 HHKAKOIO/-o/-nx Cymecrnnrentnoe:
a) V menx uem . ( ue u+em .
I HAJEA`1 (GOT) . ,
r.e. x 'HAJE, 'HAS , 'HAD nnn x 'WILL HAJE
npnannxmr ompuauue 'NOT n ero corpauuuo+ nne ('N`T),
n nonyuaercx:
HAJEA`1 (CO1) .
HASA`1 (CO1) .
HADA`1 (CO1) .
WOA`1 HAJE ('won`t 'will not) . ;
) uuuauoeo, uuuauo, uuuauux e ompuauuu

no-anrnncxn yer 3HH 'ANY,
ro ecrt:
'HAVEA`1/ HASA`1/ HADA`1/ WOA`1 HAVE AAY . !!!
225 224
Bonpocm rnna V Bac ecmo . ? moryr saanartcx nyrm npo-
cro nepecmauoeru nepntx nyx c.aeae+ix, ro ecrt nonpoct moryr
naunna1tcn c nyxno Bam qop+i rnarona 'Have (rpyo ronopx:
H+eeui . ? nnn He u+eeui . ?), rax xax 'Have n ero qop+i
uory1 ntcrynart n xax cu.iuie cnona:

2 1
HAJE you anv Iriends? V rex ecmo
2 1
(xomi rarue-mo) pystx?
HAS she anv money? V ne ecmo
2 1
(xomi rarue-mo) entrn?
HAD I anv choice? V menx mu
(xomi raro-mo) ntop?
WILL we HAJE anv Iood? V nac yem
(xomi rara-mo) ea?
Taxxe nonpoct moryr naunnartcx
n c nmo ompuuameuouo qop+i 'Have:
HAJEA`1 you seen her? A rt e ue euoe.?
HASA`1 he found him? A on ero ue uau.?
HADA`1 I told you? Pasne x Bam ue eoeopu.?
Ho nonpoct x 'Have n ero snauennn u+emi ncer(a saamrcx
c nomomtm otuntx eonpocume.iuix :acmu 'Do?, 'Does?,
'Did? n 'Will? (n rom uncne n n nx ompuame.iuo qop+e),
nanpnmep:
Do/does/did/will . have anything to oIIer? V . ecmo/muo/yem
ovv/oas/ouo/wn. . xe +uu6uue mv oqo uro npenoxnrt?
DOA`1 you HAJE some money? V rex uem nemnoro
ener?
DOESA`1 he HAJE a car? A y nero uem mamnnt?
H nonyuaercx xopomax n ouent pacnpocrpannnax qop+v.a:
Hs+euemc He nsmenxercx!
&

&
I, you, we, they, catS DOA`1 HAVE AAY ChOBO.
He, she, it, my cat DOESA`1 HAVE AAY . .
Bce (n npou. np.) DIDA`1 HAVE AAY . .
Bce (n yyu. np) WOA`1 HAVE AAY . .
H onxrt xe HHKAKOIO apmur., rax xax ecmo 'AAY !!!
Hpnmept:
V menx uem (uurarux) pyse I don`t have (anv) Iriends.
V nero uem (uurarux) ener He doeSn`t have (anv) money.
V ne uem (uurarux) pocrnennnxon She doeSn`t have
(anv) relatives.
V nac ue muo (uuraro) nosmoxnocrn We diDn`t have
(anv) opportunity.
B yyue+ xe npemenn, nonropxm, ompuame.iua qop+a
crponrcx roxe c ncnontsonannem onoro ns anrnncxnx . ue .
e.aeo.iuo ompuame.iuo :acmui 'WON`T wovum:
V menx HE BVE1 (uurarux) xos
I won`t have (anv) goats eovmc
H onxrt nacrounno nanomnnam, uro
HH nocne 'NO, uu nocne 'ANY ue nyanm
uuuauue apmur.u (n uuuauue pyrne onpeoe.ume.u) !!!
227 226
ro ecrt on uoae1 npnnnmart orou:auu (( 'haS n 'haD)
n uoae1 co:emamic c o.e+euma+u 'will n 'shall,
rora xax y o.e+euma 'MUST, nacxontxo Bt nomnnre,
HET qop+ nn npoueoueeo, nn ovovueeo epe+euu
(ro ecrt ue npnnnmaer orou:auu n ue coueraercx
c o.e+euma+u 'will n 'shall)!
(ne) (ouaen norn rya I must(n`t) go there.
I (don`t) have to go there.
On (ne) (ouaen norn rya He must(n`t) go there.
He has to go there
(He doesn`t have to go there).
(ne) BBH (ouaen norn rya I haD to go there
(I didn`t have to go there).
(ne) BYY (ouaen norn rya I WILL have to go there.
I`ll have to go there
(I won`t have to go there).
NB.
Em pas oparnre nnnmanne:
n napnanrax c ompuame.iui+u :acmua+u
mt nouasmeae+ BPEMB
camnmn ompuame.iui+u :acmua+u !!!
(Hnn mt euu+ epe+ no nnm !!!).
DIDA`1 she HAJE a brother? (Pasne) V ne ue muo
para?
WOA`1 they HAJE anv problems? V nnx ue yem
uurarux nponem?
ChOBA:
choice :oc ntop
food qvvo ea
found qavuo 3-n qop+a or 'find naxonrt
( naEHnt)
offer oqo npenarart
seen cuuu 3-n qop+a or 'see nnert
( ynnEHnt)
told mov.o 3-n qop+a rnarona 'tell cxasart
( cxasAHnt).
NB.
Inaron 'have u+eem em ono yxe nsnecrnoe Bam upesnt-
uano naxnoe snauenne ( 'must):
'HAVE TO . 'MUST OHEHcrnonart,
n moxer trt (can be), coornercrnenno,
HOhHIM sa+euumeue+ o.e+euma 'MUST
n mex cnyuaxx, xora 'must ncnontsonart ueuosa !
Camoe xe rnannoe saxnmuaercx n rom, uro
eapuaum 'HAVE TO . moxer cau us+eumic
n no uuua+, n no epe+eua+
229 228
Aconmrno 1o ae cauoe mt enaem n c anrnncxnmn ouo- n
eycuoanmun onpeoe.euu+u/npuuaeameuoum+u rontxo n anr-
nncxom +ro EB HPOBE, rax xax v uux ne nyano ncxart ropeui
cnona nnn ymart o :epeooeauuu coe.acuix!
ocrarouno nsn1t cuono ns cuonapn
(nanpnmep, 'hard mepoi, mpvoui)

xaao
n
npuaeumo x neuy rouno raxoe xe 3,
ro ecrt no-anrnncxn roxe
cuono3,
rontxo n anrnncxom napnanre -3 nuuemc 'ER
(npn +rom 'R HE nponsnocnrcx, a rontxo nnmercx):
HARD ER HARDER xaaoo,
mo ecmi: rnpo t ( rnpxE.
THICK ER THICKER nro,
mo ecmi: roncm t ( ronmE.
BRAVE ER BRAVER op+eo,
mo ecmi: cmen t ( cmeneE,
npnum n nonom anrnncxom cnone
o(no ns nyx '-E- ncuesae1 !!!
Tenept ocranoct rontxo oannrt, uro npu cpaeueuuu c uem-nnyt
(nanpnmep: rnpxE, HEM .),
nyxno oasameuouo ynorpenrt cnono ., ue+ .
a .HEM . no-anrnncxn yer '. 1HAA . ,u:
KAK CKA3ATB . ?
- BVHHE, HEM .
OHA - KPACHBEE, HEM .
OHO - 1OBHE, HEM .
3ect (n n cneymme me+e) mt nonnrnpyem ns moero
Kuaccuoeo ca+oyuumeua:
B annom cnyuae nyxno ncnontsonart rax nastnaemte
'cmeneuu cpaeueuua,
xoropte, ecrecrnenno, ecrt n n pyccxom xstxe
nor or +roro-ro ]axra n yem nptrart .
Kax uuaue no-pyccxn moxno cxasart:
Herx ouee roncrt, ue+ Cepxa?
Hpaaannntno!
Herx ronmE Cepxn!
Hpn +rom mt:
epm cnono ns cnonapx (1ouc1-i),
orxntnaem ero orou:auue (n annom cnyuae -i),
yunrtnaem :epeooeauue coe.acuix
(-cm- npenpamaercx( n -u-), n
HPHFABhEM x xopnm orou:auue E (ronmE)
(xoropoe, ecnn ero nporxnVVVrt, npenpamaercx( n 3)
n rem camtm nonyuaem rax nastnaemym
cpaeuume.iuvm cmeneui.
To ecrt:
Kopent ChOBAE ( ' 3).
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI uyuue, :e+ .
231 230
Hy a pas yx on CAMMH-CAMMH . , ro, net,
raxnx, nanepnoe, HE+uoeo, n, nepoxrno,
mnorne o nnx 3HAK1 snaunr, nepe nnmn nyxno em
nocrannrt OHPEEBH1EBL 'the ,o,
n nonyuaercx (a nor +ro yxe nyxno sasypumo!):
the longES1 ca+m nnnnt, (uau)nnnnemn,
,o.oueucm
the brightES1 ca+m xpxn, (uau)xpuamn,
,oopamucm
the shortES1 ca+m xoporxn, (uau)xparuamn,
,ouomucm
the bravES1 ca+m xpapt (uau)xpapemn,
,oop+eucm
the slowES1 ca+m menennt.
,oc.ovucm
pyrax xaprnna c mpxcuoanmun n ouee uuuum+u cnonamn.
K nnm anrnnuane HHuEIO HE npnannxmr, a npocro ronopxr
xax n

mt:
F O hEe . mt net nomnnm, uro
& &
MORE . B 'M, a H 'R.
Bouee .-t (:e+ .) more . (than .) +oo (,u)
(nx cpaeuume.iuo cmeneuu)
Harder than stone TnpxE xamnR ( Tnpxe, ue+ xament).
xaaoo ,u cmovu
HPOCTO, npana net?
HYHAR BCTABKA.
Ecnn xe roeo-mo cpannnnamr c xaxnm-nno cvoermo+, ro
n anrunncxou napnanre nmecro pyccxoro cvoermuoeo mecro-
nmennx nyxno ncnontsonart (anrnncxoe xe!)
ozeumuoe mecronmenne.
To ecrt ouu HE ronopxr Cnntnee, uem B,
no n HE ronopxr Cnntnee MEHB!
OHH (ovrea.iuo) ronopxr:
Cnntnee, ue+ MEHR/EIO/HAC/HX
n r..
To ecrt: 'Stronger than ME / HIM / US / THEM n r..
BO3BPAT K TEME.
urot o raxnx xe xparxnx cnonax ('hard, 'thick, 'long, 'brave)
cxasart
CAMMH .,
ro ecrt, ]opmantno ronopx,
opasonart npeeocxoouvm cmeneui cpannennx npu.aeame.iuix,
nyxno K +1nu xparxnm cuoea+ npocro npuaeumo
orou:auue '(E)S1,
xoropoe nponsnocnrcx (H)C1!!!
233 232
2) n uape:u, nponsnennte or peantno cymecrnymmnx onpeoe-
.euu/npnnararentntx, raxxe nmemr cmeneuu cpaeueuu
1OBLKO c ncnontsonannem cnon 'more n 'most.
Onpeoe.euue. Cpaeuume.iua Hpeeocxooua
crenent. crenent.
.-o: Bouee .-o: Hauouee .-o:
tcrpo tcrpee tcrpee eceeo
quickly more quickly most quickly
noxoxe ouee noxoxe uauouee noxoxe
likely more likely most likely.
Hponcxonr +ro noromy, uro n cnyuae co cmeneu+u cpaeueuu
(cmorpnre mo Hpmxou e aueuucuu)
. x yxe npnannennomy anrnncxomy orou:auum
ontme orou:auu npnannxrt ueuosa,
nnn: Ha uaeeueuuoe ue uaeeuuea!!!
(xpome ncero nnmt rpx manentxnx oono.ueuu:
NB !!! Ieel ( IeelIAC ( IeelingS,
uyncrnonart uyncrno uyncrnA
seem ( seemiIAC ( seemingLY,
xasartcx xaxyuncx no-nnnmomy
tire ( tireD ( tiredLY.
ycra(na)rt ycraut ycrano).
nnn
ca+m .-t the most . ,o+ovcm
(nx npeeocxoouo cmeneuu).
Hanpnmep:
This book is more interesting than that (one).
,uc ovr us +oo numpucmuue ,u ,m (wau)
3ra xnnra ouee nnrepecna ue+ ra.
This book is the most interesting book in the world.
,uc ovr us ,o+ovcm numpucmuue ovr uu ,ow.o
3ra xnnra ca+aa nnrepecnax xnnra n mnpe.
NB: caumn . the most . ,o+ovcm
NB.
3ect ecrt na neontmnx, no naxntx vmo:ueuu/oono.ueuu:
1) eno n rom, uro eycuoanme onpeeueuua rnarontnoro npo-
ncxoxennx (nx nerxo ysnart no orou:auum 'D: 'tireD ycraB/
t, 'aIraiD ncnyrAH/nt n pyrne), n xoroptx xnno npo-
cmarpnnamrcx tnmne 3-n qop+i rnaronon, opasontnamr n cpae-
uume.iuvm, n npeeocxoouvm crenenn cpannennx
TOHBKO npn nomomn 'MORE n 'MOS1,
nanpnmep:
more tired (the) most tired,
more aIraid (the) most aIraid;
235 234
2) ecnn us+eue+oe cnono oxanunnaercx na '-E,
ro npn npnannennn orou:auu
'eS, 'eD, 'IAC, 'eR nnn 'eS1
+ro nocnenee n cnone '-E ncuesaer:
coarsE rooc ( coarsEr rpyt rpyee,
roocJ
teasE muus ( teasEs, teasEd pasnnrt pasnum, pasnnu
(ro ecrt ns nyx 'E ocrarcx 1outxo OHO);
3) ecnn xe us+eue+oe anrnncxoe cnono oxanunnaercx
na o(ny coe.acuvm, ro +ra nocnenxx/xoneunax coe.acua
npn npnannennn orou:auu 'eD, 'IAC, 'eR nnn 'eS1
na nnctme VBAHBAE1CR:
beC ooe ( beCCed npocnrt ( npocnu,
pa1 nm ( pa11ed noxnonart ( noxnonau,
beC ( beCCing npocnrt ( npoca/-un,
Iorge1 qoe+m ( Iorge11ing satrt ( satnaa, satnamun,
pa1 ( pa11ing noxnontnaa, noxnontnamun,
biC oue ( biCCer ontmo ( o ntmn,
Ia1 qm ( Ia11er xnpnt ( xnpnee.
The biCCest tower ,ooneucm mavo Camax ontmax amnx.
The Ia11est woman ,oqmucm wy+ou Camax xnpnax xenmnna;
4) ecnn us+eue+oe cymecrnnrentnoe n euucmeeuuo+ uncne
orau:ueaemc na '-f nnn na '-fe
(nanpnmep, 'leaF .uuq nncr),
ro no +uoxecmeeuuo+ uncne +ro nocnenee '-f
na nnctme ouent uacro npenpamaercx n( '-JE-,
BAHO !
4 H3MEHEHHR B HAHHCAHHH
us+eue+ix anrnncxnx cnon.
3nare, uro:
1) ecnn cnono,
x xoropomy mt npnannxem orou:auu
'eR, 'eS1, 'eS nnn 'eD
saxanunnaercx na '-Y,
n +ro '-Y cronr nocne coe.acuo,
ro +ro nocnenee
'-Y na nnctue anromarnuecxn npenpamaercx( n '-I-.
Hanpnmep,
y onpeeueuu ( npu.aeame.iuix) n uapeuu:
happY xnu ( happIer ( the happIest
cuacrnnnt cuacrnnnee camt cuacrnnnt,
xnuJ ,oxnuJCT
earlY .u ( earlIer ( the earlIest
pannn, pano pantme camt pannn,
easY nusu ( easIer ( the easIest
nrxn, npocro nerue camt npocro;
y euaeouoe:
studY cmaou ( studIes ( studIed
nsyuart nsyuaem ( nsyuau;
237 236
bad, evil worse the worst ,owcm
nnoxo, sno xyxe, snee camt nnoxo/sno,
oo uue. wc nanxymn, nansnemn
much, many more the most ,o+ovcm
mnoro ontme, camt, nan-,
+am: ++uu onee nanontmn,
+oo nanonee
little, few less the least ,o.nucm
manentxn, mentme, camt mant,
mano menee nanmentmn,
.um. qimv .ec nanmenee
far farther the farthest ,oqaa,ucm
anxn, qaa,o u.u
anexo u.u: further the furthest ,oq,ucm
qaa antme, camt antnn,
anee camt anxn
q,o
old elder the eldest ,o+.oucm
crapt crapme, camt crapmn,
ov.o crapee, camt nspocnt,
npocnt camt crapt,
+.oo crapemn,
nancrapemn.
Onaxo nosmoxnt n qop+i
'older n 'the oldest,
ecnn peut nr nmenno n rontxo o eospacme, a HE o crapmnncrne.
n nc orou:auue +roro cymecrnnrentnoro
renept moxer ntrnxert xax '-JES
(leaF ( leaJES .uuB3 nncrLR):
calF raaq rennou ( calJES raaB3 renR1A,
halF xaaq nononnna ( halJES xaaB3 nononnnM,
liFE .aq xnsno ( liJES .aB3 xnsnH,
kniFE uaq nox ( kniJES uaB3 noxH,
scarF craaq map] ( scarJES craaB3 map]M,
shelF uie.q nonxa ( shelJES uie.B3 nonxH,
wiFE waq xena ( wiJES waB3 xnM.
Hocnenee npannno X4 ue xnnxercx ynnnepcantntm, no+romy n
cnonapxx uacro arcx n qop+a +uoxecmeeuuoeo uncna noontx
cnon,
nanpnmep:
chieF :uuq me], uo: chieFS :uuqC me]M,
n:
wolF wv.q nonx, uo: wolJES wv.B3 nonxH.
NB. Cymecrnyer ncero 9 uenpaeu.iuix npnnararentntx, xoro-
pte nmemr ( 'have) 14 uenpaeuuoumx cnyuaen opasonannx
cmeneue cpaeueuu, n nx rax xe xax n cnyuan uenpaeuuouoeo/
necranaprnoro opasonannx +uowecmeeuuoeo uncna cvuecmeu-
me.iuix nyume npocro sasypnrt cpasy n cnoxono xnrt antme.
Onpeoe.euue: Cpaeuume.iu. Hpeeocxooua
crenent: crenent:
good better the best ,oo+cm
xopomn nyume camt nyumn,
evo o+mo nannyumn
239 238
KAK CKA3ATB . ?
MAMHHA KBAPTHPA?
Ouent npocro!
1-mn napnanr:
K cnony, xoroptm Bt oosnauaere BBAEBLHA,
(x cvuecmeume.iuo+v nnn x utemy-nno u+euu coocmeeuuo+v
n annom cnyuae +ro Ma+a),
npnanunn1e ' `S (no HE '(e)S),
n npnannxercx ono HE npxmo x cnony, a uepes AHOCTPO4 (
`
)!
3ro nonoe opasonanne c ' `S na xonne oosnauaer
rontxo BBAEBLHA roro nnn nnoro npemera nnn nonxrnx,
npn +rom euaeueu crannrcx nepe me+, :e+ e.aoemm,
nanpnmep:
2 3 1 % 1 2 3
My motheR`S Ilat Knaprnpa moe marep`H.
+a +a,oC q.m
2 3 1 % 1 2 3
His brotheR`S ambitions Amnnnn ero parÀ.
xus opa,oC +onuius
2 1 % 1 2
LenA`S hair Bonoct hen`M,
.euaC x+o henHHM nonoct.
HKAHCB:
1) Ecnn cpannnnamrcx OHHAKOBME npemert,
ro ynorpenxercx qop+v.a
'AS npnnararentnoe AS ..
TAKOH E wupui KAK H .:
His Ilat is AS big AS mine.
xus q.m us 3 oue 3 +au
Ero xnaprnpa 1AKAR E ontmax, KAK u mox;
2) Ecnn xe cpannnnamrcx HEOHHAKOBME npemert,
ro qop+v.a ntrnxnr uyrt uua:e:
'NOT SO npnnararentnoe AS ..
HE 1axan xnpnax KAK .:
This way to wealth is AO1 SO long AS that one.
3ror nyrt x orarcrny HE 1AKOH nnnnt, KAK ror.
,uc w+ mv w+.6 us HOT COV .oue 3 ,m wau
3AHOMHHTE:
XopomO no-anrnncxn yer 'WELL, a HE 'goodly!
'WELL ( 'BETTER.
w+. o+mo
Xopomo ( hyume.
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI Mamuua xnaprnpa
241 240
1 2 3
'My mother`S Ilat.
1 2 3
Moe marep`H xnaprnpa.
1 2 3
Moeeo parÀ amnnnn.
To ecrt nponcxonr nepecmauoera +ecm c.aeae+ix,
npn xoropo
TO, HEM nnaemr, crannrcx HOCBE BHAEHBHA;
3) H na ror ]axr,uro
TO, HEM nnaemr, HE rpeyer ontme uuuauux oooaeor
+ro npocro cnono ns cnonapx, xoropoe moxer trt
n no +uowecmeeuuo+ uncne.
NB. Kpome +roro xouy cxasart, uro
nocue BHAEHBHA
HE nyanm HHuauue apmur.u
nepe( cnonom, oosnauammnm TO, HEM nnaemr.
'
A nor +ro nyxno npocro 3A3VFPHTI!
Ecnn xe BHAEHEH cau saxanunnaercx na 'S,
ro em ono ' `s HE npnanune1cn,
a crannrcx xax +ro nn crpanno
mououo onn anocmpoq:
the girlS` room xomnara enouEK`.
,oe.s pvv+
3ro oxonuanne ' `S moxer raxxe npncoennxrtcx n x uape:u+
epe+euu:
yesterday`s news nuepaùuue nonocrn,
today`s inIormation

ceronxùuaa nn]opmannx.
Oparnre, noxanycra, nnnmanne
na 1PH uPE3BIuAHHO BA+HIE BEHH:
1) Ha ro, uro HH OHO cnono
(xpome oosnauennoro 'anocmpoqo+S ( ' `S),
ro ecrt xpome camoro BHAEHBHA)
uu nnemne, uu nnyrpenne HE nsmenxercx
(ecnn rontxo peut ne nr
o +uowecmeeuuo+ uncne cymecrnnrentntx);
2) Ha ro, uro sect nmeercx ocot HOPROK CHOB
nnuero crpamnoro ne nponcxonr,
no anrunncxan qop+v.a ntrnxnr ue mau xax pyccxax:
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI Mamuua xnaprnpa
243 242
KAK CKA3ATB . ?
HE+HO, FICTPO, TEXHHuECKH
u mo+v noooouoe?
herxO!
nx +roro npaxrnuecxn x nmomy onpeoe.euum/npu.aeame.iuo-
+v, x cvuecmeume.iuo+v (xoropoe Bt nostmre npxmo ns cnonapx)
nnn x noporoeo+v :uc.ume.iuo+v (nanpnmep, 'Iirst qcm
nepnt) nyxno npnannrt cvqqurc nnn orou:auue
'ly -uu.
Hpn +rom npu.aeame.iuoe cranonnrcx( uape:ue+,
naunnaer orneuart na KAK? (nuec1o Karo?),
n nourn ncera coornercrnyer namnm cnonam,
oxanunnammnmcx na -O nnn na -H:
HPHMEPB:
NICE ( NICELY BRIGHT ( BRIGHTLY
mnnMH ( mnnO xpxHH ( xpxO
SLOW ( SLOWLY COSY ( COSILY
menennMH ( menennO ymrnMH ( ymrnO
PART ( PARTLY WEEK ( WEEKLY
uacrt ( uacrnunO ueoe. ( eweueoe.iuO,
noueoe.iuO
EIRST ( EIRSTLY SECOND ( SECONDLY
nepnt ( no-nepntx, nropo ( no-nroptx
nepnO-nanepnO
Ho nepe( e.aoe.ie+ moxer trt (n (ouaen trt) umon
oasameuoum onpeoe.ume.i, rax xax 'mother +ro otunoe
cymecrnnrentnoe, a uoeoe cnono 'mother`s xnnxercx yxe raxnm
xe onpeoe.euue+ xax n pyrne otunte onpeoe.euu.
Hanpnmep:
I saw 1HIS girl`S Iather nnen orna omOH enymx`H.

' '
Oa cnona xnnxmrcx (xax t o(nnu) ( ( ( ( (
onpeeueuue+ x cnony 'father/ome;
2-on napnanr:
On em onee npocr n nm ncnontsyercx npeo.oe 'OF oq
nnn oe, xoropt crannrcx nepe( BHAEHBHEM nnn nepe( ero
onpeoe.euu+u, n npn nomomn +roro npeo.oea opasyercx
roucmpvru, ananornunax namemy pooume.iuo+v naoewv:
The hair OF my Iather Bonoct moEIO orHA.
,ox+o oe +a qaa,o OrnOBt nonoct.
A pas xcno, uou +ro nonoct, ro onn, ecrecrnenno,
ynorpenent c onpeeuumeue+
c onpeeuuum+ apmur.e+ 'the n rax ncera.
NB. Hpnum, oparnre nnnmanne na ro, xax noxox
anrnncxn npeo.oe 'OF
na pyccxn cvqqurc -OB:
The hair OF my Iather
,ox+o oe +a qaa,o
OrnOBt nonoct.
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI Hexno, tcrpo, rexnnuecxu
245 244
Ocooe nnnmanne oparnre na:
1) 'well, nmecro xoroporo reopernuecxn onxno tno t trt
'goodly no raxoro HE1 n npnpoe,
n na
2) 'very, xoropoe nepenonrcx na pyccxn xstx cnonom,
nnemne ue noxoxnm na uape:ue ouent
(no ncnomnnre pyccxoe eeue-!).
A n nnsxopocrnenntx cnanxncxnx xstxax cnona c +rnm snauenn-
em nmemr
uncro uape:uvm qop+v na '-O:
nontcxn: ouent 'bard:O,
onrapcxn: ouent +uoeO.
TECNICAL ( TECNICALLY
rexnnuecxHH ( rexnnuecxH, u r..
HOBTOPEHHE.
Hpomy Bac cnona oparnrt ocooe nnnmanne na npnmep co cno-
nom:
'COSY ( COSILY.
B nm xax Bt nnnre nocnenee '-Y npnnxno pyeo ounx,
ro ecrt,
npenparnnoct( n '-I-
es nsuenennn n nponsnomennn
n raxne +ema+opqosi c +rnm '-Y (n xonne cnona nocne co-
e.acuo) moryr nponcxonrt ouent uac1o ('-Y ( '-I-), xora x
nemy uro-nnyt npnannxercx
n ne 1outxo n cnyuaxx npu.aeame.iuoe-uape:ue!
Hanpnmep:
crY rpa nnaxart,
&
crIes rpas nnauE1.
NB. Cymecrnyer 4 cmpauuix anrnncxnx uape:u, xoropte
nyxno npocro ntyunrt nansycrt:
well w+. xopomO
little .um. manO
much +am: mnorO
very e+pu ouent.
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI Hexno, tcrpo, rexnnuecxu
247 246
Won`t . be .? He y. (re+-mo nnn :e+-mo,
nnn eoe-mo)?
Have you (I, we, they) .? V . ecmi .?
Haven`t you (I, we, they) .? V . uem .?
Has he .? V nero/ ne ecmi .?
Hasn`t he .? Hem nn v nero .?
Had .? Bi./-a/-o/-n v . .?
Hadn`t .? He oi.o nn v . .?
Will . have .? Bvo. v . .?
Won`t . have .? He ovo. v . .?
HPHMEPB (npnum orneuare me+ xe, ue+ cnpamnnamr!):
WAS I ill? BMB x onen? Yes, I WAS.
wos a u.
WERE you there? BMBH Bt ram? No, we WEREA`1.
w mv ,+o
Hanounnam, uro nocne 'will n 'won`t
rnaron ynorpenxercx n cnoe c.oeapuo ]opme,
ro ecrt ueus+euuui+ n es 'to:
WILL they come? Onn npnym? No, they WOA`1,
wn. ,o ra+ u.u: Yes, they WILL.
WOA`1 she do it? HE BVE1 ona +roro enart?
wovum uiu ovv um Yes, she WILL.
No, she WOA`1.
HVBEBOH VPOBEHI Kau saanart nonpoct?
KAK
3AABATB BOHPOCB ?
B anrnncxom ecrt necxontxo cnocoon saanart nonpoct.
Hs nnx Bam nyxno snart mnnnmym 3.
1) Hepnmn cnoco camt npocro:
BOHPOC saarcx caunu CBOBOM ( qop+o rnarona),
xoropoe, nosmoxno, yuacrnyer n n ornere na +ror xe nonpoc.
Bt yxe snaere nourn nce +rn cnona /qop+i,
no nosypnre-xa nx em pas e +mo+ xauecrne!
1-n rpynna:
Am I .? .?
Am I not .? ne .?
Is (he) .? On .? Bc +1o
Isn`t (he) .? On ne .?
Are (you, we, they) .? Tt/nt/mt/onn .? Bm
Aren`t you .? Tt ne .? Bt ne .?
Was (I, he) .? . tn .? yae
Wasn`t (I, he) .? . ne tn .?
Were (you, we, they) .? . tnn .? snae1e!
Weren`t (you, we, they) .? . ne tnn .?
Will .? . y.?
Won`t .? He y.?
Will . be .? Fy. . (re+-mo nnn :e+-mo,
nnn eoe-mo)?
249 248
COULD you do me a Iavour? MOI BM rt oxasart mne ycnyry?
rvo mv ovv +uu oq+eo Yes, I COULD / I CAA.
MAY I visit him? MOHO mne nanecrnrt ero?
+o a ensum xu+ No, you MAY AO1!
He1, HEBL3R!
MICH1 she come? BO3MOHO nn, uro ona npnr?
+am uiu ra+ Yes, she MICH1!
MUS1 I see it? OBEH x +ro nnert?
+acm a cuu um Yes, you MUS1!
a, OBEH!
OUCH1 she 1O play in the garden? MOE1 ona nrpart n cay?
oom uiu mon.+ uu ,oeaaou Yes, she OUCH1!
No, she OUCH1A`1!
WOULD he buy it? A on xynnn BM +ro?
wvo xu oa um No, he WOULDA`1!
He1, on BM HE xynnn!
SHOULD we go there? A nam HVHO nrn rya?
umo wn eov ,+o Yes, we SHOULD!
a, HVHO!
AEEDA`1 he get married? A HE HVHO nn emy xennrtcx?
uuuoum xu eom+puo No, he AEEDA`1!
HAJE you any money? V rex EC1L xort xaxne-ro entrn?
xe mv +uu +auu No, I haven`t.
Yes, I have.
HAJE you made it? Tt Cenan +ro?
xe mv +oo um No, I haven`t.
Yes, I have.
HAS it flown away? Ona (o nmue) Vnereua?
xs um q.ovu ow+ Yes, it has.
No, it hasnt.
2-n rpynna ( |+ooa.iuie| o.e+eumi):
Can .? Ku .? Mor/-y/-yr, mox/-em/-emt/-ere .?
Could .? Kvo .? Mor/-nn .? Cmor/-nn .?
May .? Mo .? Moxno .?
Might .? Mam .? Moxer .? Bosmoxno nn, uro .?
Must .? Macm .? onxen nn .?
Ought . to .? Oom . mv .? onxen nn .?
Will .? Wn. .? Fy. .?
Shall .? L. .? Fyy .? Fyem .?
Would .? Wvo .? A . t .?
Should (he) .? Lmo .? A ne nyxno (e+v) tno t .?
Needn`t .? Huuoum .? (A) ne nyxno .?
CAA she walk? Ona MOE1 xonrt?
ru uiu woor Yes, she CAA.
251 250
Paccmarpnnare c.oee:ru 'Do . ?/Does . ?/Did . ?/Will . ?
xax eonpocume.iuie :acmui, cymecrnymmne no mnornx xstxax
n Bam craner nerue .
Taxxe moxno npupaeumi nx n x pyccxomy Pasee . ? !
Vnorpenxmrcx +rn anrnncxne Pasee 1outxo c ruarouaun,
r.e. n nonpocax o rom,
xro uro (euaE1?, (euaB? nnn BVE1 (eua1t?.
K umon ns +rnx :acmu cnoxono npncoennxercx
ompuauue HO1 'NOT,
npnum, n ocnonnom, n cnoe corpauuuo qop+e 'N`T,
n nonyuamrcx otunte OTPHHATEHBHME :acmui
4 anrnncxnx . HE .,
xoropte, nonropxm, ncnontsymrcx 1outxo c ruarouaun
(ue npieam, ue suaem, ue xoou.),
n xoroptmn moxe moxno saanart nonpoct.
To ecrt y anrnncxo ompuame.iuo :acmui
y anrnncxoro ue roxe 4 qop+i 4 Pasee ue . ?:
OHT/DON`T A3HT/DOESN`T HHT/DIDN`T
n
WOVHT/WON`T:
Pasee ue . Pa
&
see .
DIDA`1 you see him last Sunday? Tt HE nn(eBA ero
ououm mv cuu xu+ .aacm cauou n npomnoe nocxpecente?
WOA`1 she read this book? Ona HE BVE1 un1a1t +ry
wovum uiu puuo ,uc ovr xnnry?
Bmsypume rax, xax ecrt mo , umo Bam sect ano, npnum +rn-
mn cnonamn o.e+euma+u nmenno n raxo qop+e
Bt moxere nontsonartcx cpasy xe!
Oparnre onnnnmanne na ro, uro rnaront nocue o.e+eumoe
ncnontsymrcx ueus+euuui+u n BE3 :acmui 'to!
(Kpome o.e+euma 'ought to!);
2) B1opon cnoco +ro ror camt nonpoc uepes npecnonyrt
VVmnt, no HVVxnt rnaron VV 'DO n ero +ouqu-
uauuu eonpocume.iuie :acmui, xoroptx xax Bt snaere
n anrnncxom BCEIO-HABCEIO 4 mryxn !!!
A nmenno:
VV . ? 'DO . ? n uacmoaue+ epe+euu
nx cymecrnnrentntx
no +uoxecmeeuuo+ uncne
n nx mecronmenn 'I, you, we, they;
A3 . ? 'DOES . ? roxe n uacmoaue+ epe+euu,
no rontxo nx cymecrnnrentntx
n euucmeeuuo+ uncne
n nx 'he, she, it;
H . ? 'DID . ? 1outxo n npoueue+ epe+euu,
no nx ncex .u/mecronmenn
n cymecrnnrentntx n umou uncne;
WHB . ? 'WILL . ? 1outxo n yyue+ epe+euu,
no raxxe nx ncex .u/mecronmenn
n cymecrnnrentntx n umou uncne.
Hocne ecex +rnx ' uacrnn anrnncxn rnaron
us+eumi HE HV+HO !!!
253 252
& Eui+ Oasam. onpeoe.um.
DOES the dog wag its tail?
? Coaxa uamE1 xnocrom?
oa3 ,oooe we umc mo.
n) H . ? 'DID . ? ynorpenxercx TOhIKO
n HPOHEHEM npemenn, no saro co nceun (cvoerma+u):
DID you know her? DID they read this book?
? Tt snaB e? ? Onn un1aBn +ry xnnry?
ou mv uov x ou ,o puuo ,uc ovr
DID your parents receive my letter?
? Tnon ponrenn nouyunBn mo nnctmo?
ou o n+opoumc pucnue +a .emo
r) WHB . ? 'WILL . ? Byv .?, Byeui .?,
Bye+ .? n r.n. ynorpenxercx n nonpoce o BVVHEM npemenn
n co nceun cvoerma+u !!!
T.e. nourn xax no-pyccxn,
no rontxo c +rnm eonpocumeuoum+ o.e+eumo+!
1 2 12
WILL she come here? Hpum ona cma?
wn. uiu ra+ xno BVem ona npuxoumo cma?
To ecrt no-pyccxn nosmoxnt 2 eapuauma ' yyueeo epe+euu
(npuom n ovoem npuxooumi), no-anrnncxn xe
rontxo 1 ( uepes 'Will .).
Kax nnnre (), caun e.aeo.i (see, read) HE nsmenxmrcx,
no nx pasumx epe+u
mt epm pasume anrnncxne ue pasume Pasee ue . ?
n pasume & eonpocume.iuie :acmui !!!
HOBTOPEHHE.
Hpnpannxre eonpocume.iuie :acmui x eonpocume.iui+ sua-
ra+ n x Pasee? n sanomnnre, noxanycra, nemn a), ), n) u r):
a) VV . ? 'DO . ? ynorpenxercx TOhIKO
n uacmoaue+ npemenn, TOhIKO c R, 1M, BM, MM,
OHH c cymecrnnrentntmn no +uoxecmeeuuo+ uncne:
DO they read newspapers? DO you speak English?
? Onn un1aK1 rasert? ? Tt ronopHHL no-anrnncxn?
ovv ,o puuo umvcn+noc ovv mv cnuur nue.uui
DO the children play that game?
? ern nrpaK1 n ry nrpy?
ovv ,o:m.opou n.o ,m eo+
) A3 . ? 'DOES . ? ynorpenxercx 1oae
TOhIKO n uacmoaue+ npemenn,
no TOhIKO c OHc, OHAc, OHOc
n c cymecrnnrentntmn n euucmeeuuo+ uncne:
DOES he know this lady? DOES it grow?
? On snaE1 +ry nen? ? Ono pac11?
oa3 xu uov ,uc .+ou oa3 um epov
255 254
Hanpnmep:
1 2 1 2
Why don`t we take a bus? Houe+y mt ue eem na anroyce?
wa ooum wn mor ooac
NB.
A ceuac Bam nyxno oparnrt nnnmanne na ror ]axr, uro
nocue eonpocume.iuoeo c.oea 'Who .? Xvv .? Kro .?
HE nyanm eonpocume.iuie :acmui 'Do?, 'Does? n 'Did?
(xax uacrt nonpoca),
r.e. nocue 'Who nonpoct saamrcx ca+u+ rnaronom
BE3 eonpocume.iuix :acmu 'Do?, 'Does? nnn 'Did?.
HAHPHMEP:
WHO loveS you more than I do? Kro nmu1 rex ontme menx?
xvv .ae3 mv +oo ,u a ovv
WHO receivED this letter? Kro nonyuuB +ro nnctmo?
xvv pucnueo ,uc .emo
Ho nor :acmua 'WILL nyxna nc panno:
1 2 12
Who WILL drive us back home? Kro ornes1 nac omo?
xvv WHH opae ac or xov+
HOCHE eonpocume.iuix n ompuame.iuix :acmu
nepe nocneymmnm rnaronom 1oae HE HVHA :acmua 'to,
ro ecrt nocne :acmu rnaron epnre npxmo ns cnonapx
n uuueeo c nnm ue euame !!!;
3) Hepe( ncemn eonpocume.iui+u :acmua+u uory1 croxrt
em n eonpocumeuoume cnona nnn eipaweuu:
Where? W+o? Ie? Kya?
When? W+u? Kora?
Why? Wa? Houemy? 3auem?
Who? Xyv? Kro?
Whom? Xyv+? Koro? Komy?
Whose? Xyvs? ue?
What? Wom? uro? Kaxo?
How? Xav? Kax?
Which (of)? Wnm: (oe)? Koropt (us)? Kaxo (us)?
How many .? Xav ++uu .? Cxontxo .? (o rom, uro
+oxuo cocunrart no mryxam)
How much .? Xav +am: .? 1) Cxontxo .? (o rom, uro
ueuosa cocunrart no mryxam);
2) Cxontxo cronr .?
How come .? Xav ra+ .? a xax xe +ro .?!
How often .? Xav oqu .? Kax uacro .?
How long .? Xav .oue .? Kax onro .?
What kind of .? Wom rauo oe .? Kaxo .? Kaxoro rnna .?

What colour .? Wom ra.o .? Kaxoro nnera .?
257 256
5) C eonpocume.iuoeo c.oea:
WHERE is that guy? IE (ecmi) ror napent?;
w+o us ,m ea
6) C eonpocume.iuoeo c.oea eonpocume.iuo :acmui:
WHERE DID she go? KVA ? ona ymBa?;
w+o ouo uiu eov
7) C eonpocume.iuoeo c.oea qop+i 'be (cm. ' n. 5),
qop+i 'have,
o.e+euma:
WHEA HAJE you started? KOIA rt ua:a.?
w+u xe mv cmaamuo
WHERE ARE you? IE rt?
w+o aa mv
WHA1 CAA you say? H1O MOEHL rt cxasart?
wom ru mv co
PE3KME.
3naunr, ecnn Bt pemnnn saart nonpoc no-anrnncxn,
ro eonpoc +ror moxer uauuuamoca cneymmnm opasom:
1) C nmoro ns (+ooa.iuix) o.e+eumoe:
WOULD you like to come with me?
wvo mv .ar mv ra+ wn, +uu
Tt BM xoren norn co mnom?;
2) C rnarona 'HAJE nnn c nmo ns ero qop+:
HAS she any Iriends?
xs uiu +uu qpouos
V ne EC1L xaxne-nnyt pystx?;
3) C nmo 0OPMM rnarona 'BE:
ARE you all right?
aa mv oo. pam
1M n nopxxe?;
4) C nmo ns eonpocume.iuix :acmu:
DO you know .? ?Tt snaemt .?
DOESA`1 he know .? ?On HE snaer .?
oasum xu uov
258
HPAKTHuECKHE
PEKOMEHAHHH
OHOHHHTEHBHO !!!
O anrnncxo cucme+e epe+u moxno cxasart cneymmee .
Mt yxe snaem, uro sauacrym aue.osi:uie ronopxr
ue coece+ mar, rar eoeopu+ +i
Ho ecrt ea xonxperntx cnyuax,
xoropte nmemr nenocpecrnennoe ornomenne
x epe+eua+,
n xoropte nyxno npocro npnnxrt xax oauuocmi.
1) B nepeo+ cnyuae aue.osi:uie aconmrno urxo vxoom or
nepeaun oecmeu n coornercrnenno yxoam or rnarona,
e+ecmo +roro onucmeaa cex (nnn nmo pyro cvoerm) npn
nomomn omeuaeououoeo INGonoro onpeoe.euu. enamr onn
+ro nmenno rora, xora peut nr o pacmauymmx, uumeuoumx
ecrnnxx, xoropte +i, ronopx no-pyccxn, nepeam 1outxo npn
nomomn rnarona uecoeepueuuoeo euoa (oe.a., oe.am, ovov
oe.ami) = Continuous nnn Progressive.
Ho+romy, e+ecmo:
Buepa x e.i ent paomau
Bt no-anrnncxn npocmo oasaum yere ronopnrt:
Buepa x e.i ent mu paoomamuu+ !!!;
2) Bo emopo+ cnyuae xora peut nr o xaxom-nno ecrnnn,
nooeoue+o+ K xaxo-ro mo:re no npemenn, ouu e+ecmo
nepeaun oecmeu nontsymrcx nmemmecx u n pyccxom xstxe
roucmpvrue V menx yxe uynueu mxa] Perfect.
To ecrt n Bt e+ecmo:
B yxe rvnu. mamnny
no-anrnncxn npocmo oasaum yere ronopnrt:
V menx mamnna yxe uynueua !!!
261
PEKOMEHAHH
HO OC1HEHHK FICTPOIO PE3VBL1A1A.
O1BEHAH1E me+ we, HEM CHPALHBAPT
(nno n vmeepoume.iuo, nno n ompuame.iuo qop+e):
DO you know him? YES, I DO! NO, I DONT !
DOES she know him? YES, she DOES! NO, she DOESNT !
DID they write this? YES, they DID! NO, they DIDNT !
WILL they come? YES, they WILL! NO, they WONT!
CAN she do this? YES, she CAN! NO, she CA
NNOT!
HAVE you a friend? YES, I HAVE! NO, I HAVENT!
HAS she a book? YES, she HAS! NO, she HASNT!
HAD they any money? YES, they HAD NO, they HADNT!
WILL we have a lunch? YES, we WILL! NO, we WONT!
IS our cat there? YES, it IS! NO, it ISNT!
WERE our cats there? YES, they WERE! NO, they WERENT!
WILL our cats be there? YES, they WILL! NO, they WONT!
HO:
DOA`1 you read it? YES, I DO! AO, I DOA`1!
ISA`1 she there? YES, she IS! AO, she ISA`1!
WOA`1 you come? YES, I WILL! AO, I WOA`1!
CAA`1 they play? YES, they CAA! AO, they CAA`1!
n r..
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!
!
!
N:
Cymo ecrnnx
1un ecrnnx:
OBPA3OBAHHE roucmpvru
n ero uaseauue:
AKTHB: HACCHB:
1. Hacm.: Inaron ns cnonapx
Ono-
nno Inaron(e)S

Bpe+*
mnoro- pasoeme, ! Hpou.: Inaron(e)D BE H.O.**
uacro- nnn ns 2-n xononxn
ecrnnx BAH!
By.: WILL Inaron
2.
nxmnecx, pacrxnyrte.

Bpe+

Bpe+
ecrnnx npouecca
. . .
BE A.O.***
BE being H.O.

(Kpo+e ovo. npemenn)
3.
ecrnnx 'K
Bpe+

Bpe+
(
&
HAVE H.O. HAVE been H.O.
4. uauueca Bpe+ Bpe+ ****
ecrnnx 'K,
. . .
(
&
HAVE been A.O. HAVE been being

Hponecc 'o

H.O.
CAMAR IHABHAR TABHHHA
4 ecrnnx n 3 npemenax.
Kax nepeoaeami +rn oecmeu.
}
265 264
K 5.00 x cocunrau/ceu I had
counted/eaten.
CEIOHR c 5 o 7 x yy cunrart/ecrt
I will be counting/eating.
K 5.00 x cocunram/czem I will
have counted/eaten;
3) WILL rnaron;
3AB1PA ( WILL be ...ing;
WILL have 3-n qop+a:
... x yy cunrart/ecrt I will count/eat.
... x cocunram
c 5 o 7
x yy cunrart/ecrt
3AB1PA
poeuo e 7.34
I will be counting/eating.
eeco ent
K 5.00 x cocunram/cem
I will have counted/eaten.
Bnnre ', eese n n umo+ cnyuae
BPEMR mt noxastnaem
2-o 0OPMOH camoro rnarona (1- mun ecrnn)
nnn xe 0OPMAMH 'be n/nn 'have (n roucmpvrux).
1HH xe ecrnnx n c+mcu ero (n roucmpvrux)
mt noxastnaem 3-en nnn INGoeo 0OPMOH
cmtcnonoro rnarona
(ro ecrt rem nnn nntm onpeeueuue+) !!!
}
{
{
{
OHOhHHTEhIHIE PEKOMEHAHHH
HO COO1BE1C1BHK
nanonee ynorpenrentntx
AHIhHHCKHX 0OPM n KOHC1PVKHHH PVCCKHM
n HO HX YHOTPEBHEHHK:
1) BHEPA ( 2-n 4OPMA ( '(e)D nnn ns Tao.ui):
... x nocunran/czen I counted/ate
2-n qop+a.
c 5 o 7
BHEPA poeuo e 7.34 x cunran/en I was*
eeco ent counting/eating.
K 5.00 x nocunran/czen I had*
counted/eaten.
* 'WAS n 'HAD 2-e qop+i;
2)
CEIOHR (
HH:eeo HE enaem nnn 'S,
WAS/WERE/WILL be.
CEHHAC ( AM / IS / ARE '...ing;
K ... ( HAVE / HAS / WILL have 3-x qop+a:
... x cunram/em I count/eat ...
npxmo ceuac x cunram/em I am
counting/eating.
eeco ent x cunram/em I am
counting/eating.
CEIOHR
c 5 o 7 x cunrau/eu I was
counting/eating.
& na +mo npemx x cocunrau I have
( K +mo+y momenry) counted/eaten.
}
{
{
{
267 266
H yntnnrect, ncnomnnn, xax xora-ro esornercrnenno nenn
nerxomtcnennte Apaoecru:
'We SHOULD BE THINKING about some drinking!.
wn umo ouu nuruue ooavm ca+ opnuruue
B cmtcne: A ne nopa nn nam noart?!.
A n Moe nperpacuo .eou 3nnsa yynnrn sannnanact:
' I COULD HAVE DANCED all night,
And COULD HAVE BEGGED for more!.
uo rvo xe ooeo qoo +oo
MOIBA BM 1AHHEBA1L ncm nout,
H MOIBA BM HOHPOCH1L em!.
COuETAHH 3BEMEH1OB c KOHC1PVKHHRMH.
3 B E M E H 1 ...:
Haccue:
I CAN BE killED.
a ru ouu ru.o
MOIV BM1L vou1(-i+) Menx moxno ynrt.
1-n mun ecrnn ecrnnx Bau!:
I CAN READ any English book.
a ru puuo +uu nue.uui ovr
MOIV HPOHEC1L nmym anrnncxym xnnry.
2-n mun ecrnn ecrnnx Hpouecca:
You SHOULD BE LIVING here.
mv umo ouu .neuue xno
Tee BM CBEOBABO H1L sect.
3-n mun ecrnn ecrnnx K:
I COULD HAVE EATEN this soup.
a rvo xe uumu uc cvvn
MOI (yxe) C1EC1L +ror cyn.
4-n mun ecrnn Hpoecc O:
I MIGHT HAVE BEEN WAITING for you all my life.
a +am xe ouuu w+muue qoo mv oo. +a .aq
MOI BM H P O A 1 L rex ncm cnom xnsnt.
&

+om
Ipvnna ro+nauu.
Hpanonon nen1p
Anoxarcxn xanner Mapxosyono H.B.
Kasyc Koncanr.
Konnernx anoxaron Kasyc Fennn.
OOO Hpanono nenrp.
Mea(ynapo(nmn apn1paa: cocrannenne neoxonmtx
oxymenron, npecrannrentcrno n cye n na neperonopax,
yuacrne n xauecrne apnrpon (anoxart unent Koponen-
cxoro nncrnryra apnrpon Bennxopnrannn);
Ocnyxnnanne nnocrpanntx xomnann n Poccnn n sa py-
exom;
Beenne en n cyax ome mpncnxnnn;
Beenne en n apnrpaxntx cyax;
Vuacrne n xopnoparnnntx cnopax n anxporntx nponeccax
(mpnnuecxn aynr,
npecrannrentcrno n apnrpaxnom cye);
Vuacrne n rperecxnx pasnparentcrnax;
Paspaorxa n ananns oronopon, cornamenn, nntx oxy-
menron;
Rpnnuecxn aynr cenox;
Koncyntrnponanne no nmtm npanontm nonpocam
O]nc: Canxr-Herepypr, yn. Moxonax, . 18
Ten.: 275-59-77, 275-06-09, 279-99-72,73
uaxc: 275-99-04
E-mail: kazusspb@rol.ru

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53

O MOEH PVCH0HHHPOBAHHOH TPAHCKPHHHHH

OCOBOE nnnmanne oparnre n na ro, uro

KAK HOhI3OBATIC 3TOH KHHIOH?

O +oe pvcuquupoeauuo rpancxpnnnnn

3TO EHC1BHE nnn 300EK1 OT HEIO

(big) money V menx HE1 (ontmnx) ener;

I THOUGHT (that) I WAS GETTING MAD.

POBO, ECBH BM ...

ne nyxnt nnxaxne apmur.u!):

Iriends at all ae eam uov qpouos moo.

) uuuauoeo, uuuauo, uuuauux e ompuauuu

What kind of .? Wom rauo oe .? Kaxo .? Kaxoro rnna .?

HAVE been A.O. HAVE been being

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