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I. T chc h thng tp tin. II. Cc lnh v chng trnh III. Cc lnh c bn lm vic vi th mc IV. Cc lnh c bn lm vic vi tp bnh thng V. Cch sinh tn tp VI. Qun tr lung d liu VII. Cc b lc ring VIII. Gii thiu mt s tin ch qun l HTTT IX. Son tho vn bn X. Lnh truyn thng
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1.

2.
3. 4.

Cc kiu tp T chc cc tp tin t tn tp tin So snh vi DOS v Windows

H thng UNIX c 3 kiu tp cn phn bit: a- Tp bnh thng l tp vn bn hoc tp lnh shell hoc tp d liu thun tu b- Cc tp th mc l mt tp cha cc thng tin v nhng tp c quan h trc tip vi th mc . Cc th mc thng thng trong h thng UNIX:
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/: Th mc gc /bin: cha hu ht cc lnh ca ngi dng linux /boot: cha cc tp khi ng /dev: cha cc chng trnh iu khin thit b /etc: cha cc tp cu hnh h thng /lib: cha cc tp th vin nh phn c chia x bi nhiu D /sbin: cha cc tp nh phn h thng c s dng bi root

/home: th mc ch ca user. Mi user c mt th mc ch nm trong th mc ny vi tn chnh l tn ca user /proc: l h thng tp o (cha trong b nh ch khng cha trn a). Chng i din cc ctrnh v qu trnh ang hot ng. /tmp: cha cc tp tm thi c to ra khi cc ng dng h /usr: cha cc th mc con trong cha cc chng trnh v thng tin cu hnh quan trng s dng trong h thng.

/var: cha ccth mc con v tp c kch thc thng xuyn i.

c- Cc tp c bit l nhng tp c quan h trc tip vi cc thit b ngoi vi. - Lnh file: cho bit kiu ca mt tp l g. - V d: - Nu "prog.c" l tn mt tp m ta xy dng trc kia v cha m ngun trong ngn ng C: file prog.c prog.c: ASCII C program text - Nu tp kh thi "a.out" sinh ra t qu trnh bin dch bng cc: file a.out linked executable - Nu vd.sh l mt tp script cha cc lnh ca shell file vd.sh vd.sh: POSIX shell script text executable

- khng phn bit l kiu tp g - phi tun theo cc quy c chung nh sau:
l mt chui cc k t kh hin ca ASCII. Phn bit ch hoa, thng. K t u tin phi khc nhng k t: + = (trnh dng cc k t c bit)

Tn tp UNIX System V di ti a 14 k t Tn tp UNIX BSD di ti a 255 k t.

Ging: Lu tr d liu theo cu trc th mc cy S dng dng lnh hoc dng chut X-Window = Windows Khc bit Linux phn bit ch hoa ch thng Linux thng im lng Du phn cch v ng dn th mc ng dn tm kim
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 mi

a s c gn kt (mount) vo trong cy th mc (Tree Directory) ging nh l mt th mc bnh thng:

hda1: / (Root) hda2: /home hdb1: /home/user/music a mm: /mnt/floppy CD-ROM: /mnt/cdrom
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1.

2.
3. 4.

Khi nim C php tng qut ca mt lnh Cc ng dn n cc tp lnh Thi gian thc hin lnh

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Lnh:

- mt tp nh phn kh thi hoc - mt tp vn bn vit theo c php ca shell. Lnh ngoi tr l mt tp kh thi c th tm ra v tr bng lnh find. Shell phi to ra mt tin trnh con x l n. Lnh ni tr (shell buil-in) khng tn ti nh mt tp c lp. N nm sn ngay trong shell v coi nh t kho ca shell, khng cn phi to ra mt tin trnh con x l n. lnh type: type xxx - lnh ngoi tr th kt qa hin th s l ng dn tuyt i ca n [root@stb225 ~]# type mkdir mkdir is /bin/mkdir - lnh ni tr th kt qa l: xxx is shell buil-in [root@stb225 ~]# type cd cd is a shell builtin

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C php dng lnh: command [option] argument Command: Lnh- mt lnh c vit di dng n gin nht bao gm mt tn lnh vit theo sau du nhc Shell option: tu chn, thng bt u bng - hoc --. C th c nhiu tu chn, gia chng phi c khong trng argument: tham s lnh. C th vit trc option - c g vo t du nhc Shell: V d: $ cd - Phn bit ch hoa ch thng. - Help khi dng lnh: s dng tham s --help (v d: $cp help) hoc s dng lnh man <tn tp> (v d: $man cp). - Dng lnh sau khi nhp vo s c Shell din dch v sau s thi hnh theo ng ngha ca lnh.
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Lnh echo $PATH: cho bit cc path c thit lp trc # echo $PATH /usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin ...

ng dn tuyt i: c lp vi th mc hin thi ca ngi dng v bt u vi / ng dn tng i: ph thuc vo th mc hin thi ca ngi dng v khng bt u vi /

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Lnh time cho ta bit c thi gian thc hin mt lnh hoc thi gian thc hin mt chng trnh, o bng giy $ time find / -name tp -print > result 55.6 real 1.5 user 18.3 sys real: l tng thi gian thc t, t lc bm <RETURN> n lc du nhc shell tr li user: l thi gian ch dng thc hin lnh sys l thi gian m li UNIX s dng qun tr lnh ny real >= user + sys
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1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

Di chuyn gia cc th mc: cd (change directory) Hin th th mc hin thi: pwd (print working directory) Xem ni dung th mc, danh sch file: ls (list) To th mc: mkdir (make directory) Xa th mc: rmdir (remove directory)

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cd [path] v th mc home khi ta ang by k u: cd or cd ~ V th mc home ca user: cd ~user V th mc m: cd.. pwd print working directory Ex: pwd

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ls [option] [file] [option]: -l: Xem chi tit -a: Xem tt c (k c cc tp n) -F: Thm thng tin m t vo sau tn -R: Xem trong cc th mc con
Cc kiu file thng thng
d: th mc s: socket b: file thit b khi p: ng dn (pipe) c: file thit b k t l: lin kt mm

Mu sc executable files green archive files (.gz,.zip,etc,) red text files black jpgs,bmp files magenta symbolic links cyan directories blue 19

mkdir [option] Directory option: -m, --mode=Mod: thit lp quyn truy cp Mod, nh trong lnh chmod nhng khng cho quyn rwxrwxrwx -p, --parents: to cc th mc theo nhiu cp. --verbose: hin th cc thng bo cho mi th mc c to. --help: a ra trang tr gip v thot. directory: Tn c t v v tr ca n trong h thng (v tr mc nh l th mc hin thi). V d: mkdir -p /a/b/c/d -> mkdir a b c d ->

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rmdir [option] directory

option: --ignore-fail-on-non-empty: b qua cc li nu xa th mc khng rng. -p, --parants: xo th mc v c th mc cha (cc th mc trn path) --verbose: a ra thng bo sau khi xa 1th mc. --help: hin th trang tr gip v thot. V d: rmdir p /a/b/c/d rmdir a1 a2 a3 a4

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Cho mt bin c cha 1 string dng ng dn n 1 th mc D hoc 1 file X, lnh basename s tr v ng tn th mc D hoc tn file X, lnh dirname tr v phn ng dn n th mc m ca D hoc X. V d:

$ basename /home/test/workspace/foo.txt -> foo.txt $ dirname /home/test/workspace/foo.txt -> /home/test/workspace $ basename /home/test/workspace workspace $ dirname /home/test/workspace /home/test
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

To file vi lnh: touch, cat Sao chp, i tn: cp Di chuyn, i tn: mv To kt ni cho tp: ln(link) Xa b tn tp: rm(remove) Lit k: ls So snh tn tp: cmp (compare), comm, diff , diff3 Tm kim file: find Cc lnh bin tp tp: cat, head, tail, pg, more Hin th tp vn bn/ nh phn: od [ty chn] m s dng, t, k t: wc Kch c tp: sum Nn v gii nn tp: pack v gzip Chia nh tp: Split Cut Sort awk

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Touch: to file mi, cp nht thi gian truy cp v sa i ln cui. C php: touch <file> cat : ly thng tin t u vo (bn phm...) ri kt xut ra file hoc cc ngun khc (mn hnh ...), hay xem ni dung ca mt file. C php:cat > [option] <file> + option: - n nh s th t dng, > to file Kt thc son tho: g Enter v ^D hay g ^D 2 ln. Cch ny l khng cho php sa li, phi xa n v tr ca li v g li ni dung va b xa
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cp [option] source destination + source, destination: tn th mc/ tp ngun, ch cp file1 file2 th mc: sao chp nhiu file vo th mc + Option: -a, --archive: ging nh -dpR (t hp ba tham s -d, -p, -R) -b, --backup[=CONTROL] : to file lu cho mi file ch nu nh n ang tn ti. -d, --no-dereference : duy tr cc lin kt. -f, --force : ghi file-dest ang tn ti khng nhc nh. -i, --interactive : c thng bo trc khi ghi . -l, --link : ch to lin kt gia file-dest t file-scr khng sao chp. -p, --preserve : duy tr cc thuc tnh ca file-scr sang file-dest.

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-r : sao chp ton b -R : sao chp ton b th mc -s, --symbolic-link : to lin kt tng trng thay cho vic sao chp cc file. -S, --suffix=<hu-t> : b qua cc hu t thng thng (hoc c ch ra). -u, --update :sao chp khi file-src mi hn file-dest hoc khi file-dest cha c. -v, --verbose : a ra thng bo v qu trnh sao chp. --help : hin th trang tr gip v thot. V d: cp file1 tmp/file2 -> copy, rename file cp R dir1 tmp/dir2 -> copy, rename directory >>
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mv [option] old_name new_name Hay mv [option] <src> <dest> + option -i: nhc trc khi move/rename tp tin,th mc c -f: ghi khi move/rename th mc ch c ri. V d: mv tmp1/dir1 tmp2/dir2 -> move, rename mv tmp1/file* tmp2/ -> move files

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ln tpgc tplk
Lin kt mm Khc ch s inode Lin kt cng Cng ch s inode

- Khi xoa file gc -> file lin kt ko cn hiu lc. - Khi to li file gc -> lk c khi phc
Dng option -s C k hiu l

Khi xoa file gc/ lin kt > file cn li khng nh hng

Khng dng -s Khng c,

Khi thay i file gc hoc file lin kt th file cn li s thay i

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rm [option] file1 file2 file3 -i: yu cu ta phi khng nh vic xo -d : xa th mc -r : xa tt c file v th mc -f : xa khng hi li

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ls [option] <file/dir> + option: - a: lit k tt c cc file, k c file n -l: thng tin y nht v file v th mc -s: chi ra kch thc file, tnh theo khi (1 khi = 1024byte) -f: xc nh kiu file (/= th mc, *= chng trnh k thi) -m: lit k cc file c ngn cch nhau bi du , -c: lit k ct, 2 th mc gn nhau vo 1 ct -x: lit k ct, 2 dir gn nhau trn 2 dng u ca 2 ct gn nhau -t: lit k, sp xp theo th t thi gian sa i gn nht -r: sp xp danh sch theo th t ngc li -R: lit k ln lt cc th mc v ni dung cc th mc + <file/dir>: khng c th s hin th th mc hin hnh C th s dng m t nhm: *,?, [ ] xc nh nhm cn lit k

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cmp [option] file1 file2 cho kt qa v tr m 2 tp bt u khc V d: cmp l file1 file2 -> v tr cc k t khc, gi tr thp phn ca tng cp k t khc nhau cmp s file1 file2 -> ko hin th d cc tp c ging hay khng
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V d v lnh cmp
file1
AAAAAA BBBBBB CCCCCC

file2
AAAAAA BBBXYZ CCCCCC

file3
AAAAAA BBBYYZ CMCCC

cmp file1 file2 file1 file2 differ: char 11, line 2 cmp -l file1 file2 11 102 130 12 102 131 13 102 132
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so snh tp c sp xp tng dn comm file1 file2: comm file1 -> thay 1 trong 2 tp bng nhng g g bn phm comm 1 file1 file2 -> s xo b vic son tho t ct 1 (2,3)

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file1 AAAAAA BBBBBB CCCCCC

file2 AAAAAA BBBXYZ CCCCCC

file3 AAAAAA BBBXYZ CMCCC

V d v lnh comm comm file1 file2 - Ct 1: ch c trong tp1 m khng c trong tp2 - Ct 2: ch c trong tp2 m khng c trong tp1 - Ct 3: c trong c tp1 v tp2 comm - file1 comm -1 file1 file2 comm -12 file2 comm -123 file2
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ch ra s khc nhau gia cc tp diff file1 file2 2c2 - 2c2 ngha l cn thay dng 2 ca tp ny bng dng 2 < BBBBBB ca tp kia cho 2 tp ging ht nhau - Sau y hin ln 2 dng ni son tho li chng. --BBBXYZ

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ch ra s khc nhau gia 3 tp diff3 file1 file2 file3 === Lu : 1:2,3c - Cc k t = = = dng u c ngha l 3 tp khc nhau BBBBBB - Gi s l = = 2 th ch c tp2 khc cc tp kia v.v.. CCCCCC 2:2,3c BBBXYZ CCCCCC 3:2,3c BBBXYZ CMCCCC

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find: tm mt hay nhiu file trong th mc find name filename/dirname print Ex: find /pra -name vd > /pra/kq find inum number print Tm theo tn i-node find user username print Tm theo tn ngi s dng

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1. Bin tp n gin cat head tail 2. Bin tp mn hnh pg more

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To v hin th ni dung mt tp cat [option] <filename> Option: -A :show all, ging nh -vET -b : hin th thm s th t trn mi dng (b dng trng) -e : Ging vE; -E: Hin th du $ ti cui mi dng -n : Hin th s th t ca mi dng (k c dng trng) -s : B bt dng trng lin tip ch cn 1 dng -t : Ging nh vT -T : hin th du TAB di dng ^I -v : Hin th cc k t khng in ra c, tr LFD v TAB -help : Hin th trang tr gip v thot
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Hin th n dng u tin ca mt file head [option] <filename> Option: -c: Hin th c k t u tin trong ni dung file -n: Hin th n dng thay cho 10 dng ngm nh -q: khng a ra tn file dng u -v: Lun a ra tn file dng u -help: Hin th trang tr gip v thot

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Hin th n dng cui ca mt file tail [option] <filename> Option: --retry: C gng m mt file kh truy nhp khi bt u thc hin lnh tail -c, --byte=n: hin th n (s) k t sau cng -f, --follow[=(name|descriptor)]: Sau khi thc hin ni dung file s hin thong tin v file: -f, --follow v follow=descriptor l nh nhau -n: Hin th n dng cui cng ca file thay cho 10 dng ngm nh

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--max-unchanged-stats=n: hin th ti liu v file (ngm nh n=5) --max-consecutive-size-change=n: Hin th ti liu v file (ngm nh n=200) --pid: kt hp dng f, chm dt sau khi qu trnh c ch s =PID li -q: khng a ra tn file dng u trong ni dung hin th -s, sleep-interval=k: kt hp dng f, dng k giy gia cc hot ng -v: lun hin th tn ca file --help: Hin th trang tr gip v thot

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Xem ni dung vi cc file ln theo tng trang mn hnh C php: more [-dlfpcsu] [-num] [+/ pattern] [+ linenum] Option: -num: Xc nh s dng ni dung ca file c hin th -d: Hin th thm cch s dng lnh more thay cho ting chung bo sai mt phm -l: ni dung ca file s c hin th nh bnh thng nhng mt khun dng khc, tc l du ^L s mt v trc dng ^L s c thm mt dng trng

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-p : Khng cun mn hnh, thay vo l xo nhng g c trn mn hnh v hin th tip ni dung file -c : Khng cun mn hnh, thay vo l xo mn hnh v hin th ni dung bt u t nh mn hnh -u : B qua du gch chn +/partern : ch ra mt chui s c tm kim trc khi hin th mi file +linenum: Bt u hin th dng th linenum -s : Xo bt cc dng trng lin nhau trong ni dung ca file ch gi li mt dng

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Cc phm tt trong lnh more -Space: Hin th mn hnh tip theo -N: Hin th N dng tip theo -Enter: Hin th dng tip theo -H: Hin th danh sch cc phm tt -D hoc Ctrl+D: Cun mn hnh (mc nh l 11 dng) -Q hoc Ctrl+Q: Thot khi lnh more -S: B qua n dng (mc nh l 1) -F: B qua k mn hnh tip theo (mc nh l 1) -B hoc Ctrl+B: Tr li k mn hnh trc (mc nh l 1) =: Hin th s dng hin thi :n: Xem k file tip theo :p: Tr li k file trc V: Chy chng trnh son tho vi ti dng hin thi :f: Hin th tn file hin thi v s dng .: Lp li lnh trc

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Lnh od (octal dump) dng hin th mt tp di nhiu dng khc nhau theo tu chn. a. Hin th tp vn bn Tu chn c: s hin th mt tp vn bn di dng ASCII Tu chn b: hin th dng bt phn v c th c dng nh phn b. Hin th tp nh phn Tu chn d: hin th mi t my (machine word) ca mt tp nh phn di dng thp phn. Tu chn o: hin th mi t my ca mt tp nh phn di dng bt phn. Tu chn x: hin th mi t my ca mt tp nh phn di dng thp lc phn (hexadecimal). Cc tu chn D O X: hin th mi t my di (machine long word) ca mt tp nh phn di dng thp phn, bt phn v 16
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m s dng, t, k t wc file - m v hin th s dng, s t v s k t (k c k t iu khin) ca mt tp, - Nu ch m mt th th dng tu chn -l, -w, hoc -c: wc tp -lw wc file1 file2 filen

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sum file tnh checksum ca mt tp v kch c tnh bng s block ca n: sum file1 - Kch c ca mt block Trong tp stdio.h ta c th c cnh hng s BUFSIZ kch c ca mt block l bao nhiu byte, v d: #define BUFSIZ 1024c

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Lnh gzip: nn file gzip [ty-chn] [tn-tp-tin] Vi d: nn file1 thnh file1.gz: gzip file1 - Nu nn tht bi, s bo:

no saving - file unchanged

Nn tp nh phn thng t khi b bo li gzip a.out Tp nn ny khng kh thi, nu ta cho chy n: a.out.gz Lnh s gi thng bo: a.out.gz: Exec nh dng error Lnh gunzip: gii nn gunzip [ty-chn] [tn-tp-tin] gunzip file1.gz
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 Lnh tar
Lnh ny dng gom v bung nhng tp tin/th mc. N s to ra mt tp tin c phn m rng .tar C php: tar [ty-chn] [file-ch] [file-ngun/dir-ngun..] Trong : cvf : gom tp tin/ th mc xvf : bung tp tin / th mc file-ch: tp tin .tar s c to ra. file-ngun/dir-ngun: nhng file v th mc cn gom. V d: tar cvf backup.tar /etc/passwd /etc/group tar xvf backup.tar
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Chia nh tp Lnh split chia tp_to thnh cc tp_b_aa, tp_b_ab ... tp_b_zz, mi tp khng vt qu n dng, v d n=5000: split 5000 tp_to tp_b_ - Nu khng t tn tp_b_ trc th cc tn mc nh s l xaa, xab, ... xzz: split 5000 tp_to - Nu khng t n r rng th gi tr mc nh s l 1000: split tp

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 Sp

xp cc dng trong file

sort [option] file -n: Sp xp s -c: Sp xp ch

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d:

An nam 165 Mai nu 158 Minh nam 170 Minh nu 162 Thanh nam 169

xem cc ct nh cc trng v c t tn $1, $2 Cu lnh thng dng trong Awk l lnh in ra mn hnh (print). awk {print $2} <sourcefile>
awk
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Tin ch cut c th ly ra mt vng cc k t hoc cc trng t mi dng ca vn bn. C php: cut option range1, range2 Option:
-c: c dng x l k t (ly theo k t) V d: cut c 5-10 file.txt ( -d: Xc nh du phn cch hin ti gia cc trng trn 1 dng ( , ;, :) -f <fieldnum>: xc nh trng (th t) xut ra --output-delimiter=<gt>: gn k t phn cch gia cc trng V d: cut d -f 1,3 --output-delimiter= /etc/passwd
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1. Nguyn l sinh tp

v d: rm tp1 tp2 tp3 c th vit di dng sau: rm tp?

2. Cc siu k t: l nhng k t sau: ' ? * [ ] ! ("!" trong Bourne). a- Siu k t du hi "?: thay cho bt k k t no khc,

v d: rm fi?e
b- Siu k t du sao "*: s sinh ra 0, 1 hoc nhiu k t bt k v d lnh: cat tp* c- Cp siu k t du "[" v "]: 1 k t bt k s c chn trong du [ ] V d: rm sa[cnN]h T cc k t cnN, 1 k t bt k s c chn,

tc l: rm sach sanh saNh

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2. Cc siu k t: a. b. c. d- Siu k t du "-: T k t u n k t sau trong cp du ngoc vung v d: cat fi[bm]h tng ng vi: cat fibh fich filh e Siu k t du "!" : ch c ngha vi Bourne shell - Phi ly mt k t khc nhng k t trong cp du ngoc vung sau n. v d: rm fi[!fgtk]h tng ng vi: rm fiAh fich fioh
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3. Lin kt cc siu k t C th lin kt cc siu k t trong cng 1 biu thc dng lnh v d: Hin ln mn hnh nhng tp c tn nh mtp.p00, ntp.x12, ytp.doc, v.v. th dng: cat ?tp.[MZ]* Hoc xo mi tp c tn kiu nh #tn_tp# v tn_tp~ th g: rm [#] * [#] *[~] 4. Trung ha cc siu k t Trung ho ngha l lm cho shell khng phi hiu cc ngha c bit ni trn ca cc siu k t na,dng \ v . a- Bng k t du cho ngc V d c th to ra mt tp c tn "tp*": cat > tp\* Ta c th xo n: rm tp\* b- Bng k t du nhy n 2 v d trn tng ng vi: cat > tp* rm tp*
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1. 2. 3. 4.

Cc vo/ra chun ca UNIX Cc lung d liu ca shell Chnh hng cc lung d liu Cc ng ni

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C 3 knh vo/ra chun terminal (/dev/tty) l: Knh S Tn Thit b Nhp chun 0 stdin Bn phm /dev/tty Xut chun 1 stdout Mn hnh /dev/tty Li chun 2 stderr Mn hnh /dev/tty

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- Xut chun V d a lung d liu ra mn hnh ngy gi hin nay: $ date - Nhp chun V d lnh tee nhp lung d liu t bn phm v ng thi a ra mn hnh: tee Lung d liu vo t bn phm s kt thc bng ^D VD cc tp s c cng ni dung t mt lung d liu g vo: tee tp1 tp2 tp3 tpn - B lc d liu Mt lnh va vo li va ra d liu c gi l b lc (filter) Lnh cat hin th tp1 ra mn hnh v l mt b lc: cat tp1

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- Li chun Shell khi cn thit s phi thng bo li v hin th n ln mn hnh, nu tp khng tn ti: cat kiki kiki: No such file or directory

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a- Chnh hng ra tp mi S dng siu k t ">" to ra mt tp mi VD: ls >t tp1 Nu tp1 c sn th n s b mt ni dung c. C shell cho php lp mt bin bo v vic chnh hng set noclobber V d to ra mt tp mi, c cng ni dung nh prog.c : cat prog.c > tp_2 lnh sau cng tng ng nh trn: cp prog.c tp_2 Lnh sau sao a.out vo mt tp a result: a.out > result

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b- Chnh hng ra tp c - Dng " >>" ghi ra mt tp mi hoc nu n c sn th ghi tip vo cui tp c, v d: cat tp_2 >> tp_1 - C th chnh hng ra bt k mt thit b ngoi vi no v n cng l mt tp, v d ra my in: ls > /dev/lp - C th chnh hng ra /dev/null hu d liu (null): - wc tp > /dev/null V d khng hin th cc dng ch do lnh tee gi ra mn hnh: tee tp1 tp2 tp3 > /dev/null
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c- Chnh hng vo t tp Ta g "< " nhp d liu t tp thay v t bn phm, v d: tee < tp1 Ba v d sau tng ng v u che cc dng ch gi ra mn hnh: tee < tp1 > tp2 tee > tp2 < tp1 cat tp1 > tp2 Hai v d sau cng tng ng: cat tp cat < tp

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d- Chnh hng vo vi kt thc tp Ta g "<< " v mt t bt k t bn phm, v d: cat << END Hai v d sau tng ng: cat < /dev/tty > tp2 cat > tp2 e- Chnh hng thng bo li +Trong Bourne shell: - Ta g " 2> " to ra mt tp mi hoc ghi thng bo li ln mt tp c cng tn: rm tp 2> tp_error - Ta g " 2>> " to ra mt tp mi hoc ghi thng bo li vo cui mt tp c cng tn: cat tp_ strange 2>> tp_old - < v << tc l 0< v 0<<, cn > v >> tc l 1> v 1>>
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+Trong C shell: - khng c k hiu ring chnh hng bo li, ch c >& v >>& chnh hng n cng vi lung d liu thng thng, v d: rm tp_strange >& tp_error - Nu mun tch thng bo li ra khi lung d liu thng thng ta phi dng cc ( ), v d: (cat tp_strange > tp_data) >& tp_error - Nu "tp1" tn ti th "tp_data" s nhn ni dung ca n, nu "tp1" khng tn ti th "tp_data" s nhn thng bo li v l do : (cat tp >> tp_ data) >>& tp_error

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l k thut shell dng ni cc lung d liu ca mt s tin trnh - Ta c th lin lc nhiu tin trnh vi nhau bng cc pipe, v d: command_1 | command_2 | command_3 Trong : command_1 phi c u ra, command_2 l b lc v command_3 phi c u vo. PIPE: mi pipe ni hai lung d liu ca 2 lnh lin k qua mt ng trung gian, th hin bng b nh m BUFER. Hot ng: command_i ==> BUFER ==> command_j Vd: cut d f 1 vb | sort
-

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68

1. Lnh tr 2. Lnh fgrep 3. Lnh grep 4. Lnh egrep

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a- Lnh tr tng qut Lnh tr nhp d liu vo t bn phm (sau <RETURN> v trc ^D) v thay i cc d liu chui_1 thnh cc k t chui_2, xut ra mn hnh: tr chui_1 chui_2 V d: tr abcd xyzt G tip: la cravatte => th s nhn c dng ch sau: lx zrxvxtte b- Biu thc trong lnh tr Mi chui k t "chui_1" v "chui_2" s c th hin bng: - chui k t ASCII, nu c k t c bit th phi cho vo cp v d: tr $% ^& uiol - mt khong k t hin th dng: k_t_u-k_t_cui i-q ([i-q] cho UNIX System V) V d: tr az AZ < tp > tp_hoa -> chuyn tp ch thng thnh hoa 70

c- Cc tu chn ca lnh tr -d: Xo nhng d liu g vo m ging cc k t chui_1 Khi dng tu chn -d: chui_2 khng can thip g VD: sao tp1 vo tp2 xa ht du phy th: tr -d , > tp2 < tp1 -s: Nu trong d liu ra c 1 chui k t ging nhau v tng ng vi 1 k t ca chui_2 th chng s b gp lm 1 tr -s abcd 12345 dddddddabcd -> 41234 d- Nu hai chui khng di bng nhau Nu "chui_1" v "chui_2" khng di bng nhau th nhng k t tha ra s khng tham d vo vic chuyn dch.
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GREP (Global regular expression print) l lnh tm kim cc dng c cha mt chui hoc t kha trong file a- Dng tng qut ca grep grep [option] PATTERN FILE "chui" PATTERN phi l loi biu thc hp quy (regular expression) Vd: grep chui tp_input > tp_output grep '^abcd' tep >tep_out b- Biu thc chinh qui (RE) ca grep RE l mt chui k t bao gm c cc k t c bit v c x l theo cch ring ca lnh grep. Lu : lnh t x l cc k t c bit trong RE ch khng nh shell nh trong trng hp c cc siu k t.
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c- Cc k t c bit i vi grep Cc k t c bit i vi grep c ngha khc cc siu k t: ^c: in nhng dng bt u c grep ^Begin vd: nhng dng c chui Begin" u dng. c$: in nhng dng kt thc bng c grep End$ vd: nhng dng kt thc bng chui End" \<c: in cc dng cha cc t bt u bng chui c grep \<Be vd: cc dng cha cc t bt u Be trong vd c\>: in cc dng c cha t c kt thc bng chui c grep \<nd vd: in dng c cc t kt thc l nd trong file vd *: th hin mt chui n k t (n >=0 ging k t i trc *): grep I*T tp => hin th nhng dng cha cc chui k t ton I n T.
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.: du chm th hin mt k t ASCII bt k, tr <RETURN>: grep .* tp => hin th mi dng ca "tp", k c dng trng. [ ]: th hin mt k t ASCII trong cp ngoc vung, nhng cn t gia cp du nhy nh: [^xyzt] -: du tr gia hai k t ASCII bn trong cp ngoc vung, v d [b-y], th hin mt k t c trong khong , nhng cng cn t gia cp du nhy nh '[b-y]'. \: du cho ngc s b ngha c bit ca k t i sau n v tr li ngha gc. ^: ngoi tr Ex: mt biu thc nh [^xyzt] th hin mt k t khng phi l x, y, z, t .
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- Bi tp Hy th nhng th d dng lnh grep nh sau: grep ^L..N file1 grep [XZ] file1 grep ^ [ ^eom ] . \ . c . *te file1 > output grep [ A Za z ] [ A Za z ] * file1 grep grep ^ [ ^ : ] * : [ ^ : ] * : /tc/passwd grep ^ [ ^ : ] * : : /etc/passwd

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egrep and fgrep are available.

Egrep is the same as grep -E. Fgrep is the same as grep -F.

a- Dng th nht ca fgrep Hin th mi dng ca tp c tn "tp" nu chng cha "chui": fgrep chui tp1 b- Dng th hai ca fgrep

C th c trong i s la: 0, 1 hoc nhiu tp:

fgrep chui tp1 tp2 tp3 c- Dng th ba ca fgrep

Chnh hng ra n mt tp: fgrep chui tp > tp_output

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d- V "chui" trong lnh fgrep "Chui" cha k t c bit th c "chui" phi c t trong mt cp du nhy n hoc kp: fgrep ^rsT$ tp > tp_output e- Cc tu chn ca fgrep -n: cc dng kt qu s c nh s theo tp gc: fgrep n 'abcd' tp > tp_output -v: l nhng dng khng cha "chui": fgrep v 'abcd' tp -i: khng phn bit ch hoa vi ch thng -c: ch hin th s lng dng kt qu -f "chui" c t trong mt tp: fgrep f tp_chain tp_data V d: who | fgrep lan_anh -> tm xem lan_anh c ang lm vic khng ls | fgrep a* -> hin th cc file bt u a
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a- Dng tng qut ca egrep Dng tng qut ca egrep cng ging nh ca cc lnh fgrep v grep: egrep chui tp > tp_output b- Biu thc regular ca egrep Biu thc regular ca egrep cng ging nh ca grep vi mt cht b sung: +: du cng th hin mt chui n k t (n l nguyn dng) ging y k t i trc n. ?: du hi th hin 0 hoc 1 ln xut hin ca k t trc . a | b: a hoc b s c chp nhn tm kim. c- Cc tu chn ca egrep Cc tu chn ca egrep cng ging nh ca fgrep, k c -f vn khng c grep chp nhn.
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- Bi tp egrep [AZaz ] + file1 egrep C | Peterbourg file1

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1. Lnh write dng trao i gia nhng user ang cng lm vic trong h thng. Trc ht, cn lin h vi ngi dng khc, dng lnh who: $who hin thng tin nh sau: user1 tty17 Oct 15 10:20 user2 tty43 Oct 15 8:25 user4 tty52 Oct 15 12:20 Sau , chuyn thng bo: $write <tn user> [<tn trm cui>] Vd: cn user1 gi thng bo n ngi dng c tn user2: $write user2 tty43 (write root pts/1) "user2 is not logged in: Nu user2 hin khng lm vic Message from user1 on tty17 at <gi, pht>: Nu user2 ang lm vic
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Ngi gi g thng bo ca mnh theo quy tc: - Kt thc mt dng bng cm -o, - Kt thc dng cui (ht thng bo) bng cm -oo. - kt thc kt ni vi user2, user1 g ctrl-d. - t chi mi vic nhn thng bo t ngi khc, s dng lnh khng nhn thng bo: $mesg n (n - no) - Mt ngi khc gi thng bo n ngi ny s nhn c vic truy nhp khng cho php permission denied. - tip tc cho php ngi khc gi thng bo n, s dng lnh: $mesg y (y - yes)

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2. Lnh mail - cho php gi, nhn th in t gia cc ngi dng, hot ng theo ch off-line (gin tip). - h thng to ra cho mi ngi dng mt hp th ring. - Cho php s dng trn mng internet (a ch mail thng di dng tn-login@my.mng.lnh-vc.quc-gia) - Ti thi im login h thng, ngi dng c th thy c c th mi khi xut hin dng thng bo "you have mail". - Lnh mail gm 2 chc nng: gi th v qun l th. Tng ng, c hai ch lm vic vi lnh mail: * mode lnh (command mode) qun tr th * mode son (compose mode) cho php to th
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a/ Mode son lm vic trc tip vi mt th v gi ngay cho ngi khc, c tham s: $mail <tn_ngi_nhn> V d, $mail user2 => cho php son v gi th cho ngi nhn c tn c ch. Sau nhp ni dung th. kt thc son th, hy g ctrl-d Ch : Gi th son trong ni dung mt file no (dng du "<" ch dn thit b vo chun l ni dung file thay v cho bn phm): $mail tn_ngi_nhn < tn_file_ni_dung_th V d, $ mail user2 < thu1 Ni dung th t File thu1 c gi cho ngi nhn user2.
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b/ Mode lnh - qun l hp th, khng tham s: $mail Sau , s dng cc lnh ca mail qun l h thng th ca mnh. - Cn tr gip g du chm hi (mn hnh c hai du ??): ? =>in ra dng sau: <s> Hin th s <s> (du cch) Hin th ngay pha trc + Hin th ngay tip theo l cmd thc hin lnh cmd dq xa th hin thi v ra khi mail m user gi th hin thi cho ngi dng s tn-file ghi th hin thi vo file c tn r [tn-file] tr li th hin thi (c th t file) d <s> xa th s u khi phc th hin thi u <s> khi phc th s m <user> ... chuyn tip th ti cc ngi dng khc q ra khi mail
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3. Lnh talk Trong Linux cho php s dng lnh talk thay th cho lnh write.

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VIII. Gii thiu mt s tin ch qun l HTTT 1. Midnight Conmander (MC) 2. Konqueror 3. Krusader IX. Son tho vn bn 1. Son tho vn bn vi lnh vi (visual interpreter, video interactif) 2. OpenOffice 3. Text Editor: ging nh notepad ca MSoffice
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