MN HC: VLXD CHNG 1: NHNG TNH CHT C BN CA VLXD

T b mn c s Gio vin : H Tin Ngha

Chng 1
NHNG TNH CHT C BN CA VT LIU XY DNG

I- Cc tnh cht vt l ch yu ca VLXD
1- Khi lng ring.
a- nh ngha
L khi lng ca mt n v th tch vt liu trng thi hon ton c chc (khng c l
rng).
K hiu:
a


b- Cng thc xc nh:
a
a
V
G
=
(kg/cm
3
, g/cm
3
) (1-1)
Trong :
G :l khi lng mu th nghim trng thi hon ton c chc (kg, tn...)
V
a
: L th tch mu th nghim trng thi hon ton c chc (m
3
, cm
3
..)

c- Cch xc nh
Tu theo tng loi vt liu m c cch xc nh khc nhau
* i vi vt liu c th coi l hon ton c chc (nh knh, thp) ta dng phng php cn
v o kch thc chnh xc rooit p dng cng thc (1-1).
* i vi vt liu ri rc khng c chc v c kch thc hnh hc khng r rng (nh ct,
gch , ) ta tin hnh bng phng php t trng.
+ Mu c sy kh cn xc nh c G,
+ Sau nghin mn ph v kt cu l rng v cho vo bnh t trng ta xc nh c V
a
bng
th tch nc di i khi cho bt th nghim vo.

d- ngha
Khi lng ring dng tnh c, rng ca vt liu, phn bit cc vt liu cng loi v
p dng tnh vt liu thnh phn cp phi cho b tng xi mng

2- Khi lng th tch
a- nh ngha
L khi lng ca mt n v th tch vt liu trng thi t nhin c c l rng.
K hiu:
0


b- Cng thc xc nh:
0
0
V
G
=
(kg/cm
3
, g/cm
3
) (1-2)
Trong :
G :l khi lng mu th nghim trng thi hon ton c chc (kg, tn...)
V
0
: L th tch mu th nghim trng thi t nhin (m
3
, cm
3
..)


c- Cch xc nh
Tu theo tng loi vt liu m c cch xc nh khc nhau thng thng xc nh khi lng
th tch c 3 phng php
* i vi vt liu c th gia cng theo kch thc hnh hc r rng (nh khi lp phng, khi
hnh tr) ta dng phng php cn v o kch thc chnh xc ri p dng cng thc (1-2).
* i vi vt liu khng c kch thc hnh hc r rng ta tin hnhnh sau
MN HC: VLXD CHNG 1: NHNG TNH CHT C BN CA VLXD
T b mn c s Gio vin : H Tin Ngha
+ Mu c sy kh nhit 100- 110
0
c cn xc nh c G
+ Bc mt lp Paraphin cch nc v ta li tip tc cn xc nh c G
1
+ Sau cho nc vo bnh lc u bnh c th tch nc l V
1
, sau khi cho vt liu vo bnh
c th tch nc l V
2
. ta xc nh c V
0

V
0
= V
2
V
1
- V
Paraphin
V
Paraphin
=
Paraphin
1

G G
(
Paraphin
= 0.9)
Trong :
V
1
: l th tch nc ban u trong bnh.
V
2
: L th tch nc sau khi chop mu vo.
G
1
: L khi lng mu v khi lng Paraphin.
G : L khi lng mu trng thi kh.
* i vi nhng vt liu ri rc nh ct, , si xc nh nh sau
+ Sy kh mu th nghim sau cn xc nh c G
+ Xc nh V
0
bng ca ong, vt liu ri rc c th t do vo ca bit trc th tch mt
cao nht nh (tnh n mp ca) mc ln cht ca vt liu lun ging nhau.

d- ngha
Khi lng th tch dng tnh c, rng ca vt liu, tnh vt liu thnh
phn cp phi cho b tng xi mng v nh gi mt s tnh cht ca vt liu nh cng
, m, kh nng truyn nhit ca vt liu.

3- c v rng ca vt liu
a- nh ngha
c () v rng (r) ca vt liu l t s gia th tch c (V
a
) v th tch l rng (V
r
) vi
th tch t nhin.

b- Cng thc xc nh
= 100%

100%

G
100%

G
100%
V
V
a
0
0
a
0
a
=

= (1-3)
r = 100%
V
V
0
r
V
r
= V
0
V
a
r = 100%

- 1 100%
V
V V
a
0
0
a r

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

(1-4)
c v rng ca vt liu rt khc nhau n ph thuc vo tnh cht v cu trc ca mi
loi vt liu.
+ Thp, knh = r = 0.
+ Gch ngi . r = 25 35 %.


c- ngha
- Khi rng ca vt liu cng nh th cng ca vt liu cng cao, kh nng chng thm
tt.
- Khi rng ln th kh nng cch m, cch nhit tt song cng v kh nng chu lc
gim.

4- ht nc
a- nh ngha
ht nc l kh nng ht v gi nc trong cc l rng ca vt liu p lc bnh thng.
MN HC: VLXD CHNG 1: NHNG TNH CHT C BN CA VLXD
T b mn c s Gio vin : H Tin Ngha

b- Cng thc xc nh
Xc nh ht nc ca vt liu theo hai dng.
+ Theo khi lng.

100%
G
G G
H
1
P

=
(1-5)
+ Theo th tch:
0
1
V
V
G G
H

=
(1-6)
Trong :
G : L khi lng ca mu th nghim trng thi kh.
G
1
: Khi lng ca mu ht nc.
V
1
: Th tch ca nc c mu ht.
V
0
: Th tch t nhin ca mu.

c- Cch xc nh
- Sy kh vt liu cn xc nh c G.
- Ngm vt liu t t 1/2 sau 2/3 v ht vo nc di p xut khng kh bnh thng trong
mt thi gian quy nh vt liu ht c nhiu nc nht sau cn xc nh c G
1
v p dng
cng thc (1-5) (1-6).

d- Nhn xt
H
v
lun nh hn 1.
H
P
c th ln hn 1 nu vt liu nh v rng.
ht nc ph thuc vo rng v tnh cht l rng (kn hay h)
Cn c vo ht nc ta c th nh gi c tnh truyn nhit v cc tnh cht khc.

5- m
a- nh ngha
L t l nc c tht nm trong vt liu, k hiu e.
b- Cng thc xc nh

100%
G
G G

=
(1-7)
Trong :
G
1
: Khi lng ca mu khi ht m.
G: Khi lng ca mu trng thi kh.

c- Cch xc nh
- Ly vt liu iu kin bnh thng cn xc nh c G
1

- Sy kh nhit 100 110
0
c cn xc nh c G sau p dng cng thc (1-7) xc
nh m.

d- Nhn xt
m ca vt liu ph thuc cht ch vi mi trng xung quanh khi kh ro th m ca
vt liu gim v ngc li. Khi m tng th th tch ca vt liu n ra v ngc li.

6- Sc chu nc
Khi vt liu b m, nht l khi b bo ho nc cc tnh cht ca vt liu s thay i c bit l
cng ca vt liu gim. Mc gim cng ca vt liu khi bo ho nc c biu th bng
h s mm K
m
.
MN HC: VLXD CHNG 1: NHNG TNH CHT C BN CA VLXD
T b mn c s Gio vin : H Tin Ngha

mK
mbh
m
R
R
K =
(1-8)
R
mbh:
cng ca mu th nghim trng thi bo ho nc.
R
mK
: Cng ca mu th nghim trng thi kh.
Ch :
- K
m
lun lun nh hn 1
- K
m
cng nh th vt liu chu nn km.
- ni kh ro cn vt liu c K
m
= 0.1 0.15.
- ni m t cn vt liu c K
m
= 0.75.

7- Sc chu la ca vt liu
L kh nng ca vt liu chu c chy m t lm thay i n tnh cht ca vt liu trong
khong thi gian tip xc nht nh vi la.

8- Tnh truyn nhit ca vt liu
L kh nng ca vt liu cho nhit lng truyn qua t bn c nhit cao sang bn c nhit
thp. K hiu: Q

a
).Z. t - S(t
Q
1 2
=
(Kcalo) (1-9)
Trong :
a: chiu dy ca lp vt liu (m,cm..)
S: din tch truyn nhit (m
2
, cm
2
)
t
1
: nhit mt phng c nhit thp (
0
c)
t
2
: nhit mt phng c nhit cao (
0
c)
Z: thi gian truyn nhit (gi)
: h s truyn nhit (ph thuc vo tng loi vt liu)

9- nh hng ca ho cht
Khi vt liu tip xc vi ho cht th xy ra cc phn ng ho hc lm thay i thnh phn ca
vt liu dn ti cc tnh cht ca vt liu cng thay i nh s n mn ca b tng, s ph hu ca
thp xy dng
V vy khi xy dng cng trnh c nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip vi ho cht ta phi chn
loi vt liu khng b n mn hoc phi c bin php bo v chng n mn v ho cht.

II- Tnh cht c hc ca vt liu
1- Tnh bin hnh
a- nh ngha:
L tnh cht c trng cho s thay i v hnh dng v bin i v th tch ca vt liu khi c
ngoi lc tc dng ln vt liu.
Da vo c im qu trnh bin hnh ta c:
+ Tnh n hi: l tnh cht ca vt liu phc hi c hnh dng v kch thc ban u khi b
ngoi lc tc dng.
+ Tnh do: l tnh cht ca vt liu khng ly li c hnh dng v kch thc ban u khi b
ngoi lc tc dng.
+ Hin tng trng ng sut: l hin tng bin hnh hnh khng i di tc dng ca ngoi
lc, ng sut n hi cng gim theo thi gian.
+ Hin tng t bin: l hin tng bin hnh tng theo thi gian khi ngoi lc tc dng
khng i lu di ln vt liu.

b- Cc c trng ca bin hnh
MN HC: VLXD CHNG 1: NHNG TNH CHT C BN CA VLXD
T b mn c s Gio vin : H Tin Ngha
* Bin dng di truyt i: k hiu : Al
Al = L
1
L
0
(1-10)
Trong :
L
1
: Chiu di ca mu sau khi th nghim ko.
L
0
: Chiu di ca mu trc khi th nghim ko.
* gin di tng i: k hiu (c)

% 100
A
=
l
l
c
(1-11)
* tht tng i

100%
F
F F
m
0
1 0

=
(1-12)
Trong :
F
0
: din tch ban u ca mu.

F
1
: Din tch ca mu sau khi chu lc.

2- Cng .
a- nh ngha:
L kh nng ca vt liu chng li s ph hoi do ti trng gy ra i vi vt liu c biu th
bng ng sut ti hn khi mu vt liu b ph hoi.
Bao gm c: R
u
; R
k
; R
n
; R
c


b- Cng thc xc nh
+ i vi cng chu nn:
F
P
R
n
=
(KG/cm
2
, kN/cm
2
) (1-13)
Trong :
P: Lc ph hoi mu (KG, kN..)
F: Din tch ban u ca mu(cm
2
, m
2
)
+ i vi cng chu un.
w
M
R
n
=
(KG/cm
2
, kN/cm
2
) (1-14)
Trong :
M: m men un ph hoi mu (KG, kN..)
F : m men chng un (cm
3
, m
3
)

3- Mc ca vt liu
Mc ca vt liu l chu lc gii hn (cao nht) ca vt liu c th nghim trong iu kin
tiu chun (v kch thc mu, phng php ch to, iu kin v thi gian dng h)
Thng thng xc nh mc b tng ta c kch thc mu th chu nn l hnh lp phng c
kch thc (15 x15 x15) cm bo dng nhit mi trng 20-25
0
c v c m t 90-100% vi thi
gian l 28 ngy .
Ti sao khi xc nh mc ca vt liu phi iu kin tiu chun v hnh dng, kch thc v b
mt mu th nghim nh hng ln n kt qu th nghim.
- Nu gi cng b tng c bng hnh lp phng c kch thc l (15 x15 x15) cm l
100% th kt qu trn mu lng tr kch thc (15 x 15 x 45) ch cn 75 80%.
- Khi mt th nghim trn nhn th cng s thp v ngc li mt mu nhm th cng
cao hn.

MN HC: VLXD CHNG 1: NHNG TNH CHT C BN CA VLXD
T b mn c s Gio vin : H Tin Ngha










4- H s phm cht ca vt liu
- H s phm cht ca vt liu l mt i lng khng th nguyn c c trng bng t s
gia cng tiu chun (R
TC
) v khi lng th tch tiu chun (
0TC
), c k hiu K
PC
.

0TC
TC
PC

R
K =
(1-15)
Trong :
R
TC
: L cng tiu chun ca vt liu (KG/cm
2
)

0TC
: L khi lng th tch tiu chun ca vt liu (kg/cm
3
)
- H s phm cht ca vt liu ch c tnh cht tng i v thng thng mt vt liu c cng
cao th khi lng th tch ln do nng n th dn ti K
PC
nh. Mun K
PC
ln th vt liu va
c cng ca vt liu ln (kh nng chu lc tt) li va phi nh v phi c tnh cch m cch
nhit tt.
- K
PC
giao ng trong phm vi kh rng cho tin s dng ngi ta a ra v h s phm cht
ca vt liu nh sau.

Bng 1-1: Bng tra h s phm cht ca vt iu

Loi
vt liu
Cht do
c bit
ua ra Thp tt G xoan Thp CT3
B tng
nng
Gch
xy
K
PC
2.2 1.61 1.27 0.7 0.51 0.06 0.029

5- cng ca vt liu
a- nh ngha
L kh nng chng li s m xuyn ca vt liu khc rn hn n
cng ca ca vt liu khng phi lun ph hp vi chu lc ca vt liu v d nhiu loi
g c cng chu lc rt cao nhng cng li rt thp.
nh gi phng din ny chng ta cn c vo bng thang cng MokR (sch gio trnh)

6- mi mn
a- nh ngha
L hao mn khi lng trn mt n v din tch mmonfthis nghim ca vt liu (ph thuc
vo cng, cng , cu to ni b ca vt liu)
b- Cng thc xc nh

F
G - G
M
1
mn
=
( g/cm
2
) (1-16)
Trong :
G : l khi lng mu trc khi th nghim (g, kg)
G
1
: l khi lng mu sau khi th nghim (g, kg)
F : l din tch mu b mi mn (cm
2
, m
2
)

Mt mu nhm c lc ma st Mt mu trn nhn khng c ma st
MN HC: VLXD CHNG 1: NHNG TNH CHT C BN CA VLXD
T b mn c s Gio vin : H Tin Ngha



7- hao mn
a- nh ngha:
hao mn c trng cho tnh cht ca vt liu va b mi mn li va b va trm k hiu: Q

b- Cng thc xc nh

% 100
P
P - P
Q
1
2 1
=
(1-17)
Trong :
P
1
: Khi lng ban u ca mu th nghim (g, kg)
P
2
: Khi lng ca mu th nghim cn xt li trn sng 2mm (g, kgtri

c- Cch xc nh
- Ly khong 5 kg v p thnh tng vin nng 100 gam ( khong 50 2 vin) cho vo my
van quay khong 10.000 vng vi vn tc
- Ly ra khi my ri sng trn sng c ng knh l 2mm v cn li lng cn st li
trn sng (P
2
)
- Sau khi tin hnh xc nh c P
1
v P
2
ta p dng cng thc (1-17) xc nh c
hao mn ca vt liu.
- Cn c vo hao mn ca vt liu ta c nhn xt:
+ Nu Q< 4% chng hao mn rt kho.
+ Nu Q = 4 - 6% chng hao mn trung bnh
+ Nu Q = 6-10% chng hao mn yu
+ Nu Q > 10% chng hao mn rt yu.