GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

TRNG I HC NNG LM TPHCM

KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM

TIU LUN MN

KHOA HC MI TRNG
TI:

NHIM MI TRNG NC

GVHD : NGUYN TH MAI LP : LT12BQ NHM : NGUYN L L TH LIU INH PHNG THO MAI TH NGC MINH Thng 04 nm 2013
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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

NHN XT, NH GI CA GIO VIN:

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DANH SCH NHM 04:

STT 1 2 3 4 H V TN Nguyn l L Th Liu inh Phng Tho Mai Th Ngc Minh

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

MC LC
LI NI U......................................................................................... 5
TI NGUYN NC ..................................................................................... 6 VAI TR CA NC .................................................................................... 7 1. VAI TR CA NC VI SC KHE CON NGI ............................ 7 2. VAI TR CA NC N NN KINH T ............................................... 8 III. NHIM MI TRNG NC ................................................................ 9 1. KHI NIM ..................................................................................................... 9 2. NGUN GC V TC NHN GY NHIM ........................................ 9 2.1. NGUN GC ....................................................................................... 9 2.2. TC NHN GY NHIM ............................................................ 11 a. Cc ion v c ha tan ........................................................................ 11 b. Cc cht hu c ................................................................................. 11 c. Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh ................................................................... 11 d. Cc kim loi nng .............................................................................. 11 e. Cc cht mu ................................................................................... 11 f. Cc cht mi ...................................................................................... 11 g. Cc cht dinh dng ......................................................................... 12 IV. TNH TRNG NHIM NC................................................................ 12 1 TNH TRNG NHIM NC TRN TH GII..................... 12 2 TNH TRNG NHIM NC NC TA ............................. 12 a. Cc v gy nhim tiu biu ............................................................ 12 b. nhim nc trong cc nghnh cng nghip ................................ 13 c. Tnh trng nhim nc trong cc th ...................................... 13 d. Trong sn xut nng nghip ............................................................. 14 e. Hin trng nhim nc mt s lu vc sng ln nc ta ............................................................................................................. 14 f. Cc con sng b nhim nng .......................................................... 16 V. PHN LOI NC NHIM ................................................................... 17 1. NHIM SINH HC ...................................................................... 17 2. NHIM HA HC DO CHT V C ..................................... 18 3. NHIM DO CHT HU C TNG HP................................ 18 4. NHIM VT L ........................................................................... 19 VI. NH HNG N MI TRNG .......................................................... 19 1. NC V SINH VT NC ......................................................... 19 2. T V SINH VT T ............................................................... 20 3. KHNG KH ..................................................................................... 20 VII. NH HNG N CON NGI .............................................................. 21 I. II.

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

1. SC KHE CON NGI ........................................................................... 21 a. Do kim loi trong nc .................................................................... 21 b. Cc hp cht hu c ......................................................................... 24 c. Vi khun trong nc thi ................................................................. 24 2. NH HNG N I SNG .................................................................. 26 a. Sinh hot thng ngy ...................................................................... 26 b. Hot ng sn xut ............................................................................ 27 VIII. CC PHNG PHP X L NC NHIM .................... 28 1. X L NC BNG PHNG PHP C HC ................................... 28 a. H cha v lng s b ...................................................................... 28 b. Song chn v li chn rc ....................................................... 29

c. B lng ct ................................................................................. 29 d. B Lc........................................................................................ 30 2. X L NC BNG PHNG PHP HA L ................................. 31 a. Lm thong ................................................................................ 31 b. Clo ha s b ............................................................................. 31 c. Keo t - to Bng ........................................................................ 32 d. Kh trng nc......................................................................... 33` 3. X L NC BNG CC PHNG PHP C BIT ........................ 34

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

NGUN TM KIM

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

http://www.wattpad.com/291017 https://sites.google.com/site/tourdulichtetgiarenhat/vai-tro-cua-nuoc-trongcuoc-song http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6 %B0%E1%BB%9Dng http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_nhi%E1%BB%85m_n%C6%B0%E1%BB %9Bc https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Yrqh_JojZgJ:www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/data/quoctuan/O%2520nhiem%2520nuoc%25 20va%2520hau%2520qua%2520cua%2520no%2520%2520DH08DL.pdf+&hl=vi&gl=vn&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShUZeZtKFSjlLloJEOc n3kX6-QzTv7ILir1AomdUqaWGkpRbX8abc1sCnJLmw5YUGZC6rOuPbbTb970qYdrB3GwaxZJeMqXU3NdYcM5LZpDdgJV4dBBissXXLwmDGG8H4DY9d&sig=AHIEtbSksQThXbscT4iS 9dqyJSMo408Fbg http://nuocviet.msnboard.net/t73-topic http://voer.edu.vn/bai-viet/khoa-hoc-va-cong-nghe/o-nhiem-moi-truongnuoc.html

LI NI U
97% b mt tri t l nc, nc l mt ngun ti nguyn phong ph v a dng nhng khng phi l v hn, nc gip con ngi duy tr s sng, trong sinh hot hng ngy, trong sn xut v trong nng nghip, Nhng hin nay ngun nc ny ang b nhim trm trng do nhiu nguyn nhn m nguyn nhn chnh l do hot ngsn xut v thc ca con ngi. nhim nc c nguyn nhn t cc loi cht thi v nc thi cng nghip c thi ra lu vc cc con sng m cha qua x l ng mc, cc loi phn bn ho dn c vensng gy nhim trm trng,nh hng n sc khe ca ngi dn trong khu vc.hc v thuc tr su ngm vo ngun nc ngm v nc ao h, nc thi sinh hot c thi ra t cc khu cng nghip. Do vy ti nhim ngun nc vi mctiu gii thiu s lc v hin trng nhim nc trn th gii v nc ta, cngnh hu qu m n gy ra. T ra bin php gii quyt, ku gi mi ngichung tay bo vngun ti nguyn qu gi ny, cng chnh l bo v chng ta vth h mai sau.

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

I. Ti nguyn nc

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

97% nc trn Tri t l nc mn 3% cn li l nc ngt nhng gn hn 2/3 lng nc ny tn ti dng bng. Tng lng nc ngt c th s dng: 1% (phn b khng ng u) Ngun nc ngt: nc mt, nc ngm. VV ZJBHJHCBHDJHBVDVN V TR Vng lc a H nc ngt H nc mn, bin ni a Sng m trong t Nc ngm( su di 4000m) Bng cc cc Tng vng lc a( lm trn) Kh quyn( hi nc) Cc i dng Tng cng lm trn

TH TCH(x 1012 T L(%) m3) 125 104 1,25 67 835 29200 3780 13 1320000 1360000 0,009 0,008 0,0001 0,005 0 0,61 2,14 0 2,8 0,001 97,3 100

Cc ngun nc trong t nhin khng ngng vn ng v chuyn trng thi (lng, rn, kh), to nn vng tun hon nc trong sinh quyn: nc bc hi,ngng tv ma. Nc vn chuyn trong cc quyn, ha tan v mang theo nhiu cht dinh dng, cht khong v mt s cht cn thit cho i sng ca ng vthc vt. Nc ao, h, sng v i dng nh nng lng mt tri bc hi vo kh quyn, hi nc ngng t li ri ma ri xung b mt tri t. Nc chu chuyn trong phm vi ton cu, to nn cc cn cn bng nc v tham gia vo qu trnh iu ha kh hu tri t. Hi nc thot t cc loi thc vt lm tng m khng kh. Mt phn nc ma thm qua t thnh nc ngm, nc ngm v nc mt u hng ra bin tun hon
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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

tr li, l chu trnh nc. Tuy nhin lng nc ngt v nc ma trn hnh tinh phn b khng u. Hin nay hng nm trn tonth gii mi ch s dng khong 4000 km3 nc ngt, chim khong hn 40% lng nc ngt c th khai thc c.

II.

Vai tr ca nc

Nc l ti nguyn vt liu quan trng nht ca loi ngi v sinh vt trn tri t.Nc tham gia vo chu trnh sng v cn l cht mang nng lng (hi triu, thu nng), cht mang vt liu v tc nhn iu ho kh hu, thc hin cc chu trnh tun hon vt cht trong t nhin.Nc cn p ng nhng nhu cu a dng ca con ngitrong sinh hot hng ngy, ti tiu cho nng nghip, sn xut cng nghip, sn xut in nng v to ra nhiu cnh quan p. C th ni s sng ca con ngi v mi sinh vt trn tri t ph thuc vo nc.

1. Vai tr ca nc vi sc khe con ngi

Nc l khi ngun ca s sng trn tri t, ng thi cng l ngun duy tr s sng tip tc tn ti ni y. Sinh vt khng c nc s khng th sng ni v con ngi nu thiu nc cng s khng tn ti. Nc rt cn thit cho hot ng sng ca con ngi cng nh cc sinh vt. Nc chim 74% trng lng tr s sinh, 55% n 60% c th nam trng thnh, 50% c th ntrng thnh. Nc cn thit cho s tng trng v duy tr c th bi n lin quan n nhiu qu trnh sinh hot quan trng. Mun tiu ha, hp thu s dng tt lng thc, thc phm ... u cn c nc.

Nhiu nghin cu trn th gii cho thy con ngi c th sng nhn n trongnm tun, nhng nhn ung nc th khng qu nm ngy v nhn th khng qu nm pht. Khi i trong mt thi gian di, c th s tiu th ht lng glycogen,ton b m d tr, mt na lng protein duy tr s sng. Nhng nu c thch cn mt hn 10% nc l nguy him n tnh mng v mt 20- 22% nc s dn n t vong. Theo nghin cu ca vin dinh dng quc gia: Khong 80% thnh phn m no c cu to bi nc, vic thng xuyn thiu nc lm gim st tinh thn, kh nng
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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

tp trung km v i khi mt tr nh.Nu thiu nc, s chuyn ha proteinv enzymer a cht dinh dng n cc b phn khc ca c th s gp kh khn. Ngoi ra, nc cn c nhim v thanh lc v gii phng nhng c txm nhp vo c th qua ng tiu ha v h hp mt cch hiu qu. Nhiu nghin cu cng cho thy: nc l thnh phn ch yu ca lp sn v cht hot dch, khi b phn ny c cung cp nc, s va chm trc tip s gim i, t gim nguy c vim khp. Ung nc lm cho h thng bi tit c hot ng thng xuyn, bi thi nhng c t trong c th, c th ngn nga s tn ng lu di ca nhng c t gy bnh ung th: ung nc nhiu hng ngy gip lm long v gia tng lng nc tiu bi tit cng nh gp phn thc y s lu thng ton c th, t ngn nga hnh thnh ca cc loi si: ng tit niu, bng quang, niu qun... Nc cng l mt bin php gim cn hu hiu v n gin, nht l ung mt ly nc y khi cm thy i hoc trc mi ba n. Cm gic y d dy do nc (khng ca-lo, khng cht bo) s ngn cn s thm n v quan trng hn nc kch ng qu trnh chuyn ha, t chy nhanh lng ca-lo va hp thu qua thc phm. Nu mi ngy ung u n su ly nc th mt nm c th gim hai kg trng lng c th.

2. Vai tr ca nc trong nn kinh t

Cuc sng trn Tri t bt ngun t trong nc. Tt c cc s sng trn Tri t u ph thuc vo nc v vng tun hon nc. Nc c nh hng quyt nh n kh hu v l nguyn nhn to ra thi tit. Nng lng mt tri si m khng ng u cc i dng to nn cc dng hi lu trn ton cu. Nc l thnh phn quan trng ca cc t bo sinh hc v l mi trng ca cc qu trnh sinh ha c bn nh quang hp. Cng nh khng kh v nh sng, nc khng th thiu c trong i sng con ngi. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh s sng trn Tri t th nc v mi trng nc ng vai tr quan trng. Nc tham gia vo vai tr ti sinh th gii hu c ( tham gia qu trnh quang hp). Trong qu trnh trao i cht nc ng vai tr trung tm. Nhng phn ng l ha hc din ra vi s tham gia bt buc ca nc. Nc l dung mi ca nhiu cht v ng vai tr dn ng cho cc mui i vo c th. Trong khu dn c, nc phc vcho mc ch sinh hot, nng cao i sng tinh thn cho dn ( mt ngi nh hin i khng c nc khc no mt c th khng c mu). Nc ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong sn xut cng nghip. i vi cy trng nc l nhu cu thit yu, ng thi cn c vai tr iu tit cc ch nhit, nh sng, cht dinh dng, vi sinh vt, thong kh trong t Tm li, nc c vai tr cc k quan trng, do bo v ngun nc l rt cn thit cho cuc sng con ngi hm nay v mai sau.

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

III. nhim mi trng nc 1. Khi nim

nhim nc l s thay i theo chiu xu i cc tnh cht vt l ho hc sinh hc ca nc, vi s xut hin cc cht l th lng, rn lm cho ngun nc tr nn c hi vi con ngi v sinh vt. Lm gim a dng sinh vt trong nc. Xt v tc lan truyn v quy m nh hng th nhim nc l vn ng lo ngi hn nhim t. nhim nc xy ra khi nc b mt chy qua rc thi sinh hot, nc rc cng nghip, cc cht nhim trn mt t, ri thm xung nc ngm. Hin chng chu u v nc nh ngha: " nhim nc l s bin i ni chung do con ngi i vi cht lng nc, lm nhim bn nc v gy nguy him cho con ngi, cho cng nghip, nng nghip, nui c, ngh ngi, gii tr, cho ng vt nui v cc loi hoang d". Hin tng nhim nc xy ra khi cc loi ho cht c hi, cc loi vi khun gy bnh, virut, k sinh trng pht sinh t cc ngun thi khc nhau nh cht thi cng nghip t cc nh my sn xut, cc loi rc thi ca cc bnh vin, cc loi rc thi sinh hot bnh thng ca con ngi hay ho cht, thuc tr su, phn bn hu c... s dng trong sn xut nng nghip c y ra cc ao, h, sng, sui hoc ngm xung nc di t m khng qua x l hoc vi khi lng qu ln vt qu kh nng t iu chnh v lm sch.

2. Ngun gc v tc nhn gy nhim 2.1. Ngun gc

Nc trong t nhin tn ti di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau: nc ngm, nc cc sng h, tn ti th hi trong khng kh. Nc b nhim ngha l thnh phn ca n tn ti cc cht khc, m cc cht ny c th gy hi cho con ngi v cuc sng cc sinh vt trong t nhin. Nc nhim thng l kh khc phc m phi phng trnh t u. Nc b nhim l do s ph dng xy ra ch yu cc khu vc nc ngt v cc vng ven bin, vng bin khp kn. Do lng mui khong v hm lng cc cht hu c qu d tha lm cho cc qun th sinh vt trong nc khng th ng ho c. Kt qu lm cho hm lng xy trong nc gim t ngt, cc kh c tng ln, tng c ca nc, gy suy thoi thy vc. cc i dng l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhim l cc s c trn du. nhim nc c nguyn nhn t cc loi cht thi v nc thi cng
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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

nghip c thi ra lu vc cc con sng m cha qua x l ng mc; cc loi phn bn ho hc v thuc tr su ngm vo ngun nc ngm v nc ao h; nc thi sinh hot c thi ra t cc khu dn c ven sng gy nhim trm trng,nh hng n sc khe ca ngi dn trong khu vc. Bao gm 2 loi : Ngun gc t nhin:L do ma, tuyt tan, gi bo, l lt a vo mi trng nc cc cht thi bn, cc sinh vt c hi k c xc cht ca chng. Ngun gc nhn to:Do qu trnh thi cc cht c hi ch yu di dng lng nh cc cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng vo mi trng nc.

T sinh hot Nc thi sinh hot (domestic wastewater): l nc thi pht sinh t cc h gia nh, bnh vin, khch sn, c quan trng hc, cha cc cht thi trong qu trnh sinh hot, v sinh ca con ngi. T cc hot ng cng nghip Nc thi cng nghip (industrial wastewater): l nc thi t cc c s sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip, giao thng vn ti. Khc vi nc thi sinh hot hay nc thi th, nc thi cng nghip khng c thnh phn c bn ging nhau, m ph thuc vo ngnh sn xut cng nghip c th. T y t Nc thi bnh vin bao gm nc thi t cc phng phu thut, phng xt nghim, phng th nghim, t cc nh v sinh, khu git l, ra thc phm, bt a, t vic lm vsinh phng... cng c th t cc hot ng sinh hot ca bnh nhn, ngi nui bnh v cn b cng nhn vin lm vic trong BV. Nc thi y t c kh nng lan truyn rt mnh cc vi khun gy bnh, nht l i vi nc thi c x ra t nhng bnh vin hay nhng khoa truyn nhim, ly nhim. Trong sn xut ng nghip Nguyn nhn l do thc n, nc trong h, ao nui lu ngy b phn hy khng c xl tt m x ra sng sui, bin gy nhim ngun nc. Cc cht thi nui trng thy
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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

sn l ngun thc n d tha thi ra b phn hy, cc cht tn d s dng nh ha cht v thuc khng sinh, vi v cc loi khong cht.

2.2. Tc nhn gy nhim nc a. Cc ion v c ha tan

Nhiu ion v c c nng rt cao trong nc t nhin, c bit l trong nc bin.Trong nc thi th lun cha mt lng ln cc ion Cl-, SO42-, PO43-,Na+, K+. Trong nc thi cng nghip, ngoi cc ion k trn cn c th c cc cht v c c c tnh rt cao nh cc hp cht ca Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Sb, Cr, F...

b. Cc cht hu c
Cc hp cht hu c khng bn : cc cacbonhydrat, cc loi protein, cc cht bo, Cc hp cht hu c bn vng thng l cc hp cht c c tnh sinh hc cao, kh b phn hy bi cc tc nhn vi sinh vt: cc hp cht phenol, cc loi ha cht bo v thc vt hu c, tanin v lignin, cc hydrocacbon a vng v ngng t,

c. Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh
Nhiu vi sinh vt gy bnh c mt trong nc gy tc hi cho mc ch s dng nc trong sinh hot. Cc sinh vt ny c th truyn hay gy bnh cho ngi.Cc sinh vt gy bnh ny vn khng bt ngun tnc, chng cn c vt ch sng k sinh, pht trin v sinh sn. Mt s cc sinh vt gy bnh c th sng mtthi gian kh di trong nc v l nguy c truyn bnh tim tng. Cc sinh vt nyl vi khun, virt, ng vt n bo, giun sn.

d. Cc kim loi nng

Ch (Pb): c c tnh i vi no, c th gy cht ngi nu b nhim c nng. Thy ngn ( Hg): rt c vi ngi v thy sinh. Asen (As): rt c, d dng hp hp th vo c th qua n ung, h hp, qua da. Gy ung th da, phi, v lm sai lch NST, Cc nguyn t khc c c tnh rt cao nh: cadim, selen, crom, niken,..

e. Cc cht mu
C ngun gc: Cc cht hu c d phn hy bi cc tc nhn VSV. S pht trin ca mt s loi thc vt nc: to, rong ru, C cha cc hp cht st, mangan dng keo. C cha cc tc nhn gy mu: kim loi ( Cr, Fe,) cc hp cht hu c tanin, lignin,

f. Cc cht mi
Do cc nguyn nhn: c cc cht hu c t cng rnh khu dn c, cc x nghip ch bin thc phm. C cc sn phm t s phn hy cc xc cht ng vt. Nc thi cng nghip,ch bin du m.
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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

g. Cc cht dinh dng

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

Vic s dng d tha cc cht dinh dng v c ( photphat, mui amon, ure, nitrat, kali,)trong qu trnh s dng phn bn cho cy trng s gy hin tng ph dng trong nc b mt

IV. TNH TRNG NHIM NC 1. Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii

Trong thp nin 60, nhim nc lc a v i dng gia tng vi nhp ng lo ngi. Tin nhim nc phn nh trung thc tin b pht trin k ngh.Ta c th k ra y vi th d tiu biu.Anh Quc chng hn: u th k 19, sng Tamise rt sch. N tr thnh ngcng l thin vo gia th k ny. Cc sng khc cng c tnh trng tng t trckhi ngi ta a ra cc bin php bo v nghim ngt. Nc Php rng hn, k ngh phn tn v nhiu sng ln, nhng vn cng khng khc bao nhiu. Dn Paris cn ung nc sng Seine n cui th k18. T vn i khc: cc sng ln v nc ngm nhiu ni khng cn dung lm nc sinh hot c na, 5.000 km sng ca Php b nhim mn tnh. Sng Rhin chy qua vng k ngh ha mnh, khu vc c hn 40 triu ngi, l nn nhnca nhiu tai nn (nh chy nh my thuc Sandoz Ble nm 1986) thm vo ccngun nhim thng xuyn. Hoa K tnh trng thm thng b pha ng cng nh nhiu vng khc. Vng i h b nhim nng, trong h Erie, Ontario c bit nghim trng.

2. Tnh trng nhim nc nc ta a. Cc v gy ra nhim tiu biu

Thng 4/2000: s c c b nui cht hng lot vi vng nh hng di khong 10km t cu La Ng n trung tm H Tr An(ng Nai), bc mi hi thi trong hng chc km. T nm 2003-2005 ti Tp.HCM: 12/01/2003: s c trn du do va chm tu Fortune c x lang ch du An Giang lm trn 388m3 du DO. 20/03/2003: tai nn chm tu ch hng Hng Anh(cng ty TNHH Trng Ngha) do fio1 to sng ln lm trn 600 tn du FO. 21/01/2005: tai nn m va vo cu cng ch du tu KASACO lm trn 300m3 du DO. 06/04/2005: xy ra va chm gia tu h ty 1 v x lan Hm Lung lm trn 5,40m3 du DO. Hin nay Vit Nam, mc d cc cp, cc ngnh c nhiu c gng trong vic thc hin chnh sch v php lut v bo v mi trng, nhng tnh trng nhim nc l vn rt ng lo ngi.

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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

b. nhim nc trong cc nghnh cng nghip

Tc cng nghip ho v th ho kh nhanh v s gia tng dn s gy p lc ngy cng nng n di vi ti nguyn nc trong vng lnh th. Mi trng nc nhiu th, khu cng nghip v lng ngh ngy cng b nhim bi nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn. cc thnh ph ln, hng trm c s sn xut cng nghip ang gy nhim mi trng nc do khng c cng trnh v thit b x l cht thi. nhim nc do sn xut cng nghip l rt nng. V d: ngnh cng nghip dt may, ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy, nc thi thng c pH trung bnh t 9-11; ch s nhu cu xy sinh ho (BOD), nhu cu xy ho hc (COD) c th ln n 700mg/1 v 2.500mg/1; hm lng cht rn l lng... cao gp nhiu ln gii hn cho php. Hm lng nc thi ca cc ngnh ny c cha xyanua (CN-) vt n 84 ln, H2S vt 4,2 ln, hm lng NH3 vt 84 ln tiu chun cho php nn gy nhim nng. Mc nhim nc cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cm cng nghip tp trung l rt ln. Ti cm cng nghip Tham Lng, thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngun nc b nhim bn bi nc thi cng nghip vi tng lng nc thi c tnh 500.000 m3/ngy t cc nh my giy, bt git, nhum, dt. thnh ph Thi Nguyn, nc thi cng nghip thi ra t cc c s sn xut giy, luyn gang thp, luyn kim mu, khai thc than; v ma cn tng lng nc thi khu vc thnh ph Thi Nguyn chim khong 15% lu lng sng Cu; nc thi t sn xut giy c pH t 8,4-9 v hm lng NH4 l 4mg/1, hm lng cht hu c cao, nc thi c mu nu, mi kh chu Kho st mt s lng ngh st thp, c ng, nhm, ch, giy, dt nhum Bc Ninh cho thy c lng nc thi hng ngn m3/ ngy khng qua x l, gy nhim ngun nc v mi trng trong khu vc.

c. Tnh trng nhim nc cc th

Thy r nht l thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. cc thnh ph ny, nc thi sinh hot khng c h thng x l tp trung m trc tip x ra ngun tip nhn (sng, h, knh, mng). Mt khc, cn rt nhiu c s sn xut khng x l nc thi, phn ln cc bnh vin v c s y t ln cha c h thng x l nc thi; mt lng rc thi rn ln trong thnh ph khng thu gom ht c l nhng ngun quan trng gy ra nhim nc. Hin nay, mc nhim trong cc knh, sng, h cc thnh ph ln l rt nng. thnh ph H Ni, tng lng nc thi ca thnh ph ln ti 300.000 - 400.000 m3/ngy; hin mi ch c 5/31 bnh vin c h thng x l nc thi, chim 25% lng nc thi bnh vin; 36/400 c s sn xut c x l nc thi; lng rc thi sinh hoi cha c thu gom khong 1.200m3/ngy ang x vo cc khu t ven cc h, knh,
13

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

mng trong ni thnh; ch s BOD, oxy ho tan, cc cht NH4, NO2, NO3 cc sng, h, mng ni thnh u vt qu quy nh cho php thnh ph H Ch Minh th lng rc thi ln ti gn 4.000 tn/ngy; ch c 24/142 c s y t ln l c x l nc thi; khong 3.000 c s sn xut gy nhim thuc din phi di di. Khng ch H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh m cc th khc nh Hi Phng, Hu, Nng, Nam nh, Hi Dng nc thi sinh hot cng khng c x l nhim ngun nc ni tip nhn nc thi u vt qu tiu chun cho php TCCP. V tnh trng nhim nc nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip, hin nay Vit Nam c gn 76% dn s ang sinh sng nng thn l ni c s h tng cn lc hu, phn ln cc cht thi ca con ngi v gia sc khng c x l nn thm xung t hoc b ra tri, lm cho tnh trng nhim ngun nc v mt hu c v vi sinh vt ngy cng cao. Theo bo co ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, s vi khun Feca coliform trung bnh bin i t 1.500-3.500MNP/100ml cc vng ven sng Tin v sng Hu, tng ln ti 3800-12.500MNP/100ML cc knh ti tiu.

d. Trong sn xut nng nghip

Do lm dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt, cc ngun nc sng, h, knh, mng b nhim, nh hng ln n mi trng nc v sc kho nhn dn. Theo thng k ca B Thu sn, tng din tch mt nc s dng cho nui trng thu sn n nm 2001 ca c nc l 751.999 ha. Do nui trng thu sn t, thiu quy hoch, khng tun theo quy trnh k thut nn gy nhiu tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng nc. Cng vi vic s dng nhiu v khng ng cch cc loi ho cht trong nui trng thu sn, th cc thc n d lng xung y ao, h, lng sng lm cho mi trng nc b nhim cc cht hu c, lm pht trin mt s loi sinh vt gy bnh v xut hin mt s to c; thm ch c du hiu xut hin thu triu mt s vng ven bin Vit Nam.

e. Hin trng nhim nc mt s lu vc sng ln nc ta

Vn cht thi l mt vn nan gii i vi nhng quc gia cn ang pht trin,vcht thi lng trong trng hp Vit Nam tr thnh mt vn nn ln cho qucgia hinti v chng c thi hi thng vo cc dng sng m khng qua x l.Qua thi gian,nguy c nhim ngy cng tng dn, v cho n hm nay, c th
14

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

nirng tnh trng nhim trn nhng dng sng Vit Nam tng cng kinhkhng v khng cnphng cch no cu cha c na.Qua bo ch v truyn thanh VN t hn hai nm qua, tin tc nhimngun nc hu ht sng ngi VN, c bit nhng ni c pht trin trng im.Nhiu dng sng trc kia l ni git gi tm ra, v nc sng c x dng nhnc sinh hot gia nh. Nay tnh trng hon ton khc hn. Ngi dn nhiu nikhng th dng nhng ngun nc sng ny na. Nhng ni c cp n cth c chia ra tng khu vc khc nhau t Bc ch Nam ty theo s pht trin catng ni mt. l: Lu vc sng Cu, Lu vc sng Nhu, Lu vc sng ng Nai v song si gn, Lu vc Tin Giang v Hu Giang Lu vc sng ng Nai v sng Si Gn Mi ngy, dn c 77 khu th (8.4 triu ngi) dc lu vc h thng sngng Nai thi ra sng 900.000m3 nc thi sinh hot. 9.000 doanh nghip snxut cng nghip. Trong s , c rt nhiu c s sn xut phn tn, nm xenk trong khu dn c. Mi ngy tip nhn 48.000m3 nc thi t cc khu cngnghip v c s sn xut. Dc lu vc sng ng Nai, c n 56 khu ch xut, khu cng nghip anghot ng nhng chc 21 khu c h thng x l nc thi tp trung. Scn li u x trc tip vo ngun nc, gy tc ng ln n cht lngnc ca cc ngun tip nhn. Theo s liu kho st do Chi cc BVMT phi hp vi Cty Cp nc Si Gn thchin cho thy lng NH (amoniac) cht r hin cho thy NH3 amoniac), cht rn l lng v vi sinh tng cao ti ccrch, cng v cc im x nm quanh trm bm Ha Ph, c bit l nhnhsng Th Tnh nm thng ngun trm bm Ha Ph. Ring vng ca sngTh Tnh, hm lng nng amoniac trong nc vt gp 30 ln tiu chuncho php. Ti cc trm quan trc Ph Cng, Bnh Phc v Ph An, nc sng ti khuvc ny b nhim hu c, c bit l nhim du v vi sinh, khng tiuchun cht lng nc mt dng lm ngun cp nc sinh hot. Ngoi ra, hmlng du o c ti cc trm quan trc y dao ng khong 0.03mg/l,trong khi quy nh tiu chun ngun nc th dng vo mc ch cp nc sinh hot khng cho php iu ny. Lu vc sng Tin Giang v Hu Giang y l mt vng ht sc c bit v cng l mt lu vc ln nht v ngdn nht vi din tch 39 ngn Km2 v gn 30 triu c dn. Pht trin kinh t niy t trng tm l nng nghip v chn nui thy sn. V y khng phi l mttrng im cng nghip cho nn nhng vn nn mi trng khng ging nh tnhtrng ca 3 lu vc va k trn. Nhng vic khai thc nng nghip v thy sn tr thnh mt vn cn phi lu tm trong hin ti.Vic nhim ha cht do d lng phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt l ktqu ca vic khai thc ti a ngun t cho nng nghip. c nhiu ch du chothy cc ha cht c hi nh DDT, Nitrate, ha cht BVTV thuc nhm organophosphate,

15

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

nguyn nhn ca nhng mm bnh ung th hin din trong nc.Thm na, vin nh ngun nc lu vc ny b nhim arsenic do vic o trn300 ngn ging dng cho sinh hot v ti tiu cng s l mt quc nn trong tng lai khng xa. Thm na, vic khai thc chn nui thy sn trn sng, ngoivic lm cn tr dng chy ca sng, vic di chuyn trn sng s kh khn thm,m cn l mt vn nn mi trng khng th trnh khi. T thng ngun Chuc, An Giang, cho n tn M Tho, c b trong ma c va qua b cht hng lotdo ngun nc nhim t thng ngun do c cht ly lan xung h lu. Kt qul trn 40% lng tm c b tht thot trong ma va qua (VN trong gian on nyphi nhp cng tm s v c basa ca Trung Quc v M Lai thanh ton hpng cn ang tn ng vi cc nc khc). Ngoi ra, do vic tn dng ngun nc cho ti tiu, vic khai m iukhng hp l khin cho BSCL phi i mt vi vn ngp mn do nn hn hn ko di trong khi h sinh thi c nguy c b hy dit do nhim. Nm 2005 vaqua, nc mn vo su trn 120 Km trong t lin lm tng kh nng b hoangha ca t trong vng ny. Pht trin kinh t khng i i vi vic bo v mi trng, kt qu tt nhinl tnh trng mi trng ngy cng xung cp v cng nhim ngy cng tng thm m thi. Tnh trng cho n ngy hm nay c th ni l n giai on gnnh b tc. B Trng Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng cng ku gi a phng culy cc con sng trc khi qu mun, ng nh trng hp ca sng y vsng T Lch. Tng lai l nhng dng sng VN s tr nn nhng dng sng chtcng nh vic pht trin s b nh hng v mi trng khng th chp nhn thmngun nc thi thm na. Kh nng VN khng cn nhiu thi gian gii quytvn nu khng ni l mun ri. Nhng vic cp bch cn lm c th cuvn tnh hnh cn c khn trng trin khai.

f. Cc con sng b nhim nng

Sng th vi L con sng chy qua lm ranh gii t nhin gia ng Nai v B Ra Vng Tu. Sng c bt ngun t huyn Long Thnh, chy theo hng ng nam,qua Nhn Trch n huyn Tn Thnh i hng theo hng nam ra bin ti Vnh Rnh Gi.Sng c tng chiu di khong 76km, on chy theo hng nam lm ranh gii t nhin gia hai huyn nhn trch, tp.hcm v tn thnh, b ra vng tu. y l con sng b nhim nng , mt trong nhng n v gy nhim nhiu nht l vedan, do vedan thi cht thi cng nghip ra sng m cha qua x l, gy nhim nghim trng cho nc ta. Sng Dinh Theo phn nh ca nhiu ngi nui b hu trn Sng Dinh, on thuc phng 12, tp Vng Tu (gn cu C May), hin tng c tm cht hng lot trn sng do nc sng qu nhim.mt cng nhn lm b hu l anh Bi Thanh Dng , cho bit trc y khi vt hu len, hu m ming chng 10-15s mi ngm li, nhng by gi va vt ln hu ngm ming li.

16

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

Cua mc, bch tuc khng chu ni nc nhim cng ni l . Mt ng dn khc cho bit nhim ca nc sng dinh on gn cu c may kh cao, bi c mao ch l loi c mnh nht m cn chu khng ni. Dc theo Sng Dinh on phng 12 c gn 10 c s, nh my ch bin hi sn c cng thot nc dn thng ra sng.quan st s nhn thy nc thi ra c mu , m c v rt hi. Xc minh s b nc thi ca mt s c s ch bin thy sn ra sng l ngun gy nhim lm thit hi nng n ngun li nui trng thy sn trn sng dinh. Sng si gn C cht ri di 30km sng. Theo ngi dn sng trong khu vc th trn Du Ting, nh my ch bin m cao su v nh my m MIWON Vit Nam thng hay thi nc thi vo nhnh sng si gn. Vo thi dim xy ra hin tng c cht hng lot, nh my m MIWON thi nc thi ra sng si gn. ng thi h du ting cng x mn nn y nc thi ca nh my m MIWON chy dc theo sng si gn lm cm b c trong khu vc ny cht t ngt. Ngi dn cho bit co thy mt dng nc mu chy dc theo dng sng, dng nc chy n u c, tm cht n , cng c cht rt nhanh(20 25p) cht gn nh ht b. Theo bo haico nhn nh nguyn nhn c cht khng phi do tc nhn gy bnh hu sinh(vi rt, vi khun, k sinh trng.) m kh nng l donc thi ra t cc nh my cng nghip c nhng cht c gy hi cho c.

V. PHN LOI NC NHIM 1. nhim sinh hc

nhim nc sinh hc do cc ngun thi th hay k ngh c cc cht thisinh hot, phn, nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy... S nhim v mt sinh hc ch yu l do s thi cc cht hu c c th lnmen c: s thi sinh hot hoc k ngh c cha cht cn b sinh hot, phn tiu,nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy, l st sinh... S nhim sinh hc th hin bng s nhim bn do vi khun rt nng, tthnh vn ln cho v sinh cng cng ch yu cc nc ang pht trin. Cc bnhcu trng, vim gan do siu vi khun tng ln lin tc nhiu quc gia cha k ncc trn dch t. Cc s nhim bnh c tng cng do nhim sinh hc ngunnc. Th d thng hn, vim rut siu khun. Cc nc thi t l st sinh chamt lng ln mm bnh. Th d l st sinh La Villette, Paris thi ra 350 triu mmhiu kh v 20 triu mm ym kh trong 1cm3 nc thi, trong c nhiu loi gybnh ( Plancho in Furon,1962).

17

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

Cc nh my giy thi ra nc c cha nhiu glucid d dy men. Mt nh my trung bnh lm nhim bn nc tng ngvi mt thnh ph 500.000 dn.Cc nh my ch bin thc phm, sn xut hp, thuc da, l m, u c nc thi cha protein. Khi c thi ra dng chy, protein nhanh chng b phnhy cho ra acid amin, acid bo, acid thm, H2S, nhiu cht cha S v P, c tnh cv mi kh chu. Mi hi ca phn v nc cng ch yu l do indol v dn xutcha methyl ca n l skatol. nhim hu c c nh gi bng BOD5: nhu cu O2 sinh hc trong 5ngy. l hm lng O2 cn thit vi sinh vt phn hy ht cc cht hu ctrong 1 lt nc nhim. Th d Paris BOD5 l 70g/ngi/ngy. Tiu chun nc ung ca Php l lng hu c c BOD5 di 5mg/l, nng O2 ho tan l hn 4mg/l, cha di 50 mm coliforme/cm3 v khng c cht noc c. Tiu chun ca cc quc gia khc cng tng t.

2. nhim ha hc do cht v c
Do thi vo nc cc cht nitrat, phosphat dng trong nng nghip v cc cht thi do luyn kim v cc cng ngh khc nh Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cu, Hg l nhng cht c cho thy sinh vt. S nhim do cc cht khong l do s thi vo nc cc cht nh nitrat,phosphat v cc cht khc dng trong nng nghip v cc cht thi t cc ngnh cng nghip.Nhim c ch (Saturnisne) : l ch c s dng lm cht ph gia trong xng v cc cht kim loi khc nh ng, km, chrom, nickel, cadnium rt c ivi sinh vt thy sinh. Thy ngn di dng hp cht rt c i vi sinh vt v ngi. Tai nn vnh Minamata Nht Bn l mt th d ng bun, gy t vong cho hng trm ngi v gy nhim c nng hng ngn ngi khc. Nguyn nhn y l ngi dn n c v cc ng vt bin khc b nhim thu ngn do nh my thi ra. S nhim nc do nitrat v phosphat t phn bn ha hc cng ng lo ngi. Khi phn bn c s dng mt cch hp l th lm tng nng sut cy trngv cht lng ca sn phm cng c ci thin r rt. Nhng cc cy trng ch s dng c khong 30 - 40% lng phn bn, lng d tha s vo cc dng nc mt hoc nc ngm, s gy hin tng ph nhiu ho sng h, gy ym kh cc lp nc di.

3. nhim do cht hu c tng hp

Ch yu do nng dc, cht ty ra,. Nng dc (Pesticides) Cc nng dc hin i a s l cc cht hu c tng hp. Thut ng pesticides l do t ting Anh pest l loi gy hi, nn pesticides cn gi l cht dit dch hay cht dit ho. Ngi ta phn bit: Thuc st trng (insecticides). Thuc dit nm (fongicides). Thuc dit c (herbicides). Thuc dit chut (dit gm nhm = rodenticides). Thuc dit tuyn trng (nematocides).

18

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

Chng to thnh mt ngun nhim quan trng cho cc vc nc. Nguyn nhn gy nhim l do cc nh my thi cc cht cn b ra sng hoc s dng cc nng dc trong nng nghip, lm nhim nc mt, nc ngm v cc vng ca sng, b bin. Nc dng ca dn thnh ph Arles (min nam nc Php) c mi kh chu khng s dng c, vo nm 1948. Nguyn nhn l do mt nh my sn xut thuc dit c 2,4-D cch hng trm km thi cht cn b k ngh ra sng lm nhim ngun nc. nhim ca vng b bin Thi Bnh Dng ca Hoa K, vnh Californie,bi hng Montrose Chemicals do s sn xut nng dc. Hng ny sn xut t u nm 1970, 2/3 s lng DDT ton cu lm nhim mt din tch 10.000 km2 (McGregor, 1976), lm cho mt s c khng th n c tuy nhiu nm tri qua.S dng nng dc mang li nhiu hiu qu trong nng nghip, nhng hu qu cho mi trng v sinh vt cng rt ng k. Cht ty ra: bt git tng hp v x bng Bt git tng hp ph bin t nm 1950. Chng l cc cht hu c c cc (polar) v khng c cc (non-polar). C 3 loi bt git: anionic, cationic v nonionic. Bt git anionic c s dng nhiu nht, n c cha TBS (tetrazopylnebenzen sulfonate), khng b phn hy sinh hc. X bng l tn gi chung ca mui kim loi vi acid bo. Ngoi cc x bong natri v kali tan c trong nc, thng dng trong sinh hot, cn cc x bong khng tan th cha calci, st, nhm...s dng trong k thut (cc cht bi trn, sn, verni).

4. nhim vt l
Cc cht rn khng tan khi c thi vo nc lm tng lng cht l lng,tc lm tng c ca nc. Cc cht ny c th l gc v c hay hu c, c th c vi khun n. S pht trin ca vi khun v cc vi sinh vt khc li cng lmtng c ca nc v lm gim xuyn thu ca nh sng. Nhiu cht thi cng nghip c cha cc cht c mu, hu ht l mu hu c,lm gim gi tr s dng ca nc v mt y t cng nh thm m.Ngoi ra cc cht thi cng nghip cn cha nhiu hp cht ho hc nh mui st, mangan, clor t do, hydro sulfur, phenol... lm cho nc c v khng bnh thng. Cc cht amoniac, sulfur, cyanur, du lm nc c mi l. Thanh to lm nc c mi bn, mt s sinh vt n bo lm nc c mi tanh ca c.

VI. nh hng n mi trng 1. Nc v sinh vt nc a. Nc

Nc ngm: Ngoi vic cc cn l lng trong nc mt, cc cht thi nng lng xung y sng, sau khi phn hu, 1 phn lng cht c cc sinh vt tiu th, 1 phn thm xung mch nc bn di (nc ngm) qua t, l bin i tnh cht ca loi nc ny theo chiu hng xu (do cc cht cha nhiu cht huc, kim loi nng),bn cnh , vic khai thc nc ngm ba bi v ngi dn xy dng cc loi hm cha cht thi cng gp phn lm suy gim cht lng nc ngm, lm cho lng nc ngm vn khan him, nay cng him hn na. Nc mt: Do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, gy ra s mt cn bng gia lng cht thi ra mi trng nc (rc thi sinh hot, cc cht hu c,) v cc sinh vt tiu

19

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

th lng cht thi ny (vi sinh vt, to,) lm cho cc cht hu c,cht rn l lng, khng c phn hu, vn cn lu li trong nc vi khi lng ln, dn n vic nc dn mt i s tinh khit ban u, lm cht lng ngun nc b suy gim nghim trng.

b. Sinh vt nc
nhim nc nh hng trc tip n cc sinh vt nc, c bit l vng sng, do nc chu tc ng ca nhim nhiu nht. Nhiu loi thy sinh do hp th cc cht c trong nc, thi gian lu ngy gy bin i trong c th nhiu loi thy sinh, mt s trng hp gy t bin gen, to nhiu loi mi, mt s trng hp lm cho nhiu loi thy sinh cht.

2. t v sinh vt t a. t
Nc b nhim mang nhiu cht v c v hu c thm vo t gy nhim nghim trng cho t.Nc nhim thm vo t lm : Lin kt gia cc ht keo t b b gy, cu trc t b ph v. Thay i c tnh l hc, ha hc ca t. Vai tr m, tnh oxy ha, tnh dn in, dn nhit ca mi trng t thay i mnh. Thnh phn cht hu c gim nhanh lm kh nng gi nc v thot nc ca t b thay i.Mt s cht hay ion c trong nc thi nh hng n t : Qu trnh oxy ha cc ion Fe2+ v Mn2+ c nng cao to thnh cc axit khng tan Fe2O3 v MnO2 gy ra hin tng nc phn dn n ng thnh vng trn mt t (ng phn) Canxi, magie v cc ion kim loi khc trong t b nc cha axit cacbonic ra tri th t s b chua ha.

b. Sinh vt t
Khi cc cht nhim t nc thm vo t khng nhng gy nh hng n t m cn nh hng n c cc sinh vt ang sinh sng trong t. Cc ion Fe2+ v Mn2+ nng cao l cc cht c hi vi thc vt. Cu trong ngun nc nhim t cc khu cng nghip thi ra thm vo t khng c lm i vi ng vt nhng c i vi cy ci nng trung bnh. Cc cht nhim lm gim qu trnh hot ng phn hy cht ca mt s vi sinh vt trong t L nguyn nhn lm cho nhiu cy ci ci cc, kh nng chng chu km,khng pht trin c hoc c th b thi gc m cht. C nhiu loi cht c bn vng kh b phn hy c kh nng xm nhp tch ly trong c th sinh vt. Khi vo c th sinh vt cht c cng c th phi cn thi gian tch ly n lc t mc nng gy c. 3. Khng kh nhim mi trng nc khng ch nh hng n con ngi, t , nc m cn nh hng n khng kh. Cc hp cht hu c, v c c hi trong nc thi thng qua
20

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

vng tun hon nc, theo hi nc vo khng kh lm cho mt bi bn trong khng kh tng ln. Khng nhng vy, cc hi nc ny cn l gi bm cho cc vi sinh vt v cc loi kh bn cng nghip c hi khc. Mt s cht kh c hnh thnh do qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi nh SO2 , CO2 , CO,nh hng nghim trng n mi trng kh quyn v con ngi, gy ra cc cn bnh lin quan n ng h hp nh : nim mc ng h hp trn, vim phi, vim ph qun mn tnh, gy bnh tim mch, tng mn cm nhng ngi mc bnh hen,

VII. nh hng n con ngi 1. Sc khe con ngi a. Do kim loi trong nc
Cc kim loi nng c trong nc l cn thit cho sinh vt v con ngi v chng l nhng nguyn t vi lng m sinh vt cn tuy nhin vi hm lng cao n li l nguyn nhn gy c cho con ngi, gy ra nhiu bnh nguy him ngho nh ung th, t bin. c bit au lng hn n l nguyn nhn gy nn nhng lng ung th. Cc ion kim loi c pht hin l hp cht km hm ezyme mnh. Chng tc dng ln phi t nh nhm SCH3 v SH trong methionin v xystein. Sau y l mt s kim loi c nhiu nh hng nghim trng nht: Trong nc nhim ch Ch c tnh c cao i vi con ngi v ng vt. s thm nhim ch vo c th con ngi t rt sm t tun th 20 ca thai k v tip din sut k mang thai. Tr em c mc hp thu ch cao gp 3 4 ln ngi ln. Mt khc, thi gian bn sinh hc ch ca tr em cng di hn ngi ln. Ch tch ng xng. Tr em t 6 tui tr xung v ph n c thai l nhng i tng mn cm vi nhng nh hng nguy hi ca ch gy ra. Ch cng cn tr chuyn ha caxi bng cch trc tip hay gin tip thng qua km hm s chuyn ha vitamin D. Ch gy c c c quan thn kinh trung ng ln thn kinh ngoi bin. Ch tc ng ln h enzyme, c bit l enzyme vn chuyn hiro. Khi b nhim c, ngi bnh b mt s ri lon c th, trong ch yu l ri lon b phn to huyt (ty xng) . Ty theo mc nhim c c th gy ra nhng tai bin nh au bng ch, ng vin en Burton li, au khp, vim thn, cao huyt p vnh vin, lit, tai bin lo nu nng c th gy t vong. Tc dng ha sinhca ch ch yu gy nh hng n

21

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

tng hp mu, ph v hng cu. Ch c ch mts enzyme quan trng trong qu trnh tng hp mu do tch ng cc hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh trao i cht. Ch km hm qu trnh s dng O2 v glucozo sn xut nng lng cho qu trnh sng. S km hm ny c th nhn thy khi nng ch trong mu khong 0,3mg/l. Khi nng ch trong mu ln hn 0,8mg/l c th gy ra hin tng thiu mu do thiu hemoglobin. Nu hm lng ch trong mu khong 0,5-0,8mg/l s gy ri lon chc nng ca thn v ph hy no. JECFA thit lp gi tri tm thi cho lng ch a vo c th c th chu ng c ivi tr s sinh v thiu nhi l 25mg/kg th trng.Hn 90% lng ch trong mu tn ti trong hng cu. Dng ln nht v chm l trong khung xng, chu k bn hy l 20nm, dng khng bn hn nm trong m mm. Tng s tch ly sut i ca ch c th t 200mg-500mg. Ch trong h thn kinh trung ng c xu hng tch ly trong i no v nhn t bo.Triu chng ng c ch gm: au bng trn, to bn, nn ma. trn li ca bnh nhn, ngi ta nhn thy mt ng xanh en do ch sufua ng li. Chng vim no tuy rt him nhng li l bin chng nghim trng ngi trong trng hp nhim c ch, trng hp cng thng hay gp tr em. Bnh thiu mu: thiu mu thng xuyn xy ra trong trng hp nhim c ch v c v thng xy ra trong giai on cui, nhng ngay khi nhim c ch,ngi ta pht hin ri lan t hp mu.S km hm t hp mu l yu t gy ra bnh thiu mu do ch nhng ch cng to ra nhng tc ng trc tip n hng cu. Tnh thm ht ca mng b thayi ty thuc vo lng kali b mt v thi k bn phn hy ca hng cu b rt ngn. Ngoi ra cn c nhng thay i trong qu trnh trao i st v nhng t bo cha st cng xut hin trong mu v ty xng. Lng st trong huyt thanh tng ln.Mc nguy him ty thuc vo tui v tnh trng ca c th v nguy him chnh l c hi ti h thn kinh. Hu ht nhy cm vi ch l tr em, c bit l tr em mi tp i, tr s sinh v bo thai. Tr s sinh, tr em di 16 tui v ph n c thai l i tng nhy cm nht vi c t ch, tc ng mn tnh n s pht trin tr tu ca tr em. Vi nhng ph n c thai thng xuyn tip xc vi ch khnng xy thai hoc thai nhi cht sau khi sinh l rt ln. Vi tr em, h thn kinh ang pht trin rt nhy cm khi b nhim ch d nng thp, h s thng minh (IQ) gim xung. i vi ngi trng thnh, cng vic thng xuyn tip xc vi ch qu mc hoc do gp s c c th b nhim bnh thn kinh ngoi vi hoc thn kinh mn tnh. Tuy nhin ngi ln cc nh hng cp tnh hay hu ht cc nh hng nhy cm ca ch c th l bnh tng huyt p. Ngoi ra khi nhim c ch cn c th nh hng n mt s c quan khc trong c th nh d dy, rut non, c quan sinh sn. Trong nc nhim thy ngn Thy ngn v c ch yu nh hng n thn, trong khi methyl thy ngn nh hng chnh n h thn kinh trung ng. Sau khi b nhim c ngi bnh d cu gt, kch thch, xc ng, ri lon tiu ha , ri lon thn kinh, vim li, rung chn. Nu b nhim c nng c th t vong. c tnh ca thy ngn tc dng ln nhm nhm sunfuahydryl (-SH) ca h thng enzyme. S lin kt ca thy ngn vimng t bo ngn cn s vn chuyn ng qua mng v cho php dch chuyn kaliti mng. iu ny dn n sthiu ht nng lng trong t bo v gy ri lon thn kinh. Chnh v nguyn nhn
22

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

ny nhng tr s sinh nhim methyl thy ngn t m s b tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng, mc cc bnh nh tm thn phn lit, km pht trin tr tu, co git. Nhim c methyl thy ngn cn dn ti phn lp th nhim sc, ph v th nhim sc v ngn cn s phn chia t bo. Trong mi trng nc, thy sinh vt c th hp th thy ngn vo c th, c bit l c v cc loi ng vt khng xng sng, c hp th thy ngn v chuyn ha thnh methyl thy ngn ( CH3Hg+) rt c vi c th ngi. Cht ny ha tan trong m, phn cht bo ca cc mng v trong ty Tc hi cp tnh do nhim c thy ngn: Khi bnhim c thy ngn nng bnh nhn thng ho, kh th, th gp, st, bun nn, nn e v c cm gic au tht ngc. C nhng bnh nhn c biu hin b rt run, tm ti. Trong trng hp nh hin tng kh th c th ko di c tun l, nu cp nng hn bnh nhn c th b ngt i v dn n t vong. Tc hi mn tnh: Nhim c thy ngn kinh nin c th gy tc ng nghim trng ti h thn tinh v thn. Nhng triu chng u tin l vng da, ri lon tiu ha, au u, vim li v tit nhiu nc bt. Rng c th b long v rng, nhng chic cn li c th b xn v mn vt, trn li c nhng ng mu en sm mu. Tip xc thng xuyn vi hp cht thy ngn v c th b xm da v nhng bnh bt pht nga vim da, l lot. Nhng biu hin ri lon thn kinh do nhim c thy ngn kinh nin nh run tay, tip theo l m mt, mi, li, tay chn v cui cng l ni ln. Ngoi ra cn c cc triu chng nh ri lon thn kinh, dng i co cng, cc phn x gn ct b ri lon, c bit l u gi co git nhiu. C triu chng ri lon cm gic nh: ri lon khu gic, v gic, mt cm gic u ngn tay ngn chn, khi chm vo thng thy au. C trng hp b ic, ng c thy ngn hu c gy co tht thn kinh ngoi bin, teo v no. Tuy nhin khng th khng ni n cc tc ng chnh ca thy ngn n qu trnh sng ca con ngi: gy ung th v bin i gen. Khi cc nh khoa hc nghin cu thc nghim th thy mt s th nhim sc b gy, s phn chia b sai bi tip xc vi thy ngn. Trong nc nhim Asen Asen gy ra ba tc ng chnh ti sc khe con ngi l: lm ng keoprotein, to phc vi asen(III) v ph hy qu trnh phospho ha.Cc triu chng ca nhim c asen nh: th cp tnh gy ho, tc ngc vkh th, mt thng bng, au u, nn ma, au bng au c. Nu nhim c kinh nin th nh hng n da nh au, sng ty da, vt trng trn mngtay Asen v cc hp cht ca n tc dng ln sunfuahydryl (-SH) v cc men ph v qu trnh photphoryl ha, to phc co-enzyme ngn cn qu trnh sinh nng lng. asen c kh nng gy ung th biu m da, ph qun, phi, xoang Asen v c c ha tr 3 c th lm s cng gan bn chn, ung th da. Asen v c c th li nh hng kinh nin vi h thn kinh ngoi bin, mt vi nghin cu ch ra asen v c cn tc ng ln c ch hot ng ca AND. S dng ngun nc b nhim asen lu di l khng an ton v mt s nc trn th gii vn nh hng sc khe do asen rt ng lo ngi. u tin lcc ca tn thng da do asen Ty Ban Nha, n nm 1983, hn 1,5 triu ngi c cho l nhim asen ti y, vi khong hn 20000 ca nhim c. Ti Bangladesh khong 35 n 77 triu
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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

ngi trong tng s 125 triu ngi ang i mt vi nguy c nhim asen trong nc ung. C t nht 100000 ca b tn thng da. Khi s dng nc ung c hm lng asen cao trong thi gian di, dn n ri lon mch mu ngoi vi v c triu chng lm sng nh l chn rng en. Cc nh hng c hi c th xut hin nh yu chc nng gan, bnh tiu ng, cc loi ung th ni tng( bang quang, gan, thn), cc loi bnh v da( chng tng m biub, chng tng sc t m v ung th da). Bnh sm da, mt sc t da, kch cng da, v ri lon tun hon ngoi bin l cc triu chng do tip xc thng xuyn vi asen. Ung th da v nhiu ung th ni tng cng do vy. Cc bnh nh tim mch cng c pht hin c lin quan n thc n, nc ung c asen v do tip xc vi asen. Trong nghin cu s ngi dn ung nc c nng asen cao cho thy, t l ung th gia tng theo liu lng asenv thi gian ung nc. Nc nhim Crom Hp cht CR+ rt c c th gy ung th phi, gy lot d dy,rut non,vim gan, vim thn, gy c cho h thn kinh v timCrom xm nhp vo ngun nc t nc th ca cc nh my mi in, nhun thuc da, cht n, gm, sn xut mc vit, mc in, in trng nh Nc nhim Mangan Mangan di vo mi trng nc do qu trnh ra tri, si mn v cht thicng nhip luyn kim, acquy, phn ha hc Vi hm lng cao mangan gy c mnh vi nguyn sinh cht ca t bo,c bit l tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng, gy tn thng thn v b my tun hon, phi, ngc nng v t vong. Tiu chun cho php ca WHO vi mangan khng qu 0,1mg/l Nng nitrat cao trong nc Nng nitrat cao trong nc c th do phn hy cht hu c trong t nhin hoc do nh hng ca cht thi nhim. Trong nc cha hm lng nitrat trn 10mg/l c th gy bnh tm ti tr em. Ngi ta thy hm lng mthemoglobine trong mu cao vi c tr em v ngi ln khi dng nc c hm lng nitrat cao hn gii hn cho php.

b. Cc hp cht hu c
Trn th gii hang nm c khong 60.105 tn cc cht hu c tng hp bao gm cc cht nhin liu,cht mu, thuc tr su, thuc kch thch tng trng, cc ph gia trong dc phm thc phm. Cc cht ny thng c v c bn sinh hc kh cao, c bit l cc hidrocacbnon thm gy nhim mi trng mnh, gynh hng ln n sc khe con ngi. Cc hp cht hu c nh: cc hp cht hu c ca phenol, cc hp cht bo v thc vt nh thuc tr su DDT, linden(666), endrin, parathion, sevin, bassa Cc cht ty ra c hot tnh b mt cao l nhng cht nh hng khng tt n sc khe, b nghi ng l gy ung th.

c. Vi khun trong nc thi

Vi khun c hi trong nc b nhim c t cht thi sinh hot ca con ngi v ng vt nh bnh t, thng hn v bi lit.

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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

Bnh ng rut Bnh ng rut gy nn ch yu do cc loi vi khun sng trong nc nh vi khun i trng, thng hn. t, l ngoi ra trong nc t nhin v nc sinh hot cn c th c cc loi vi khun gy bnh a chy tr em nh Leptospira, Brucella, tularensis, cc siu vi khun bi lit, vim gan, ECHO, Coksaki Bnh a chy l bnh ly lan ch yu bi phn ngi. Bn cnh thc n nc ung b nhim cng l nguyn nhn gy bnh. Nhiu nc trn th gii khi ngi m sinh con, c nhiu kh nng l a tr s cht trc khi sinh nht ln th nht. T l c th ln ti 220 tr cht trong 1000 tr sinh ra, trong t nht c 25%tr cht v cc bnh a chy. Cc bnh do k sinh trng, vi khun, viruts v nm mc Con ngi c th mc cc bnh do k sinh trng gy ra nh amip, giun sn cc loi; bnh ngoi da, vim mt do cc loi vi khun, viruts, nm mc v cc loi k sinh trng khc. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do thiu nc sch v v sinh c nhn km. Nc b nhim k sinh trng l do vic qun l phn v cht thi khng tt,gy nhim mi trng xung quanh v tng t l mc bnh trong dn c bnh st do leptospira. Bnh st do Leptospira cc vng rng ni, cc khu vc khai hoang pht trin nng nghip hay xy dng cng nghip. l bnh truyn nhim do nhiu chng Leptospira t gia sc chuyn sanh ngi. ng ly nhim ch yu l do tip xc vi t hoc nc b nhim do nc tiu ca sc vt b bnh, trong khi lao ng phi ngm mnh di nc hoc bn ly. Cng c th ly trc tip t sc vt, mm bnh vo c th do da xy xt hoc qua nim mc, bnh cn c th ly qua ncung hoc thc phm b nhim. iu kin tn ti v pht trin ca mm bnh l nng v m t. Ti nhng vng nhit i nng m quanh nm, bnh d pht trin nhng ngi phi lao ng bn sc vt b bnh hay tip xc vi t, nc nhim nhng ao t, h nc ng, sng sui chy chm.. Triu chng:n khng ngon, au c, nhc u d di, lin tc, ngi l v au vng sau nhn cu, m hi v ra nhiu.Bnh nhn thng bun nn, c th b a chy hoc to bn, vimthn kinh mt v i khi vim nh thn kinh vn ng nhn cu.Mng no b tn thng, c biu hin c b cng. Bch cu n nhn tng ln >50/mm3, c yu v lit. Thn b tn thng, i tiu ra m, mu. Bnh do Leptospira nng thng do Lipterohaemorrhagiae gy ra. Cc triu chng cng nh vy nhng nng hn, bun nn c bit l tiu chy nng, rt hayco biu hin xut huyt, vim phi, vim c tim, try mch ngoi bin. Gan to, vngda, chc nng gan bnh hng, cc triu chng v h thn kinh trung ng thng nng hn, bch cu tng, ch yu bch cu a nhn. Thn b suy, protein liu tng,tiu tin t hoc v hiu. Cc bnh do trung gian: Cn trng trung gian truyn bnh ch yu l cc loi mui. qu trnh sinh sn ca mui phi qua mi trng nc. trong cc vng c dch bnh lu hnh, mui c kh nng truyn cc bnh nh bnh st rt, bnh Dengue, bnh st xut huyt, bnh giun ch Bnh st rt St rt l mt trong nhng bnh nguy him bc nht tc ng n con ngi cc nc ang pht trin c kh hu nhit i hoc cn nhit i. st rt c bit nguy him

25

GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

vi ph n c thai v tr em ( di 5 tui). Nu h b st rt, c th nhanh chng lm vo tnh trng suy nhc trm trng v c th dn n t vong. St rt l bnh gy ra do nhng vi sinh vt cc nh c gi l k sinh trng trong mu. Mt vt trung giam truyn bnh l mui. Mui ci c kh nng t ngi v truyn nhim nguy him cho con ngi. mui c khng th ht mu v khng th truyn bnh. Mui thng c tr nhng ni nh: vng nc ngt hoc nc lnh. Nht l ni nc t ng hay chy chm, vng nc t sau cn ma hoc do thot nc km, m ly, rung la, h cha, ao h nh, chum mng,vng tru, m c nc t ng, du chn ng vt cha nc, chum, thng, b cha Bo co mi trng quc gia 2006 i vi ba lu vc sng (LVS) Cu,Nhu- y v h thng sng ng Nai cng nu r: ti nhng ni c dng chy nhim i qua t l ngi dn mc cc bnh lin quan n cht lng nc mt tng i cao. C th, ti LVS Cu tnh Bc Kn (c nc sng Cu v cc ph lu t b nhim) v Thi Nguyn (s dng ch yu nc h Ni Cc) cho nc sinh hot, s ngi mc bnh v ng tiu ho t hn so vi cc tnh h ngun nh Vnh Phc, Bc Ninh, Bc Giang v Hi Dng.Bn cnh , ti khu vc nc sng Nhu- y b nhim cng nh hng n sc kho ca cng ng trong lu vc. iu ny c th hin qua s gia tng mc cc bnh v ng tiu ho so vi cc tnh khc. Chng hn trong tnh H Ty cc huyn nm cnh sng Nhu c t l mc ngi dn mc bnh l v cc bnh tiu chy cao hn hn so vi cc huyn khc. Cng theo bo co ny; t l ngi dn mc cc bnh lin quan n nc ticc tnh thuc LVHTS ng Nai trong nhng nm gn y tng kh nhanh. ng lu l trong s i tng mc bnh lin quan n ngun nc th tr em chim t l kh cao.

2. nh hng n i sng a. Sinh hot thng ngy

Nc nhim nh hng rt ln n sinh hot ca ngi dn, lm xo trn cuc sng v sinh hot hng ngy. Mt s ni nng thn, ngi dn ly ngun nc sng lm nc sinh hot hng ngy nh: huyn Hng H, ng Hng, VTh v Thnh Ph Thi Bnh, ngi dn y ly nc sinh hot t h thng song pha Bc ca tnh Thi Bnh, sng Sa Lung. Vy m gi y ngun nc li b nhim lm cho i sng sinh hot ca nhn dn ni y phn no b xo trn do ngun nc sinh hot hng ngy ca h khng cn gi c nh xa. cc x Qung Lu, Qung Hi, Qung Thi, huyn Qung Xng (Thanh Ho), hn by nm qua, gn 100 h dn mt s thn ca phi i hng km ch nc v sinh hot v ngun nc y b nhim nng donc thi t cc h nui tm trn ct. Hng ngy, nhng h dn thn 1 x Qung Lu phi dng xe p mang theo canh, thng i hng km th nc sch v sinhhot. Trong khi nhng chic ging khoan phi b ph v ngun nc b nhim nng n t cc h nui tm trn ct. Khng nhng vy nhim ngun nc cn lm cho bc mi hi thi cc khu vc ny lm cho i sng ngi dn khng cn n nh nh trc. Ngi dn buc phi sng chung vi nhim, thm ch h phi bn nh i ni khc sinh sng m bo sc khe cho ngi thn ca mnh. T hn na nhiu ngi lmua phi nh khu vc ny

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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

th phi ng ca b trng, khng v na. Ti mt s vng nng thn h thng x nc thi c xy dng tm b gi y tr nn ng, trn ra xung quanh lm nhim mi trng khng nhng th n cn gy tr ngi cho lu thng, i li ca nhn dn trong vng.Mc khc n cn lm cho ngun nc ngm b nhim trm trng, gy thiu ht ngun nc ngt nghim trng. Cn thnh th, ngun nc sinh hot ch yu l nc my. Tuy nhin cht lng ngun nc ny ang t ra du chm hi ln. Khi ngun nc ny b nhim ngi dn khng cn cch no khc l phi mua nc khong v dng trongkhi vn tr tin hng thng cho cng ty cp thot nc. Vic mua nc phi thc hin lc sng sm hoc ti v ban ngy h phi i lm nn nh hng rt ln n thi gian lm vic v sinh hot.

b. Hot ng sn xut
Nc thi nhim nh hng rt ln n hot ng sn xut, c bit ti cc thnh th ln ni c hm lng cht nhim cao. Ti TP.H Ch Minh Tm tuyn knh chnh phc v ti tiu cho 8.000 ha t sn xut nng nghip thuc nm x ca huyn Bnh Chnh v Hc Mn b nhim trm trng: kin, c cht, cy ci i mu, nh hng nghim trng n i sng ca ngi dn. Trong khi y, cc c quan chc nng li bt lc ng nhn,cha tm ra phng thuc c tr hu hiu no cu t, cu la. C cht v ngun nc b nhim H thng thu li ca huyn Hc Mn bc Bnh Chnh bao gm tm tuyn knh chnh: knh Thy Cai, knh An H, knh An H knh C, knh lin vng,knh ranh Long An, knh A, knh B, knh C H thng ny m bo ti tiu cho trn 8.000ha t nng nghip, trong phm vi cc x Phm Vn Hai, L Minh Xun,Vnh Lc B (Bnh Chnh); x Xun Thi Sn, Tn Thi Nh (Hc Mn), v mt phn qun Bnh Tn. Theo kt qu phn tch cht lng ngun nc knh Thy Cai, An H, knhB, C ca s Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn (NN&PTNT) TP.HCM cho thy,cc thng s COD, BOD5, Coliform (cc ch tiu xc nh mc nhim bn ca nc) u vt tiu chun cht lng nc dng cho thu li v tiu chun nc thi cng nghip t vi ln n hng chc ngn ln. Tng dng nc c mu nu en, mi kh chu chy v cc nhnh. i din ca s NN&PTNT cho bit, khu cng nghip L Minh Xun tp trung ch yu t knh C12 n C18. y l khu cng nghip tp trung nhiu ngnh sn xut c tnh cht nhim nng. Khu cng nghip ny hin c khong 277 doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh cc ngnh ngh nh: sn xut sn, bao b nha, cao su,bnh cquy. Khu cng nghip ny tuy xy dng nh my x l nc thi vi cng sut 4.000 m3 khi/ngy nhng cha c giy php x thi vo h thng cng trnh thu li. Vic nhim knh B v C nh hng trc tip ti ngun nc ti ton b khu nam tnh l 10 thuc h thng thu li Hc Mn bc Bnh Chnh (trn4.500 ha). Knh Thy Cai con knh u ngun ca h thng nc phc v ti tiu ton cng trnh thu li Hc Mn bc Bnh Chnh (trn 8.000 ha) v ngun nc sng Si Gn phc v cc d n cp nc thnh ph cn nhim nng n hn. Kt qu quan trc cht lng nc ti y cho thy, nm 2008 ch tiu COD vt tiuchun 1 2 ln, ch tiu Fcal Coliform vt t 1 120 ln.
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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

H thng thu li Hc Mn bc Bnh Chnh, theo thit k ch c chc nng ngn mn, gi ngt, ti tiu theo triu, phc v sn xut nng nghip v khng c nhim v iu tit, gim thiu nhim. Tuy nhin, trc tnh hnh nhim nng, cng trnh ny cn phi gnh thm trch nhim tiu thot nc nhim trong khu vc, dn n h thng knh ny qu ti, gy kh khn cho sn xut nng nghip ca cc huyn ngoi thnh. Theo quan st, con knh ny b nhim bi ngun cht thi ca khu x l cht thi rn Hip Phc v khu cng nghip Tn Ph Trung (C Chi). Khu cngnghip ny mc d xy dng c nh my x l nc thi tp trung nhng h thng u ni, thu gom nc thi cha hon chnh nn nh my ny cha vn hnh c. Cc n v sn xut trong khu cng nghip x l cc b v x nc thi ring l, trc tip vo knh Thy Cai. i din s NN&PTNT cho bit, ngun nc b nhim nh hng n cng tc iu tit phc v ti tiu, ngn mn, x phn v phng chng chy rng,c bit l nh hng ti i sng sinh hot, sc kho ca ngi dn qun vng venv cc huyn ngoi thnh. Trong nhiu nm qua cht thi nhim t khu cngnghip L Minh Xun gy ra hin tng c cht, vt cht (2004), cy c bin i mu (2007), c su cht, kin cht hng lot (2008) Ngun nc nhim cng lm gim thiu nng sut cy trng, c nhng khu t phi b khng v nhim qu nng. Trc y ti p 1, x Phc Thi,huyn Long Thnh gn Vedan, c mt cnh ng vi din tch trn 10 ha sn xut3 v la/nm nhng do nhim bi nhng cht thi c hi cha qua x l caVedan, nn phi b hoang t hng chc nm qua. Hn 200 h dn vi hn 1.000 nhn khu sinh sng bng ngh trng la v ngh chi li phi t tm kim ngh khc sinh sng. Ngoi ra, cn hn 40 h dn ti khu vc ny lm ngh nui trng thu sn vi din tch mt nc 70 ha cng bnh hng nng n bi nhim, tmc khng th sng ni, nhiu ao h phi b khng t nhiu nm qua mt s nikhc v nhim qu nng nn ngi dn khng th trng trt, chn nui c,nhiu ngi dn nh b ngh hoc i ni khc sinh sng.

VIII. CC PHNG PHP X L NC NHIM

- Bin php c hc: h cha v lng s b, song chn rc, li chn rc, b lng, b lc. - Bin php ha hc: dng phn lm cht cao t, dng vi kim ha nc, cho clo vo nc kh trng. - Bin php l hc: dng cc tia vt l kh trng nc nh tia t ngoi, sng siu m. - in phn nc bin kh mui. Kh kh CO2 ha tan trong nc bng phng php lm thong. 1. X L NC BNG PHNG PHP C HC

a. H cha v lng s b
Chc nng ca h cha v lng s b nc th (nc mt) l: to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh t lm sch nh: lng bt cn l lng, gim lng vi trng do tc ng ca cc iu kin mi trng, thc hin cc phn ng oxy ha do tc dng ca oxy ha tan trong nc, v lm nhim v iu ha lu lng gia dng chy t ngun nc vo v lu lng tiu th do trm bm nc th bm cp cho nh my x l nc.

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b. Song chn v li chn rc

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

Song chn v li chn t ca dn nc vo cng trnh thu lm nhim v loi tr vt ni, vt tri l lng trong dng nc bo v cc thit b v nng cao hiu qu lm sch ca cc cng trnh x l. Vt ni v vt l lng trong nc c th c kch thc nh nh que tm ni, hoc nhnh cy non khi i qua my bm vo cc cng trnh x l c th b tn nh hoc thi ra lm tng hm lng cn v mu ca nc. Song chn rc c cu to gm cc thanh thp tit din trn c 8 hoc 10, hoc tit din hnh ch nht kch thc 6 x 50 mm t song song vi nhau v hn vo khung thp. Khong cch gia cc thanh thp t 40 50 mm. Vn tc nc chy qua song chn khong 0,4 0,8 m/s. Song chn rc c nng th nh rng rc hoc ti quay tay b tr trong ngn qun l. Hnh dng song chc rc c th l hnh ch nht, hnh vung hoc hnh trn. Li chn rc phng c cu to gm mt tm li cng trn khung thp. Tm li an bng cc dy thp ng knh 1 1,5 mm, mt li 2 x 2 5 x 5 mm. Trong mt s trng hp, mt ngoi ca tm li t thm mt tm li na c kch thc mt li 25 x 25 mm an bng dy thp ng knh 2 3 mm tng cng kh nng chu lc ca li. Vn tc nc chy qua bng li ly t 0,15 0,8 m/s. Li chn quay c s dng cho cc cng trnh thu c ln, ngun nc c nhiu. Cu to gm mt bng li chuyn ng lin tc qua hai tr trn do mt ng c ko. Tm li gm nhiu tm nh ni vi nhau bng bn l. Li c an bng dy ng hoc dy thp khng g ng knh t 0,2 0,4. Mt li kch thc t 0,3 x 0,3 mm n 0,2 x 0,2 mm. Chiu rng bng li t 2 2,5 m. Vn tc nc chy qua bng li t 3,5 10 cm/s, cng sut ng c ko t 2 5 kW. Cc loi song chn v li chn c trnh by trong Hnh 3.1.

c. B lng ct
cc ngun nc mt c c ln hn hoc bng 250 mg/l sau li chn, cc ht cn l lng v c, c kch thc nh, t trng ln hn nc, cng, c kh nng lng nhanh c gi li b lng ct. Nhim v ca b lng ct l to iu kin tt lng cc ht ct c kch thc ln hn hoc bng 0,2 mm v t trng ln hn hoc bng 2,5; loi tr hin tng bo mn cc c cu chuyn ng c kh v gim lng cn nng t li trong b to bng v b lng. B lng c nhim v lm sch s b trc khi a nc vo b lc hon thnh qu trnh lm trong nc. Theo chiu dng chy, b lng c phn thnh: b lng ngang, b lng ng, b lng lp mng v b lng trong c lp cn l lng. Trong b lng ngang, dng nc thi chy theo phng ngang qua b vi vn tc khng ln hn 16,3 mm/s. Cc b lng ngang thng c s dng khi lu lng nc ln hn 3.000 m3/ngy. i vi b lng ng, nc chuyn ng theo phng thng

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Nhim Mi Trng Nc

ng t di ln n vch trn vi vn tc 0,3-0,5 mm/s. Hiu sut lng ca b lng ng thng thp hn b lng ngang t 10 n 20%. B lng lp mng c cu to ging nh b lng ngang thng thng, nhng khc vi b lng ngang l trong vng lng ca b lng lp mng c t thm cc bn vch ngn bng thp khng g hoc bng nha. Cc bn vch ngn ny nghing mt gc 450 600 so vi mt phng nm ngang v song song vi nhau. Do c cu to thm cc bn vch ngn nghing, nn b lng lp mng c hiu sut cao hn so vi b lng ngang. Din tch b lng lp mng gim 5,26 ln so vi b lng ngang thun ty. B lng trong c lp cn l lng c u im l khng cn xy dng b phn ng, bi v qu trnh phn ng v to bng kt ta xy ra trong iu kin keo t tip xc, ngay trong lp cn l lng ca b lng. Hiu qu x l cao hn cc b lng khc v tn t din tch xy dng hn. Tuy nhin, b lng trong c cu to phc tp, k thut vn hnh cao. Vn tc nc i t di ln vng lng nh hn hoc bng 0,85 mm/s v thi gian lu nc khong 1,5 2 gi.

d. B Lc
B lc c dng lc mt phn hay ton b cn bn c trong nc ty thuc vo yu cu i vi cht lng nc ca cc i tng dng nc. Qu trnh lc nc l cho nc i qua lp vt liu lc vi mt chiu dy nht nh gi li trn b mt hoc gia cc khe h ca lp vt liu lc cc ht cn v vi trng c trong nc. Sau mt thi gian lm vic, lp vt liu lc b cht li, lm tng tn tht p lc, tc lc gim dn. khi phc li kh nng lm vic ca b lc, phi thi ra b lc bng nc hoc gi, nc kt hp loi b cn bn ra khi lp vt liu lc. Tc lc l lng nc c lc qua mt n v din tch b mt ca b lc trong mt n v thi gian (m/h). Chu k lc l khong thi gian gia hai ln ra b lc T (h). thc hin qu trnh lc nc c th s dng mt s loi b lc c nguyn tc lm vic, cu to lp vt liu lc v thng s vn hnh khc nhau. Thit b lc c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau: theo c tnh nh lc gin on v lc lin tc; theo dng ca qu trnh nh lm c v lc trong; theo p sut trong qu trnh lc nh lc chn khng (p sut 0,085 MPa), lc p lc (t 0,3 n 1,5 MPa) hay lc di p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng; Trong cc h thng x l nc cng sut ln khng cn s dng cc thit b lc p sut cao m dng cc b lc vi vt liu lc dng ht. Vt liu lc c th s dng l ct thch anh, than cc, hoc si nghin, thm ch c than nu hoc than g. Vic la chn vt liu lc ty thuc vo loi nc thi v iu kin a phng. Qu trnh lc xy ra theo nhng c ch sau: - Sng lc tch cc ht rn hon ton bng nguyn l c hc;

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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

- Lng trng lc; - Gi ht rn theo qun tnh; - Hp ph ha hc; - Hp ph vt l; - Qu trnh dnh bm; - Qu trnh lng to bng. Thit b lc vi lp ht c th c phn loi thnh thit b lc chm, thit b lc nhanh, thit b lc h v thit b lc kn. Chiu cao lp vt liu lc trong thit b lc h dao ng trong khong 1-2 m v trong thit b lc kn t 0,5 1 m.

2. X L NC BNG PHNG PHP HA L a. Lm thong

Bn cht ca qu trnh lm thong l ha tan oxy t khng kh vo nc oxy ha st ha tr II, mangan ha tr II thnh st ha tr III, mangan ha tr IV to thnh cc hp cht hydroxyl st ha tr III v hydroxyl mangan ha tr IV Mn(OH)4 kt ta d lng ng kh ra khi nc bng lng, lc. Lm thong kh CO2, H2S c trong nc, lm tng pH ca nc, to iu kin thun li v y nhanh qu trnh oxy ha v thy phn st v mangan, nng cao cng sut ca cc cng trnh lng v lc trong quy trnh kh st v mangan. Qu trnh lm thong lm tng hm lng oxy ha tan trong nc, nng cao th oxy ha kh ca nc thc hin d dng cc qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c trong qu trnh kh mi v mi ca nc. C hai phng php lm thong: - a nc vo trong khng kh: cho nc phun thnh tia hay thnh mng mng chy trong khng kh cc dn lm thong t nhin, hay cho nc phun thnh tia v mng mng trong cc thng kn ri thi khng kh vo thng nh cc dn lm thong cng bc. - a khng kh vo nc: dn v phn phi khng kh nn thnh cc bt nh theo dn phn phi t y b cha nc, cc bt kh ni ln, nc c lm thong. - Hn hp hai phng php trn: lm thong bng mng trn nhiu bc v phun trn mt nc.

b. Clo ha s b
Clo ha s b l qu trnh cho clo vo nc trc b lng v b lc. Clo ha s b c tc dng tng thi gian kh trng khi ngun nc nhim bn nng, oxy ha st ha tan dng hp cht hu c, oxy ha mangan ha tan to thnh cc kt ta tng ng, oxy ha cc cht hu c kh mu, ngn chn s pht trin ca rong, ru, ph hy t bo ca cc vi sinh sn ra cht nhy nht trn mt b lc.

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Nhim Mi Trng Nc

c. Keo T - To Bng Trong ngun nc, mt phn cc ht thng tn ti dng cc ht keo mn phn tn, kch thc ca ht thng dao ng trong khong 0,1 n 10 m. Cc ht ny khng ni cng khng lng, v do tng i kh tch loi. V kch thc ht nh, t s din tch b mt v th tch ca chng rt ln nn hin tng ha hc b mt tr nn rt quan trng. Theo nguyn tc, cc ht nh trong nc c khuynh hng keo t do lc ht VanderWaals gia cc ht. Lc ny c th dn n s dnh kt gia cc ht ngay khi khong cch gia chng nh nh va chm. S va chm xy ra do chuyn ng Brown v do tc ng ca s xo trn. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp phn tn keo, cc ht duy tr trng thi phn tn nh lc y tnh in v b mt cc ht mang tch in, c th l in tch m hoc in tch dng nh s hp th c chn lc cc ion trong dung dch hoc s ion ha cc nhm hot ha. Trng thi l lng ca cc ht keo c bn ha nh lc y tnh in. Do , ph tnh bn ca ht keo cn trung ha in tch b mt ca chng, qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh keo t. Cc ht keo b trung ha in tch c th lin kt vi nhng ht keo khc to thnh bng cn c kch thc ln hn, nng hn v lng xung, qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh to bng. Qu trnh thy phn cc cht keo t v to thnh bng cn xy ra theo cc giai on sau: Me3+ + HOH Me(OH)2+ + H+ Me(OH)2+ + HOH Me(OH)+ + H+ Me(OH)+ + HOH Me(OH)3 + H+ Me3+ + HOH Me(OH) + 3H+ Nhng cht keo t thng dng nht l cc mui st v mui nhm nh: - Al2(SO4)3, Al2(SO4)4.18H2O, NaAlO2, Al2(OH)5Cl, Kal(SO4)2.12H2O, NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O - FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)2.2H2O, Fe2(SO4)2.3H2O, Fe2(SO4)2.7H2O Mui nhm: Trong cc loi phn nhm, Al2(SO4)3 c dng rng ri nht do c tnh ha tan tt trong nc, chi phi thp v hot ng c hiu qu trong khong pH = 5,0 7,5. Qu trnh in ly v thy phn Al2(SO4)3 xy ra nh sau: Al3+ + H2O = AlOH2+ + H+ AlOH+ + H2O = Al(OH)2+ + H+ Al(OH)2+ + H2O = Al(OH)3(s) + H+ Al(OH)3 + H2O = Al(OH)4-+ H+ Ngoi ra, Al2(SO4)3 c th tc dng vi Ca(HCO3)2 trong nc theo phng trnh phn ng sau: Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2 Trong phn ln cc trng hp, ngi ta s dng hn hp NaAlO2 v Al2(SO4)3 theo

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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

t l (10:1) (20:1). Phn ng xy ra nh sau: 6NaAlO2 + Al2(SO4)3 + 12H2O 8Al(OH)3 + 2Na2SO4 Vic s dng hn hp mui trn cho php m rng khong pH ti u ca mi trng cng nh tng hiu qu qu trnh keo t to bng. Mui St: Cc mui st c s dng lm cht keo t c nhiu u im hn so vi cc mui nhm do: - Tc dng tt hn nhit thp; - C khong gi tr pH ti u ca mi trng rng hn; - bn ln; - C th kh mi H2S. Tuy nhin, cc mui st cng c nhc im l to thnh phc ha tan c mu do phn ng ca ion st vi cc hp cht hu c. Qu trnh keo t s dng mui st xy ra do cc phn ng sau: FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 Trong iu kin kim ha: 2FeCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 + 3CaCl2 FeSO4 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 Cht Tr Keo T: tng hiu qu qu trnh keo t to bng, ngi ta thng s dng cc cht tr keo t (flucculant). Vic s dng cht tr keo t cho php gim liu lng cht keo t, gim thi gian qu trnh keo t v tng tc lng ca cc bng keo. Cc cht tr keo t ngun gc thin nhin thng dng l tinh bt, dextrin (C6H10O5)n, cc ete, cellulose, dioxit silic hot tnh (xSiO2.yH2O). Cc cht tr keo t tng hp thng dng l polyacrylamit (CH2CHCONH2)n. Ty thuc vo cc nhm ion khi phn ly m cc cht tr ng t c in tch m hoc dng nh polyacrylic acid (CH2CHCOO)n hoc polydiallyldimetyl-amon. Liu lng cht keo t ti u s dng trong thc t c xc nh bng th nghim Jartest (Hnh 2.4).

d. Kh trng nc
Kh trng nc l khu bt buc trong qu trnh x l nc n ung sinh hot. Trong nc thin nhin cha rt nhiu vi sinh vt v kh trng. Sau cc qu trnh x l c hc, nht l nc sau khi qua b lc, phn ln cc vi trng b gi li. Song tiu dit hon ton cc vi trng gy bnh, cn phi tin hnh kh trng nc. Hin nay c nhiu bin php kh trng c hiu qu nh: kh trng bng cc cht oxy ha mnh, cc tia vt l, siu m, phng php nhit, ion kim loi nng, Kh trng bng Clo v cc hp cht ca Clo: Clo l mt cht oxy ha mnh bt c dng no. Khi Clo tc dng vi nc to thnh axit hypoclorit (HOCl) c tc dng

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GVHD: Nguyn Th Mai

Nhim Mi Trng Nc

dit trng mnh. Khi cho Clo vo nc, cht dit trng s khuch tn xuyn qua v t bo vi sinh vt v gy phn ng vi men bn trong ca t bo, lm ph hoi qu trnh trao i cht dn n vi sinh vt b tiu dit. Khi cho Clo vo nc, phn ng din ra nh sau: Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl Khi s dng Clorua vi, phn ng din ra nh sau: Ca(OCl)2 + H2O CaO + 2HOCl Dng ozone kh trng: Ozone l mt cht kh c mu nh tm t ha tan trong nc v rt c hi i vi con ngi. trong nc, ozone phn hy rt nhanh thnh oxy phn t v nguyn t. Ozone c tnh hot ha mnh hn Clo, nn kh nng dit trng mnh hn Clo rt nhiu ln. Thi gian tip xc rt ngn do din tch b mt thit b gim, khng gy mi v kh chu trong nc k c khi trong nc c cha phnol. Kh trng bng phng php nhit: y l phng php kh trng c truyn. un si nc nhit 1000C c th tiu dit phn ln cc vi khun c trong nc. Ch tr nhm vi khun khi gp nhit cao s chuyn sang dng bo t vng chc. Tuy nhin, nhm vi khun ny chim t l rt nh. Phng php un si nc tuy n gin, nhng tn nhin liu v cng knh, nn ch dng trong quy m gia nh. Kh trng bng tia cc tm (UV): Tia cc tm l tia bc x in t c bc sng khong 4 400 nm, c tc dng dit trng rt mnh. Dng cc n bc x t ngoi, t trong dng chy ca nc. Cc tia cc tm pht ra s tc dng ln cc phn t protit ca t bo vi sinh vt, ph v cu trc v mt kh nng trao i cht, v th chng s b tiu dit. Hiu qu kh trng ch t c trit khi trong nc khng c cc cht hu c v cn l lng. St trng bng tia cc tm khng lm thay i mi, v ca nc. Kh trng bng siu m: Dng siu m vi cng tc dng khng nh hn 2W/cm2 trong khong thi gian trn 5 pht c kh nng tiu dit ton b vi sinh vt trong nc. Kh trng bng ion bc: Ion bc c th tiu dit phn ln vi trng c trong nc. Vi hm lng 2 10 ion g/l c tc dng dit trng. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca phng php ny l: nu trong nc c mu cao, c cht hu c, c nhiu loi mui,th ion bc khng pht huy c kh nng dit trng.

3. X L NC BNG CC PHNG PHP C BIT

Ngoi cc phng php x l trn, khi cht lng nc cp c yu cu cao hn nn trong x l nc cp cn s dng mt s phng php sau: - Kh mi v v bng lm thong, cht oxy ha mnh, than hot tnh; - Lm mm nc bng phng php nhit, phng php ha hc, phng php trao i ion;

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Nhim Mi Trng Nc

- Kh mn v kh mui trong nc bng phng php trao i ion, in phn, lc qua mng, nhit hay chng ct.

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