( )

...

.


(K.Vassilakis@teicrete.gr)

..................................................................................................................................................1
1. O ................................................................................3
1.1. .......................................................................................................4
1.2. .......................................................................................................................4
1.2.1. ...........................................................................5
1.2.2. ......................................................................6
1.3. .......................................................................................7
1.3.1 .............................................................................7
1.3.2 .............................................................................................................9
1.4. ..................................................................................................................9
1.4.1. .......................................................................................................9
1.4.2. ............................................................................................................10
1.5. (interfaces-)..............................................................................12
1.5.1 V.24 RS-232..................................................................................................12
1.5.2. V.24/RS-232...............................................13
1.6. ...................................................................................................................13
1.6.1 ...............................................................................................14
1.6.2 .................................................................................................16
1.7. ...................................................................................................................16
1.7.1 .........................................................................................................................16
1.7.2 ........................................................................................................................18
1.8 ...............................................................................................................19
1.9. .........................................................................................................20
2. ..................................................................................................................21
2.1. ...............................................................................21
2.2. .....................................................................................23
2.2.1 .....................................................................................23
2.2.2 ...........................................................23
2.2.3. .................................................................24
2.3. / / .....................................................................................25
2.3.1. .............................................................................25
2.3.2. ......................................................................................................................25
2.3.3. OSI.................................................................................................................25
2.3.4. TCP/IP.....................................................................................................27
2.3.5. ..............................................................................................................28
2.3.6. Gigabit Ethernet............................................................................................29
2.3 (LANs)................................................................................................................30
2.3.1 .......................................................................................32
2.3.2. .............................................................................................34
2.3.3 () .......................................................35
. ,

ii

2.3.4 - .................................................................37
2.3.5. ..................................................................................................39
2.3.5. (structure cabling)........................................................................40
2.4 (WANs)............................................................................................46
2.4.1 ..........................................................47
2.4.2 ..........................................................................................................48
2.4.3 / ..........................................................................................48
2.5 ................................................................................................50
2.5.1 ....................................................................................51
2.5.2. (e-mail).....................................................................................51
2.5.3 (teleconference)...........................................................................................52
2.5.4 .............................................................................................52
2.5.5 (file transfer).........................................................................................52
3. RNET..................................................................................................................................53
3.1 INTERNET........................................................................................................54
3.2. - RNET...................................................................................56
.......................................................................................................................................60
V.24 (RS-232)...................................................................60
....................................................................................................................................61
............................................................................................................................................62
..............................................................................................................................62
................................................................................................................................62

. ,

iii


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(Data Communications).

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:
1. ( !)
2. ( )
3. (
)
(U/CCITT, ISO, IEEE ),
(de facto standards),
,
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.
,

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, video.
80
90
,

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1. O
(Data Communications)
(data)
(, ,
).
, :
1 (transmitter)
1 (receiver)

( )
.
.

(.. )
.
interfaces ().
,
(.. ) ,
( ) .
:
( )
bits bps (bits per second),
bits .

Gbps. (bit rate)
bits
.
: 1/Tlog2M, :
T: bit (sec)
M: (
=2),

,
.
baud. baud
bps, bit
(
) .

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 bits ,
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bps,
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-bandwidth)
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, ,
(. ) (),
(. , ).

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.

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1.1.
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0 1 (bits).
bits ()
(, ),
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. 50 ,

(8 bits 1 Byte, 256
)
(ASCII- American Scanning Code for Information Interchange).
(ISO International Standards Organization),
()
(codepages).
-928, .. ( ,
ISO).

1.2.
( bits
.. 1 byte- 8 bits) ( bits).
- bytes
bits ( blocks)
().

. ,

1.2.1.


(1 )
bits .
bit (LSB Least Significant Bit).
.
, .
interface: V.24 (RS-232, .. modem)

bits
() . ,
8 (1 Byte = 8 bits)
, .

.
interface: Centronics ()
,

.

, bit.
.
, ,
bits.
, ,

.
, bit

bit .

.

bits (block
/byte) bits. byte,
- bits ,

. ,

 bits . (idle time)

block bits
. block , bit (start bit
0)
block bits
. bits block ,
. block
bit (stop bit 1)
.
block (idle time) stop
bits ( idle / 1).
1 1 1 1 1 1 0
idle time
stop
bit

0 0 0
data bits

0 1

0 1 1 1 1 1 1
start
idle time
bit

.

( 20% : 8 bits 2 bits. start
bit 1 stop bit).

(blocks) / bytes bits
( bits)
( bits)
. block
, (1 2) (SYN,
00010110 16h).
2 SYN .
block ,
(PAD: 11111111 - FFh).
, SYN .
PAD- -SYN-SYN

-------------------------------------- Data bits --------------------------- bits, bytes

flags (flag: 01111110 7Eh)
block .

.
.

1.2.2.
(simplex -
), - (half duplex -
, )
- (full duplex -
):

. ,

1.3.
, ,
( bits) (.. 0 1 ).
, ,
(
). ,
, ,
.
,
( , ,
). ,
bits. , (bit
error rate BER: )
( bps BER).

.
.
,
.
.
(
), (
).
,
,
.

1.3.1
1.3.1.1
, ,
(0 1) bits ,

. ,

 ( -even parity) ( parity). (

bit=1) ,
.
bit, block .

odd

: A
bits: 01000001.

,
bit 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.

, 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1.

bit ( 0 1 ) ( bits
1)
() block.
, (;).
1.3.1.2
( )
blocks bits.
block 4 (i=1,2, 4) (j=1,2, 8)
:
-1 b1,1

b1,2 b1,3 b1,4

b1,5

b1,6

b1,7

-2 b2,1

b2,2

b2,3

b2,4

b2,5

b2,6

b2,7

b1,8 I-1
b2,8 I-2

-3 b3,1

b3,2

b3,3

b3,4

b3,5

b3,6

b3,7

b3,8 I-3

-4 b4,1 b4,2 b4,3 b4,4 b4,5 b4,6 b4,7 b4,8 I-4

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -
b1,j, b2,j, b3,j b4,j (j=1,2, 8)
-i () -j -
. , block ,
,
.
(-i) Vertical
Redundancy Check (VRC) (-j -)
Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC).
. ,
(;).
10-6 10-8.
1.3.1.3
(Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC), block bits
()
.
block. block ( ),

. ,
bits ().
. ,

 , block bits (
blocks n-bits, block n-1)
0 1.
block , .
10-9.

1.3.2
,
:

( )
( Not AcKnowledge).

( ACK - ACKnowledge).
, ,
(ACK)
blocks
. ()
( ) blocks
.
(ARQ Automatic Repeat Request) :
1.
(Stop & Wait ARQ) block
2. block ,
ACK/.

.
(
).
bits ( Hamming).

(simplex).

,
,
,
.

1.4.
1.4.1.

(data compression),
.
,
. ,

, .
() , ()
() , ,

.

(multimedia),
, , , (video) ,
,
(video on demand,
, )
.
,
,
(on-line) (,
videoconference ).
,
.

(, CDs, DVDs )
.

1.4.2. .

,
. ,
bits.
bits
bits .

.
, . ,
, video , bits
, .
/ , bit (

. ,

10

, , ),
. ,
bit ,
.
.
,
:

(loss less compression).

. ,

, .

(lossy compression).
, bits,
.
( / )
.

, .
, ( bits
) . , (audio) (images)
,
on-line.
:
: ,
'
bits.

. (run-length) Huffman
.

. Hoffman,

bits .
:

.
.

. ,
.
, .
:
.

( ) JPEG
(Join Photographic Expert Group) ( M-JPEG video),
MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) .262 (MPEG-1/2/4)
, DVI (Digital Video Interactive Intel)
, , QuickTime ( Apple) H.261 .

. ,

11

1.5. (interfaces-)
,
, ,
(connectors, interfaces) .
,

. interfaces RS-232 (V.24)
Centronics
.
(ITU-T, EIA, IEEE, ISO
) ,
( , , ), (, ), (,
, )
(, ).

1.5.1 V.24 RS-232.

.
, () (DTE - Data Terminal Equipment,
& ) (DCE Data Circuit
Equipment, , ) (DTE)
(DCE) connectors, 25
(pins).

DB-25
.
2 () 3
()
. connectors 9 (
).

-
DB-9
1 (mark) 3 25,
0 (space) +3 +25. (-3
+3)
0 1.

. ,

12

1.5.2. V.24/RS-232

RS-232
V.24
AA
101
BA
103
BB
104
CA
105
CB
106
CC
107
AB
102
CF
109

SCF
SCB
SBA
DB
SBB
DD
LL
SCA
CD
CG
CE
CH/I
DA
TM

122
121
118
114
119
115
141
120
108.2
110
125
111/2
113
142

DTE

FGND
TXD
RXD
RTS
CTS
DSR
GRD
DCD

DTE
DTE
DCE
DTE
DTE
DTE
DCE
DCE
DCE
DTE
DTE
DCE
DCE
DCE

SDCD
SCTS
STXD
TXC I
SRXD
RXC
LLB
SRTS
DTR
RLB/SQ
RI
RS
TXC E
TM

DCE
DTE
DCE
DTE
DTE

Frame Ground
Transmit Data
Receive Data
Request To Send
Clear To Send
Data Set Ready
Signal Ground
Data Carrier Detect
+Test Voltage
-Test Voltage
Unassigned
2nd Data Carrier Detect
2nd Clear To Send
2nd Transmit Data
Transmit Clock (Internal)
2nd Receive Data
Receive Clock (DCE)
Local Analog Loop back
2nd Request To Send
Data Terminal Ready
Remote. Analog Loop back
Ring Indicator
Rate Selector
External Transmit Clk
Test Mode

pin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

:
1,7:
2,3,14,16:
4,5,6,8,12,13,19,20,22,23:
15,17,24: clock
18,21,25: test
RS-232:

110 bps
300 bps
1200 bps
2400 bps
4800 bps
9600 bps

1000 m
1000 m
1000 m
150 mt
80 m
80 m

1600 m
1600 m
1000 m
320 m
320 m
80 m

1.6.

.
(
fiber optics) (, ,
, laser).

. ,

13

 ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.

(
),
,
( INTERNET).

1.6.1
1.6.1.1
( )
.
, /
. ,
, .
,
() .

.
(twisted pair, ),
.
(UTP - Unshielded
Twisted Pair- level 5/6/7, STP - Shielded Twisted Pair-,
Gbps).

,

( ,
, ).
.
UTP Level 5
(coaxial cable)
(.. RG58).


80
.

,
.
,
connectors.
.

. ,

14

1.6.1.2
.

( LED laser) .

. :
1. (core), , (
) . .
2. (cladding)
.
.
3. (coating),
.

,
,


.
:
Multi-mode ( )
,
, .
62 m,
125 m.

( )
3 .
Single mode ( )

( ).
,
, 9m 125m.
,
( 50 ), (laser
)

. ,

15

 ,
, (
), .
(), (
) .

1.6.2
(wireless communication),
( ) . ,
(), ,
. ,
()
,
.
/ ,
.

(.
),
,
( , ).
,
,
:

,
.

,
( )

,
( / ).

,
.
, .

.
,
, (WLAN
Wireless Local Area networks).

1.7.
1.7.1
,
.
.

()

. ,

16

.
.

(
multiplexer) ( demultiplexer)
.

1.7.1.1
(Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM) .
,
. ,
() .
.
17.1.2
(Time Division Multiplexing - TDM)
(
) ,
.
. .
17.1.3
(Statistical Time Division Multiplexing - STDM)
.

( )
.
,
.
,
. .

.

. ,

17

1.7.2
,
(
),
( ),
.
(modulation).
(demodulation)
, .
.
,
(. ).
,
( 0 1).

( ).
,
.

0 1.

.

, ,
. ( )
, bps (bits per second),
baud ( ).
1.7.2.1 ()
( - Amplitude Modulation)
, 1 0. ,
bits .
,
.
ASK (Amplitude Shift Key).

1.7.2.2 (F)
, (FM - Frequency Modulation)
bits .
. ,

18

 , 1 0
( ) bit.

FSK (Frequency Shift Key)

CPFSK (Continues Phase Frequency Shift Key).
1.7.2.3. (P)
(Phase Modulation) 0 1,
(
).
, PSK (Phase Shift Key)
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Key), QPSK (Qaud Phase Shift Key),
DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Key), 8PSK, QAD (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
DPSK ASK TCP (Trellis Code Modulation)
QAD.

1.8
( ,
)
( ,
..),
.

,
( ).
(modems),
(repeaters), (HUBs, - multiplexers ..),
, (switches), (-routers,
-bridges, -gateways .), (sharing units)
(compressors).

. ,

19

1.9.
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
( , , ),
, ,
, .
(
),
( de facto ).
.

.
.

.

. ,

20

2.

, ( , .)
,
(
). ,
(nodes) .
( , /
) hardware (,
, -.. - ).

:

,
(, , , -video ).

( ).

, , .

(
).

(
).

).

(
) .

..

'60 70 (Cambridge University, Xerox PARC, Berkeley
University) , 90 ,
,

.
, ,
.

2.1.
,
,
, (
) ,
, .
,
, , ,
() .
. ,

21

 () :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.

. , ()

( ), ,
(
).

.
,

.
( - bus, - ring, star,
/ ) ( /
mesh topology).

. (
) ,

. ,

22


. (
),
. (,
) ,
(routing). ,
,
(, ).

2.2. .
, , ,
, ,
,
.

2.2.1
.

. ( /
) (
Internet).
,
( )
/ . ,
( Hellaspac HellasStream
) ,
.

.
, (..
, )

. ,
,
,
( ).

2.2.2
( )
, () .
1. (LANs - Local Area Networks).

(, , , ).
,
( 10Mbps, 2Gbps).
2. (s - Metropolitan Area Networks).

.

.
. ,

23

3. (WANs -Wide Area Networks).

( ).
( WANs ,
).

2.2.3.

,
.
1. (switching), -
- ( )
.

.
,
:

(Circuit switching),

, .


(
).

(Message Switching),
,
.

.

, .

(Packet Switching),
,

.

(, ,
) ,
(connection oriented),
(connectionless), .

2. ,
-
( ) .

. ,

24

2.3. / /
2.3.1.


,
, .
, ,
,
(), ( )
. (layer)
,

, .
,
, .

( ,
, hardware .).
, (ISO International Standards Organization),
standards, .

2.3.2.
.

(packets, frames), ( bits)
, .

.

. ,
(encapsulation).
,
.
() .

2.3.3. OSI
o SI (Open System Interconnection -
, o ISO),
,
,
. OSI
(7) ,
hardware (
), software ( )
.
(, ) ,
,
. ,

25

 .
OSI OSI.
To SI
7

7 APPLICATION

6 - PRESENTATION

5 SESSION

4 TRANSPORT

3 NETWORK

2 - DATA LINK

1 PHYSICAL

,
(/Application)
,
() (/Physical).
,
() (Application layer).
,
.
1 -

. (),
( 2 bit), ,
connectors (, ),
.
hardware.
2 -
( )
( ).
( / )
. ()

.
,
. hardware
software.
3 -
,
, .
( ),
( )
( ),
. ,

26

 ,
.
.
4 -


.


, .

,
, .
5 -

.
,
(, ),
(login process) (authentication),
..
6 -
, ,
.
() / ,
/ , /

( )
.
7-
,

/ .
, ,
(client-server) .

2.3.4. TCP/IP

. (
)
( - internetworking).
3 4 OSI. o TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol / Internet Protocol) ,
(LAN) (WAN)
. Internet
(IP: Internet Protocol).
CP/IP ISO
. TCP/IP

. ,

27

 OSI.
,
OSI:

(Network Access) SO
(/Physical /Data Link),

(Internet)
(/Network) SO,

o (Transport),
(/Transport) 5 (/Session) ISO

(Application), 6
(/Presentation) 7 (/Application) ISO.

, CP/IP 3 4
OSI. P 3
, CP 4
. IP

,
,
.
(connectionless protocol).

-
().
TCP.
TCP/IP
( )
,
( ) (
SNMP-Simple Network Management Protocol)
. TCP/IP
, ,
, ,
.
,
Internet, TCP/IP
,
de facto standard.
TCP/IP (
UNIX) ISO. ,
,
( ) TCP/IP
.
,
( video).

2.3.5.
, , video
(data)

. ,

28

 (.. multimedia
).
, .
,
.
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode
)
.
(packet switching), (circuit switching).
(
cells- 53 bytes).
cells. ,

. , video

.
,
.
(connection oriented protocol),

(-),
.
, ,
(Gigabit Ethernet).
.
, .
(QoS, Quality of Service)
,
( Internet),
( 622 bps),
, video
.

.
,
(backbone networks), &
, (
) (
).

2.3.6. Gigabit Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet, (
) , . Gigabit
Ethernet Ethernet,
. ,
( Ethernet )
(1Gbps
2Gbps). ,
.
. ,

29

 Gigabit Ethernet ,

, Ethernet
( ),
TCP/IP, , (
),
.
Gigabit Ethernet
(Quality of Services).
, Gigabit Ethernet

.

2.3 (LANs)
,
, ,
(
, , ,
s - Metropolitan Area Networks).
80, (PCs),
(Single-User Systems),

.
(Multi-user
Systems). ,
,
,
.



(servers - ),

( servers),
.

.
,

,

.
, ,
.
,
"" ,
' .

(multi-user systems), .

. ,

30

 ,
( Windows),
.
, software hardware ,

( ).
, ,
,
,
(
, , ).
,
.
(
), (severs, )
,
,
. ,
client-server (thin client,
web based),
.
,
(,
, ).
T :

,

, MS-Windows (NT/2000/2003 server, XP, 2000)
Unix (Linux, BSD, SunOS ). ,


(NMS - Network Management Systems).
, Netware Novell (
80 90), servers
.
(
).
,
(backbone )
. (..
,
).

. ,

31

2.3.1 .
2.3.1.1.
,
( ,
),
.
, ,
, .
,
( ),
( )
. (
2001)
, ( ) ,
,
( ) .
2.3.1.2.
/ , ,

( , CDROMs, , plotters, scanners,
), (
), ( ) .

( )
.
,
( ):

.
( )
( / server)
( / client).

(),
, (
client-server).

, ,
(
, INTERNET ).
(, )
(modems, routers, ) .

. ,

32

2.3.1.3.
: 10bps, 15Mbps,
100Mbps 1000bps (1Gbps Gigabit
Ethernet),
.

.

.
(
,
).
2.3.1.4.

. - :
1. (unicast),
-.
2. (multicast), multicast ,
.
3. (broadcast),
broadcast ,
.

(frames) .

. ,

33

 (Base band )

, . (,
) .

2.3.2. .

, ,
.
,
. :
i)

(ring),

ii)

(star, ),

iii)

(bus)

iv)

(tree).

,
, ( )
( ).
,

.

,
( ),
( ),
,
( ),
(backbone network).

. ,

34

 .
,
.
. ,
.

2.3.3 () .
(
)
. .
2.3.3.1.
(workstation)
-, (workstation)
. (PC)
hardware ( )
(
)
.
(, ) ,

(
clients).
(server, ) :

,
.

,
. sever
.
. (file servers)
, (mail
servers), (print servers), internet (internet

. ,

35

servers) / ,
(application severs) .
2.3.3.2.
/ :
OSI ( /physical
layer)
( ), .
(UB, MAU),
.
Repeater ():
()
.
.

( ). ,
OSI ( )
(HUB/Repeater), (
).
Bridge:
() (
, ).
, ( LAN LAN
LAN - WAN).
(software)
.
OSI (physical & data link/)
(MAC address Media Access Control).
( )
, .

.
.
Switch ():
/ ( ,
(bridges) ( )
.
, (
) (backbone).

(Virtual LANs). ,
OSI (),
,
.
(routers):
( routers gateways,
)
bridges.
. ,

36

 .
, ,
, .
,
,
.
OSI (physical, data link & network layers).

.

. ( /
)
(, , , )
router.
RIP, OSPF BGP.

2.3.4 -

.
(, , )
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering), 802. ( 802: :
) ISO.
.
2.3.4.1 o Ethernet & 802.3
( / )
1973 ROX.
BUS OSI (physical & data
link layers). 802.3.
10 Mbps (
10ase5 10Base2), UTP 10 bps(
10BaseT) 100 Mbps (100BaseTX, 100BaseT4) (10aseF 10Mbps,
100BaseFX).
o Ethernet CSMA-CD
(Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detection 802.3).
CSMA-CD, ,
( ) .
,
.
, .
(collisions),
.
Ethernet 10 Mbps
() 100bps ( Fast Ethernet),
1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet) 803.3z
(1000BaseT) (1000BaseSX, 1000BaseLX).
Gigabit Ethernet .
(
100Mbps) . ,
. ,

37

 ,
( / / )
Ethernet.
2.3.4.2 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface).
FDDI
()
(100bps). (
100 )
(backbone) ,
(
) multimedia. ,
, ( , ).
2 : () ()
.
90,
(, Gigabit Ethernet) .
2.3.4.3 Token Ring & 802.5
(2 OSI),
, Texas
Instrument. 16 bps.
802.5.
Token Ring MAU
(Multi-Access Unit) (UTP & STP). Token
Ring ( bits) token
( / ) .
token ,
.
, token
. token
.
,
, .
-,
token .
,

IBM.
2.3.4.5 SPX/IPX
3o (IPX) 4o (SPX) OSI
VELL.
Netware servers
.
80,
. ,
.

. ,

38

2.3.4.6 AppleTalk
Macintosh
Apple. , BUS
256 .
.

2.3.5.

,

() ,
(Wireless LAN WLAN).
,
,

.

(, )
. (
) (
), .

90 , ,
,
.
.

,
( servers,
, ) ( ).

hardware (
- -,
), (Access Points),
() .
.
.
, (, ).

,
.
, .

. ,

39


OSI ( ). HIPERLAN
(High Performance European Radio LAN) ETSI, 802.11
Bluetooth. o HIPERLAN 25Mbps,
5GHz. (HIPERLAN/2) 30
150, . 803.11
.
2.4GHz (802.11b)
5GHz (802.11a), 11Mbps ((802.11b)
54 Mbps (802.11a). o Bluetooth
(10) ,
.
, laser,
( ,
).
laser ,
(100Mbps) .
.

2.3.5. (structure cabling)

,
( /
) .
(
1000bps) ,
.
,
.
,
telex,
, , , .
,
,
. ,
.
,

. ,

40

, ,

.
, ,

,
.
,
.
( )
( ) ,
, , .
.
standards,
.

:
1. ,
2. ,
3.
4.
:
).
,
( ),
( , video servers, videoconference ),

.
: ()
() .
:

( )

( ).
:

( / / )

( / )

(
, ,
, )
( ).
: ,
/

.

. ,

41

: ,

. ,
( Network
Operation Center / NOC)
(Help Desk).
,
( , ),

, , ,
, ,
.

2.3.5.1 / 568

(backbone)

&

, / 568 Commercial
Building Telecommunication Wiring Standard
IA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/ Telecommunication Industry Association)
1990.
( ) (
INTERNET )
(),
. ,
,
/
(, outlets),
(connectors), (adaptors), (pin outs) ,

. , /
,
,


.
, / 568,
(backbone network
. ,

42

 / ),
,
,
, ,
,
(connectors, )
. / 568


.
/ 568 :

/ /

standards

. ANSI/TIA/EIA/-569 Commercial Building Standard for
Telecommunications Pathways and Spaceways, ,
.
ANSI/TIA/EIA-606, Administration Standard for the
Telecommunications Infrastructure of Commercial Buildings,
,
.
2.3.5.2

(backbone cabling)
( )
( INTERNET) .

.

.
,
. (Racks) 19"

(, patch panels-, )
(, switches, routers ).
,
,
. .

.
,
(

. ,

43

 ).
(campus) (
), .
2.3.5.3
( )
.
()
.
.
, ,
.
,
(.. ), ,
. 12cm

.
,
PVC .
UTP (50%
)
.
()
UTP 5 (RJ-45, 4 ),
.
.


1
6m2.
3 m
//568. ,
.
, , ,
UTP ( / /).

: UTP

(4 MHz)
(16 MHz)
(20 z)
(100 z)
(250 z)

Token Ring 4Mbps, Ethernet 10Mbps
Token Ring 16Mbps
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps
ATM622 Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet 1000Mbps

1&2
3
4
5
6

. ,

44

 568/

()

. ,

45

2.4 (WANs)
(
), (
, , ).
(, , ,
.)
(, , .).
,
.
,

.

.
(
).

.

, OSI.
,
.
( )
, (
),
.
( )
(gateways). gateways
(
). -
.

70, .

,
, /
(,
, ).
( , .)
.
1990 ,


,
( & )
.
.

. ,

46

2.4.1
:

(),
. (
ISDN) dial up. dial up
, modem
WAN (
).
(128Kbps ISDN ).

data (leased lines),

( ).
,

.
.
(.1020, 1030 .)

modems.
(2bps 10 )
modems (base band modems).

( ), ,
. ,
, ,
,
( ) .

O , .
,
,
.
.
, .

,
,

,
.
HELLASPAC HELLASCOM .
,
,
.

,


.

. ,

47

2.4.2
,
.
:

28.8 bps, 33.6bps, 56bps 64bps (ISDN ),

,
modem , (dial up).

128 Kbps, 256Kbps, 512Kbps, 1bps, 2bps 34bps,

( /
) .

622 () 1000 Mbps
(Gigabit Ethernet).

,
, , video ( - ) ,

.

2.4.3 /
Modems
modems (dulation DEModulation)

. modems

,
( ).

modem

modem

modem

modems :

modem (voice band)

56Kbps

modem (base band)

( 30m) 2bps.
(TU)
(.. V.21 300bps, V.22 1200bps, V.29 9600bps, V34
33600bps) ( P,
V42 V.42bis)

. ,

48

Standard
V.32
V.32bis
V.34
V.34+
V.90

Date
1984
1991
1994
1996
1998

Bit/s
9,600
14,400
28,800
33,600
42,000
50,000

Bytes/s
1200
1800
3600
4200
5250
6250

KB/min
70
106
211
246
308
366

MB/hour
4
6
12
14
18
22

MinSec/MB
14m 33s
9m 42s
4m 51s
4m 09s
3m 19s
2m 48s

SDN
,
,
, .


, , , .
. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network
)
, 64 & 2x64 kbps,

(, , - / videoconference).
ISDN
SI. ISDN
(
, .)
( )
ISDN . SDN

.
xDSL
xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) ,
( ISDN)
( )
,
.
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)
(800 Kbps)
( 8 Mbps).

(DSL-modem DSL-router).
.
ADSL ,
ISDN.
X.25
CCITT (Committee Consultatif Internationale de Telegraphie
et Telephonie) OSI (
) Frame
Relay. SI
. ,

49

( .25),
( ) (IP).

,
.
Frame Relay
Frame Relay ( )
( OSI) .25
.


( 2Mbps).
(QoS) .
.
,
.

2.5
,
( ) ,
() ,
, .
()
,
. ,
, :

, . ,

( ).

,

(, )
( ).

,

, (),
( )
(, , ).

, .
.
. (
) .
.
,
( ,
, , ).
. ,

50

 ,
(
) ,
,
( ,
, ),


.
,
.

2.5.1
,
(
data/information banks) .
,
.
( )
. ,
, ,
.

.

, , , , ).
.

.
, .

.
.
,
, , / video
.
.
.

2.5.2. (e-mail)
,
(),
.
, multimedia .
(e-mail
address) .
, .
,

. ,

51

 (mail servers) .
servers (clientserver ).
, .

.

DI (Electronic Data Interchange),
(, , .)
.

2.5.3 (teleconference)
2 ,
.
,

, ,
, . ,

,

, ,
.

2.5.4
,
,
.
.

( )
() .

2.5.5 (file transfer)

.
, ,
.

. ,

52

3. RNET
To INTERNET (),
, ,
(:
),
.
ERNET 90,
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
NETwork) 60
. ARPANET

. IP ,
(connectionless protocol),
ARPANET ,
UNIX ( 4). 70

ARPANET. ILNET
,
RPANET
,
ARPANET
(Usenet, Bitnet/EARN, EUnet .). RNET
NSFNet (National Science Foundation Network),

.
NFSNet ,
.
(internetworking). 80

(internet). 1991
RNET ,
INTERNET.
INTERNET
,
(ISOC- Internet Society)
(-Internet Architecture Board),
(TF- Internet Engineering Task Force)
(IESG-Internet Engineering Steering Group).
INTERNET
50 .
150
( ). INTERNET,
,
INTERNET,
NTERNET (Internet Service Provider).
Internet Service Providers OTEnet, FORTHnet, ellas On
Line ..

. ,

53

3.1 INTERNET

INTERNET.
, INTERNET .
ost:
( ) .
Site:
(, )
host (
).
Hostname:
RNET (.. knossos,
ariadne, pc4, ws1 .). hostname
(.. 8 ).

.
IPaddress:
o INRNET TCP/IP, host
,
. / Paddress
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx xxx 1 254
host .
.
/ 193.92.
8, 9, 10 11 (4 C-class ).
/ , RNET
( ) 193.92.8, 193.92.9, 193.92.10
193.92.11. o - (PC
UNIX Macintosh) RNET
.
host knossos IPaddress 193.92.8.65.
IPaddress (
).
( ) .
Domain-name:

(Paddress) ( )
INTERNET. host (hostname)
domain-name,

host, .
domains (),
host. H
domain-names ,
( domain - .. )
(sub domains -. , ,

. ,

54

.) host
. o hostname
domains (.)
host. .
gr, uk, fr
uz.
(, , , ,
). domain,
ERNET , domains
edu ( domain)
. domain-names
: teiher.gr mit.edu, ibm.com, microsoft.com, forthnet.gr ..
(, , ) hostname
, domain-name
.
domain-name cs.teiher.gr,
knossos.cs.teiher.gr
(hostname.domain-name). domain-names :
stef.teiher.gr ( ), sdo.teiher.gr ( ), steg.teiher.gr ( ),
seyp.teiher.gr () admin.teiher.gr ().
, domainname ( ):
phestos.stef.teiher.gr (SUN Workstation )
phestos.cs.teiher.gr (LINUX
)
Nameserver:
DNS server.
NTERNET,
(hostname.domain-name),
, IPaddress , (Domain Name
Service). TEI Nameserver
knossos.cs.teiher.gr.
TEI
, hostname
domain-name IPaddress
. 193.92.8.70
knossos.teiher.gr.
(resolve) IPaddress,
nameserver ( tylissos.cs.teiher.gr)
. nameserver
TEI , RNET.
IPaddress .
( ) .
Netmask:
o netmask xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
.

(NOC-Network Operation Center).
Hackers:

. ,

55

 ERNET
.

3.2. - RNET
Telnet
telnet rlogin host
INTERNET ( ).
(username, login name) (password)
host host
. host

host. INTERNET
hosts,
UNIX.
Ftp (File Transfer Protocol)
INTERNET.

.
ftp,
site. ftp
client-server .
o anonymous ftp sites (ftp servers)
ftp. ftp-servers
,
. INTERNET
anonymous
( ftp server ,
)
(downloading). ftp
client-server,
MS-Windows, .
E-mail

INTERNET, -.
INTERNET
(username, login name)
INTERNET ( provider) (host/site)
domain-name ( hostname) .
( domain-name) @.
:
kostas@tylissos.cs.teiher.gr ( hostname)
kostas@cs.teiher.gr ( domain-name)
sites INTERNET
, ,
(mailing servers).

. ,

56

 ( clients mailing
servers)
(
free-open software).
, ,
,
(attachments-!). INTERNET
( !)
(

) .
business-cards.
.

News ailing Lists

news ,
(newsgroups).

sites,
. news


.
.

Mailing List ( )
. O
.
mailing lists
news,
.

.
Talk RC
. Talk
, .
talk ().
. IRC

. ,

57

 site (IRC
server). .
WWW ( )
WWW (World Wide Web) (CERN, 1990),
- INTERNET. clientserver (hypertext & hypermedia),
WWW INTERNET
.

- WWW.
, (pages)
L (Hypertext Markup Language).
(links)
. INTERNET,

.
,

sites ,
(web).
web-server ( WWW-server)

.
INTERNET ,
browser (web-client),
web-server . webserver o - ( / ),
,
, (surfing)
sites.
WWW-server
<>://<domain-name>.

web-servers web-clients HTTP (HyperText Transmission
Protocol). WWW-server
http://www.teicrete.gr.
, (,
, , video), ( ftp, e-mail .)
WWW (. , ),
WWW INTERNET.
WWW
. ( 1993)
web-servers

.
web-servers ,


. ,
WWW .

. ,

58

 INTERNET $2 .
2000, ,
.
sites
. searching engines ( ),
sites
http://www.google.com, http://www.metacrawler.com/, www.yahoo.com
www.infoseek.com.
,
,
.
web-client .
Netscape Navigator Microsoft Internet Explorer.

, RNET
Archie
anonymous ftp-servers, gopher
, veronica
gopher. videoconference ( ), P-Multicast
IP-Multicast
(
) RNET.

. ,

59


V.24 (RS-232)
DB25-BD25 / minimum connection (null modem cable)
PC male DB25
TxD Transmit Data
RxD Receive Data
SG Signal Ground

Terminal DB25
RxD Receive Data
TxD Transmit Data
SG Signal Ground

23
32
7 --- 7

DB25-BD25 / DTR handshaking

PC male DB25
TxD
RxD
RTS
CTS
DSR

Terminal DB25

Transmit Data
Receive Data
Request To Send
Clear To Send
Data Set Ready

23
3 2
45
54
6
|
DCD Carrier Detect
8 20
SG
Signal Ground
7 --- 7
6
|
DTR Data Terminal Ready 20 8

RxD
TxD
CTS
RTS

Receive Data
Transmit Data
Clear To Send
Request To Send

DTR Data Terminal Ready

SG
Signal Ground
DSR Data Set Ready
DCD Carrier Detect

DB9-BD25 / minimum connection (null modem cable)

PC
RxD
TxD
SG

DB9
Receive Data
Transmit Data
Signal Ground

2 2
3 3
5 --- 7

Terminal DB25
TxD Transmit Data
RxD Receive Data
SG Signal Ground

Full DB9-DB25 null modem cable

PC DB9
RxD Receive Data
TxD Transmit Data
DTR Data Terminal Ready
GND Signal Ground
DCD Carrier Detect
DSR
RTS
CTS
(RI

Data Set Ready

Request To Send
Clear To Send
Ring Indicator

Terminal DB25
2 2
TxD Transmit Data
33
RxD Receive Data
6
DSR Data Set Ready
|
48
DCD Carrier Detect
5 --- 7
GND Signal Ground
1
|
6 20 DTR Data Terminal Ready
7 5 CTS Clear To Send
8 4 RTS Request To Send
9 not needed)

. ,

60


, , , 1997.
, ,
& .. .
Held G, Data and Computer Communications, John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
Martin J & Leben J, , , 1990.
Tanenbaum A, Computer Networks, Prentice-Hall, 1989.
: www.gunet.gr.
: www.cisco.com Cisco.
: www.itpapers.com
: www.informit.com

. ,

61



(Addressing):
.
.
(Routing):
, 2
.
(, ).
: (),
, .
: ( ),
.
..: ( ISO ETSI)
(Encapsulation):
,
(, ,
, , ).
: (Bandwidth) ,

: (Operating System) ,
( hardware)
(). : MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Linux.
(Application Software):
( ,
, )
(System Software):
( , , )
.
(Multiplexing):
.

(Asynchronous Transfer Mode): .
.
Bit: (1) .
Bandwidth: .
Bps: (Bits Per Second), bits . bps: Kbps,
Mbps, Gbps.
Byte: 8 bits, . Byte: yte (KB), MByte
(MB), GByte (GB)
. ,

62

Dial Up: ( ISDN).

DOS: Microsoft (Disk Operating
System). 80, .
Encapsulation:
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force ( Internet)
ITU: International Telecommunications Union ( ).
ISO: (International Standardization Organization)
ISP: (, )
(Internet Service Provider).
ETSI: European Telecommunications
-)

Standards

Institute

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface):

.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):
.
Internet IP address: ,
IP (Internet Address).
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network,
.
Linux:
( ).
(
).
MAC address: Media Access
Control
Operating System: .
QoS (Quality of Service):
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM):
(TDM), .
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM):
( - time slot).
Windows: Microsoft
(Windows 98/2000/XP/Vista) (Windows NT/2000/2003 server)
.

. ,

63