A book in thc scrics

L7J1 7^1L7 L1Y1c Iunuaes, mires, Nations

Series editors
wATk D. mG NOO, Dukc Univcrsity
Iku sLVkBATT, Dukc Univcrsity
sON:A sALO:VAk-DL, Univcrsity ot Jcxas, San Antonio
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GlobalIutures,ecoIoniaItions
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ncc aain, tc Andrca and A!cxandcr Iitc continucs, and so thc
ccnvcrsaticns.
And to Icynolds Smith, tor twcnty ycars ot ccnvcrsation and
thc mcrc than a dccadc ot workin cn Iatin Amcrica thcrwisc
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Iatln Amerlca Otberwlse. Ianuaes, mlres, Natlons s a criti-
cal scrcs. h aims to cxplorc thc cmcrcncc and conscqucnccs ot
conccpts uscd to dcnnc "iatn Amcrca` whilc at thc samc timc
cxplorin thc broad intcrplay ot political, cconomic, and cultural
practiccs that havc shapcd iatin Amcrican worlds. Iatin Amcr-
ca, at thc crossroads ot compctin impcrial dcsins and local
rcsponscs, has bccn construcd as a o-cultural and copolitical
cntty sincc thc nnctccnth ccntury. Jhs scrics providcs a startn
point to rcdcnnc Iatin Amcrica as a connuration ot political, lin-
uistic, cultural, and cconomic intcrscctons that dcmands a con-
tnuous rcapprasal ot thc rolc ol thc Amcricas in hstory, and ot
thc onoin proccss ol lobalizaton and thc rclocation ot pcoplc
and culturcs that havc charactcrzcd Iatin Amcrcas cxpcricncc.
-
Iatln Amerlca Otberwlse. Ianuaes, mlres, Natlons is a torum
that connonts cstablishcd co-cultural constructions, rcthinks arca
studics and dsciplinary boundarcs, asscsscs convictons ot thc
acadcmy and ol public policy, and corrcspondnly dcmands that
thc practiccs throuh whch wc producc knowlcdc and undcr-
standn about and trom iatin Amcrica bc sub|cct to riorous and
crtical scrutiny.
In this pathbrcakin work, Yaltcr D. Minolo lurthcr pcrccs
thc surtacc cpistcmc ol rationality markin Ycstcrn modcrnty to
rcvcal ts tcrrblc and hiddcn undcrsidc. Ycstcrn modcrnity, hc
shows convincinly, is inscparablc lrom thc loic ot colonialty:
modcrnitys claboratc laadc ol "civilzin and "cvilizaton covcrs
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X rc|+ccand1cknowcdmcnts
civlization and of modemity As thc dcco|onia| option procccds trom the
prospcctvc assumption that locus of cnunciatons shal| bc deccntered
rom its modcrnlcolonial conngurations and limitcd to its rcgional scopc.
Dccoloniality shall dspel thc myth ot univcrsality grounded on thco- and
cgo-poltcs of know|cdge. Jhc opcn questions are thcn: what knd of
knowlcdgc, by whom, what for
1o dispc| thc myth that therc are global necds but on|y onc (dvcrse) ccn-
ter whcre know|edgc is produccd to so|vc the problem ot evcry body, and to
contributc to brcakng the Wcstern code, I bcgan to arguc (in semnars, ar-
ticlcs, |ccturcs) that the anchor of deco|onial cpistcmologics shal| bc I am
whcrc I think`' and bcttcr yet "I am whcrc I do and think,' as they bccome
synonymous. What that mcans is not that you "think whcre you arc,' which
is common scnsc, but that you constitutc yoursclt ("I a'')in the p|acc you
think. And that place is not, in my argument, a room or omce at thc library,
but thc "placc" that has becn conngured by thc co|onial matrix ot power.
In :oo6 vc|ync 1roul|ot opcned hcr intcrvcntion in thc Sixteenth Intcr-
national Contcrencc of thc Acadcmy of Iatinity in Iima by sayng, "I am
a woman, I am b|ack, and I am Haitian'' Hcr talk was thus announccd as
a confrontation with patriarchy (I am a woman), wth racism (I am black),
and wth impcria| geopo|itics (I am Hatian). Jhe announcemcnt was not
just statng thc obvous, what every one ot thc :o or so pcop|c in the audi-
cncc a|ready knew, although thcy may not havc brought that know|cdge
to thc forcground or even thought it important, but was a succinct way of
sayng (in my intcrpretation): Bc advsed that I am not just transmitting to
you my thoughts about "subjcctivty' I am tcl|ng you that whatcvcr ! say
on "subjcctivity" is locatcd bcyond, next to, tangcntial to, diagonal|y to thc
Wcstcrn codc. 8y sayng I am Haitian, I movc away, dc|nk, from impe-
ria| imaginary, and cngage in knowing-making as a Hatian, which docsnt
mcan that I reprcscnt al| Haitians. mcans that I havc thc right to speak as
a Haitian, disregarding thc fact ot whcthcr ! "rcpresent' thc Hatians. And
sincc I havc the right, I do so. By tcl|ng you I am a woman but a|so b|ack, I
am tclling you that I am speak as a b|ack woman and, by so dong, break-
ing thc Westcrn codc that has dcnicd womcn and blacks both humanity and
intcl|igcncc. 8ut I am not sayng this to tel| you that I am intclligcnt and that
I dcscrve thc recognition ot thosc who disavowcd blacks and women and
askcd thcm to sit in the background, as though b|acks and women could
not think. Could rea|ly black women think I am tclling you that bccausc I
\rc|iccand1ckDowIcdymcn|s /
am engaging in breaking thc Wcstern codc. Jhus, I am tcl|ng you that by
disengaging, I am breaking away from thc Wcstcrn code and cnro|ling n
know|cdge making among al| thosc "who are whcre thcy think/ dc' (lkc Des-
cartes was whcrc he thought). I am telling you that the "univcrsal cpistemic
code,' thc buoris o] tbc zcro oint, still has its believers, but thc llusion that
thc Wcstern codc is thc only game n town has certanly becn brokcn.
On!he Ncaning oIYcstctnLodc: JcJtiIog
Sincc thc rcport writtcn by the Franciscan Diego dc Ianda, Ic/acion dc
/us Cosas dc ucutan (:6), deciphcrmcnt of thc Maya scrpt has bcen a
constant prcoccupation. Jhc story has bccn told by Michacl D. Coc's book
rcukin tbc Auya Codc. Curious|y enough, and n anothcr domain of
know|cdgc, Robcrto Mangabeira Unger's also classic book, Know|cdc and
Po|itics (p;), cononted a simlar prob|cm. But in this casc, the code to
be brokcn was "the unity of |iberal thought,' which is thc man thesis of the
book. I ohcr a quotc to exp|ain Mangabeira Ungcr's thcsis, which is not easy
to summarze.
Jhus, thc house ct rcascn in which ! was wcrking prcvcd tc bc a prison-
hcusc ot patadcx whosc rcoms did nct conncct and whosc passagcways Icd
nowhcrc ... 1hc prcmiscs ct Ihis vIsion [thc unipcd vIsion ct a libcral systcm
ot idcas] ot thc wcrId arc tcw: thcy arc ticd tcgcthcr, and thcy arc as powcrtuI
in thcir hold ovcr Ihc mind as thcy atc unackncwIcdgcd and Iorgottcn. Jhcy
took thcir cIassic orm in thc scvcntccnth ccntury Ior rcascns Ihat wbc-
comc
-
cIcar, I rcsolvcd to caII Ihcm the Iibcral dcctrinc, cvcn thcugh thc area
thcy includc is both brcadcr and natrcwcr than thc cnc cccupicd by what wc
ncw ordnariIy takc tor IibcraIism. Jhis systcm ot idca is indced thc guard
that watches of thc priscn hcusc,`
What I wsh to highlight is not Mangabcira Unger's thcsis, but the fact that
hc intcnds not on|y to dccipher, but to brcak thc lberal code. Coc rcported
on the eort by Western scholars to brcak the writng-system code of a non-
Wcstern socicty. Mangabeira Unger aimcd at breakng thc codc of a system
of thought to which he, as scho|ar and intcl|cctua|, belongcd.
! thought oI titlng this book rcukin tbc \cstcrn Codc since I am hcrc
pursung a |ne ot retcction that startcd wth JIc Darkcr Sidc o] tbc Bcnuis-
sancc (pp) and contnued wth Iocu/ Historics /G/oou| Dcsins (:ooo )+ But
X tc|iccandAcmowlcdgmcnts
many ot my hicnds and collcaucs votcd aainst this titlc, so I chancd it to
JIe Durker S:de o] \estern Aodernity Common to my prcvious two books
in thc triloy was an cdort to anchor thc arumcnt in a pcrspcctivc smi-
lar to that ot thosc who attcmptcd to brcak a codc thc Maya codc in thc
casc ot Coc, thc libcral codc in thc casc ot \nar). Yhilc I sympathizc with
Manabcira Uncr`s thcsis thc unity ot libcral thouht and thc attcmpt to
brcak thc codc that sustains it), my attcmpt is not only to brcak thc libcral
codc but to makc a contribution toward brcakin thc Ycstcrn codc sus-
taincd by and anchorcd in thc rhctoric ot modcrnity and thc loic ot colo-
niality, which I cxplan in thc introduction. hat mcans that my tocus is thc
"unity ot thc colonial matrix ot powcr, ot which thc rhctoric ol modcrnity
and thc loic ot coloniality arc its two sidcs: onc constantly namcd and
cclcbratcd prorcss, dcvclopmcnt, rowth) and thc othcr silcnccd or
namcd as problcms to bc solvcd by thc tormcr povcrty, miscry, incgui-
tics, in[usuccs, corruption, commodincation, and dispcnsabiIity ot human
litc). Icscarch rants arc not ohcrcd to pursuc this kind ol invcstiation.
1urthcrmorc, I do not round my critiquc on thc univcrsality ot "human
naturc,` but lcan toward cmbracin thc pcrspcctivc on " human naturc ol
thosc whosc humanity has bccn caIlcd into qucstion.
At this point a clarincation and a disclaimcr arc in ordcr hc clarin-
cation, which W rcularly rcappcar durin my arumcnt, conccrns thc
ohcn-askcd qucstion about thc distinctions bctwccn thc dccolonial and thc
Ich, that is, thc Marxist-oricntcd Ich. In a nutshcll, thc dihcrcncc is this.
thc Marxist Ich contronts capitalism nrst within Luropc itsclt, with thc im-
pcrial cxpansion and thc cxporation and importation ot Marxism to thc
colonics, thc controntation ot capitaIism and thc tocus on social class was
simply adaptcd to thc ncw contcxt. hc dccolonial contronts all ot Ycstcrn
civilizauon, which includcs libcral capitalism and Marxism. And it docs it
trom thc pcrspcctivc ot thc colonics and cx-colonics rathcr than trom thc
pcrspcctivc intcrnal to Ycstcrn civilization itsclt, bc it Spcnlcr`s dccay ol
Ycstcrn civilization or thc postmodcrn critiquc ot Ycstcrn modcrnity
Ycstcrn civilization is dcploycd hcrc in its undcrlyin structurc. thc co-
lonial matrix ot powcr. hc main thcsis ot this book is that whilc capital-
ist cconomy is lobally sharcd, thc colonial matrix ot powcr-crcatcd and
controIlcd by Ycstcrn impcrial countrics trom Spain and oitual, to
Holland, Irancc, Lnland, and thc \nitcd Statcs)-is today disputcd by
\tclccandAcknowlcdgmcn|s /
China, Iussia, somc slamic countrics, India, Union dcl Sur). Jhc disputc
ovcr thc control ot thc colonial matrix impincs and transtorms thc uscs
and rcasons to maintain lobally an cconomy ol accumulation and rowth
and to avoid cnain in a noncapitalist cconomy instcad ot tocusin on
maintainin it with bcttcr distributions and lcsscncd cxploitation ot human
bcins and thcir labor. hc compctition lor thc control ot authority and
knowlcdc by statc, corporations, and rcliious institutions, simultancous to
thc disputcs tor libcration trom that control in thc sphcrcs ot scxuality, cn-
dcr, and sub|cctivitics rowin daiIy around thc world, includin "minori-
tics in Ycstcrn Luropc and thc \nitcd Statcs tor cxamplc, thc cmcrin
lobal political socicty), indicatcs that what is bcin contcstcd is not only
thc control ot authority in intcr-statc rclations and thcrctorc in political
thcory and in human-rihts rculations), but also thc control ot thc sphcrc
ot knowlcdc and sub|cctivity. Gcndcr, racial, and scxual libcrations takc a
ccntral rolc ncxt to, but also bcyond class strulcs. hc disputc ol knowl-
cdc in this sphcrc is bcin touht not only in mainstrcam and indcpcndcnt
mcdia, but also in hihcr cducation throuh thc crcation ot prorams and
dcpartmcnts tocusin on cthnic/racial and cndcr/scxuality issucs.
hc disclaimcr is about thc titlc "hc arkcr Sidc ol Ycstcrn Modcr-
nity.` I havc bccn askcd throuh thc ycars uI lccl comlortablc with thc word
durker in thc Durker Side o] tbe Ienuissunce. hc nrst timc was by a studcnt
who pointcd to ]oscph Conrad`s Heurt o] Durkness and!o rctcrcnccs to At-
rica as thc "ark Contincnt.` Yhilc thc arumcnt in thc Durker Side o] tbe
Ienuissunce lays round lor disputin common knowlcdc in which Alrica
is sctn as "dark and "dark` is sccn as bad, I sclcctcd thc ad|cctivc prcciscly
in contradistinction to thc imac ot thc "ark Ac that thc Icnaissancc
pro|cctcd toward thc Middlc Acs. hc "ark Ac in Luropc was that pc-
riod bctwccn thc whitc columns ot Grcccc`s Iarthcnon, thc bluc and sunny
sky ot Mcditcrrancan Iomc, and thc liht, ol coursc, ol thc Lnlihtcnmcnt.
But il that "darkncss was rcconizcd by uropcan mcn ol lct|crs, onc ot
its "darkcr sidcs,` slavcry, was not acknowlcdcd as such, but portraycd as
brinin "liht and civilization to thc colonics, as a ncccssary stcp toward
prorcss and civilization and ood busincss tor mcrchants trom Iortual,
Spain, 1rancc, Iolland, and Lnland. Ancr pondcrin thcsc issucs and
lookin tor altcrnativcs, rcalizcd that thc imac ol Alrica as thc "ark
Contincnt' is indccd onc ol thc many hypocrisics ol Ycstcrn modcrnity. I
7 !rc|accandAcknowlcdmcn|s
s, in tcrms thaI wi!I bccomc c!car bcIow, garI o! Ihc rhcIoric o! modcrnIy
(gcograghc racism} hidng thc !ogic ot co!onia!ty (!cgiImizaIon o! cithcr
to dsrcgard raca!zcd pIaccs or to jusIi!y thc "savng missions,' mg!icd n
Ihc rhctoric o! modcrnIy, trom rc!igious ordcrs Io ghIanIhrogic bi!!ion-
aircs and instiIutons workng Io cnd govcrty in ^rica}. Ahcr much dcbatc
with mysc!t and consuItaIions with KcynoIds 5miIh, I dccidcd Io namc this
book JIe Durker Side o]\cstern Aodernity.
JIe Durkcr Sidc o]\estern Aodernity is indccd Ihc third insta!!mcnI o! a
trIogy IhaI was not g!anncd as such. BuI, n rcIrosgcct, pcrhags I mght bc
bctIcr undcrstood as Ihc !ourth voIumc ot a tcIra!ogy IhaI bcgan in Ihc car!y
p8os. JIc nrst "voIumc was noI a book buI a scrics o! articIcs cIorng
issucs that !aIcr camc IogcIhcr in JIe Durker Side o]tbe Bcnuissunce. nc
scI o! ssucs wcrc cxg!oraIions on scmioIcs, hcrmcncuIcs, cgistcmo!ogy,
discoursc anaIyss, and IIcrary Ihcory. Jwo cxamgIcs o! Ihs !inc o! nvcsti-
gaIion arc "5cmioss y univcrsos dc scnIido (:p8]}, which cxgIorcs Ihc con-
ccgt ot "scmosis n thc tramc o! scmiotic thcory and discoursc ana!ysis,
and "1a scmiosis coIonia! (ppz}, which inIroduccs "co!onia! scmosis nto
thc nc!d ot coIoniaI sIudcs. " JIc argumcnt was, in a nuIshcIl, IhaI whIc
Ihc ncId grcsuggoscd !ncs o! nquiry such as "coIonia! cconomy, "coIonia!
!IcraIurc,` "co!oniaI hsIorography, "co!onia! soccty,` and so on, Ihcrc was
not yct a conccpt Ihat capIurm thc doman o! ntctactions, at dcrcnI sc-
motic IcvcIs (vcrbaI, vsua!, da!ogca! communcation}, bcIwccn Ihc divcr-
sity o! Sganiards !anding in thc Ncw Wor!d and thc dvcrsiIy o! ab-origna!
civIzaIons and cu!Iurcs bcng nvadcd by sttangcrs.
JIc sccond !nc ot nvcsIgaIon tocuscd on, in thc vocabuIary o! thc tmc,
" historiograghic narraIvcs and was nauguratcd by an artc!c and a mono-
gragh thaI aggcarcd wiIhn onc ycar ot cach oIhcr. JIc arIicIc is "i! mctaIcxto
hsIorogtnco y Ia hsIotogratia lndana (p8}, and Ihc monogragh, "ar-
Ias, crnicas y rc!aconcs dcI dcscubrimcnIo y dc Ia conqusta' (:p8z}.' By
Ihc !aIc p8os and car!y ppos, my rcscatch and Ihinkng on hisIorograghic
narrativcs joncd my work on scmoIcs and was channc!cd toward Ihc con-
ccpt o! coIonia! scmioss. JIus, whcn n Ihc sccond ha!! oIhc ppos l bc-
cmc awarc ot Aniba! Quijano's cxg!oraIons on "coIoniaIiIy (whch hc had
introduccd byp8p-po}, iI was jusI !kc mcctng a kindrcd soul."
Whi!c n JIe Durker Side o]tbe Bcnuissunce thc conccpIs o! "co!ona!
scmioss and, conscqucnI!y, o! "g!urIopic hcrmcncuIics wcrc Ihc Iwo an-
chors, in Iocu/ Histories7 G/oou/ Desins, "bordcr Ihinking (bordcr gnoss,
rc|accand^cknowlcdymcn|s 7
botdcr cgsIcmo!ogy, bordcr hcrmcncuIics, co!oniaI ddcrcncc} was thc
comgass Ihat drccIcd my cxgIotaton ot ncw gaIhs. AI that Imc, as l had
a!tcady cncounIcrcd Quijano, l !carncd that hddcn bchind modcrnity was
Ihc agcnda o! coIonaIIy, thaI co!ona!iIy was constitutivc o! modctnIy,
IhaI coIonaIty was Ihc sccrcI shamc ot thc !amIy, kcgI in thc aItic, out o!
Ihc vcw o! tricnds and tami!y. Jhus, Ihc s!ash ("/`) bcIwccn, which both
unIcs and dividcs modcrnIy and coIona!Iy (modcrnity/co!ona!ity}, was
an invsibIc dwcIling gIacc, thc g!acc o! thc divdc bcIwccn bumunitu:7un-
tbroos (an cquaIon I wi!! rcIutn to scvcraI Imcs}. Jhus, !ora Anza!das
cgistcmic constructon coug!ng Ihc Mcxco/l.5. bordcr with thc co!oniaI
wound ("JIc \5.-Ncxcan bordcr cs unu beridu uoiertu whcrc thc JIird
Wor!d gtatcs against thc nrsI and b!ccds}, an idca IhaI conIrbuIcd Io shagc
Ihc argumcnI n JIc Durker Side o]tbe Bcnuissunce, acquircd a ncw dimcn-
sion n Iocu/ Hi: tories /G/oou/ Desins, whcrc iI cncounIcrcd thc conccgI o!
"co!oniaIIy.'` AI IhaI gonI, botdcr Ihnkng was cxIcndcd to undcrsIand
a!! Ihosc g!accs, Ihrough thc cxgansion o! WcsIcrn cvIzaIon, whcrc "Ihc
ogcn wound, Ihc co!oniaI wound, whcrc modcrnIy gratcs againsI co!onaI-
ity and b!ccds`' AI that goinI, Iwo addIiona! conccgts aggcar to dcsctibc
/u bcridu uoiertu in its g!obaI dimcnsion. co!ona! and mgcraI ddcrcnccs.
BoIh conccgts arc aIso ccntraI Io thc argumcnI thaI I un!o!d bc!ow.
As l mcnIioncd bctorc, thc ttajcctory a!tcr Ihc gub!icaton o! Iocu/ Hs-
tories7 G/oou/ Desins, wIIh Ihc inIcrrcgnum o! JIe Idcu o]Iutin Americu
(:oo}, startcd with an artc!c gub!shcd n zoo:, "cogoIIcs o! InowI-
cdgc and Ihc o!ona! idcrcncc''' JIc scrcs o! invcsIgations IhaI !o!-
Iowcd wcrc dcvc!ogcd in a !cngIhy artc!c gub!ishcd in zoo/, "c!nkng:
JIc IlcIorc ot Modcrnity, Ihc Iogc ot o!ona!ty, and thc rammar o!
ccoIona!ity`'''hc trajcctoty bcIwccn thc !ormcr and thc !aItcr arIc!c was
Ihc comgIcmcnIaIon ot gcogo!tcs wth bio-graghic, whcrc Ihc gcogo!i-
tics and Ihc body-go!itics o! know!cdgc rcin!orccs cach oIhcr in dcco!ona!
Ihinking. JIs trajcctory can bc undcrstood whcn wc movc trom Anza!das
"hcrda abicrta Io Ihc sIash bcIwccn modctniIy/co!onia!Iy. JIc !ormcr
brngs !orward bio-graghic (body-goIiIics ot knowIcdgc}, whi!c Ihc sccond
undctIncs gcogoIiIics o! know!cdgc. BoIh arc lntcrtwIncd, o! coursc, sncc
Ihc mgctiaI c!assincation and ranking ot rcgions (tor cxamg!c, dcvc!ogcd/
undcrdcvc!ogcd or IitsI/5ccond/JIird WotIds, whcrc thc mgcriaI and Ihc
co!ona! d;dcrcnccs can bc sccn workng in tandcm} gocs hand in hand
wIh c!assincaIion and tankng o! gcogIc (tor cxamg!c, civiIzcd/barbarans,
\ tc|cc nd^cknowcdgmcn|s
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ILd, U8CtIbU, 8nd buII. 1CI IH8 I88Cn8, IH IL78IUnI8 8LU IH 8I8K8
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rc|iccind1cknowlcdgmcn|s xiiI
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8LU bIC-gI8QhIC 8ICII8 IH8I WI UgIIIUI2U 8nd Qu8hd CL IH 8Id OI
CuI8IU C Ih hCu8 C KLCWUg.
J1 8IguULI HIIL, 7Iy UuCH IK IH8I IL Tc Darlcr Sidc o]tbc Bc-
naissancc 8LU IL Ioca| Historics /G|ooa| Dcsins, uLCU8 In 8 8QII8 I8IhI
tH8L \n8I W8y. CI IH8I I88CL yCu W UnU Ih 8ID Q8I8gI8QH IXI
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Q8IgI8QH I8 IKn ICU 8 UIHInI QI8QClI7 IL 8Ch C88, 8I Ih 8ID
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8 ILCH Iu7uIICL QICUQIU Oy lH ILIII8tI7 C nOLIguU CCunlII8.
1lHCugH OCIh QICjCI8 UIILK ICU Ih 8ID Cuul8IL Ihy 8I gICundU
\n 8 dIHIul gn8Cgy C IHCughI8 8LU UIHILI cxistcntia (In IH 8L8
Ih8l WI8 R. LCIUCu CCnCQtU8I28 cxistcntia /ricana).' y IHI8 l UL
IH8I gC-HI8ICIIC8 8LU bIC-gI8QhIC8 gL8CgI8 C IHCughl8 8I 8I IH 7Iy
\nCQtICu C dCCCLI8 IHILKIug. I8nI2 LCn CC88 HI8 888y |acl Slin,
\bitc Aasls (:,:) WIIh QI8yI: OUy OCdy, UK8 C U 8Wy8 U8L
WHC Qu8IICL8
J1 CH8Lg I8 I8UIC. yCu I8K 8n CH8 IQu8I, IHu yCu Uy LCl
CCUCII8O 8Ly2ILg 8uCL ICU 8L QI8IUIC QI8QClI7 \n WhICH
XV Irc|ccnd1cknowlcdmcnts
yourbodydocsntcaIyourmndintogucston. Watarcthcconncctons
bctwccnyourbody,bo-raghca!yandco-hstorcaIIyIocaIcdnthcco-
IonaImatrx oIpowcr,and thcssucsyounvcstatc HcrcHorkhcimcr's
(t;) crucaI thcory wiI bc takcn a stcg mrthcr. Horkhcmcr rty ar-
ucd thattsnoIgossbIctodctachthcknownsubjcctIromtcxnown
objcct. Jhus IradIonaI thcory s charcd wth bcIcvin tat knowIcdc
canbcobjcctvc.Howcvcr,nmakinthscarcHorkhcmcrstIIassumcd
!hattcknowcrs adscmbodcd subjcctbcyondIocaton. Hs shortcom-
nwas notto gucstonthcco-goItcsoknowIcdcIhatundcrncsbot
tradtonaI and crtcaI Ihcory. Jhc probIcm wth Horkhcmcr`s arumcnt
s that hs subjcct s a modcrn subjcct, dc-racaIzcd, dc-scxuazcd, cn-
dcr-ncutraI,
^
dunawarc tat such asubjcctdwcIs inurogc, bcttcryct,
Gcrmany, andnotn thc CtyoSnagorc, Tchran, or IaIaz, whcrc thc
ssucs, grobIcms, and knowIcdc-makn havc dhcrcnt nccds, cncao-
cs otouhts, aHccts, and probIcms.!ts Irom tcbody, notthcmnd,
taIgucstons arsc and answcrs arc cxpIorcd.Wat ca!s or thnkin s
thcbody, ratcrthan thcmnd, andtcgucstionsthatIanon'sBIackbody
asksarcnoIgromptcd bccausctcbodysBIack, bu!bccauscBIack bod-
cshavcbccn dcncd or gucstoncd Humanty intcmpcraI rctorc oI
modcrnty.Ianons rcsgonscs,throuhhswork,wcrcrcsponscsto aIon-
IastnmcmoryoIracsm, butaIso tothc grcscnt condtons oIthc CoId
War and thc struIcsIor dccoIonzaton inArca. IccoIonaI tnkn
matcraIzcd, howcvcr, at thc vcry momcnt n whc tc coIonaI matrix
oIpowcr was bcinguI n pIacc, n tc sxtccnth throuh thc ctccnth
ccnturcs. AnddccoIonaIthnkinsawayssynonymouswtdccoIonaI-
ty,to dstnush thc ncwmcannnomtcIcaccsotcconccgIodc-
coIonzaton.Jhcrcsnotagucston ochoosnwch oncsbcstormorc
cxact,bccauscthcybothcarryIhcrrcspcctvcmcanntowarddccoIonaI
!uturcs.WcrcthcrcgrobIcmswIh thcoutgutodccoIonzatondurnthc
CoIdWar: Surcthcrcwcrc.And soyouhavctccocc:IyouarcIcann
towardpostmodcrnthnkinyouwoudtrytodsmsst.!Iyouarcadcco-
IonaIthnkcryouwouIdtrytorccastt.
Jhats,dccoIonaItnxinocshandnandwitmodcrntylcoIonaI-
tynthsway:thcrhctorc oImodcmtysarhctorcosaIvaton (bycon-
vcrsonycstcrday, bydcvcIogmcn!today),butnordcrtompIcmcntwaI
thc rhctorc prcachcs, t s ncccssary to marnaIzc or dcstroy watcvcr
tc|icc nd1cknowIcdmcn|s J
cts n thcway oImodcrnty. soapcns tat notcvcryonc bcIcvcs n
tc saIvaton bcngroposcd, andthoscwo dontctcr rcact aanst(rc-
sstancc)orcnacnacrtcaIanaIyssothcstuatonnordcrtomovcn
adiHcrcntdrccton(rc-cxstcncc).

Jatwas IccascoIGumanIoma dc
Ayaa,nthccoIonaINccroyaItyoIFcru,andoIOttobaI\Cuoano,throu
hscxpcrcnccobcncaturcdandcnsIavcd, workininCarbbcanpIan-
tatons, andmovin to Iondon, n tc md-chtccnt ccntury, wt hs
mastcr,whcrc hc cnacdn artcuIatn dccoIonaIIyacrIguc oIsIavcry
andn aconccptoIsovcrcntytathrstconsdcrspcopIc, nottcnsItu-
ton. JhaI mcans tat nstcad orogosn a transIormaton oIthc statc
to soIvc thc probIcm oIsIavcry (and aIso savc tc statc as an nstituton),
Cuoano gIaccd sovcrcnty amoncopIc: no human bcn as thcrht
tocnsIavcotcruman bcns. Jlcrcorc,tcgucstonsnottorcIormthc
statctocomgIywtthsrncpIc (wchaIwayscndsugnIormaIty),but
to crcatc nsttutons tat wII rcsgond to ts basc rncpIc oI"uman
sovcrcnty
`-
Iow, whcn AnbaI Qujano ntroduccd thc conccgt oIco|onia|ity, and
sucstcddscnain anddcInkinIrom Wcstcrn cpstcmoIoy, hc con-
ccvcdtatrojcct as dccoIonzaton: dccoIonaIty bccamc an cpstcmc
and goItcaI rojcct. Qujano`s rcIcrcnccs at that pont wcrc, on tc onc
hand,]osc CarosMaratcu`s Sictc cnsayos dc Intcrrctacion dc la rca|idad
cruana ();), wcrc Martcui ntroduccd scvcraI ssucs tat had not
bccn consdcrcdscrousIy, uto thatont, bydsscntncrcoIc andmcs-
tzontcIcctuaIs:tcgucstonsoIcoIonaIsm,oIracsm,oIandagpropra-
tonandcxproraton, oIthc unvcrsty, oIrconnJawantnsuyu, and
soon.Ontcothcrand,Qu|anohadbccnnvoIvcdsncctc;osnthc
hcatcddcbatcson"dcpcndcncythcory` "CoIonaIty''washswaytomovc
to athrdstac (MaraIcuntc )os, dcpcndcncytcoryn thc :;os,
coIonatyldccoIoniaIty n thc os). At that pont, Qujano cnacd
WaIIcrstcm s worId-systcm anaIyss, not as a "modcI to bc n;Iatcd, but
bccausc Wa!crstcn mscIIdraws on "dccndcncythcory' toconccptuaI-
zcworId-systcm anaIyss. !ndccd, Wa!crstcnsworId-systcm anaIyss has
trccrcIcrcnccs:strannasan ^rcanstand,bccauscoIt,sproxim-
tywthIrantzIanon, tc nIIucncc oIdcgcndcncytcorynWa!crstcns
touhts, and, hnaIIy, thcntucncc oIIcrnandBraudcl,wchbccamcoI
prmary:ortanccnrcIatontothcotcrtwo. Jus, Wa!crstcndccmcd
X !rc|iccand^cknowcdmcnts
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CCCuHI8lIIUCan8UCCuCHI8CQIICu8CuHlIuH!IH_8HdUCIuKIH_!tuU
CuCHI8I], CI I!C CCuHI8 U8ItlX u!QuWCt.Y!IC thC dCCCuHI8 CQ!ICH I8
Hu!QtCQu8Cd88 tbc uQ!ICH; I!I88UuQ!ICH Cl8IUIU_ II8C_IIm8C 8UCH_ CX-
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X !:c|iccind1c!nowlcdmcnts
Marxsm, or libcralism housc many oglions undcr thc samc umbrcIla (I
wiII comc back to this goint in morc dctaiI in chagtcr ). And it is an og-
tion claiming its Icgitmacy among cxsting acadcmic gro|ccts, such as
gostcoloniaIity, cthnic studics, gcndcr studics, thc social scicnccs and thc
humanitics, and thc groIcssionaI schools, but also it is an ogtion among
ogtions ohcrcd by macronarratiVcs such as Christianity, IibcraIsm, and
Marxsm. Jhc dccoIonial ogtion aIso docsnt mcan "dccoIonial mission(s)
Missions imgIicd gro|ccts oI conVcrsion o! achicVing and cnd grogrammcd
in thc bIucgrint. gtions arc thc antithcsis oI missions. Yc-dccoloniaI in-
tcIIcctuaIs-arc not missionarics go:g to thc hcId to conVcrl and gromotc
our !orm o! saIVation. Yhat wc-and by "wc I rcIcr hcrc to aIl thosc who
sharc dccolo

iaI gro|ccts-gut on thc tabIc is an ogtion to bc cmbraccd by

aIl thosc who hnd in thc ogtion(s) a rcsgonsc to hs or hcr conccrn and
who wll actiVcly cngagc, goIiticaIIy and cgistcmicalIy, to adVancc gro|-
ccts oI cgistcmic and sub|cctiVc dccoIonization and in building communal
!uturcs.
Jhat is why my argumcnt is bult on "ogtons and not on "aItcrnatiVcs
Dyou Iook Ior aItcrnatiVcs you acccgt a go:t oI rcIcrcncc instcad oI 8 sct oI
cxisting ogtions among which thc dccolonial cntcrs cIaming its Icgitimacy
to sit aI Ihc tabIc whcn global Io\urcs arc bcing discusscd. or lhat rcason,
thc hrst dccolonial stcg is dcIinkng Irom coloniality and not looking Ior
aItcrnatiVc modcrnitics but !or altcrnatiVcs to modcrnity. !ot onIy arc
gostcoloniaIity and dccoloniality Iwo dihcrcnt ogtions within lhc samc sct
(Iikc it haggcns w)thin CLristianity, Marxism, Islamism, Buddhism, and
thc lkc, whcrc thc namcs cncomgass unity in diVcrsity), haVing modcrn/
coIonial historics and cxgcricnccs : common, but both arc ogtions ohcrcd
in diVcrsc uniVcrscs oI discoursc and scnsing. IoslcoIoniaIity, Ior cxamgIc,
cmcrgcd as an ogtion to goststructuralism and gostmodcrnity, but dccolo-
niaIity cmcrgcd as an ogtion to thc rhctoric o! modcrnity and to thc com-
bincd rhctoric o! "dcVclogmcnl and modcrnization (!rom )o to i/o),
rcconVcrtcd to "globaIism during thc Icagan ycars. IccoIoniaIity camc to
Iight also as an ogtion to thc discoursc o! dccoIonization during thc Cold
Yar and as a criticaI ogtion in rcIation to MarxstdiaIccticaI matcriaIism.
lcls cxgIorc lufthcr "ogIions and "aItcrnatiVcs. iI you arguc Ior "al-
\crnatiVc modcrnity or modcrnitics or "aItcrnatiVc dcVcIogmcnt, you arc
aIrcady acccgting that thcrc is a modcrnity and a dcVcIogmcnt to which
rc|iccind^c!nowIcdgmcn|s X
nolhing buI altcrnatiVcs couId cxst. (ou Iosc thc match bcIorc s\arting thc
gamc. ArIuro scohar s!iItcd ttc cxgrcssion to "a!tcfnatVc to modcrnitics,
which comcs vcry cIosc to "ogtion' Du8, uou say that modcrnity is an
ogtion and dcVcIogmcnt is an ogtion, thcn dccoIoniaIty I8 aIso an ogtion,
and 88 "ogtions, all arc at thc samc IcVcI. By thc samc lokcn, you highIight
thc griVilcging oI onc ogtion (modcrnity or dcVcIogmcnt) in its aggcarancc
as tbe ogtion. AltcrnaIVcs to modcrnity wilI bc onc stcg toward dccoIonial
ogIions building transmodcrn rathcr than gostmodcrn gIobal !u\urcs.'
And what about thc dccoIonial ogtion and thc IcIt, mcaning thc Marxist-
oricntcd Icn (I wiIl cxgand on this Iogic in chagtcr .) Jhc distinction
bctwccn thc two was ntroduccd in thc 6os by Iausto Rcinaga, in BoIiVia,
and by AIi Shariat. in lran. Rcinaga admircd Marx and rc!crrcd to him
as "cI moro gcniaI ("thc gcnial Moor)." At thc samc timc, Icinaga dc-
sgiscd thc BoIiVian IcH oI his timc, whosc intcrcsts wcrc closcr to thosc oI
thc ruIing cItc and Icss conccrncd with Indians. Indccd, thc BoIiVian IcIt
did not scc Indans. Jhcy saw gcasants and workcrs.
L w8DI!8\O C 8t\:CO DC:C C DC:V\8 (rIs) no \ID QOt qu 8uj\8t8
8 uD UCCC t8 C O_IC8 \OIU8 D\C\u8 C O8 Q8t\ICC8 QCI\ICC8 C
CDC8j D8DCO-U8\I2O C DCIV\8 y C \DCO8UtIC8. IO 8 uD U8DI!8\C C
uD8 C88 8CC:8. L8 uD w8ID8\O C uD8 I828, C uD QuDO, C uD8 D8CID;
dc uD8 CU\ut8 OIUIC8 \8IDCI8C8. Io 8 QuC 8\8DCt Q8t8_CD DI COD
w8DI!8\C LCUuDI8\8 C w8tX. Otqu _DI8 UCtC DO 8 D!tD\O 8
LCCICD\. LD!tD\O 8 C88 QtC\8tI8 CCD 8 C88 Dut_u8; y QtOQu8O, CCUC
8CuCIOD C 8 uCD8 C C888, CD\tC C 8 CIVI:28CID OCCICD\8 8 VOu-
CIOD LCUuDI8\8.
LD \8D\C qu U8DID8\O C rI8 [8D\8 8 IVCuCID 1DCI8 COH\t8 8
`CIVI28CIOD CCCICD\8.
L w8DID8\C \HCIC DO 8 uD CCCuUD\O qu \t8\8 C 8 !OtU8CIOD y QtO-
Q8I\C C uD Q8t\ICC QCI\ICO QOtVDII [ . + . ] 8 uD S0, uD 80t 8CCI8 V8 CCIt,
DCDC V:\8. X COUO \OC8 8_tuQ8COD C 8O8VO8 D8 \D:CC j\ID uD IOC8O
8uI _Dt:8, uD QtCC8O IDU8DD\ 8 8 `D8\uI828 DuU8D0 C IDC:C.'
Tt I8 DC t88OD Ct CDI_8\IOD !Ct \D w8DI!8\O O! 8t\ICC 1DCIO C0 DO:VI8
(vIs)\C \OOw 8D X:8\:D_ UCC Ot \D \OtU8 8DC ID\C\u8 C_IC O! \D
QCI\IC8 Q8t\I8 Ct8\C Dj \D wDI\-U8\IZC `CDO8j :D DOIVI8 8DC \DCO-
8UtIC8. D:8 I8 8 w8DI!8\C C! 8 t8C, O\ 8 QO, C! 8 D8\IOD` O\ 8D CQQt88C
7 tctaccand1cknow|cdgmcn|s
anU 8nccC cUUP0 paP8 c8DnO b0 D8Uc WIh WarXs !ODDunI8
WantcsC!OP WarX cCD!rOncU Ih0 pPO0aPIan Ca88 WI\hD0 bCur_0OIsIc anC
prCpO80U, 8s a sOuOD, a c8ss sPuggc W\hID Yc8\0rn cVIZ8IOn, ha I8
Ihc !ODDUD8 cVOUIOD.
YhPc88 Ih0 rIaWanI!c8O pPOO8c8 hc |nU8D P0VOuICn 8g8ln8\ Yc8-
0PD `cIV2a\OD.
Jhc |nUI8D WaDI!c8O 8 DO\ a UOcuDD 8bOu h !OrDaICD anC gOa8 O!
a !OPhcCDIng pCIca paP [ . . . ] !tI8 a bc1Dg, I I8 a 8OCIa b0IL_ Iha I8 a
Va 0Vcn. nU as D 8\acD0n C any cCDDuD O! 8aVc8 Wcn\ DrCU_h 8
8uI-gcD0Ps prOc0s8, Is aD DDan0n prOc088 8oOu Ihc huD8D DauP0 O!
hc |nUIaD.
WO 88QCI8 O! 0IDa_a8 DOU_DI aP O! IDt8! !OP Dy aP_UDD\. JD
Dt8 I8 D8, 88 D0 DID80! 0XQP0880C I, DI8 \DOu_D CDaD_C 8HP VI8IID_
aDC P0urDI_ !PODuPOQ0. 1I8 QOIIC8 D\W0D 1yqO 8DC 6o QPODOC
\D 888ID8IOD O! DCIaD8 \O OIVIaD 8OCIIy. DP P\utDID_ !tOD u-
POQ, D DC8D0 a QPODO0t O! \D DCIaD P0VOUIOD. JD 8CODC a8QC I8
CODDC\ID_ 8DC aI \D 88D0 \ID CI8\aDCI_ DI8! HOD WaPX, aDC DO8
C0DDI\IVy !tOD D0 OIVIaD LH.' bDaPI8\I, \D P8DIaD ID\01Cu8 8DC
8C\IVI8\, W88 DUCD yOuD_0P DaD IDa_8 (aDC DI8 1! W88 8DOP\P). -
I8g8 W88 DOPD ID o6 aDC CIC ID q, WD bDaPIaI Wa8 DOPD I ]]
aDC CIC D J}y. 1OWVP, D0 Ca88IC WOPK8 O! caCD aUDOP Wt0 QuDI8DC
\WO y08P8 8Q8P\. Iu Ievo|uclon India Wa8 QuDI8DC II 6, aDC bD8PIa\18
s|am Sbenusi Wa8 QuD8DC ID 1yyI. bD8PIaI COD!POD0C D LD 8uQ-
QOtC Dy D0 bOVI0 lDIOD, Y8\tD IDQtIaI8D, 8DC \D bD8D O!taU8 \I08
WIDl.b. QOI\IC8, D0 Wa8 CtIIQUC Dy COD8PVa\IV 8aDI88. 1 8CVaDCC a
DW Q0t8Q0C\IV OD 88DI8D Da! \OCay C8D D0 UDCt8IOOC a8 8 8Pu__ !Ot
CCOODI28IIOD O! KDOW0C_0 aDC O! D0I_. ` OD DD u8C 8DC t)0C0C
W8PXI8DID8_a ID D0 D8D O! DCI8DI8D aDC bDaPI8I ID \D0 D8D O!
88DI8D COD!POD\0C W8PXI8D, IDtaI8D, 8DC LCCICD\aI8D. YDa 8aVC
\DD !POD!aID_ IDIO a Q8ID D1DC8D0D\aI8D Wa8 !OP DOD D `D8KID_ O!
D0 JDItC YOPC.
JD0 aDCu_ !OD!0tDC0 O! alOWC \D0D \O nK 88D aDC D
|DCIaD C8u8 WID U 8\PU__0 !OP C0COODIZaIOD ID !PICa 8DC 8Ia. \
DOD DC8 O! \D 8Q0C\tUD, DOD Wt CODHOD\ID_ DO CaQIaI8D 88 a \yQ
O!0CODODy, DU D0 Y08 a8 a I!08Iy V0Py DUCD 8DaQC O!COuP8 Dy C8QI-
tc|iccand^c!nowcdgcp\s x
8I8DDU DO on|y Dy C8QIaI8D. bD8PIaI W88 ID aPI8 WDD \D aD-
CuD_ LOD!PDC \OOK QaC ID DCOD8I8. IDa_8 8PPIVC a !W y8P:a\t,
WDD \D 8tu__ !OP IDPaIOD ID _tI8 W88 ID u DOOD 8IC u5\ 88
1taD2 aDOD QuD8DC Ies damncs de |u terre (6:). DW DOO2OD Wa8
OQDID_ uQ DyODC C8QI8I8D 8DC CODDuDI8D, DWD D Y8\ 8DC \D
bOVI\ lDIOD. I W88 C0COODI28IOD. 1a! 8 CDuPy 8P I DUIaC )O
CCOODI8IIy. DI8 DOOK I8 a8O 8DOu \DI8 Du\8IIOD.
AcnowIcdgmcnts
bOD O! \D0 D8PIa ID DI8 DOOK D88 DD QuDI8D0C QPVIOu8y I CIHPD
YDI0 ID aPIt QtIID_8 D 8P_uDD O! 8CD aPIC W88 !PaDC

'
aCCOtCID_ O D0 _Dct8 I88u O! D COCIOD !OP WDICD D COD\O u\:OD
W88 PQu8C, \D 8PIC8 DPID D8V0 DD DOCID.0C O D \D OV0Pa aP_U-
D0D O! \DI8 DOOK 1OWVP, aDC 8IDC D080 aPIC8 WP0 W\D wD0
Wa8 WOPKID_ OD DI8 D8Du8CPIQ\, Dy Wt aP8Cy C88ID_ D DI WIC 8IC
aCCP88ID_ CIHPD 8uCIDC8.
.
W \DaDK8 O a COD!PDC OP_8DIZP8 8DC CIOP8 O! 8QCIa VOuD8
C 'C DOOK8 !OP DIP IDVI\a\IOD8 8DC !OP \DIt QPDI88IOD O P0QPlD\.
aD
C
.

JD ID\IOCUCIOD, `LOODIaIIy. D L8PKt bIC O! Y8tD WO 0tDIy,

W88 tgu8\C Dy baDID PIWI8P, CuP8OP O! D XDIDI `WOCPDOO_y/
WOC0PDOO_88: LODDQOP8Py tI88 808PCDD_ WOCtD 8DC WOC-
PDI8D, DC 8\ \D Wu8uI O! LODDQOP8Py P O! 8PCOD8 ID D0 !8
O! zoo. JD aP\IC W88 QuDI8DC I D_I8D 8DC bQaDI8D.
LDaQ\P z W88 OPI_IDaly 8 Cu1 CIVtC a\ D W0OD O8\COCIOPa
PO_PaD ID D 1uD8DI\I8 a D lDIV0t8IIy O! LaI!OPDI8 a\ LO8 D_8.
JD \DD O! D O8COC\Ot8 PO_PaD Wa8 `LuuP8 ID P8D8D8IIODa P-
8QC\IV, z6 OVDDt zoo;. D \\ O! Dy 0CuP W88 `LODa uuP8
8DC D COODIa LQIOU \D aD\ICIQ8IC \I\ O! ID DOOK. JD 0CuP
Wa8 8P WPI\D !OP 8 COC\IOD CIIC Dy bDu-D0I bDI 8IC P8DU8c LIOD-
D\, Creo|izin 2Ieory (LuK lDIVP8IIy P88, zo).
LD8QP ], OPI_I8y IC `QI8DIC LI8ODCIDC, DCQDCD
DOu_D8, 8DC LCOODI8 PCOD, W88 QuDI8D0C D 2Ieory, Cu|ture und
Soclety z6, DO8. ;-8 (CDDP zoo). -8.
+
LDaQP (,`(L)LOODI8IIy a LaP_: JID 8DC \D LOODa
.
JH0tDC,
D88 8 OD_ DI8\Oty. UWa8 Qt8DIC aDC QuDI8DC !OP \D DI8 \uI, m,
X !rc|iccand 1cm0wcd_mcnts
ID VlO O |aDIIO, a D CCD!tDt `IU ID D WaKD_ 8DO O88I 1u-
IUI8, WDICD COK Qat aI D LaDdIOO WD08 lDIVt8Iy. D OtI_D8
I `LOODIaIy aI LaI_: J)D aDd D LOODIa 1IHIDt W88 IDDOd
C aOOI88 8D0 8CKDOW0_ D QI8Dt, aI D 8aD tOD!IDt, C! I|uD
QQa0uI8. D0 II W88 8)DU8DOU8y QuI8DO ID a CO1CIIOD O! CODI-
DC QaQI8 a8 `IXI8 O IIDC. bVIa yaI8 8I, I Wa8 QICKO UQ y
aUIaD 1U aDO aQQ8IO D !D COCIIOD Encbantmcnts o]Aodcrnity.
Emirc, Nation, G/ooa/ization, QU18D0 y OuO_ ID D `LIIICa 8IaD
buO8 OOK 8II8. JI8 atIC Wa8 QID8Q8, ID IIO8QCI 8Dd W1DCu
KDCWID_ I, ID 8d IDaI D0d uQ ID DI8 OOK.
LDaQI , `J Z8Q8I8a8 JOIICa VOUIOD: 8 I8CIIt8, IDI-
C8, 8Dd CIIta LOD8gUDt8, Da8 a8O a OD_ DI8OIy. D IDVIIaIOD
C |O8C 1aVId aO\VaI, | Qt8Dd I !OI ID DI8! IU, D |uD ;, 8 ID
OQaIUD O IDDIC 8U0I8 a ID lDIVI8Iy O! L8IOIDI8 a bIKy.
8U8gUDy Ia0 I, ID a UCdIhd VI8IOD, a D CODIDC `LOUQaIa-
IV LCODI8I8U8: IIDdu8II8 LOODIa DIt8CIIOD8 ID !Oa t8Qt-
IV 8 D LDI OI WdIV8 aD0 D8I88aDC buOI8 JIIy-!II8I D-
Dua LODIDC [bID_DaDOD \DIVt8Iy, ba \DIVI8Iy O `W YOIK),
_1 LCCt~ `OVUI 1gg,. I aQQaId, D 2CO2, ID Bcvicw z.]. :q-;
[8 QUItaICD O D !IDaDO bIaUO LDt, D \DIVI8Iy O! `W YOIK
a bID_DaDOD).
LDaQIt ; W88 WtID aI !D IQu8 OOItI1 IaDd8, OIOI C a 8QCIa
I88U C Studics in Pbi/osoby and Education (z.z. -z;) Id `LO8UOQC-
IIaDI8U ID D WaKD_. XQaDO0 DI8 VI8IOD WID aDO !DIOU_D a 8II8
C IDV8I_aIOD8 OD ID `COUUUDa [aD0, O! tOUI8, ID `CO8UOQOIIaD).
bCU C DI8 DW I8aICD OUD0 ID ID aRIWOI0 W88 QU18DO a8 `D
LOUUUDa aDO D tOODI8 ID Turou/cncc j [`OVUI 2OCg). |\ W88
QIIDO ID a !IDaD IaD8aIOD IDAna/ysc und Kritil [QII 2O1C ) .
0a8 aDO aI_UUD8 at DO OIU0 ID 8CDC8ty I8C8IIOD, u I D COD88D
IDtaCIIOD WIID COa_U8 WDO 8D8t, CD8D_, OI OQQO8 ID IOa8 OD
QU8 OIWaId. DI8 ID8a1ID I8 DO XCQIOD. J 8t_UUD Qt8Dd
DI OOK aUO8 ID yaI8 O I88tCD aDd 8OtaIOD. D 88OD_ QODI
W88 `D !OQOIIIt8 O DCWd_ aD0 ID LOODI8 IIDt, QuI8DO
ID 2OO2, WIID ID IDII_DUU O Tbc Idca o]Iatin Amcrica [2OO) . 1It8
aDO \OIUO8, I \DdO C 8OD Q8t\CIQ8D8 DD CO\\C\IY UOdt-
rc|ccand ^cn0wcdymcnts X :::
DIyltOOD8IyldCOODI8Iy, WIID WDOD D8V aD OD_OID_ tO8DOIaIIOD.
yODO ID I_UaI COUUuDIt8IOD aUOD_ Q8t\CIQ8DI8 D \D CO\CIV,
W D_8_ ID a 8II8 O\ WOtK8DOQ8 CO-Ot_8DI2O WID ODI ID8I\uIIOD8,
COOI\ VOuU8, OI8Cu88 Id88 aDd CuItDI WOtd aaIt8, 8Dd 8O OD, DtCu_D
WDItD DtaCIIOD8 D Qt8DI Vt8IOD CUy aI_UUDI Wa8 8DaQd.` DaV
d8CIId 8WDt D QaIIItIQaD8 ID D QIO|C 8DO Uy dD O DD.
e
I_DIht8DI QUICaIOD8 Dy UUDt8 O D COtIV D8 aI I8d IO
OI IVaD OI Uy 8t_UUDI DI Dtud, D CDIODOO_IC0 OIdt, Ia /cy
dc/ Ay//u: Practica dc acbu usticia y islu uticia (usticia Aayor y ]usticia
Acnor) cn comunldadcs aymaras [2OOO ), Dy ID yDaIa 8tDOaI, 8CIIVI8,
aDd DItua aItC t)aDd2-L8CO; O_8tOO aDOt8 CIuCI8 aIIC
`1uIOtDII8U, WOOID DOWd_ aDd ID `8\uI8 \tOI O LaQI8
[2OO2), ID WDItD D D8Id D Qu8IIOD O `DaIUI IDC D CVIa QIC-
ut CtOCDI8Iy. 8C L8DdI8 Dcsaro//o, Euroccntrismo y cconomia ou-
/ar: Aas a//a dc/ aradima nco-/iocra/ [2CC), ID WDICD D IID_8 C_Dt
VatIOU8 Ida8 XQOtD_ CCCDIaIy aDd dCOODIaIy, `W8I2a| lQ8Id-
1OWD. 8DIC OIIC8 D WOdtD OIVI3 [2OO2), y |aVI b8D|IDC8, D
bOIV8D 8CDO8t aDO ID\C\u8, taIDO ID aW 8Dd QOIIIta DOty; 8Dd
Ia buoris dc/ unto ccro. Cicncia, raza c i/ustracion cn /a Nucva Granada
:/,c-::)[2OO), DyD LOODIaD QDO8OQDI b8DIa_O L88IO-!U2.
D buoris o]tbc zcro oint, OI QI8IUOO_y O D 2IC QCDI, I8 8 Ky COD-
tQ C UDdI8IaDO DOW D DO- 8Dd _O-QOIIIt8 O KDOWID_ 8DO KDOW-
d_ CQtaI, aDO O _I88Q D CDaD_ QI8DO Dy D DI_DC O!
D _O- aDd OOy-QOIIC8 O KDOWd_, WDICD OIDK !IOUD DUtI8 O
!D 2IO QGID. ZUU8 aIUO, ID I_DID 1ItaIy aDd CUuI8 CIIIIt,
QuI8DO Dcsdc /a otra ori//a: Pcnsamicnto critico y o/iticas cu/tura/s cn
America Iatina [2OO); DIIQU U88 CaU uQ WID a dCOODI8 QOII-
Ca U8D8O, zo Tcsis dc o/itica [2OO), aDO _U8D 8O-WOD8 D88
DIIOOUtO IDO ID COCIIV D gu8IOD O IO-aIDId8O ID 8Vt8 aI-
\IC8, U\ CD1Uy ID `-COODIa WOV8. t8D8-OC8ID_ tICaD I88QOIa
bQ8C8 [lOO)). `8CD W8dODadO-OIt8 QuI8Dd 8 _IOUDdI8KID_
OOK WDtID D tODDCI8 D QtC|CI UOOIDIylCOODIaIyldtOODIay
W1D D QIO|CI O ID LaII8D DIC8OQDICa 88OCI8IOD, O WDItD D
CaU QI8IdD U lOO8; IDI8 OOK, Aainst \ar. Vcws om tbc Undcrsidc
o]Aodcrnity [2OO8), XQOI8 D OIaI I88U8 O ID [d)tOCDIay O D-
ID_ 8Dd D UaDD_ C D dCCODI8 \uO. DaV WOtKd D COaOI8IOD
X V tcmccnd^cknowl cdmcn|s
wIth CalhcrInc Wa!sh Ior scvcra! ycars now, chIcy In lhc doctota! program
shc crcalcd and dItccts, at lhc !nIvcrsIdad Andina SImn bo!var. SLc
tcccnl!y publIshcd a book bascd on ycars oI c!dwork wltb ndIgcnous and
^to communIlIcs, as wc!l as a compcndIun oI hcr lhcotctIca! rccctons
ovcr lhc past tcn ycars. Intcrcu/turahJaJ, cstaJo, soclcJaJ. Iucbas (Jcs) cc-
/onla/cs cn nucstra coca (zoo). AIlhough thc book Ilsc!t rcachcd mc only
al lhc cnd oI my |ourncy wIth lhIs manusctIpl, I was IamlIar wIth Wa!shs
lhcsIs through ycars oI col!aboratIon and Irom havIng rcad many oI lhc
artIc!cs shc wrolc and pub!shcd In thc prcccdIng dccadc. I havc an Inlcl!cc-
tua! dcbl also lo Mara Lugoncs, havng co!labotatcd wIlh hct In hcr supctb
ttans!alIon and cdItIon oIRodo!to Kuschs InJlycnous anJ Pou/ar 2Ilnklny
ln Amcrlca ([,]] zoo) as wcll as in convcrsatIons oI onc oI hcr ongong
pro|ccls oI colonIalIly and gcndcr and In thc InslItulc oI DccolonIa! Jhnk-
ing thal shc InIlIatcd In binghaqton. Jhc wIdc-rangIng Intcl!cclua! drIvc
and gcncrosIly oI ColombIan phI!osophcr duardo McndIcta havc a!ways
bccn a sourcc oI InspIralIon and cncouragcmcnl. Ior ycars, hc has bccn a
partncr In convcrsaton, In lhc cxchangc oI arlIc!cs and Idcas, and has a!-
ways bccn cncouragIng and pushIng mc to lakc lhc ncxt stcp.
At Dukc !nIvcrsIly and lhc \nIvcrsIly oI North Caro!na, thc co!Iabota-
lIon wth Arluro scobar (tLc Co!ombIan and anlhtopologIst), and scvcta!
graduatc studcnls In lhc wotkIng group on "G!obaIIzatIon, ModcmIly and
GcopolItIcs oI Know!cdgc,' has bccn anolhcr sIlc oI dcbatc and cxchangc oI
Idcas lhal hclpcd mc in slruclutIng lhc argumcnl. nc tcsull oI thIs col-
laboratIon was thc cocdIlcd vo!umc G/ooa/lzatlon anJ tbc Dcco/onla/ O-
tlon (zoo), whIch Is lhc hrsl vo!umc in nglIsh lo prohic thc work oI lhc
coIIcclIvc.
I aq Indcblcd also to Iricnds and col!cagucs clscwhcrc who havc bccn
convcrsan\ and havc joIncd thc modcrnIly-colonIaIly projcct. Among
thcm Is HcrIocrto Caro Catau, a po\ItIcaI thcorIst at thc !nIvctsIdad Com-
plutcnsc dc MadtId. ut coIIaboratIon startcd around zoo-o6 whcn had
thc hrst drah oI lhIs manuscrIpt tcady. JhIs coIlaboralIon a!so inc!udcd out
cocdIlcd volumc Ias vcrtlcntcs amcrlcanas Jc/ cnsamlcnto y c/ royccto
Jcs-co/onla/ (zoo8). WIth MadIna Jloslanova, a cultutal ctIlIc who prcs-
cntly holds a posIlIon In lhc dcparlmcnl oI hIstory oI phi!osophy al Pcoplcs'
ItIcndshIp !nIvcrsIly oI RussIa (Moscow), havc bccn col!aboratIng sincc
lhc bcginnIng oI lhIs ccntury, and btIngIng into convcrsalIon thc Issucs oI
colonIalIty (and lhc ImpcrIal and colonIal dIncrcnccs) Irom lhc cxslcncc
tc|icc ind Acknowlcdymcnts /
and cxpcrIcnccs oI Ccnlra! AsIa and thc Caucasus (vis--vIs lhc RussIan
cmpItc, Sovcl \nIon, and RussIan IcdctatIon) and oI South AmcrIca and
lhc CarIbbcan (vs-a-vs uropc and lhc !nIlcd Slalcs). RcsultIng Irom
thal collaboralIon wctc two coauthorcd atlIclcs, an cdItcd volumc oI Soutb
At/antlc Quartcr/y (zoo6), and a coaulhotcd book, Icarnlny to Un/carn:
1Ilnklny Dc-co/onla//y ln urasla anJ Iatln/o Amcrlca (Iorthcoming).`'
A dIaloguc lhal startcd around :oo bctwccn thc coIIcclIvc modcrnIlyl
colonIalIlyl dccolonIaIIly and lhc pto|ccl oI thc CatIbbcan PhIlosophIcal
/ssocIatIon was indccd crucIal. Iwas crucIal bccausc hcrc was ablc to scc
at work lwo dcco!onIa! pto|ccts groundcd In dIstnct hIslotIca! mcmorIcs
and our prcscnt inscrIplIon in thosc mcmorIcs, and both wctc IoundalIona!
in thc hIslory oI thc AmcrIcas and lhc CarIbbcan. thc hIslory oI dIsplaccd
pcoplc oI utopcan dcsccnl (includIng lhc massIvc mIgralIon at lhc cnd oI
lhc nInctccnth and bcgInnIng oI lhc twcnlIcth ccntutIcs) and lhc hIslory
oI Iorccd dIsplaccmcnt oI pcoplc oI AIrIcan dcsccnl. Parlcularly bcnchcIal
and lluminatIng arc lhc convcrsatons lhat I havc contInucd to havc, sIncc
zoo, wIlh Lcwis Gotdon and Nclson Maldonado-Jorrcs (who partcIpalcd
In both ptojccls) and, morc sporadIcal!y, wilh Pagcl Hcnry. DurIng lhIs
pcrIod, also cngagcd In convcrsalIons wilh ]can Casmit, whosc c!assIc
book Ia cu/turc Jc /brlmc (8z) has not achIcvcd thc tccognItIon lhal
It dcscrvcs. HIs vicw on HaIlI and thc CarIbbcan arc string!y smlar lo
thc vcws oI lhc col!cctIvc pto|cct modcrnIlyl colonIalIlyl dccolonIally. Jhs
should not bc surprIsIng: CasnIr's Intcl!cclual and scho!ar!y cxpcrcncc
coIncIdcd wlh lhosc oI AnIba! QuI|ano and nrIguc Dusscl. colonIalIsm
and dcpcndcncy lhcory wcrc common thrcads Ior aII oI thcm. Bul cct|ainly
many oI lhc most tcwardIng cxpcrIcnccs I havc had sincc zooq havc bccn
duc Io thc intcl!cclua! gcncrosIly oI CndIdo Mcndcs, who has Invtcd mc
to qany oI lhc IntcrnatIonal cncounlcrs oI tRscclAcadmIc dc la La-
Jhrough lhc cncountcts In thc soulhcasl McdIlcrrancan (AIcxandtIa,
P^T' AnkaralIstambul, Jurkcy, Baku, Azcrbajan, Anman, ]ordan, and
Morocco) and In thc CarIbbcan (HailI), Soulh AmcrIca (QuIlo, c-
Pcru), and In Norlh AmctIca aI|ct RtT (MrIda, Yucaln),
nad thc opportunIly lo tcsl many oI lhc Idcas dIscusscd hcrcIn wilh
,ticga1cd audIcnccs In lcn dnctcnt counlrIcs.'
ocncmcdtomcol!cagucs and IrIcnds wlh whom I sharc Inlcrcsts and
crns bcyond thc spccicIlIcs oI lhc modcrnIlyl dcco!onIa!Ily pro|ccl. Al
lnIvcrsIly, Margarcl R. Grcct, Maurccn QullIgan (Romancc sludIcs
X !rcticc indAcknowlcd_mcn!s
8uULH_I8!, :C8QCC!IVC), 8HU CuCUIICU Icrcadlny tbc /ack Lcycnd: 2Ic
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tCQutI8UuuI`I uCIIH, 8CuCCIIuHu!U8t8UCdICIH8 KHuWIH_8HU
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l!C HCCU u! dCCuuHI8 KHuWIH_ Iu uHdu uH8!CI8 YC8lCIH CgI8ICUuu_
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IhCII IUC 8uU\!CItIHVuVCUCHIWIl! UCCuuHI8II.HI!I8 duU8IH, !8VC
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IHCuUCU8HUCh8Q!CI8 l!8I,8HCIUCIH_CdIICU, WCICIuI8lICUudCCU. Hd
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^LLL^
CoIonIalI[
1|6 d|K6| b C6 0 W656|0 N0C6|0Iy
wAs IuTkGDO, UaDy y0at8 a_C |atOuDd 1gg1), WDD 8aW OD
D `D0W8 8aDO ID a DOOK8OI D0 III O! bIQD0D JOuDD8 a08I
OOK. Cosmoo/is. 2Ic HiJJcn AycnJa o]AoJcrnip [1ggC ). I WDI
IO a COH0 8DOQ, aCtO88 D0 8I0 !OU bOIdI8, ID DD tDO,
aDO OVOut0d ID OOK, WIID a CuQ O! CO. YDa Wa8 D DIO-
OD a_0DOa O! UOODIy:Wa8 D0 IDII_uID_ gu08ICD. bDOty
aR Da I Wa8 ID bO_OIa aDd !OuDd a OOK |u8 QuDI8DO. Ios
conquistaJos: !qg2 y /a oo/acion inJiycna Jc /as Amcricas, OId
DyIaCIO bODIa |1gg2). D a8 CDaQI0t O! Da OOK Cau_DI Uy
aIDIOD. hWa8 DyDIa [uI|aDO, O! WDOU DaO D0aId, uI WIID
WDOU Wa8 DO !aUIIaI. D 88ay, a8O aI0t QuI8Dd ID D0 |OuI-
Da Cu/tura/ StuJics, Wa8 I0O `LOODIaIy aDd WOdDIylaIIO-
DaIy. _O D DOOK aDd !OuDO aDODt COH00 8DOQ Daty, WD0t0
I OVOt0O ID 88ay, D0 IaOID_ O! WDICD Wa8 a 8OII O! QIQDaDy.
DaI IU Wa8 h11I8DID_ ID0 UaDu8CtIQ O! 2Ic Darkcr SiJc o]
tbc Icnaissancc |1gg), uI I dId DO IDCCIQOIaI0 [uI]aDO8 88ay.
DI0 Wa8 UuCD Dad O DDY aCu, aDd Uy UaDu8CtIQI Wa8 a-
taOy !taU0O. 8 8OOD a8 DaDOd D0 UaDu8CIIQ O ID0 Qt88,
CODC0DIad OD `COODIa1y WDICD DCaU a C0DIta CODC0Q
ID Ioca/ Historics/G/ooa/ Dcsiyns. Co/onia/ip, Suoa/tcrn Know/cJyc
anJ orJcr 2Iinkiny |2COO). H0t D QuICa\IOD O! DI8 OOK,
WtOI0 a 0D_IDy IDOI0ICa atIC, `!OQOIIC8 O! DOWd_0 aDd
D LOODIa 1I0I0DC, WDICD aQQ0atd ID Soutb At/antic Quar-
tcr/y |2CC2). O JOuUID, D DIOOD a_Dda O! UOOOIy Wa8
ID DuUaDI8IC IIV0I tuDDID_ DDIDd ID8IuU0Da ta8CD. Ot U,
1 D!IUduClOD
lhc hIddcn agcnda (and darkcr sIdc) o modcrnIty was coIonIaIIty. What
oIIows Is a rccap o thc work havc donc sIncc, In coIIaboralIon wIth mcm-
bcrs o thc coIIcctIvc modcrnItylcoIonIalIty.'
Jc IiddcnAgcnda
"CoIonIaIIty,' as cxpIaIncd In lhc prcacc and hInlcd at In lhc prcvIous
paragraph, was a conccpt Introduccd by thc PcruvIan socIoIogIsl AnIbaI
QuIjano In thc Ialc 8os and carIy os, lhal nrhcr dcvcIopcd In Io-
ca/ Historics/G/ooa/ Dcsiyns and olhcr publIcalIons that !oIIowcd. CoIonIaI-
Ity has bccn conccIvcd and cxpIorcd as lhc darkcr sIdc o modcrnIty sIncc
lhcn. QuIjano gavc a ncw mcanIng to thc Icgacy o lhc lcrm co/onia/ism,
parlIcuIarIy as Il vas conccpluaIIzcd durIng thc CoId War In tandcm wIth
thc conccpl o! "dccoIonIzatIon' (and lhc struggIcs !or IIbcratIon In A!rIca
and AsIa). CoIonIaIIty namcs thc undcrIyIng IogIc o! thc !oundatIon and
unoIdIng o Wcslcrn cIvIIzalIon !rom lhc RcnaIssancc lo loday o! whIch
hIslorIcaI coIonIaIIsms havc bccn a constItutIvc, aIlhough downpIaycd,
dImcnsIon. Jhc conccpt as uscd hcrcIn, and by lhc coIIcclIvc modcrnItyl
coIonIaIIty, Is nol Intcndcd lo bc a totaIItarIan conccpl, but rathcr onc thal
spccIhcs a par|IcuIar projcct: lhal o thc Idca o modcrnIty and Ils conslItu-
lIvc and darkcr sIdc, coIonIaIIty, thal cmcrgcd wIlh thc hIstory o uropcan
InvasIons o Abya YaIa, awanlInsuyu, and Ana!mac; thc !ormatIon o lhc
AmcrIcas and lhc CarIbbcan, and thc massIvc lradc o! cnsIavcd A!rIcans.
"CoIonIaIIty" Is aIrcady a dccoIonIaI conccpt, and dccoIonIaI projccts can bc
lraccd back lo lhc sIxtccnlh through thc cIghtccnth ccnturIcs. And, Iasl bul
nol Icast, "coIonIaIIty' (c.g., c/ atron co/onia/ Jc oJcr, lhc coIonIaI ma-
lrx o powcr) Is unapoIogclIcaIIy lhc spccIhc rcsponsc lo gIobalIzalIon and
gIobaI IIncar thInkIng lhal cmcrgcd wIthIn lhc hIslorIcs and scnsIbiIitIcs o!
South AmcrIca and lhc CarIbbcan. Is onc projccl that docs nol prctcnd
lo bccomc lhc projccl. Jhus, It Is onc partIcuIar oplIon among thosc lhal
caII hcrc dccoIonIaI oplIon(s). Morc slraighlorwardIy: thc argumcnt lhal
oIIows lakcs as Ils corc thc coIonIaI matrIx o! powcr, and as such, thc argu-
mcnl Is onc among scvcraI dccoIonIaI oplIons al work (scc ahcrword).
Jhc basIc thcsIs-In lhc spccIhc unIvcrsc o dIscoursc as jusl spccIhcd-Is
lhc oIIowIng: "modcrnIty" Is a compIcx narralIvc whosc poInt o orIgIna-
lIon was uropc, a narralIvc that buIIds Wcstcrn cIvIIlzalIon by ccIcbratIng
LUUD8\] ]
Ils achIcvcmcnls whIIc hIdIng al the samc tImc Ils darkcr sIdc, "coIonIaIIty''
CoIonIaIIty, In othcr words, Is conslItulIvc o modcrnIty-lhcrc Is no mo-
dcrnIty wIthoul coIonIaIIty. Hcncc, today's common cxprcssIon "gIobaI mo-
dcrnIlIcs ImpIIcs "gobaI coIonIaIItIcs' In lhc prccIsc scnsc lhal lhc coIonIaI
malrIx o! powcr Is sharcd and dIspulcd by many conlcndcrs. uthcrc cannol
bc modcrnIty wIthout coIonIalIly, thcrc cannot cIlhcr bc gIobaI modcrnIlIcs
wIthout gIobaI coIonIaIItIcs. ConscqucntIy, dccoIonIaI lhIrkIng and doIng
cmcrgcd and un!oIdcd, nom thc sIxlccnth ccntury on, as rcsponscs lo thc
opprcssIvc and InpcrIaI bcnl o! modcrn turopcan IdcaIs projcclcd to and
cnactcd In, thc non-uropcan worId. Howcvcr, as Il was poInlcd out In thc
prcacc, lhc "awarcncss and lhc conccpl o dccoIonIzalIon,' as a thIrd op-
tIon to capIlaIsm and communIsm, malcrIaIIzcd In lhc Bandung and ^on-
AIIgncd countrIcs con!crcnccs. JhIs Is thc sccnarIo o lhc transormalIon
!rom a poIyccntrIc and noncapItaIIsl worId bc!orc oo lo a monoccntrIc
and capIlaIIst worId ordcr !rom oo to :ooo (a lopIc I cxpIorc In chaptcrs
and :).
JcAdvcnto!aIour-IcadcdandJwoLcggcdNonstct
I W slarl wIlh two sccnarIos-onc !rom lhc sIxlccnth ccntury and lhc
olhcr om lhc Ialc twcnlIcth ccntury and thc hrst dccadc o! lhc twcnty-
hrsl.
IIrsl, Ict's ImagInc thc worId around oo. Il was, In brIc!, a poIyccnlrIc
and noncapItaIIsl worId. Jhcrc wcrc scvcraI cocxIslIng cIvIIIzatIons, somc
wIth Iong h|slorIcs, othcrs bcIng ormcd around lhat tImc. In ChIna, thc
MIng dynasty ruIcd rom 68 lo 6qq. ChIna was a ccntcr o lradc and a
cIvIIIzalIon wIlh a Iong hIslory. Around :oo B.c., lhc ChIncsc HuangdInalc
(ohcn wrongIy caIIcd thc "ChIncsc cmpIrc'') cocxIstcd wIlh thc Roman cm-
pIrc. By oo, thc ormcr Roman mpIrc bccamc lhc HoIy Roman mpIrc
o thc Gcrman ^atIons, whIch stIIl cocxIslcd wIth thc ChIncsc HuangdI-
natc ruIcd by lhc MIng dynasty. Out o lhc dIsmcmbcrIng o lhc IsIamIc
caIIphalc (!ormcd In thc scvcnth ccntury and ruIcd by thc \mayyads In
thc scvcnlh and cIghlh ccnturIcs, and by thc AbassIds rom thc sIxlh lo thc
thIrlccnlh ccnturIcs) In lhc !ourtccnlh ccnlury, thrcc suItanalcs cmcrgcd.
Jhc Ot|oman SuIlanatc, In AnatoIa, wIlh Its ccnlcr In ConstantInopIc,
thc Sa!avId suIlanatc, wIlh Ils ccnlcr In Baku, AzcrbaIjan, and thc MughaI
q DlIOUuClIUD
Sullanalc, tormcd oul ot thc ruIns ot thc DclhI Sultanalc lhat laslcd trom
:o6 lo :6. Jhc Mugha!s (whosc rsl su!lan was babur, dcsccndcnl ot
GcnghIs Kan and JImur) cxlcndcd ttom :6 lo ;o;. by :o, lhc Mos-
covIlcs had cxpc!!cd Ihc Goldcn Hotdc and dcc!arcd Moscow lhc "JhItd
Romc Jhc hIstory ot thc RussIan lsatalc bcgan. In AtrIca, lhc yo King-
dom (atound whal Is loday NIgctIa), tormcd by lhc Yoruba natIon, was thc
largcsl kIngdom In Wcsl AIrIca cncounlcrcd by uropcan cxplorcrs. Jhc
bcnIn and lhc yo Kngdoms wctc lhc lwo largcst In AIrIca. Jhc bcnIn
Kingdom !astcd trom qqo lo 8; and lhc yo Irom qoo lo o. Lasl but
not !cast, lhc Incas In Jawanlnsuyu and lhc Azlccs In Anhuac wcrc bolh
sophIslIcatcd cIvIIzatIons by lhc limc ot thc SpanIards atrIval. Whal hap-
pcncd, lhcn, In thc sIxlccnth ccnlury lhal would changc thc world ordcr,
lransIotming Il I
_
lo thc onc wc !Ivc In today Jhc advcnl ot "modcmIly"
cou!d bc a sImp!c and gcncral answcr, but . . . whcn, how, why, whcrc
In lhc sccond sccnatIo, al lhc bcginning oI thc lwcnly-rst ccntuty, lhc
world Is intcrconncctcd by a singlc lypc oI cconomy (capIlalIsm) and dIs-
lInguIshcd by a dIvcrsIly oI po!IlIcal lhcorIcs and ptactIccs. Dcpcndcncy
lhcory shou!d bc tcvIcwcd In Ihc lIgl oI lhcsc changcs. bul I wlImIt my-
sc!tlo dIslInguIshIng lwo ovcra!I orIcntatIons. On lhc onc hand, g!obalIza-
tIon ot a lypc oI cconomy known as capItalIsm (whIch by dcnItIon aImcd
al g!obalIzalIon trom Ils vcry InccplIon) and lhc dIvcrsIcatIon ot globa!
polItIcs arc takIng placc. n lhc olhcr, wc arc wIlncssing thc multIp!IcatIon
and dIvcrsIcaIIon oI anlI-nco-!Ibctal globalIzatIon (c.g., anlI-g!obal capI-
la!Ism) movcmcnls, pro|ccls, and manItcslatIons.
WIth rcgard lo lhc rsl orIcnlatIon, ChIna, IndIa, RussIa, Iran, Vcnczu-
cla, and thc cmctging Soulh AmcrIcan \nIon havc a!rcady madc clcar lhal
lhcy arc no longcr willIng lo to!low unI-dIrcclIonal ordcts comIng nom lhc
InlcrnatIonal Monclary Iund (Imr), lhc World bank, or lhc WhItc Housc.
bchInd Iran Is lhc hIslory ot PctsIa and lhc Satavid Sullanatc, bchInd Irag,
lhc hIstory oI lhc lloman Su!lanatc. Jhc past sxty ycats ot Wcslctn cntty
Into ChIna (MatxIsm and capIla!Ism) has nol rcp!accd ChInas hIslory wIth
thc hIslory oI uropc and lhc \nItcd Slalcs sIncc oo, nor has that oc-
curtcd wIlh ndIa. n lhc conttary, Wcslcrn cncroachmcnt has rcintorccd
Chinas am tor sovcrcIgnly. Post-nalIonal Is a Wcslcrn cxprcssIon lhal con-
vcys lhc dtcams ot and dcsIrc tor lhc cnd oI natIon-slalc boundarIcs and
opcns doors lo Ircc ltadc. bul In lhc non-utopcan wotId, post-nalIonal
LOODJ81J\] j
mcans lhc amrmalIon oI an IdcntIly lhal prcccdcd lhc bIrlh ot nalIonalIsm
In uropc and Its dIspcrsIon around lhc world. IalIona!Ism Is onc Iorm ot
IdcnmcalIon conIronlIng lhc homogcnIzIng torccs oI oba!izalIon. Glob-
alzalIon has lwo sIdcs: that oI thc natralIvc oI modctnIly and lhal ot lhc
JogIc oI co!onIa!Ily. 1losc narralIvcs cngcndcr dIcrcnl tcsponscs, somc atc
bcing dcscrIbcd hcrc as dcwcslcrnIzalIon and othcrs as dcco!onIalIly. Posl-
natIonalsm In lhc Wcsl mcans thc cnd ot nalIona!Ism, whI!c In lhc non-
utopcan world It mcans lhc bcgInnIng oI a ncw cta In whIch lhc conccpl
oI natIonalism sctvcs to tcclaim IdcnlIlIcs as lhc basIs ot statc sovcrcIgnly.
Jhc mpcrial parlIlIon oI AtrIca among Wcslcm counlrIcs bctwccn thc
cnd oI lhc nInclccnlh ccnlury and thc bcgInnIng oI lhc lwcnlIclh (whIch
provokcd lhc IItsl Wotld War) dId nol tcplacc lhc pasl oI AItIca wIth lhc
pasl oI Wcslcrn uropc. And lhus In Soulh AmctIca: vc hundrcd ycars
ot colonIal rulcs by pcnInsular omccts and, sincc lhc cat!y oos, by ctc-
o!c and mcstIzo c!Ilcs dId nol crasc lhc cncrgy, Iorcc, and mcmotIcs ot lhc
IndIan pasl (compatc wIlh currcnt Issucs In bolivIa, cuador, ColombIa,
southcrn McxIco, and Guatcmala), not havc thc hIslorIcs and mcmorIcs ot
communIlIcs ot AIrIcan dcsccnl In brazi!, ColombIa, cuadot, Vcnczucla,
and lhc insular CatIbbcan bccn crascd.
WIlh rcgatd lo lhc sccond orIcntalIon, I wIlncssIng many non-
omcIal (rathcr than nongovcrnmcnlal) lransnational organIzalIons nol only
manIIcstIng lhcmsclvcs "againsI capIlalIsm and g!oba!IzalIon and qucs-
tIonIng modcrnIly, bul a!so opcnIng up g!obal bul noncapIlalIsl horIzons
and dc!Inking Irom lhc Idca lhal lhcrc Is a singlc and prImary modctnIty
surroundcd by pcrIphcta! or allcrnalIvc oncs. WhIlc not ncccssarIly rc|cct-
Ing modcrnIly, lhcsc organIzatIons atc makIng c!cat lhat modcrnIly gocs
hand In hand wIlh colonIalIly and, lhcrcIorc, that modcrnIly has lo bc as-
sumcd In bolh Its g!otIcs and Ils crimcs. Lcls rcIcr lo thIs g!obal doman as
"dcco!onIal cosmopolIlanIsm (lo whIch I rctutn in chaplcr ;).'
Whal happcncd In bctwccn thc lwo sccnarIos outlIncd abovc, bclwccn
lhc sixlccnth ccnlury and thc lwcnly-rst Jhc hIslorIan Katcn Arm-
strong-!ooking al lhc hIslory ot lhc Wcsl Irom lhc pcrspcctIvc oI a hIs-
torIan otIsIam-has madc lwo ctucIal poInls. Armstrong undcrscorcs thc
sIngulatIly ot Wcslcrn achIcvcmcnts In rclalIon to known hIslory until lhc
sIxlccnth ccnluty, noling lwo salIcnt sphcrcs: cconomy and cpIslcmology.
Ilhc sphcrc oI cconom;, Armslrong points oul, "lhc ncw socIcly oI uropc
P!IOduC!UH
8Dd II8 DctIC8D COCDIc8 D8d 8 CHctcu! cCCBODC D888, WDCD CCD8I8cd
ID tIDVc8!ID_ !Dc 8utQU8 u Otdct O DCtc88 QtOdUCICD. JDc D.t8 t8D8!Ct-
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CCDCy D8 8OWcC !D Yc8! O "rcroJucc its rcsourccs inJc[nitc/y" 8Dd
I8 _cDt8j 888CCI8cd W1!D COCDI8I8D. 'JDc 8cCODd It8D8!OtD8IOD, cQ8-
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IIDC tVOUIOD !D8! _8V DcD _t8Ict CODItC CVt !Dc cnVItODDcn D8D
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ID_ Dc tccV8D

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tVCu!IOD. Dj DCD D 8Dd COttc8QCDO IO Dc CcDt8Cty tDCtIC C! DO-
dctDIIyD8 I8, !Dc tDIOtIC O! 88V8OD 8Dd nWD88, D88d CD |UtCQc8D
8CDIcVDcn8 dUtD_ ID cD8I888DCc.
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cd_: tbc Jiscnsaoi/ity (Ot XQcDd8DIIIy) o]buman /jjc 8Dd C! I!c D _cu-
t8 !tODDc ndU8ItI8 VOUIIOn IDIO Dc wcD!j-Dt8 CcB!utj. Dc !tO-
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CQc O! !tcc It8Oc . . . . LDj D CD Q8tIICu8t dId D !tccdCD 8CCOtOd D
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t8CI8D 8Dd Dc ID!ctICtI!j O! DuD8D 1Vc8 ID8 Wctc D8dt8y COn8IOtcd
dI8QcD88Dc.
1B Dc!Wcu Dc wC 8CcD8tIO8 dc8CtIDcd 8DOVc, Dc C8 O! `DOdctD!j
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D WO QI8t8 O! Y8!ctD CIVIIZ8ICD, 8Dd 8C dI8Cu88 Dc8c \WO CtUC8
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CCCDIZ8ICn 8Dd CCDgUc8I C! Dc cW YCtO. tOWcVct, DOCctu!j C8c
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LooniJ
ctcd. I W88 DVcDcd, D8QQcd, 8QQtOQtI8tcu, 8nu cXQOIlcu uDuct !Dc D8n-
Bct C! Dc LDtI8I8D DI88ICD. LutID_ IDc IIDc 8Q8n oo IO :ooo !Dtcc
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ItIC WOtd IDIctCCDDcCcd UjIDc 88D \yQc C! COuCDj.
DOIDct Vct8ICD O! WD8! D8QQcDcd DWccD oo 8Dd :ooo I8 !D8! !Dc
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(J8W8DD8UyU and BDU8C, anC !D 8t8ujuucC8j N8y8), 8nu D-
CODQ888cd Dc _cBOCdc D j! (WDICD LCuDDu8 D8QIIZcd I8Q8nIC8 D
1qjl)W88 Dc cDct_cDCc O! 8 8!tuC!utc O! CODItC 8nu D8na_cDcD O! 8U-
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Wctc OtIVD Uj Y8IctD (8DIIC) utOQc8D8 (DctI8D cDD8U8, tC8Dd,
t8nC, 8nd D_8Dd) DOD ID IDcIt DIctD8 CODIC8 8nd D !Dct XQOI8-
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t8 Ot_8nZ8IIOD O! ID 88Vc t8Oc ID8CtIDcd D!Dc cDct_cDCc O! !Dc tI8n-
_u8t 8DIIC cCODCDy.
Da! !tamC Ol KICuaQQB_ aBC 8!ca:B_ mcB Wa8 DcguB O] !Dc OtIuguc8 OB
Dc CO88!8 O! P1tCa, anC 88 !Dc] !OUBC !Dc OcDc0! C! I! !Ct !Dct OWB W:CKcC
QutQC8c8, Dc] 8OOB Wcu! OB !O cOmm! _tca!t CcQrCa!On8. Dc oQanatC8
!C!iCWCd !Dct :n!aDOu8 cXaDQc, anC !Dc P1tCan 8aVctt8Cc W8s \hCu_hI
UC8t aCVau!a_cCu8 !Ot !Dm, !O cnaOc !DcD8cVc8 O Vc D c88c aBC 8u-
0nC O] !Dc Ctuc 8uOcC!IOB anC 8aVct] O! O!Dct8. Dc tcncn aBC 1n_8n,
aBd 8CUc Otnct BatCB8 B 1utCQc, a8 tnc] !CUBCcC 8ccmcn\8 anC CCOBc8
uY8! 1BCc8, Ot BDctca, WcB! CD B!Dc 8aDc Dannct, aBd OncC DanC
DDand W!DtDc Ct!u_uc8c anC 5QaBatC8, tC tCO anC Q1a_c P1tC8, a8 Wc]
a8 !C Wa8!c anC Cc8Oa!c !nc DDaO\an\8 O!!Dc Yc8!ctB cOB!ncn\.'
Dc D8tt8!Vc 88_c8 8 ut8D8IIC 8CcB8tO DcDIDO WDICD 8D cDdUtID_
8!tUC!ut O! D8n8_Dcn 8Dd CCDItC W88 DcID_ QuI D Q8C 88 !D8c KDu8
O! cVcD!8 uD!Cdcd D Dc 8X|ccDID 8Dd Dc 8cVcD!ccD!D CcDIUtc8. LODtO
8nd D8D8_DcD Dc8B8 Dctc D8I IDc 8CCt8 8nu :D8IIIuIIOn8 cD_:Dct:D_
D!IUduClUD
lhc gamc wcrc cstabIIshIng IIs ruIcs on whIch lhc slruggIcs or dccIsIon-
makIng wouId unoId. ArIcans and IndIans dId nol partIcIpatc In lhc pro-
ccss. GIobaI dcsIgns and lhcIr ImpIcmcnlatIon wcrc an aaIr o uropcan
AlIanlIc naIIons (lhosc mcnlIoncd byOI|obah Cugoano). IIhc proccss, In-
lcrnaI conIcls o! InlcrcsI cmcrgcd among SpaIn, PortugaI, HoIIand, Irancc,
and ngIand In conncclIon wIth lhcIr vcsIcd Intcrcst In lhc A!rIcan sIavc
tradc and IndIans Iand and Iabor. Jhus, In lhc proccss lhc ruIcs o! Ihc Impc-
rIaI InlcrnaI dIcrcnccs (among uropcan ImpcrIaI statcs) wcrc cslabIIshcd
(c.g., lhc InvcctIvcs Iaunchcd by IIzabclh I agaInst thc brutaIIty o thc
SpanIards In thc ^cw WorId that bccamc known as "lhc BIack Icgcnd")."
Jhcsc wcrc lhc condItIons lhal promptcd lhc cmcrgcncc o a coIonIaI ma-
lrIx o powcr.
Jc IotmatonandJtansIormatons
o!attncoonadcpodct
In Ils orIgInaI ormuIaIIon by QuI|ano, lhc "patrn coIonIaI dc podcr (co-
IonIaI matrIx o powcr) was dcscrIbcd as !our IntcrrcIalcd domaIns. conlroI
o lhc cconomy, o! aulhorIty, o! gcndcr and scxuaIIty, and o knowIcdgc
and sub|cctIvIty (scc hg. ). Jhc cvcnts un!oIdcd In lwo paraIIcI dIrcclIons.
Onc was lhc slruggIc among uropcan ImpcrIaI slatcs, and thc oIhcr was
bclwccn lhcsc slalcs and lhcIr cnsIavcd and cxpIoIlcd ^rIcan and ndIan
coIonIaI subjccls.
WhaI supporls thc our "hcads" or IntcrrcIalcd sphcrcs o managcmcnt
and conlroI (thc worId ordcr) arc thc lwo "Icgs,' that Is, lhc racIaI and patrI-
archaI oundalIon o knowIcdgc (lhc cnuncIatIon In whIch lhc worId ordcr
Is IcgIIImIzcd). cxpIaIn bcIow-and of|cn rclurn lo lhc Idca in subscqucnt
chaplcrs-thal lhc hIslorIcaI oundatIon o lhc coIonIaI malrIx (and hcncc
o Wcslcrn cIvIIIzalIon) was lhcoIogIcaI. It was ChrIslIan lhcoIogy lhal Io-
calcd lhc dIslInclIon bclwccn ChrIslIans, Moors, and Jcws in thc "bIood.'
AIthough lhc quarrcI bclwccn lhc thrcc rcIIgIons o lhc book has a Iong hIs-
lory, Il has bccn rcconhgurcd sIncc 1qQ2,whcn ChrIstIans managcd to cxpcI
Moors and Jcws !rom lhc pcnInsuIa and cn!orccd convcrsIon on Ihosc who
wanIcd lo sIay. SImuItancousIy, lhc racIaI conhguralIon bclwccn SpanIsh,
!ndIan, and ArIcan bcgan to takc shapc In thc Ncw WorId. By thc cIgh-
lccnth ccnlury, "bIood" as a markcr o racclracIsm was lrans!crrcd to skIn.

JhcoIogylSccuIar PhIIosophy

PatrIarchy
5chema!v vSualzaion of !he cu|una| m!rx uf power.
LUUD8Jl] j
And thcoIogy was dIspIaccd by sccuIar phIIosophy and scIcnccs. Jhc IIn-
na<an sysIcm o! cIassIhcatIon hcIpcd lhc causc. SccuIar racIsm camc Io bc
bascd on thc cgo-poIItIcs ol knowIcdgc, bul Il so happcncd thal lhc agcnts
and InstIlulIons thal cmbodIcd sccuIar cgo-poIIIIcs ol knowIcdgc wcrc, IIlc
lhosc who cmbodIcd lhco-poIItIcs ol knowIcdgc, moslIy wh!tc uropcan
maIcs. So, thc slruggIc bclwccn tbeo/oism (I nccd lhIs ncoIogIsm hcrc) and
secu/arism was a amIIy lcud. Proponcnts o bolh wcrc ChrIslIan, whIIc, and
maIc, and =ssumcd hclcroscxuaI rcIatIons as lhc norm-conscgucnlIy thcy
aIso cIassIhcd gcndcr dIslIncIIons and scxuaI normatIvity.
n boIh cascs, gco- and body-poIIlIcs (undcrslood as lhc bIographIc con-
hguralIon o gcndcr, rcIIgIon, cIass, clhnIcIty, and Ianguagc) o knowIcdgc-
conhguralIon and cpIslcmIc dcsIrcs wcrc hIddcn, and lhc acccnl pIaccd on
thc mInd In rcIaIIon lo God and In rcIaton lo Rcason. Jhus was lhc cnun-
cIatIon o! Wcstcrn cpIslcmoIogy conhgurcd, and lhus was lhc structurc ol
thc cnuncIalIon hoIdIng togclhcr lhc coIonIaI matrix. Conscqucntly, dcco-
IonIaI thInkIng and doIng ocus on Ihc cnuncIaIIon, cngagIng in cpIstcmIc
dIsobcdIcncc and dcIInkIng !rom thc coIonIaI malrIx In ordcr Io opcn up
dccoIonIaI optIons-a vIsIon o IIc and socIcty Ihat rcquIrcs dccoIonIaI
sub|ccls, dccoIonIaI knowIcdgcs, and dccoIonIaI InslIlutIons.
1O H!IUduC\OD
LcCOCDI8DIDKID_8DdOQIOD8[I.c.,DIDKD_dcCOODI8])8tDO!DID_
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DcO_IC O!COODIaI]uDdctDc8!D Dc tDc\OtIC ODCdOI], Dc 8tuCutc
O D8D8_CDD 8DdCOD!tOD8cUt_cdOu C!!Dc t8D8CID8!IOD OD
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DcC8u8c O!Dc 8IDQc!8C 8DdD!DKID_ O!LdI_cDCu8CODDuDIIc8, 8d
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Oct8OOO 88ODcCI!DcODct.JDctc8tdIHctcD! QI8cDIC8DdQCI!ICaCOD
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DuCD WDct OOW`hc D8ut 88WD8!atcDcI88u8!D8cDt_cIODD
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8DO ID OCOODIa !DIDK:L_ 8DO dOID_ OD cDVIICDDD!8 I88u8. JDt 8t
]OID! cHCt!8\OCODDQ8c,ID Dc 8cD8cD8 8CDC8t] dcCCOD8 !DIDKI8
COD\tIDu DtCu_D OuI:!I!cd cctIcDCc8 8Dd 8tc88OKDOWcd_c !O dc
COCDIaDIDKct8 IDDDcd,D8!I8,IDDcQCIICa8CCIc]8Dd!LDc88,
88Dc C88c8 C!CIV88Dd, !D8Cct8ID 8cD8, C!1Cu8dCI Iu8t8c.
Yc, 8CDC8t8 8Dd dcCOCDIa \DIDKI8, C8D CCD\tIDu! DO D]\c!1D_ :L
OI_cDCu88CDC8t8,IDcC!ua8,8Ddc8dt8WD8\ !DQIODD I8, 8!LCcD]
KDCWI Dc|I D8DWc dC [8DdDc|ctD8D : LCIc OC8, Ot \D8 D8|t),
Du! D]8CID_ u Dc Dc_cDODIC dCD8:L O8CDO8t8DIQ, WDtcID \Dc Id8
LOODJ81\] }
O!D8utc 88 8ODcDID_ Ou8Idc DuD8D DID_8 D88 DD CCD8OId8d 8Dd
Qct8I88. LCCODIZID_KDOWd_ COD8I8!8QtCI8c] !LDI8_C!tc88tCD.
DcDcX! 8cQWCuODc!ODuIddcCCODI8CQIOD8 OD\DtuID8C!IDQIIa
KDOWd_. JWO X8DQc8 CCDcO DIDd.
It8, WDD ID o D |8uI 18Dt )O8C d CO88 QuDI8Dcd Hlstorla
natura/ y mora/ Jc /as InJlas, `D8ut Wa8, ID LDII8I8D 1uIOQ8D CC8
DOC_ 8OD!DID_ !O KDOW, uDdI8!8Dd!L_ D8!utc W88 8D8DOuD! O
uDdct8!8DOID_ I!8 Ct8CI, LOd. u \D ]DaIa8 8DO _uCDua8 D8d DC
8uCD D!aQD]8IC8; COD8QucD], Dtc W88 DC CODCcQ CODQ8t8D O D
V8ctD CODCcQ O`D8utc. D88d !D] tId CD `aCDaDaDa, 8 COD
CcQ!D8!Y8!tDLDt8IaD8dIODOD8Vc. 8CD8D8D8W88DCW_ucCDu8D
8Dd ]DaIaD amauta 8Dd yatlrls-amautas 8DO yatlrls WI D 8IcDCd
!D!ccCu8 QuIV8D!8 C!tbco/oylan [CO88)-uDdct8!OCd!DcDuD8D Ic
8ICD8DIQWIDI!c, WIDD8cDct_]!D8! cD_cDOct8 8Dd D8IDaIL8 !I!, !O
d8]I8D8a\d a8DODtc8I!D.JDc QDcDCDcDCD!D8!Y8tD LDII8I8D8
d8CIIDd88`DauIXI8!OIDCODI8dI8IDCIOD!O`Cuutc;!utDctDOt,
I\ Wa8CODCIVO88 8OD\DIL_ Ou!8IO DDuD8D8uD]cC. 1OtqD8t88 8Dd
_uCDu88, DOt-!DaD-DuD8D QDDODDa [a8 W! 88.DuD8DDcID_8) Wtc
CODCcIVcO 88 8CDaD8D8; 8Dd, ID DI8 CCDCQIOD, DIW88 DC!, 8DdDctc
I8 DC !Oda], 8 dI8!IDC!IOD Dc!WccD `D8utc 8Dd `Cu!ut. qD8Ia8 8Dd
_ucCDu88 88W!DcD8cV8 ln I, DO 8QaIa\d{om I. 8 8uCD, Cu!utc W88
DauI aDO DauI W88 [8Dd I8) Cu!utc. JDu8 D IDIIa DCDD! OD CC
CDIatVOuIODWa8OIDQaD!DY8!tD CCDCcQ!OD8ut8DOOtu
Ou D ]D8I8 aDO _ucCDu8 CCDCcQ C!8CDaDaDa.'' TWa8 D88ICa]
DCW COCDI8I8 1 W88 ID!tCOuCcO IDC D dCD8ID CKDCWcd_c 8Dd 8uD
]C!IVI]. JWD]]aI8 8UtCO88, oIt1t8DCI8L8CCDQuDI8DODI8Novum
Oryanum (6:o ), IDWDICD DQICQO8O8tCI_8DIZaIOD C!KDCWcO_c 8Dd
C8t] 8!ad !D8 `D8utr W88 `Dctc O Dc dODID8d D] NaD. LuIL_
DI8 QIIOd, DCI !D Ddu8tI8 cVCu!IOD, Yc8ctD LDtI8!I8D8 888tO
!DcIt CCDtO CVct KDCWO_ 8DCu! Da!uI D] OI8Qua1Ij1D_ 8 CCcXI8!ID_
8Dd Qu8] VaIO CODCQ\8 C! KDCWcd_c 8DO D] I_DCtID_ CCDCcQ!8 !Da
COD!t8OICd DII CWD uDdct8!8DdID_ CD8!ut. D 8aD :!, Dc]
cD_8_cd ID 8D CODOD] C!Dtu\a t8OutC Xt8C!IOD [_Cd 8Dd 8:VI 8Dd
ODtDa8)CI aDcW_c O_CD8 D8tK. D] a8O uDdt\OOK8D8C-
tCcCCDOD]CQ8D8ICD.DatV8, aDdI_Dt8IOD [8u_8t,!OD8CCC,CC|CD,
!C.) 8DddId8CWIDCu! t8D8_cDIC IDCD!IV8, WDICD D_IO88ODD8DK8
z DlIUUuC!OD
o!Manchcsler,IIvcrpooI,andIondonsuchlhallakIngIoans!rom Ccnoa
banxcrs (aswasthcnormInSpaInInthchrs!haI!o!lhesIxlccn!hccnlury)
wasunncccssary.
Sccond, oncc "nalurc'' bccamc an cs!abIIshcd conccpl, lhc rcIa!Ion o!
man !o nalurc dIspIaccd lhc uropcan mcdIcvaI conccpl o!Iabor as weII
as a olhcr Ideas and uscs o!Iabor In TawanlInsuyu (lo whIch Guaman
PomadcAyaIa dcvolcdlhcIaslorlyorso drawIngs ohIsNucva coronica
oucn ooicrno 66]).WorkIngloIIvc (orIIvIngIabor,InMarx'sconccp-
luaIIzalIon) bcgan !omula!cInlo cnsIavcd and lhcnwagcdIabor. SImIIar
cascs canbcound (bcyondlhchIsloryo!uropeandIls coIonIes) Inlhe
!sIamIcworIdandIn ChIna.AIIlhesccascsworIdwIdehadlwocaluresIn
common:Iaborwas

ncccssaryloIIvc andwasnolcnguI!cdInlhecoIonIaI
ma!rIxo!powerlhallransormedIIvIngIaborIn!osIavcryandwagedIabor
(ensIavcdandwagedIaborbccamenaluraIIzcdIn!hcprocesso!crealIngan
economyoaccumuIalIon !hal Is lodayrccognIzcd as capIlaIIst cconomIc
mcn!aIIly).5corclhIs,IIvIngwas!hcneccssaryprccondIlIon!owork.TlIs
lrans!ormalIon rcsuIledIn cxlensIvc ensIavcd lradclhallrans!ormcdhu-
manIIc Inlo acommodIly-!or !hc owncr o!lhcpIanlalIon,o!hc mInc,
and,Ialcron,o!lhcIndus!ry.
Tlcncxlslcp was !hc!nduslrIaIRcvoIulIon. !hc mcanIngo"nature" In
Acoslaand5aconchangcd,comIng!orcer!o"na!uraIrcsourccs,' lhc!ood
ncccssarylonourIsh !hc machIncs olhc InduslrIaI RcvoIu!Ion lha! pro-
duccdo!hermachIncs(raIIroadandaulomobIIc) lha! rcquIrcdmore!ood,
charcoaI, and oII. "nvIronmenlaI calaslrophc'' slarlcd al lhIs momenl.
WhIIc regcncralIonoIIebc!orelhcIndus!rIaIRevoIulIons! suslaIneda
rIcndIyrcIalIonbclweenlhcWcslcrnmano!cuI!ureandlhcIn!cgralIono
Iaborand na!urconwhIchhcbuII!hIscuIlurc,!hedIslanccgrcwahcrlhe
!ndus!rIaI RcvoIu!Ion and aIIolhercIvIIIzalIonswcrcrcIcgalcd, In!hceyes
oWes!crn mcn, IncrcasIngIy!o lhcpas!. "Nalurc''-broadIyconccIvcd-
mulalcdInlo"naluraIrcsourccs".whIIc"nalurc"-asaconcrcle noun!hat
namcslhcphysIcaInon-humanworId-bccamcIn!hcIcwWorIdlhebasIs
or!hc cuIlIvalIon osugar, !obacco, col|on, and so orlh. !n o!hcrwords,
!hc conccplmu!atcdInlo oncreerrIng!olhesourcc o!na!uraI rcsourccs
(charcoaI,oII, gas) lhalueIcd!hc machIncs o!!hc !nduslrIaI RcvoIulIon,
lhalIs,"nalure"bccamearcposIloryoob|cclIbcd,ncu!raIIzcd,andIargeIy
Incrt malcrIaIIlylha! cxIsled !or !hc IuIbIImcnl o!hc cconomIc goaIs o!
Coonai] 1]
lhe"maslers"olhcmalcrIaIs.JhcIegacyorhIslrans!ormalIonIIvcsroday,
In our assumplIon lhal "na!ure" Is thc provIdcr o! "naturaI resourccs" !or
daIIysurvIvaI. watcr as abo!lIed commodIly. Tlcmula!Ion onalurc In!o
naluraIrcsourccsInlhcWcslwasasIgnoprogressandmodcrnIzalIonand
al lhc samc lImc asIgn lhal othcr cIvIIIza!Ions slagnaled and were aIIIng
behInd lhc Wcsl. Such Imagcs were pure and sImpIc narra!Ivc conslruc-
!Ions,lhalIs,lhcywercassumcdlobcrcaIIlIesrcpresenledInlhedomaIn
oknowIcdgc,andknowIcdgewaslhcbasIcandpowcrIuIlooIuscdbolhlo
conlroIaulhorIlyand!o bc!ranscrrcdasacommodIly. KnowIcdgcInlhc
coIonIaImalrIxopowcrwasadoubIc-edgedsword:onthconchand,Irwas
lhcmcdIalIon!olheonloIogyo!lhcworIdaswcIIasawayobeIngInlhc
worId(sub|cclIvIly).Onthcolherhand,as!ar asxnowIcdgcwasconccIvcd
ImpcrIaIIy as !rue xnowIedge, Il bccamc a commodIly !o be exporled to
lhoscwhoscknowIcdgcwasdcvIan!ornon-modernaccordIngloChrIsrIan
lhcoIogyand,Ialeron, sccuIarphIIosophy andscIences.JhIs combIna!Ion
wassucccssIuIenough,In!ermso!lhcamassIngoweaIlhandpower,lhal
bylhccndolhenInereenlh ccnluryChInaand !ndIahad!oconron!lhe
!ac!lhat Wcslcrnmen and Ins!IlutIons sawlhcm as (;.c.,buIIr knowIedge
Insuchwaylhallhcycamclobercgardedas) IaggIngbchIndhIstorIcaIIy,
andhIslory,!orlheWesl,was cquaIlo modernIly. Consequen!Iy,Wcslcrn
knowIcdgc bccamc a commodIlyoexpor!alIon or lhemodernIzalIon o
lhenon-WeslcrnworId
CoIonIaIIlywrappcd up "nalurc" and "naluraI rcsources" In acompIcx
syslcmoWeslerncosmoIogy,slruclured!heoIogIcaIIyandsccuIarIy,IlaIso
manu!aclurcdancpIstemoIogIcaIsyslcmlhalIcgItImIzcdI!suscso"na!ure''
lo gcnerale massIvequan!I!Ics o"producc,'brsl, andmassIvcquan!I!Icso
"naturaI rcsourccs" aher lhe !nduslrIaI RevoIulIon. Jhc nrs! was slIII lhe
perIodorcgcncratIon,wIthlhc sccondweenleredlhcpcrIodorccycIIng.
JheIndus!rIaIandlhclcchnoIogIcaIrcvoIulIonaIsomadepossIbIclhcIn-
duslrIaIIzatIono"producc''andlhemercanlIIIza!IonooodandIIe.
It Is aIrcadypossIbIe,lhroughlhercscarchconduc!edrecen!Iy, lo !racc
lhcsragcsand!ransormalIonso!hccoIonIaIma!rIxover thcpaslnvehun-
drcd ycars, In each oIrs spheres and In muluaI rcIa!Ions oInlerdcpcn-
dcnce.!wIIIoHeryoumorccxampIeslhal!havedeveIopcdcIscwhcrc.'
IIrs!,lhcIogIco!coIonIaIIly(lha!Is,lheIogIclhalhcIdlogclherlhedI!-
crcn!sphcresothema!rIx)wcnllhroughsuccessIveandcumuIalIvcstagcs
1 nItOducI:OD
QtC8CDCC QC8IIVC] :D DC tDC\OtIC C! UOCCtDI!y. 8QCCID.C8], :D !DC !CtU8
88V8ICD, QtO_tC88, dCVCOQUCD, UOdCtD:28IOD, 8DC CCUCCt8C]. JDC ID:-
I8 88_C CCQO]CC DC tDCCt:C O! UCdCtDIy 88 88V8\:OD. b8V8\:OD W88
!CCu8CC CD 88VID_ DC 8Ou8 DtOu_D CODVCt8ICD C LDt:8I8D:y. J1C 8CCODd
88_C IDVCVCd DC CCDtC O! DC 8Ou8 C! \DC DCD-1utCQC8D DtCu_D DC
CIV::2ID_ UI88ICD Cu\8ICC utOQC 8Dd U8D8_CUCD C! DCd:C8 :I CUCt_ID_
D8:CD-8!8C8 DtCu_D \DC 8C\ O! CCDD:QuC8 D8 1OuC8u\ 8D8]2Cd 88 O:O-
QC:!:C8. J1u8, COCDI8:y W88 |8Dd 8\: I8) DC DI88ID_ CCUQCDCD8t] D8!
O!O:C-QOIIC8. J1I8 t8D8!CtU8\:OD O! DC tDCCtIC C! 88V8\IOD 8DC \DC O_:C
C! CODtO DCC8UC QtCV8CD dutID_ \DC QCt:OC C! DC 8CCu8t D8ICD-8\8C.
J1Cu-QOI\IC8 Uu\8Cd IDC C_C-QCIIC8. J1C D:td 88_C8 88_C D81 COD-
:DuC8 OC8]OC_8D \DC UOUCD \DC COtQOt8IOD8 8DC \DC D8tKC\ OCC8UC
dCUID8D OIC!CCDDuO_] d:8Q8CCC Cu_CDIC8; 8DC 8CVCtI8ID_ DOUD8tC:D_
Tv, CD DC 8tCC!8, OD DCW8Q8QCt8, 8Dd \DC IDCtDC, CI8Q8CCd DC t8C:O.
LOD8CQuCD], DC DC8D] 1utCQC8D C::2CD 8DC \DC DC8D] DIDOtI!y ID
DC CCOD:C8, WDC WCtC U8D8_Cd 8Dd CCD\tCCd \DtOu_D Cu_CDIC8 ID \DC
DIDCCCD\D CCDuI] 8Dd DC D.t8 D8! O! DC !wCDIC\D, D8VC DCW OCCD CCD-
VCt\CC ID\O `COD8uUCt CDtCQtCDCut8 O! DC:t OWD DC8D O] !DC u8C8 O!
D:O-CCDDCC_] COUQIC:\ WID QD8tU8CCO_]. J1C WC-KDCWD :D8I8\CDCC
C! !CtUCt QtC8:dCD LCOt_C Y Du8D C Qt:V8\I2C DC8D ID8ut8DCC 8DC \O
U8KC C8CD CI:2CD 8 Qt:V8C CD\tCQtCDCut 8DC 8 CCD8uUCt C! QD8tU8CCu\:-
C8 8Dd DIC\CCDDCO_IC8 `8dV8DCCUCD D88 OCCD VCt] WC dOCuUCD\Cd,
ID !8C!8 8DC 8t_uUCD8, O] JKC88 C8C8 dC8Ct:QICD C! DC QCI:C8 C! :!C
:8C!.'* LDC CCD8CQuCDCC O! DC COtQOt8\C 88_C ID CCDtOID_ OOdIC8 8DC
CCDVCtID_ C:\:2CD8 IDC DC8D-CCD8uUCt8 |D8 I8, DC QCI:C8 C! :!C :\8C!,
t8DCt D8D DIC-QOIIC8) I8 D8! I D88 CD_CDdCtCC \DC `UCdIC8 D8D8. J1C
88_C O! DC QOIIC8 O! :!C :\8C! ID dCVCCQCd COuD\t:C8 I8 IDdCCC Qu:C C:!-
!CtCD. tCtC UCCCtDIy C8DDC\ OC 8CQ8t8CC !tOUdCVCCQUCD\, 88 WC 88W
:D DC CQI_t8QD D] Y8D_ tuI. C8C, 8CUCIUC8 8QOC_CIC8] 8DC 8OUC-
\IUC8 :D O8C !8:\D, tCCO_D:2C8 D8! DC QO1\IC8 O! 1!C :\8C1 I8 D88IC8] :UQC-
UCDCd ID CCVCCQCd CCuD\t:C8, D8 :8, :\ I8 U8tKCCd C DC UIDCtIy O!
YC8CtD LutOQC 8Dd \.b. CIC UICCC-C888 COD8uDCt8. Ct DC tC8 O! DC
WCtC |WID DC CXCCQIOD O! C8CD CCuDt]8 CI\C ID lDC CItCC C! WC8CtDI28-
ICD), DC Uu8ICD D88 DCCD !tCU CIV::28\IOD C CCVCCQDCD: 88V8ICD O]
CCDVCt8IOD C LDtI8I8DIy Ot 888CD\ID_ C YC8CtD CIVJ:28\:OD 88 Il Uu\8Cd
:DO CCCDCUIC dCVCOQUCD, WDICD W88 8 CCDVCt8:OD C YC8CtD CCCDCUIC
QtIDCIQC8, 8uCD 88 DC8C C! \DC Y88D:D_lOD LOD8CD8u8.
Lolonl] 1
bCCCDd, ID DC 8QDCtC C! CQI8\CDOC_], COCD:8I!y D8d :\8 !OuDd8:CD ID
DCOO_], \D8 :8, :D DC \DCu-QOIIC8 O! KDOWCd_C. bCCu8tI8U dI8Q8CCC
LOd 88 \DC _u8t8DCt O! KDCWCC_C, Q8CID_ N8D 8Dd C88OD JD LCd8 8C8C,
8DC CCDt812CC DC _O. _O-QO:\:C8 |DC OVCt8tCDID_ CO8UOO_] OD WD:CD
OIC-QCI:C8 W88 !OuDdCC) \DCD dI8Q8CCC \DCO-QCI:C8 |WDO8C CCDCCtD W88
DC CCDtC O! DC 8Ou, DO\ C! \DC OOd]), Ou\, :D DC 88 8D8]8:8, DOD |OJDCd
!CtCC8 C D8ID\8ID \DC CQI5\CDC 8DC QO1\IC8 CCDtO C! \DC COOD:8 D8\tIX.
L8t bCDD:\ 88W I CC8t]: QCIIC8 \DCCO_], 88Id bCDDI\, I8 DO 8 UC\8-
QD]8IC8 :88uC, Du t8DCt 8 WC-_tOuDdCd 8\tuC\utC D88Cd CD C8\C_Ot:C8
C! KDCWCd_C, V:8IOD, 8Dd ID8Iu\:OD8 CODD_ut8ICD.'` J1C \CCDDCO_IC8
tCVOu:CD O_C\DCt W:D \DC CCQOt8\C V8uC8 D8 WCtC QtICt:\I2CC :D YC8-
CtD LutCQC 8Dd DC \DICd b8C8 (IC8VC |8Q8D ID 8u8QCD8ICD !Ct DC \JDC
DC:D_) U8dC U8D8_CUCD I8C! \DC QtIDC CCDCI O! 8OCI8 1!C 8Dd KDOW-
Cd_C. LOQOt8\C V8uC8 tCQu:tC CCICDC]\DC UOtC ]Cu QtCduCC, DC 8t_Ct
DC _8ID8, \DC D8QQICt ]Ou 8tC 8uQQO8CC \O OC. Dd CCDDOC_] D88 t8IDCd
I8 CWD CXQCt\8 WDC 8tC Q8:d C `IDQtOVC CCDDOC_IC8 U8D8_CUCD C! CV-
Cty\DID_. 1D DC C88C O! DututID_ 8DC CCuC8\:OD, DC \CCDDOO_:C8 tCVOu-
:OD :8 CtC8ID_ 8 DCW yQC O! 8uO]CC WDO8C `KDCWCC_C CCD8:88 :D 8QCDd-
ID_ IDC O Q8CK8_C `KDOWCC_C 8CCOtd:D_ \O \DC lCCDDOO_:C8 OQ\IOD8 OD
DC UCDu. `CCDDOC_IC8 \DIDKID_ 8KC8 \DC Q8CC O! D:DKID_ ID _CDCI8
8Dd C! C:8CIQIDC8 JKC QDIO8OQD] 8DC \DC QDIO8OQD:C8 88QCC\ C! 8 KDOW-
Cd_C, tCCuC:D_ DCU \O 8 CCDDOO_IC8 Q8CK8_:I_ C! OQ\:OD8. CVCtDCC88,
DI8 :8 D8QQCDID_ O OD] 8 8U8 QCtCCD8_C C! \DC _CO8 QCQu8IOD. \DC
QOQu8\IOD \D8 D88 DC `QtIVJC_C 8Dd \DC DCDCD O! CCCDOU:C 8Dd CDCI_]
tC8OutCC8 D8 CD8OC DCU \O `CD]O] \CCDDCO_]. J1CtC I8 QCtD8Q8 C QCt-
CCD\ Ot 8C C! DC WOtd QOQu8ICD !Ct WDCU CCDDOC_] I8 DO 8V8I8DC,
8DC \DC QuC8:CD !Ct \DC !uutC WCud DC WDCDCt \DC] WOud D8VC 8CCC88
\C \CCDDCO_:C8 UCDu8. YI DCtC 8W8]8 OC 8 C88 8D C QCtCCD\ t8C O!
CXCu8IOD! Lt W: \DC C QCtCCD DCCCDC 8W8tC D8 DC] !OtU \DC U8]Ct:y
O! \DC QCQu8IOD O! DC Q8DC\ 8Dd QCtD8Q8 DuIC 8 WCtd :D WDICD CCDDO-
O_] w DC 8\ DC 8CtVICC O! DuD8DIy, ID8C8C O! UCD 8Dd WOUCD DCID_ 8\
DC 8CtV:CC C! \CCDDOC_]. J1C8C W DC \DC Dt8 UOUCD\8 O! \DC dCCOCD:8
CduC8\IOD.' D DC UC8D\IUC ICWC8\CtD:28ICD |8CC CD8Q\Ct ) UC8D8 D8\
DuU8D OC:I_8 W: CCD\IDuC C OC 8 \DC 8CtVICC C! \CCDDOO_] 8Dd DCtC!OtC
DC tCQtOCuC\IOD O! DC COODI8 U8tJX O! QOWCt | cmr) w CCD\IDuC.
D8VC QtCV:dCd \WC DIDd8:_D!8 CD DC C_IC O! COCDI8:, 8 8CDCUC C! I8
8tuCutC, 8Dd8 !CWCX8UQC8 O! :\8 DI8\Ot:C8 !OuDd8ICD 8Ddt8D8!CIU8ICD
1 OItOducI:OD
DtOU_D DVCDUDCt8C ]C3t8 OD8 DIt\D 3DdDI8!O1IC8 OYC8\8tD CIVIZ8
ICD3DCI\8 IDQCtI38XQ3D8IOD. 8CdC88C83], 3D8!3\ID_!D3 !D8 CCO
DI3U8tJXOQCW8tI8 !D8VCt]!OuDC3\IOD3 8\tuC\Ut8 O!Y88\CtDCIVIZ3
\IOD.LCDCDCW_IV8 8ODCDCtC 8QCCDC dC3I18 O\D8CV88 3WDICDDC
O_IC C!COCDI3Iy OQ8t3C8 hI8 QO88ID8 O ICCD\I] 3DUDDCtO8Q8CIDC
DI8CtICO-8\tUC\Ut3DCC88HWDICDWCC8D 8C8DCDICt3tCDIC38tuCU1CO
C3CD DCCC. _UI]3DO8 CCDC8Q! C!DCCtO_CDOu8 DI8CtICO-8tUCUt8 DOdC8
W DCUDC8t8CCC3838\3\8WD8tCI 3D]Q3ItO!ICU8I8IK8]ODCt83Cd
D WO Ot DOt8 C0 8tID_ W3]8. D 8 QCd3_C_IC3 CtDU3 I\ CCuC DC 83Id
D3 DI8CtICO-8tuCUt8 DCCC8 3t8 D8Ct3tCDIC8, DU C 83] 8C WC D3VC O
CCCOODIZ8\DC CCDC8Q! C!DCCt3tCD] |WDICD I8 dCDDCd DuDIVCt88 CtD8)
3DC UDC8t88DC D8\Ct8tCDIC8 CtO88CC D] DC CCODI3 8DC IUQ8tI3 d Ct
8DCC8. LDCC WC CO D3, C8COODIZCdDC\8t3tCD]Hu\3C8IDODCCtO_CDOu8
DI8OtICC-8\tUCUt3 DOC88, CtO88CC D] CCODI3 3Dd IDQCtI3 CICtCDCC8.'
YC D3VC DU8 CD3D_CC 8QI88DIC !Ctt3ID C D1t\DCt CC8CtIDC DC CCODI3
D3\tJX 38 3 C_IC8 8!tUC!Ut8 D3 UDC8tD88 D8 !O3Iy O Y88\CtD CIV
IZ3ICD; I\ I8 3 D8D3_CtI3 O_IC D3 D] DCW D38 _ODC D8]ODC D8 3C\Ot8
WDC D3V8 CtC8\CC8DCD3D3_CCI3DC,ID3 8CD8C,II8 DC COODI8D3tIX
\D3 D38 D3D3_CC DC 3C\Ot8 3Dd a C!U8. Y8 3t8 aID D8 D3\tIX, 83CD
DCCCI8 ID8tCODDCC8CWID8\DCt88,8DC\DCD3tJ7C3DDOD8OD8CtV8d
3DC CC8CtID8C D] 3D OD8CtV8C OC3!8C CU8Id8 DC D3tJ7 D3 C8DDO DC
OD8CtVCCD3OD88tVCtW!DCCIDCt\DC LCCOLDtI8I3DDCOC_]CtD8
bUD]CCC8CCU3tC38OD.
LCDID_D3CK!O \DCD8CtC_CDCu8 DI8CtIC-8!tUC\Ut3 DOdC8 D]WDICD
D8VC CI8Q3C8C D88t3tCD] 8DC CD3D_ID_ CQI88DIC Ctt8ID: W Dt8CDu
U8t3C8UCDDCC883DC\DCDC1OWUQWI\D 3!CWCX3DQC8\OIu8t38DCIt
IDCt-t83IOD8. JD8 OtC8t ID WDICD W! QtC8CD\ D8D C3D D8 UCdID8d,
!Ot 8CDCWI3t_U8D3CCODCD]3DC C388tC3\IOD83t8\DC lOuDd3OD O
DICt3tCDIC8 ID 8OCICI88, 3DC C!D8t8 WI 3t_UC \D3\ I\ I8 t3CI3 C!388IDC8ICD
8DC DC Q8tICU3t 8uD]8C\IVy 3DC CODtC C!KUCW8C_8 \D3!D8K88 QO8
8IDC8UCDDICt3tCD]DtOU_D COODI83DdIUQCtI3d 8tCDC88.JDCCCODI3
U3tJX |WDICD U8DIC88 I\88JI \DC tDCOtIC O UCC8tDIy D3 DId88 D8
O_IC C! CCODI3Iy), tCDCUDCt, I8 3D3DCuD C Y88CtD CIVIIZ3\IOD 38
DUJ1 ID DC Q38 DV8 DUDCtCC ]C3t8, OtI_I3D_ ID \D8 1\3D!IC, D8D CX
Q8DCID_3DC CDCtC3CDID_CD C\D8tCIVIIZ3IOD8]U8IDCCD]D8COODI38Dd
IDQCtI3 CICt8DC88. JDu8, D8 CCODI3 D3tJX I8 Du\ 3DC CQ8t3\88 OD 3
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uDVCJJD_ DCW DC D3tJ7 WCtK8. 1Dd \DC CCCCODI3 OQ\IOD I8 D8 t88D
C88 QtC]CCC!_C\|D_ u8 aOu C!DCDIt3_C CDOdC)DI\y 3DC D8t3Q O
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1WDICWCU3ID\DC CCOUIC8, Ot CX3DQC, I8D 3QO8IICDOCODID3\83
D3DC!COCt. 1Dd3WOD3DOCCOt, ID\DCCCODIC8,WCudUO8\:KC]]OD
DCt8DDIC3] CXQOI\8dU3CCOUQ3DIODt3DCtD8D]CDD8 WDI8WCD3D
WDC 8XQOI8 3DC CCDID3C8 DIU. L88 DCD CDuDCt3C 8CDC DI8\OtICO
8tuCut3DOdC8,KC8QID_JIDJId\D3\C3CDDOd8I8DC\3uDIVCt83IU8\3DCC
DU\D3\ 83CD C!DCU3tCCOD83D]DCID_ 3t\ICu3\CCDtOU_DDCCOCDI3
3DCDQCtI3CICtCDCC.''
1 ]_CD3t3cIa!Otm3UOLWDCscQOILC!Ot1_IL8ICDW8s LDtI8I8LbQaU
uI8 CCUDc aLC sDU!aLcOU8 c8s8uC3ICU. hc NCCrs 8Ld hc |cW8 IU
urCQC8LCDC|DdI8L8aDd]!tIC8Ls 8CtCssDc]DIC.
2 ]QatICuat_CD8C8ssOtm8ICDWhCtc3CIVct8IyO!!Otm8C!8DOt|s3V
Ct], 8cmI-8ct!CCm,W3_c8DCt, Qcy-CCDDOdIyQtCduc1CU, Cc.) WcrcO
1 D!tOduc\:OD
cccxist and bc crganizcd by cagita as 8 scurcc ct grcducticn ct surpus
vauc thrcugh thc scIIng ct ccmmcditics tcr 8 grcpt in thc wcrd markct.
1his particuIar gcba structurc criginatcd n thc sIxtccnth ccntury.
j An intcrnaticna divisicn ct abcr ct ccrc and pcriphcry whcrc cagta cr-
ganizcd abcr at thc gcrighcry arcund cccrccd and authcritarian tcrms,
:
Intcrnaticna divIsicn ct abcr was sugpcrtcd by thc crdinaticn ct intcrna-
ticnaaw (dc Yitc ria, Grctius) Uthc sIxtccnth and scvcntccnth ccnIutics.
q An intcr-statc systcm cI gciticc-miitary crganIzaticns ccntrcIcd by
)urc-Amcrican macs and instituticnaizcd in cccnia administraticns
(ccmgarabc tc NATO).'
A gcba racialcthnic hicrarchy that grivIlcgcd )urcpcan pccpc cvcr ncn-
)urcgcan gccgc.' WhIc gciticc-mIitary crganizaticns wcrc knc\v in
)urcpc and cthcr parts ct thc wcrd, n thc sIxtccnth ccntury gciticc-
mitary crganizaticns bccamc cntrcnchcd with intcrnaticna aw.`
A gcba gcndcrlscx hicrarchy that privIcgcd macs cvcr tcmacs and )u-
rcpcan patriarchy cvcr cthcr tcrms ct gcndcr ccnhguraticn and scxua
rcaticns. A systcm that Impcscd thc ccnccgt ct "wcman tc rccrganizc
gcndcrlscxua rcaticns in thc )urcgcan cccnics, ccctivcy intrcducing
rcguaticns tcr "ncrma rcaticns amcng thc scxcs and thc hicrarchica
distincticns bctccn "man and "wcman`'
/ Ccnscgucnty, thc cccnia systcm invcntcd asc thc catcgcrics "hcmcscx-
ua and "hctcrcscxua (c.g., Ias Casas's |in]tamcus cxgrcssicn "c pccadc
nctandc), just as it invcntcd thc catcgcry "man' and "wcman. J!is invcn-
tcn makcs ``hcmcghcbia irrccvant tcr dcscribing Maya, Aztcc, cr Inca
civIizaticns, sincc U thcsc civIizaticns gcndcrlscxua crganzaticns wcrc
cast in dicrcnt catcgcrics, which Sganiards (and )urcgcans, n gcncra,
whcthcr Christian cr sccuar) wcrc cithcr unabc tc scc cr unwIing tc
acccgt. 1hcrc was nc hcmcghcbia, as indigcncus pccpc did nct think in
thcsc tygcs ct catcgcrics,
8 A sgiritualrcigicus hicrarchy that privIcgcd Christian cvcr ncn-
Christianlncn-Wcstcrn sgirituaitics was instituticnaIizcd n thc gcbaiza-
ticn ct thc Christian (Cathcic and atcr Irctcstant) Church, by thc samc
tckcn, cccniaity ct kncwcdgc transatcd cthcr cthica and sgiritua prac-
ticcs arcund thc wcrd as "rcigicn, an invcnticn that was asc acccgtcd
by "nativcs (Hinduism was invcntcd as rcigicn cny in thc cightccnth
ccntury).'
LoloDa\) 1y
y An acsthctic hicrarchy (art, itcraturc, thcatcr, cpcra) that thrcugh rcsgcc-
tivc instituticns (muscums, schcc ctbcaux arIs, cgcra hcuscs, gcssy gagcr
magazincs with sgcndid rcgrcducticns ct gaintIngs) managcs thc scnscs
and shagcs scnsibiitics by cstabshng ncrms ct thc bcautin and thc
subimc, ct what art is and what is nct, what sha bc incudcd and what
shaI bc cxcudcd, what shaI bc awardcd and what shaI bc igncrcd,`
JO An cgistcmic hicrarchy D8 grivIlcgcd YC8CtD kncwIcdgc and ccsmccgy
cvcr ncn-Wcstcrn kncwIcdgc and ccsmcIcgics was instituticnaIizcd in thc
gcba univcrsity systcm, gubishIng hcuscs, and !ncclocdiu britunnicu,
cn gapcr and cninc. ''
1 A Inguistic hicrarchy bctccn Lurcgcan anguagcs and ncn-)urcgcan
anguagcs grivIcgcd ccmmunicaticn and kncwcdgclthccrctica grcduc-
ticn in thc tcrmcr and subatctnizcd thc Iattcr as scc grcduccrs ct tcIkcrc
cr cuturc, but nct ctkncwcdgclthccry.'
12 A garticular ccnccpticn ct thc "mcdcrn subjcct,' an idca ct Man, intrc-
duccd in thc )urcpcan Icnaissancc, bccamc thc mcdc tcr thc Human and
tcr HumanIty, and thc gcint ct rctcrcncc tcr racia cassihcatIcn and gcbaI
racism.''
IC\8 \8KC DC CX8UQC ct 8D_u8_C, KDCWCC_C, t8C8U, 8u\DCt\], 8DC
CCODCU] CtC8D_ DCCtC_CDOu8 DI8\OtCO-8\tuCUt8 DOCC8 \D8\ t8D8!OtU
hCD8CVC8 8DC ]C tCD8ID, D8ID\8IDU_ DC O_C C! COCDI8I\]: \hC CCD\CX\
8DC DC COD\CD CD8D_C8, DuDC C_IC tCU8ID8 |8CC 8RCtWCtC). D8VC 8t_uCC
D8 QCID 8CVCt8 \IUC8 D DC Q88. 1OOWD_ ug OD [uI|8DC88 8\8CUCD
08 utCCCDt8D I8 8 QuC8!CD DO\ O! _CC_t8QD] Du O! CQ8CDCO_],
h8VC D8CKCC uQ DI8 CICUU WID DC CD8CtV8\IOD \D8 YC8CtD KDCWCC_C
8 !OuDCCC ID wO C888IC 8D_u8_C8 |'tCCK 8DC 18U) 8Dd uD!OCCC ID DC
8:X UOdCtDlCCODI8 8DC JDQCtI8 LutCQC8D 8D_u8_C8. 8I8D, bQ8DI8D,
8Dd 1Otu_uC8C |\DC VCtD8Cu8t 8D_u8_C8 C! \DC CD8:888DCC 8DC C8I]
!CuDC8\:OD O! UOCCtD\]ICOCDI8I) 8DC tCDCD, 'CtU8D, 8DC LD_I8D
|DC DtCC VCtD8Cu8t 8D_u8_C8 D8 D8VC CCUID8CC !tOU \DC LDI_DCD-
DCD C DI8 C8]). 1utOCCDt8D |88 IDQCI8 KDOWCC_C WDC8C QCID C!
OtI_ID8ICD W88 utOQC) COuC DC !CuDC 8DC tCQtOCuCCC ID \DC CCCDIC8
8DC CX-COODIC8, 88 WC 88 D OC8C8 D8 D8VC DO DCCD CItCC!] COCDI2Cd
|tCuC8 C! CI8QCt8IOD). 1utCCCD\tI8U I8, !Ot CX8DQC, C88J] !CuDC ID LO-
ODDI8, LDIC, Ct Pt_CDID8, ID LDID8 Ct ID DCI8, WDICD dOC8D DC8D \D8
zo ILIICduCI:OL
tcsc glaccs arc, in tcir cnIrcty, uroccnIrc. Ccrtainly not. nc w not
say tat BoliVia s in totalty uroccntrc. HowcVcr, t couldn
'
t bc dcnicd
thaI traccs oI uroccntrism arc aliVc and wc!l in BoIVa, in boIh thc Right
and tc !cn, goIiIicalIy and cgstcmcalIy. Jhc samc considcrations couId
bc madc wit rcsgcct to Chna. It W bc dimcult to conVncc any onc taI
Chna is a uroccntcrcd country, altough no onc wlI disgutc that Ic
traccs oI uroccntrsm arc stlI alVc and wc!l n Chna. Jhc lnguistc hi-
crarcy in which uroccntrsm has bccn Ioundcd-whiU IcaVcs out oI thc
gamc Arabc, Hind, Russan, Urdu, Aymara, ucchua, Bambara, Hcbrcw,
and so on-controls knowlcdgc not onIy trough thc domnancc oI thc lan-
guagcs thcmsclVcs, but through tc catcgorics on whch Iought s bascd.
JhcrcIorc, bordcr cgistcmology cmcrgcs hom Ic cxtcrorty (not thc out-
sdc, but tc outs
_
c inVcntcd n thc groccss oI crcatng Ic dcnIty oI Ic
nsidc, thaI s Crstian urogc) oI thc modcrn/colonial world, Irom bodcs
sgucczcd bctwccn imgcraI Ianguagcs and thosc languagcs and catcgorics
oI IoughI ncgatcd by and cxgclIcd Irom thc housc oI imgcraI knowIcdgc.
II wc cxgIorc ow acsthctcs haVc bccn conccVcd and dcIcndcd and art
gractccd in tc cgtccnth ccntury, wc wl!l scc thaI tc icrarchy oI lan-
guagcs gocs hand n hand wit tc hicrarchy oI knowlcdgc and oI art and
Iitcraturc. HowcVcr, and sincc thc Rcnassancc, ltcraturc and ganting hcId
ands in tc conccgt oI"rcgrcscntaIion' and in thc bclicI in Ic dircct con-
ncction bctwccn words and Iings, as oucauIt cxgIaincd. Conscgucntly,
ltcraturc and ganIing sct thc ruIcs by which to |udgc and cVaIuatc wrtIcn
cxgrcssions and Vsual hgurations noI onIy n urogc, but, aboVc alI, in thc
nonurogcan world. Yhlc arts and ltcraturcs wcrc aIrcady uourisng n
IIaly in Ihc hnccnth ccntury, Is uourishng was conncctcd to Ic cconomic
wc!l bcing oIItaIy, which was bascd on trcc hnancaI and commcrcial ct-
cs. Ilorcncc, Vcnicc, and Gcnoa. Jhat Ioundaton was crucal n thc six-
tccnI ccntury, whcn urogcan mcn and institutions bcgan to gogulaIc thc
Amcrcas, Ioundng uniVcrsitcs and cstablshng a systcm oI knowIcdgc,
Iranng Indans to gant churchcs and to Icgitimzc artstic grncglcs and
gractccs that wcrc conncctcd wit thc symboIic in thc control oI authorty
and with thc cconomic in thc muIuaI comglcity bctwccn cconomc wcalth
and thc sgIcndors oI thc arts. Irom thc scVcntccnI ccntury, urogcan coI-
onics groVdcd tc raw matcral Ior thc Ioundation oI muscums oI curos-
tcs (Kunstxamcra), which Iatcr on dVdcd gcccs bom tc nonurogcan
[ClCLIalI\[ z\
worId (muscums oI naturaI history, o anthrogoIogy) !rom muscums oI art
(grimarly urogcan, Irom Ihc Rcnassancc on).
JcArgmcn!!oLomc
Chagtcr 1 lays out tc groundwork, outlinng hVc widc tra|cctorics taI
wiIl shagc gIobal Iuturcs Ior many dccadcs to comc, gcraps thc cntirc
twcntyhrsI ccntury. I dcscribc Ihcsc hVc gro|ccIs as rcwcstcrnization, Ic
rcoricntation oI Ihc IcH, dcwcstcrnzation, dccoIoniaIity or Ihc dccolonial
ogton, and sgiritualty or tc sgirIuaI ogton. I am noI Iookng Ior a win-
ncr. Jhcsc Ira|cctorics and ogtions cocxisI and wlI cocxisI in conuctiVc
and/or diglomaIc rclatons, somc wilI bc comgatibIc with othcrs and oIcrs
lI bc incomgatibIc. I am jusI sayng tat thcrc is not and cannot bc a wn-
ncr anymorc. "Tcrorsm
'
and "YikiIcaks arc two cxampIcs oI thc goint oI
no rcturn, and tc goinI oI no rcturn is that thcrc s no longcr a glacc n
Iis world Ior onc and onIy onc tra|cctory to rcgn oVcr Ic othcrs. Imc-
rlum has run ts coursc and gIobal uturcs arc bcng bult n which many
tra|cctorcs and ogtons wilI bc aVaIabIc, owcVcr, I|crc wlI bc no pIacc oI
onc ogtion to grctcnd to bc tbe ogIion. Jhc dccolonal ogton is not aiming
to bc tbc onc. It is |ust an ogton Iat, bcyond asscrtng itscl! as such, makcs
ccar tat aIl Ic rcst arc also ogIions, and, not simgly thc irrcVocablc Iruth
oI hsIory that has to bc imgoscd by Iorcc and hrc. Jhat s simpIy thc golt-
cal trcatisc, in onc scntcncc, wrttcn by Ic zLu. a world in which many
worlds wiIl cocxst. ChagIcrs z and j moVc toward dccolonial Inkng,
thc hstorcaI Ioundaton oI dccoIonaIity, and thc dccoIonal ogtion. Both
chagtcrs z and j cxglorc n dcgth gcogoIiIics and bodypolIcs oI knowl-
cdgc conIrontng (c.g., lookng inIo Ic cycs oI) tco and cgogoIitics oI
knowIcdgc (that is, modcn/mgcriaI knowIcdgc). Chagtcrs ( and j ohcr
dccolonial rcadngs oI two basc conccgts in thc rhctoric oI modcrnty and
thc Iogic oI coIonialty. sgacc and Imc. CoIonization oI tmc and sgacc arc
Ioundational Ior thc rhctorc oI modcrnity. thc Rcnaissancc coIonizcd tmc
by nVcntng thc Mddlc Agcs and AnIiguity, thus glacing itscII at Ic un-
aVoidablc grcscnI oI history and scttng tc stagc Ior uropc bccomng thc
ccntcr oI sgacc. Hcgcl concludcd this narraIiVc by haVng a main charactcr,
thc Sgrt traVcIing Irom thc ast and landing n Ihc grcscnts oI G

rmany
and urogc, tc ccntcr oI thc world. Jhc rhctorc oI modcrnity disglaccs
zz D!tOUuc!:OD
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WcCC8 8LC WcC:D8 !Ut 88D, Lu2CU !Ut Dc LC88, 8LC JDUCD!I8D !Ut D
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Yc8\tL !IDc. !! Dc L81888DC ILVcL!cC Dc WIddc T_c8 8LC D!IguIy,
ID88IL_ Dc U_IC U! CUUDI81y D] CUULI2IL_ I!8 UWL Q88 [8LC 8!UtcC I 88
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Jc Roads Io Inc uIurc
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|E0|E P8y 5y, `HumDEIID 5 DI IEly 0IIE5IEC 0 0yI!, 0ECU5 C0BI
DVE ID 5500 0 IDE 5BE 5E5E IDI IDE EI5D0 IDI D5 DDJECIVIy WI0uI
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5EE0 IDD IDlEI0I. DWEVEI, IDE DIHEI5 85D |uI DDJECIVIy 0 IHIH55,
yDu C5CDVEI IH8I C5IEEBE0I5 C0 D0y DE 50VEC Dy E0IEI0 CDm0 D C0-
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HUN HLK1 K. NP1U KPNP, `0lD CEI DD7II. .,s
N TH scOND DTON o2Ic Iomoso}tbc artb in tbc Intcr-
nationa/ Iaw o}tbc |usIubIIcumuropacum (;(),CarISchmIl|
lraccsIhrcc possIbIc IuIurc sccnarIos. HIsvIsIonolhc!u!urc Is,
nalura1IyandcorrcclIy, groundcdonhIsvIcwo!hcgasl.thchIs-
lory onomos and IIncar gIobaI lhInkIng (scc chaptcr 2 In lhIs
book).
ThchIs!oryonomos Is dIvIdcd In!o lwo dIstInctcras:bcorc
1jOO andahcr1jOO. JhcrcaIwayshasbccnsomckIndonomos o!
lhc car!h,' obscrvcs SchmI!lIn aswccpIngvIcw ogIanctaryhIs-
lorybcorc1jOO. InaIIlhc agcsomanknd, lhc carlhhasbccn
approprIatcd, dvIdcd and cuIlIva!cd. Bu! bcorc !hc agc o!hc
2 LDay\ct LDC
rcal dIscovcrIcs, bcIotc lhc sxtccnlh ccnluty oI our syslcm oI dalIn, mcn
ad no IobaI conccgl oI thc gIancl on whIch tcy IIvcd. CcrtanIy, lcy had
a myfhIcaI Imac oI hcavcn and catl, and oI Iand and sca, but lc carl
stiII was nol mcasurcd as a Iobc, and mcn stIII had nol vcnIurcd onto lhc
rcal occans.'
atcc wth SchmIlt on thIs counl. But InsIcad oI Iinkn and anchotIn
lIs gcrIod In gIanclary hIstoty to thc Grcck nomos, I grcIcr lc dccoIo-
nIaI vcrsIon oI''a goIyccnltIc worId In whIc no onc cIvlIzatIon Is Imgoscd
ovcr aII lc rcsl. Jhcrc arc many cxgIanatIons Ior such slalc oI adaIrs, bul
thc IacI rcmaIns lhal, In lhc sixlccnl ccnIury, Iurogcan mcn rcachcd, Iot
thc btsl tImc In lc Istoty oI humanknd, a gIanctary vcw as dcgIclcd
by, amon many olhcts, lhc IIcmIsh cartoraghcr IumoId Mctcatot, In
8;. BcIorc oo thctc was no tcIcrcncc goInl to wIch "aIlcrnatIvcs couId
bc ImaIncd. Jhctc wcrc many ogtIons and Inlcraclions amon gcogIc
Irom ddcrcnl Ianuacs, rcIIIons, and IcttIlorIcs. Jhcrc wcrc conhIcls, oI
coutsc. Bul lc conIcls rcmaIncd al IocaI IcvcIs. BrIcy slatcd: bcIorc oo
thc wotId otdct was poIyccnlrIc and noncagItaIIsl. Ancr oo thc wotId or-
dcr cnlcrcd into a groccss In wIch goIyccnlrIsm bcan to bc dsgIaccd by
an cmcrIn monoccntrIc cIvIIzatIon (c.., Wcslcrn cIvlIzalIon). Wcslcrn
cIvIIIzalIon cmctcd noI ust as anolhct cIvlIzatIon In lhc gIanclary con-
ccrl, bul as thc cIvlIzatIon dcslincd lo Icad and savc lhc tcsl oI thc wotId
Irom lhc Icvl, nom barbarIsm and grImIlIvIsm, nom undcrdcvcIogmcnt,
Irom dcsgolIsm, and lo turn unhaggincss Inlo haggIncss Iot aII and Iorcvct.
Ilc namc oI modcrnIly (lc Icnassancc vcrsIon), coIonIzatIon oI sgacc
btsl and oI lImc Ialcr (scc caglcr ()wctc lhc two main sIratcIcs (or lcc-
noIoIcs II you wsh) oI manacmcnl and conltoI. JIcd lo bol coIonizalIon
oI sgacc and tImc, lhc coIonIaI and ImgctIaI ddcrcnccs camc into bcIn.
Jhrouh a Ion gtoccss, ovcr bvc hundtcd ycats (oo-:ooo, rouIy), a
monoccnlrIc worId otdct look grcccdcncc ovcr thc goIyccnlrIc onc. Iow
dId lat aggcn: Accordn lo SchmItl,
Jhc brsI nomos oI thc arlh was dcsIroycd abouI jOO ycars agc, whcn lhc
grcar cccans c Ihc wcrId wctc opcncd up. Jlc carlh was cIrcumnavigaIcd,
AmcrIca, a ccmpIcIcIy ncw, unkncwn, nol cvcn suspccrcd conIincnt was dIs-
covcrcd. A second nomos o] tbe eartb arose ]om sucb dlscoverles o] /and and
sea. Jhc dIsccvcrcrs wcrc ncI Invilcd. Jlcy wctc madc wIlhouI visas Issucd
c VO3CS Io lc 1u\Dtc ly
by lhc dscovctcd pcopIcs. JIc dIscovcrcrs wcrc uropcans, who approprI-
alcd, dvidcd and uIIIIzcd Ihc pIanct. Jhus, rhc sccond nomos oI rhc arlh
bccamc uro-ccntrIc. Jhc ncwIy dIscovcrcd conlIncnr o AmcrIca brsI was
ulIIzcd in thc Iotm oI ccIonIcs. Jhc AsIan Iandmasscs couId noI bc apto-
prIatcd In lhc samc way. Jhc urcccnIrIc sItucIurc oI nomos cxlcndcd onIy
parIIaIIy, as opcn Iand -apprcptIaIIon, and cthcrwisc as prctccroraIcs, Icascs,
tradc agrccmcnls and shcrcs cI InIctcsIs, in shorr, In morc cIastIc Iotms oI
uriIIzatIcn. OnIy In rhc ninctccnrh ccnluty dId lhc Iand-approprIalIn urc-
pcan pcwcrs dIvidc up AuIca.'
Jhcrc arc scvctaI Issucs wIl whIc dccoIonIaI gcrsgcclIvcs wouId bc n
harmony wIl SchmIlts nartatIvc. Jhc dhcrcncc IIcs In tc co- and body-
goIItIcs oI known and knowIcdc. JaI Is, tc concctns oI a vcn schoIar,
goIItIcIan, aclIvst, bankcr, |ournaIist, Iarmcr, Iormcr sIavc, and so on do
nol mcct In thc unIvcrsaI ousc oI knowIcdc whctc ttut wthout ga-
rcnlcsIs Is dsgutcd and contIIct oI IntcqtctalIons arIscs. Gco-IslotIcaI
and bIoraghIcaI IocalIons atc nol naturaIIy rankcd n thcIt grIvlcc, bul
lcy arc Iocatcd by lhc coIonIaI maltix oI gowcr and tc ImgcrIaI/coIonIaI
dihctcnlIaI ordct oI knowIcdc. Fot cxamgIc, dutinthc samc ycats thal
SchmItl gubIIscd tc books and lhc atlIcIcs addcd to lc sccond cdItIon,
dmundo OGorman, In Mcxico (grccIscIy bclwccn po and p6o), gub-
IIshcd lwo cguaIIy toundbtcakIn books: Ia ldea de/ descuorlmlento de
Amcrlca (p:) and Ia lnvenclon de Amcrlca (p8). In bol cascs, thc basIc
and slton arumcnt Is tat AmctIca was not dlscovered, bccausc thcrc was
no such cnlIly thus namcd, buI lnvented. UIs as II ScmItl and OGorman
wctc IacIn cac othcr at lwo cnds oI tc AtIanlIc, Iookin al how thIns
had haggcncd sincc lc sIxlccnl ccnIuty. Onc was IookIn at dwcIIIn In
lc ImgcrIaI hIstory oI utogc, whiIc lhc otcr was dwcIIIn In tc coIonIaI
hIslory oI thc AmctIcas and thc CarIbbcan. JhIs arumcnt has bcn IamiI-
Iar in lhc Soul AmctIcan hIstory oI lhouht Ior sIx dccadcs, and I avc
slrcsscd tc goInl on scvctaI occasIons. :ou may grcIcr SchmIlts ogtIon,
bul al lhIs goint Il wouId bc dImcuIt to dcny lat OGorman has an cguaIIy
vaIId ogtIon lal as bccn obscurcd by lc coIonIaIIly oI knowIcdc lhal
madc ScmIlt lc guanlIlalIvcIy grcIcrtcd oglIon.
Morc rcIcvanl, howcvcr, Is wat onc can caII "ScmIlts ttIck, aIthouh
am gctsuadcd lhal It was not inlcnlIonaI. Jhal mcans lhal ScmItl look
jO LBa]!cILD0
!orgran!cdlhaloncclhe"ncwnomoscmerged,alheolhcrsvanIshed.Hc
was !akIngorgranlcdlhc very modern Idca lhalhIsloryIs sInguIar, lhar
!hcrc Is onIyonehIslorIcaIIIne so!ha! oncc somelhIngnewagpcars,wha!
cxIs!edbcorcIssugcrscdedandrcIcgalcdlolhepas!-!ohIs!ory,precIscIy.
5uIcvcn Iweacccgl!hIsvIcw,wehavcloaccountor!wodIcrenI!ygcso
crasurc.nrs!,thc ncwnomoscrased!hcprevIousnomos lhalhadbccnin-
corporatcdIn!hchIsloryouropc(lhalIs,lheCrecknomos),bul,second,
lhcIncasand!hcAz!ecsdIdnolbeIongloIhal!ra|eclory,andIheIrnomos
(IyouwIshloIookal!heIrscnscolerrIlorIaIIlyIn!hIsrcrm)wasncgalcd
and dIscardcd, nol Incorpora!cd. odaywc sce lhal "lhe nrsl nomos o
!hccarlhwasno!"deslroycd.'5ecause!heywcrcnoldeslroyedlhcyarere-
cmergIngInth

!wcn!Ielh-nrslccnluryIn dIHercnlguIses: asreIIgIousand

anccslraI Idcn!I!Ies re-arlIcuIa!ed in responscs lo and confronla!Ion wIlh
WcslerngIobaIdesIgns(gIobaIIsmra!hcrlhangIobaIIzalIon).ThIs Is no!, o
course, !oproposcarc!urntolhe paslbul,precIscIy, lo opcnup!heroads
!owardgIobaI!u!urcs. So, Ic!'sgclbacklo SchmIll'slrIck, whIchIsIngarl
rcsponsIbIc!or ourbIIndncssrcgardInglheco-cxIslcnceo!gIobaIhIslorIes
hIdden undcr lhc iJIusIon (SchmIl|'s lrIck) lhal once lhc sccond nomos
o!lhc carlh camc, lhc nrsl ceascd lo exIsl, or was Icn oul ohIsloryand
pulInlolhcmuscum. IIrs! SchmIlllcIIs uslhal!hcre wcrc many nomos,
whIch he rcduceslo "lhcnrs! nomos.' Tha!Is, heaIIgnedlhe dIversIlyo!
lhepoIycenlrIcworIdwIlhasIngIeIInco!WesIcrnhIs!ory.Forlhalrcason,
whenhcwasImagIning!hcIulurc hewasunabIcloImagIne!ha!"lhemsl
nomos" (InpIuraI) hadncvcrbecndcslroycd,hadaIways coexIsledaIong-
sIdclhc"ncwnomos,'andlhalnowlhcyhaverccmcrged.5cyond!heIIn
carIzalIon onomosdIvcrsIlybeorc ,oo lhalIsSchmIll's s!ory, lhcrcIsin
ronlo!hIm(IlxeO'Corman)lhcvIcwolhccoexIs!cncco!non-uropcan
nomoswI!hlhcIIncarIzalIonolIme(gIobaIIinear!hInkIng)andtheemgly
spacc (In !he AmcrIcas and In A!rIca, bul nolIn IndIa and ChIna-"Tle
AsIanIandmassescouIdnolbcagproprIalcdInlhcsameway).Tleseno-
mos!halnevcrwcredeslroyed (c.g.,lhInkolhepersIs!cnceo! awanlIn-
suyuIn5oIIvIaloday, groundInglhercvIvaIoIndIgenousgoIIlIcaIsocIcly,
or!hcrcramIngoConIucIus'sIcgacyInmodernChIna,orIn!hcal|emgls
byMusIIm InleecluaIs lo decoIonIzeWes!crn!ransIalIons oSharIa and
|Ihad andIorcsloreIhemasaprogeroundarIonor MusIImwaysoIIc),
and!hcyncvcrvanIshcdcIlher. Thus,weaIIarc relurnIng!oapoIyccn!rIc
Jnc oaos to tnc \uturc 3I
worIdorderonIy!ha!Ioday-contrarylothcworIdbeoreoo-I!IspoIy-
ccnlrIcandcapIlaIIs!.
OccoonzingthcSccond!omosoI!hc La!h
JhcmturcIsboundloIhechaInso!lhepas!. Tlus, SchmIl|s!a!es,
ThcmaIncharac!crIslIcsothis seccnd ncmc: olheearIhIaynrslHIlsu-
roccnrricsrrucrurcandsccondinrhar, digerent ]om the rst, inirsmythicaI
Imagc olhe worId, Il encompasscdlhcoceans . . . . The urocenIrIc nomos
oIrhecarrhIasrcdunriIWorIdWar I((-8). waslascdonaduaIlaI-
ancc, nrsl, :he laIance oIIandand sca. EngIand aIone dominaledlhesea,
andaIIowednooulunce oseapower. yconIrasr,onrhcuroeanconlincnr
rhcrc cxisrcd alaIancc oIIandowcrs. I:s guaranrorwasrhc sca owcroI
EngIand
1hcuroccnlrIcnomosmayhavcIaslcdunlII!hc FIrslWorId War, bu!I!s
agony cx!cndcd un!II lhc Sccond WorId War, whcn uropc sucrcd lhc
conscqucnccsoIlsownImpcrIaIhIstory.lhcvacu uIchby!hccoIIapsco
us uo/lcum uroacum was lakenup byAdoIHIlIer, who, asAImCs-
aIrcno!cd,apgIIcdlowhIlcmcnlhcsamcracIaIgrIncIpIcslhalurogchas
agpIIed, !or nve cen!urIes, !olhenon-uropeanpopuIatIonTlcen!ryo!
lhc\nIlcdSlalcsasancmergIngworIdIeaderaner!heSecondWorIdWar
InI!Ialedlhe CoIdWarwI!h the SovIel\nIon. !n!ha!conlexl, SchmIllwas
orccaslIng!hcIulurc. Ilhcsccondnomos cndcd,whalwouIdbe!henew
nomos He ,saw,as!havemen!Ioned,lhreepossIbIescenarIos.
Thc msl sccnarIo, accordIng !o SchmIl|, wouId dcpcnd on who suc-
ceeds and comes ou! o!!he CoId War as rhe new hegemony. Tle dIvIde
be!ween asl (allhallIme, lhe SovIel \nIon) and Wes! wouId be lheIasr
slagcbcorclhcunIncalIono!hcworId-agossIbIIIlyccIcbra!cdbyFrancIs
FukuyaaImmedIaleIyaI|erlhe coLagse o!the SovIe!\nIon. 5ul, appar-
enlIy, lhIs sccnarIo dIdno!ob!aIn. SchmIl| sawasccond possIbIIIly bascd
onlhcconceglooa/ancc olhenomosprevIousIydescrIbed: "1ha!wouId
mean lhal ngIand's !ormer domIna!Ion olhc occans bc exgandcd !o a
|oInldomInalIonoscaandaIr, whIchonIy!he\nIledSlales IscapabIeo!
doIng. AmerIcaIs, soIo speak, lhegrealIsIandlhalcouIdadmInIsIcr and
guaranlcc lhcbaIancc olhc rcsl olheworId.'' One couIdsaylha!lhIsIs
_l Chaptcr Cnc
D0 8C0D8IIu D8I W88 V)8D0, Q8tICu8Iy !IOU D0 b08_8D-J18CD0I y08I8,
uDI D0 CuDDID0d CO8Q80 u! 0V0D8 D8 W0I0 CODtIDu0d u Dy D0 u8D
8dDIDI8\t8IOD [D0 IDV88IOD u!1I8Q 8DO \D0 CO8Q80 O! Y8 OII00) 8DuW0O
DI8 8C0D8IIO 88 uDVI8D0. J10 DIId 8C0D8IIO, !Ot OCDDI\, W88 DO OD_0I
D880d OD 8 V)8D0 8Dd Qu88ID0 D88DC0 u! 1D_8DO 8DO \D0 lDI\0O O8\08
[WDICD WOuO D8V0 I0QuIt0O 8 8Ot O! I8D8D8IOD8 8Dd I8D8IDQ0II8 D0-
_0DODy), Du\ !IuU 8 CuUDID8IuD 8DO D88DC0 `O! 80V0t8 IDO0Q0DO0D\
Gro}raumc OI D8 DOC8 COuO COD8\I\u0 8 D88DC0, 8DO D0I0Dy Cuud Qt0-
CIQI\80 8 D0W OId0t O! D0 08tD. DI8 800D8 u D0 D0 8Iu8IIOD \Od8y. u
I CODQIC808 \D0 Qu08IOD O! 8 `D0W DuDO8. J10I0!Ot0, uID DuW \O 0X-
QOI0 \D8 8C0D8tIO !IuD 8 O0COODI8l Q0t8Q0CIV0. YD8\ !uOW8 I8 \D0 uV0t8
DI8IOtICu-D0Ot0\IC8 !I8U0 ID WDICD D0 !uOW!D_ CD8Q0I8 8I0 CODD0C0O.
L08 88t ID 8_I00U0D WIID OCDDI\ 8Dd 88y \D8\ D0 1uIOC0D0I0d Du-
Du8 O! \D0 08I\D D0!W00D oo 8DO (-8/( W88 IDO00O \D0 I08u! O!
8 QIO|0C O! Y080IDIZ8IOD [WDICD W0D\ D8DO ID D8DO W\D D0 QIOC088
O! DuIOID_ uD !D0 IO08 O! Y080ID CIV)IZ8IuD) D8 _I0W 8DO 0\Q8DO0O
CuD8I80D\y !Ot !Out 8DO 8 D8! C0DutI08. J10 QIOC088 8DO QIO]0C u! Y08\-
0IDIZ8IuD OId Du\ 8IOQ WD D0 CtI8I8 O! D0 80CODO DODu8 u! \D0 08tD,
D0\W00D D0 It8 8Dd O0CuDO YuIO Y8t8. CODIDu0O DO\ Dy 8QQIOQII8-
ID_ 8Dd, Du\ Dy U8D8_ID_ DD8DC08 8DO D8ut8 I08uuIC08 \DIOu_D D0 QIu]-
0C O! O0V0uQU0D\ 8DO DOO0IDIZ8IuD, ID !WO 8\8_08: !IuU )o \O 7o,
WD0D \D0 QIO|0C CO8Q80O, 8DO !IOD 8o u :oo8, WD0D D0 QIO|0C I0-
V)V0d. D !D0 80CODd 8\8_0, O0Y0uQD0D\ W88 t8D88\0O ID\O _uD8lI8D, \D0
CODC0Qu8 uO O! D0u-ID0I8 O08I_D8.'
uW0V0t, Dy :ooo, D0 WuIO W88 CD8D_ID_ 8DO DO80 CD8D_08 8t0 C08t
\Od8y. J10 WOtd OId0I ID WDICD W0 8I0 IV)D_ I8 QOyC0D\tIC, 88 I\ W88 D0!OI0
:oo, Du\ uDK0 \D8\ WOtO OIO0t, \Od8y D0 V8IIOu8 C0D0I8 8D8I0 D0 88D0
0CuDOUIC QIIDCIQ08: C8QI8I8D.'" 7Ou C8D 88y D8I l.b. C8QII8I8D I8 DO\ D0
88U0 88 1utOQ08D uI LDID080 C8QI\8I8U, Du D0 !8C I0U8ID8 D8 D0 d!-
!0t0DC08 8t0 8uQ0IDCI8, Du u! D0 d00Q 8\tuCuI0) \D0 0CuDODIC tu08 8Dd
QIIDCIQ08 CuD\IDu0 u D0 uII0D0O O D0 DOIIZOD u! 8CCuUu8\IOD O! W08\D,
WDICD 8DCDOt8 D0 QuW0I u! O0CI8IOD8. OOU0 8I0 8\0UQ!D_ \O IDQO80, 8Dd
u\D0I8 I0]0C\, !D0 IUQu8IIOD [0._., LDID88 t0C0D\ I0C88ID_ O! D\0tD8IOD8
I08IOD8, D0 1_yQI8D Q0uQ0 I08CDID_ \D0 IDI\ u! 8\80 IDQO8I\IOD). YDICD
D08D8 \D8\D !D0 8QD0t0 O! \D0 88\0 8Dd D0 COIQOI8IuD8\D0 8Iu__0
D8\ I8 D0ID_ !Ou_D I8 OC8I0O ID \D0 duD8ID 8Dd COD!IO O! 8u\DuII\y 8DO
Jnc oaos to tnc \uturc jj
D0 COD\tu u!KDuW0O_0 [QuI\IC8 8Dd 0QI80UIC 8Iu__08). `L8QI\8)8D I8
DO ODy 8 dOU8ID O! 0CuDODIC I8D88CIuD8 8Dd 0XQOI8IuD O! 8DOt, Du\
O! CODtO 8DO U8D8_0U0D O! KDOW0O_0 8Dd 8uD|0CIVII08. 18cCuDd 8I_-
DDC8D\ CD8D_0 W88 D0 0U0I_0DC0 8DO _tuWD O! 8 _OD8 QOIIC8 8OCI0y
[O0D I0!0tt0O \O 88 8OCI8 UOV0D0D8) uDKDOWD OutID_ D0 80CuDO D8!
O! D0 !W0D\I0D C0D\uty. uIID_ \D0 LOd Y8t, IDOu8II8-WuIK0I 8Iu__08
D0yODO \D0 \DI0d b\808 8Dd D0 bOV)0\ lDIOD W0t0 \D0 UO8\ V)8ID0 D8DI-
!08\8\IOD O! OI880D WD _uV0IDU0D8 8Dd IDdu8\tI08. OO8y, C8IU8 !Ot 0CO-
DOUIC 8DO u\D0I D8\0tI8 D0D0D8 _O D8DO ID D8Dd W)D C8U8 !uI dI_DIy
8Dd \D0 II_D\8 [DuU8D tI_D\8) u t0-ID8CIID0 D0 8CIV0 Q8I\ICIQ8\IOD O! \D0
QOI\IC8 8uCI0y 8Dd u D0 ID 8Dd uu\ O! D0 COODI8 U8t)X u! QOW0t, K0 L8
NI8 L8Q08ID8, DuYI1_ \OW8td d0COuDI8 DOtIZuD8. 0CuODI8 DuII7OD8
ID D0 OOD8D u! D0 880 D8V0 D00D 8\ WOIK ID OIV)8 uDO0I D0 QI08IO0DCy
O! 1VO uI808, 8DO 8QQ08t ID \D0 WtI\0D COD8\I\uIuD O! Du\D O)V)8 8Dd
LCu8OOt. D DOD C8808 D0 V0Iy CuDC0Q O! 8 QutID8IuD8 8!80 [W\D 8
\D0 CODQ\C8IuD8 \D8\ I\ 0D88) I8 8 C08I O0COODI8 !uIUu8\IOD, 8IDC0
DOO0IDICOODI8 8!808 Ou\8IO0 LutuQ0 [WD0I0 D0 UOd0IDIIUQ0tI8 8\80
w88 !uuDO0d) ID\0DO O OI8Q8C0 D0 0DDu-C888 u! 1uIOQ08D O08C0D\ D8
Ct08\0O 8Dd D8D8_0O \D0 DuO0tDICOODI8 88\0 [8IDC0 I8 IDC0Q\IOD ID D0
08Iy DID000DD C0DuIy), 8DO D8! V0d D0DIDO 8DO Ou8IO0 CI\I20D8DIQ ID
\D0 V88\ QuQu8!IuD u! 1DdI8D8 8DO Pu O08C0DO8D\8. uIVI8 8Dd LCu8OOI
8I0 D0 uDy \Wu 8|8\08, O Dy KDOW0d_0, D8\ uQ0D0O uQ D0 dcCuODI78-
IIOD u! D0 UOd0tDIIDQ0II8 DOO0 u! \D0 880 Dy ID\tOduCID_ D0 CtuCI8
CuDC0Q O! 8 `QutID8IuD8l 880." D !D080 \Wu C8808, C0I\8ID CO8DuI8IuD
0X8!8 [8UId 8Dy CODIC8) D0!W00D \D0 QO)IC8l 8OCI0y 8Dd !D0 8\80.
OO8y D0 DI8\OtIC8 8C0D8IIO D88 CD8D_0O, 88 D8V0 D0 Q0I8Q0C\IV08
\DIuu_D WDICD OD0 !008 8DO uDO0t88DO8 \D0 QI080D\. Ou DO 800 D0 !u-
\ut0 D 0ID8 O! D0 Dt00 8C0D8IIu8 dt8WD Dy bCDUI| [uI 8Dy u\D0t 80D8-
IV08), 88 D080 D8V0 QIOQO80O \0tU8 u! `0I\D0IIuI. OCDUI|8 !OtcC88 Qt0-
8uQQO808 D8I uD0 u! D0 Dt00 WOuO OD\8ID 8Dd DOd D0 WOtd u_0D0I.
J10 8I_uD0D u! DI8 DOOKI8 QI0dIC80O uD D0 D0I0! D8, ID \D0 !OtDCOU-
ID_ O0C8O08, D0 WOtd OId0t WI D0 d0CIO0d )D D0 8!tu__08, D0_u\I8IuD8,
CuUQ0)IuD8, 8DO CO8DOI8IuD8 D0!W00D DV0 dI|0t0D 8DO Cu0\)8\ID_ t8-
]0C\OtI08WDOu 8 W\DD0t. ! \D0t0 I8 8 W!DD0I I! WOuO D0 D0 8_I00D0D\
D8 _uD8 !uuI08 8D8 D0 QOyC0DtIC 8DO DODC8QI8)8. YDICD D08D8 D8\
8 8\Iu__0 !Ot WOtd dOUID8IuD D8 W88 D880O OD W08D 8CCuUu8IOD,
jq Chaptcr Cnc
mIIItary gowcr, and thc pursuIt oI a fotm oI sugrcmacy that could Imposc
its own notion of univcrsaIIty wouId ycId Io gIurIvcrsaIIty as a unIvcrsaI
pro|cct.
Jlc nrst of thc nvc trajccIorics Is rcwcstcrnization, whIch has bccomc
cIcar sincc thc IaiIurc In Irag and thc coIlapsc oI WalI Strcct. Jhc Iatcr was
manIfcstcd In thc muItitudc of artIcIcs dcvotcd to how Io savc cagitalism
and thc futurc oI cagitaIism. Jhc sccond Ira|cctory, a tcsponsc to thc nrst,
I calI thc rcorIcnIation oI thc Ich. Jlc thIrd onc is dcwcstctnIzation, thc
gto|ccI that has cmcrgcd in ast and SouthcasI AsIa sIncc thc Iatc os,
but that has gaincd strcngIh through thc support of ChIna, not onIy in cco-
nomic growth, but prImarIIy in poIiticaI, cgIstcmic, and subjcctivc conn-
dcncc. DcwcstcrnIzation is not an antI-Wcstcrn movc, but, on thc contrary,
a movIng n a dicrcnt dIrcction, a rcgainIng oI thc conndcncc that thc
Wcst took away from it nrst by cIassIjing thcm as thc "yclIow racc' and
sccond by thc humIIiati:g cxpcricncc and thc coIoniaI wound impngcd
thtough thc pium War. DcwcstcrnIzation is aIso a dcraciaIIzIng movc by
actots of thc "yclIow racc, whosc cxIstcncc was not duc to bIoIogIcal Iaws
but to Ihc fact that thc "whitc racc' controlIcd thc dIscoursc of scicncc and
of poIitics. I wiII rcturn frcgucntIy thtoughout thc book to dIscuss thIs tra-
|ccIoty. Jlc foutth tra|cctory is thc dccoIonial option, gcncricaIIy cxgrcsscd,
and dccoIoniaI ogtions In thcIr hisIoricaI cnactmcnts, whIch Is thc IopIc oI
this book. And thc nhh tra|cctory, awith dccoIoniaI ogtions, is thc sgirI-
tuaI optIon. Jlc spIrItuaI option, ocrs rcsponscs not onIy to thc matcriaI-
ity and cmcicncy oI sccular modcrnIty, but aIso to thc instItutionaIIzation
and coIonizatIon of thc spItituaIIty oI thc instItutIonaIIzcd rcligIons. Jhc
dccoIoniaI and spIrituaI ogtIons havc thcIr domain oI acton and ntcrac-
tIon In thc poIItIcaI socicty, cxccpt In thc Andcs, whctc thc dccoIoniaI and
thc spIrItuaI opIions comc togcthcr In thc rcvampIng oI conccpIs IIkc "thc
right ofIachamama and "Sumak Iawasy-Sumag Iamaa (to whIch I w
tcturn in thc ahctword) and arc bcing cxgIorcd and cnactcd n thc proccss
oI dccoIonIzing thc statc and In thc radIcaIIzatIon oI critigucs to dcvclog-
mcntaI goIIcics In thc domain oI cconom,'
In what foIIows I dcscribc onc tta|ccIory at a timc kccping Hmind, ntst,
that cach Ira|ccIoty dIsgIays and dIscIoscs a scrics oI optons, and, sccond,
that tra|cctorics and options arc not coscd systcms. actors can movc from
onc to thc othcr, thc "cotc' oI onc Ira|cctory can Incorporatc thc "contcxt'
Jne oaos to tnc \u\urc 3>
XROWcd_c cs!cO JOn-c81cO |nOcd_c
YcO11cn1alOn |cOt:cn!a!:oR 5ub|cct:V:!y
XRoW!cd_c 5ubc0!vty
cOnODy 5ubcc!vty 1u1DOt1y ot 1Dc L O) 1Dc ic!1 Autho::!y Xnovcdgc
(LD|ccV1y Au!ho:1!y LcODODy (Cb|ccUVi!y (Qb|cct:v!y conomy 5ubcctiVty
\1DOu1 (Qb|cc!:vty D (Cb|cct:Vi!y v:thou! v:thou! w1DOu1 (Qb|cc!:V:ty U (Cb|cc!:V:ty D
PatcR!hcscs| Patcc!hcs6s| P8tcn1DcSc8) Iatca!hcscs) Pgcn1DcSc8) Iatcnthcscs) Iatcc!hcscs)

Icvcs!c=:zaton cvcstcrn:za!:on
cot\cnIaUoD
o thc Lc
ccooa:al QQbons gu1aQQbow

!cd\8UOn !cd\8UOn Ncd:adoR !cC31\On !cCa1On

A0tOt8R8ttuboD A0toOnsUUUon [!ots|UIu!:Oc Ac1Ot8nSLIuLOn 1cIOtSnSLIu1\On
5chema!c vsua|zaIun uf |ve cu||en! !ra|ec!urles uf !he |uba| u|de| !ha!
a|e shapln |uba| fu!u|es.
oI anothcr tra|cctory (c.g., multiculturaIism U \nitcd Statcs or urogc)
mcans Ihat thc "contcxI' of Immigtant cuItutcs Is Includcd wIthout cn-
dangctng thc goliIicaI and cconomic "corc L anothcr sccnario it could
bc that onc cIcmcnt o! thc "corc' oI onc trajcctory (c.g., rcwcstcrnization)
is adagtcd to a dcrcnt trajcctory (dcwcstcrnIzatIon) (as it is In thc casc
oI Chna incorgorating a Wcstctn cconomy o! gtowlh and accumuIatIon,
without Iosi:g thc "cotc' oI thcIt own idcntity. Jlat mcans that adagtng
an cIcmcnt that is thc "cotc' oI onc trajcctory docsnt mcan to adogt aIso
its "conIcxt' (ncolibcralism). It mcans that thc "corc cIcmcnts arc not thc
samc Ior cach tra|cctory. (I wiII rcturn to thcsc issucs In thc ahcrword.) In
Ihc tcmaIndcr o! thIs book I w !ocus on rcwcstcrnIzatIon, dcwcstcrniza-
tIon, and dccoIonIaIity.
K6W65I6|0!ZdI!00
Icts start wIth thc graghic ovcrvicw o! thc nvc trajcctorics by cxamining
tcwcstcrnizaton.
Jlc govctnmcnt o! Gcorgc YBush contributcd to crasing thc Icadcrshig
Imagc that thc \nitcd Statcs had succccdcd in buiIdIng sincc thc cnd of thc
Sccond WorId Wat. Jlc Ihrcc giIIars oI thc Bush admInistration that con-
trIbutcd to Its ow dcmisc wcrc thc invasion oI Irag, unIIatcraIism In many
gIobaI issucs, and thc coIlagsc oI WalI Strcct. Jhc cnd o! Bushs govcrnmcnI
]6 Lbaptcr Cnc
aIso coIncIdcd wIth thc cnd of thc ncolIbcraI WashIngton Conscnsus and thc
kingdom oI thc nco-con that had conso!Idatcd from thc Rcagan-Jhatchcr
tcam to thc Bush-BlaIr tcam. nc oI thc many tasks of Barack bama's
admInIstratIon Is Io rcbuiId thc conndcncc thc world had In thc \nItcd
Statcs. ! caII thIs pro|cct rcwcstcrnIzatIon. RcwcsIcrnIzatIon touchcs alI thc
lcvcls of thc coIonIaI matrix oI powcr. In thc sphctc of cconomy, thc task Is
to "savc capIta!Ism, to rc-Imaginc thc "mturc of capIta!Ism In thc sphcrc
of authorIty, thc \nItcd Statcs Is tryIng to maIntain Its lcadcrshIp in InIcr
natIonal rclatIons. In thc sphcrc of knowIcdgc, thc \nItcd Statcs Is ptomoI-
Ing what thc countty has donc bcsI-scIcncc and tcchnology-now cIcarIy
orIcntcd toward thc corporaIIons, whIch mcans knowlcdgc to rcvamp thc
cconomy. "InowIcdgc Ior dcvclopmcnt' Is thc ungucstIoncd orIcntatIon oI
thc \nItcd Statcs In IIs currcnt pro|ccI of rcwcstcrnIzing thc worId, whIch Is
also transpatcnt In thc InIIIatIon oI thc World \nIvcrsIty orum, in Davos.
f partIcular intctcst Is thc caII Ior papcrs Ior Iavos \nIvcrsIty :o:o.
u
I
thc sphcrc of sub|cctIvIty, thc tnancIal crIsIs madc cvIdcnt how Important
It Is for thc futurc of capItaIIsm to havc "consumcrs.' Consumcr-sub|ccts
IIvc In a spccIal world and posscss a ccrtaIn psychoIog|. thcy lIvc to work
and work to consumc, Instcad of workIng and consumIng to lIvc. Working
and consumIng Io IIvc Is a basIc ptIncIplc oI thc dccolonIaI optIon, moving
toward and buiIding psychologIcs and sub|cctIvItIcs consIsIcnt wIth com-
munaI and plurIvcrsaI mturcs.
IrcsIdcnt BaraU bama
'
s movc, in |uly zoop, Io look for a partncrshIg
wIth ChIna was wclI In lInc with thc tra|cctoty oI rcwcstcrnIzatIon. !n March
:oo, and In thc samc pro|cct, PrcsIdcnt bama vIsItcd thrcc countrIcs In
Iatin AmcrIca (ColombIa, BraziI, and ChIlc), thc thrcc countrIcs that arc,
In thc vIcw of thc \nItcd SIatcs, thc most pIausIblc candIdatcs to support
thc pro|ccI of rcwcstcrnIzaIIon. BrazIl, howcvcr, may bc noI In that lInc but
lcanIng Ioward dcwcstcrnIzatIon. As wc w scc bclow, ChIna Is aIrcady wcll
advanccd In Its proccss of dcwcsvrnIzatIon. JhIs aIso ptcscnts a good casc
for undcrstandIng how dcwcstctnIzatIon works. Jhat China acguIcsccd Io
bamas movc docsnt mcan that ChIna wiIl folIow bama
'
s (or thc mIs
or thc WorId Bank
'
s) InstructIons; II also docsnt mcan that ChIncsc lcadcts
arc succumbIng to bama`s magIc. It mcans thaI thc "partncrshIp' Is for thc
\.S. govcrnmcnI a movc toward rcwcstcrnIzatIon, but, for ChIncsc Icadcrs,
It Is a movc oI dcwcstcrnIzatIon. In a dccolonIal analysIs oI thc conIronta-
tIon bctwccn rcwcsIcrnIzaIIon and dcwcstcrnIzaton, both sIdcs of thc coin
ic oaos to tbc Iututc 3/
shInc at thc surmcc. thc hcgcmonIc andlor domInant vIcws can no longcr
ctasc thc "dc' rcsponscs, cIthct dcwcstctn or dccoIonIaI. JhIs tcordctIng
ot global forccs, bctwccn rcwcstcrnIzatIon and dcwcstcrnIzatIon, sccms to
suggcst a twcnty-ntst-ccntury tcndcncy Ioward buiIdIng a cagItaIIst globaI
ordcr and a poIyccntrIc wotId. Jhc ma|or conIct in thIs sccnarIo wIlI bc
pIaycd out in thc domaIn of authorI] and of sub|ccIIvIty at oncc, for control
oI authorIty couId hardIy bc asscttcd wIthout a radIcaI transformatIon oI
sub|cctIvItIcs rcspondIng to ImpcrIal dIhcrcnccs. that Is, thc WcsIcrn impc-
rIal Idca that thc yclIow racc Is infcrIor to thc whItc racc couId onIy wotk In
thc proccss of tcwcscrnIzatIon but has aIrcady cndcd from thc pcrsgcctIvc
oI dcwcstcrnIzatIon Jhc sccIIon bclow wiIl cIarify what ! mcan.
K60I60\dI|005 0! 6 L6!|
Rcsponscs to rcwcstcrnIzatIon arc comIng from thc "rcorIcntatIon of
thc sccuIar Ich, whctc I scc at lcast fout IntcrnaI tra|cctorIcs. Jhc sccuIar
Marxist Ich has onc important clcmcnt In common wIth thc "thcologIcaI
Ich of both Wcstcrn ChrIstIanI] and !sla WhIIc In both ChrIstIanIty
and !slam you can tnd argumcnIs showIng that rcIIg|on and capIIalIsm arc
compatIbIc, thcrc arc a!so strong argumcnts in ChrIstIanIty and Islam argu-
Ing that capItaIIsm Is sImply cvi!. JhIs Is a sccnarIo In whIch noncagItaIIst
mturcs havc to bc thought out In tcrms oI glutIvcrsaIIty, truIh In garcn
thcsIs and Ihc cocxistcncc oI thc sccuIar and thc thcoIogIcal (ChtIstIan-
Ity and !slam), thc dccoIonIaI and thc communal, and thc ncIthcr sccular
nor thcoIogIcal ConIucIan lcgacIcs.' Iowcvcr, whIlc thcoIogIcal Islam Is
crItIcaI ofWcstcrn sccuIarIsm, oI thc lIfc styIc gtomptcd by cagItaIIsm, and
of ChrIstIanIty (sccn as dIhctcnt faccs of Wcstcrn cIviIIzatIon), thcoIogIcaI
ChtIstIanIty Is crIticaI oI capIta!Ism and of sccularIsm and of IslamIsm as
wcII. And II ChrIstIanIty Is crItIcaI of WcsIctn cIviIIzatIon, It will ncccssat-
iIy bc sc!f-crItIcaI as wcIl, sIncc ChrIsIIanI] Is onc of Wcstcrn cIviIIzatIons
basIc pIl!ars. Cocxistcncc and coopctatIon would bc mpossIblc, howcvcr,
uthc agcnts In cach oI thc thcologIcaI and sccuIar "lchIst' otIcntatIons scc
thcIr own as thc onc and on!y tra|cctoty. At that poInI, thc futurc wIll bc
cnvIsIoncd as "my own good and bcst unIvcrsaI. Ior thc Ich, thc crIsIs was
not causcd by thc invasIon oI !rag, Bush
'
s uniIatcraIIsm, and thc coIlapsc oI
WalI Sttcct. !rag and Wa!I Strcct arc mcrcly sIgnposts of thc crIsIs of capItal-
Ism and Its companIons, thc lIbcraI statc and IntcrnatIonaI imgcrIaI rcla-
tIons. or thc sccuIar Ich, thc crIsIs manIfcstcd Itsc!I In thc colIagsc of thc
LDayICt LOc
bOVIC \DIOD. 1CI DO8C WDO 8uD8CIIDC !O DC DCOO_] O! IDCt0\IOD, \DCtC
I8 ID8C0C 0 COD\IDuI] O! VIC1D8 O! C0QI0I8U 0DC O! DC QOOI. OWCVCI, I!
\DC !0 O! \DC bOV\C\ \DICD W08 DO 08 ctIIC0 !CI DCOO_] O! IDCI0IOD 08
I\ W08 !Ot DC 8CCu0t CH, I8 dCUI8C CIC0!CC DC CODCIIOD8 O \DCtC08C DC
VIcIU8 O! C0QI!0\8D 0Dd DC CVC8 O! QOVCI].

r
1D DCWCCD, Du\ QCID0Q8 08C cODIDu\D_ 0HCI i, DC CXQIC88IOD `_OD0
CU DC_0D !O 0KC DCd.' jC DC 8uIC, DC 8QCcIuU O! DC `CH I8 VCI]
WICC. 1 WOud UCD\IOD 0 !CW c08C8 \D WDIcD ICD0QQID_ \DC CU ID _OD0
QCI8QCc!IVC8 I8 0KID_ Q0cC ID DC YC8\CID [|uIC-rDCIIc0D) 0Dd ID DC
DOD-YC8\CID WOtd. YDIC DC bistory O! DC CU \D DC DODYC8\CID WOIC
IC8 ID DC 8D0COW O! DC LOUUuDI8 0t] [D0 ICQtOCucCC \D 8Ccu0I
!08DIOD WD0\ LDII8\I0D UI88IOD0tIC8 CIC \D DC 8\XCCDD CCD\uI], CD0D_-
ID_ DC CODCD D] U0ID\0IDID_ DC CtU8 O! DC CODVCI80\IOD), DC CH D08
DCCD tCOIICDID_ I8C! 0CCOIdID_ O \DCII Oc0 DI8OIIC8, WDIcD WCIC ID\CI-
!CICd WI\D D] _CD0 CC8I_D8 O! DC uIOQC0D CH. buCD I8 \DC C08C WID
DC ICW CU ID LDID0 0DC DOIVI0, 0Dd DC!OIC D0, DC I0\IOD0I8 CH \D
rI_CD!D0 ID DC 6os. J1C CCUUOD _IOuDC 0DOD_ DC8C I0|CC!OIIC8 I8
DC OD] DCII dI8QCD80IOD C! \DC C\tCC\VC8 O! DC LOUUuDI8 l0I\y [Ot, ID
DC C08C O! LDID0, O! W0O8 C_0C]) Du 08O H\DCII 8uCCC88!u CC!0cDUCD\
!IOU \DC _uId0DCC O! DC uIO-CIIC0D CU. jOC0] DC uIO-CtIC0D
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`8U88ID8DC KDOW0C_C, I! I8 WDI08 WDO COD8IuC !DC OD] KDCWD_ 8uD-
|CC! WDC C8D CC0tUIDC C888IDC8!IOD. YD8 UC8D I8 !D8 8CCt8 COud DC
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LDtI8I8D DCOO_y) WCtC 8 Du8IDC88 CODCuC0C D] WDIC UCD 8Dd CCDIDU0
!O D0 U8D8_Cd 8CCOtCID_]. CW080IDIZ8IOD I8 C8!D_ D!O QUC8IOD DO
]u8 !DC CCD0D! O! Y080tD CQI8!CUOC_] DU I!8 VCI] !OUId8IOD: D0 8\tUC-
Ut0 O! CDuDCI8!IOD.
b!0QD0D8 W88 C8IC!u! C CUQD88IZC !D8 DO8C WDC D8VC DCCD C888IDCC
88 yc//ow D] wbltc mcn CC DO !Ot_C! !D8! DC] D8VC DCCD C888IDCC, WD!0
DO80 WDO D0CD_ !O 8Dd dW0! ID D0 U0UOtIC8 D8! U8dC QO88IDC !DC C88-
8IDC8!IOD OHCD !Ct_C!. 1C CD80tV8!IOD I8 tCCV8D! CD 8CVCt8! COuD8. D0!Q8
ID COuD!0tID_ CUII0D! UDIV0I88I8IC C!8)U8 D8! dIH0tCDC08 8D8 DC !Ot_O\-
!0D D0C8u8C WC, DuU8D8, 8tC 8!1 CQu8!. \CDCt8!1], 8UCD C8IU8 8t0 U8C0 D]
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qo CDapIcCDc
j P ca|1uun Ilus!ra!inPhlip 5!ephens'S comme|!aty "Lncoun!er wi!h His!u|y !ha!
Rese|a!es Ioday, which appeated in !he ln0nc0mS$. |nDecember 2Oo/. Confucius, Deaun a linnaeus !ex! under hiS arm, ree!s an ub|iviuus Wes!ern execu!ive ur
puIi!ician. Permissiun ran!ed by !he H00nc0lImS5. jtJ.
arcncsis, and wno rcgard tncmscIvcs as tnc cmbodimcnt and guardians
o! knowIcdgc, tot Io cass is noI onIy a naming o! wnat is tcrc but an
cisIcmic cIassihcation and otdcrng o! tnc worId. Jnc caIm madc by Iin-
nacus and takcn to a nicrarcnicaI Icvc by Kant was dcvIscd by Homo saicns
curoacus, wno !ound ouI, in tnc roccss ot cIassing, InaI nc nnscIt was
tc mastcr ot knowIcdgc and was on Io ot tnc cnaIn ot bcing. Kants ctn-
no-raciaI tctragon owcs mucn to Iinnacuss cassmcation ot !out numan
sccics o! tnc gcnus rnatcs. Homo saicns curoacus, Homo saicns a]cr,
Homo saicns asiaticus, and Homo saicns amcricanus. Is aot tnis tcIcvant
t;day, in a wotd in hnancia crisis, a word on htc, ncrcasing gaucriza-
tvn, cxubcrant advanccs in biotccnnoIogy, gIobaI warming, and so on
WaI was indccd bcnind tc sccnario iIustrating Stcgncnss argumcnI
(scc hg. ]) bcnind Stcgncnss cdiIoriaI was tnc two nundrcd and somc ycats
tnat cIagscd bctwccn Iinnacuss cIassihcaIion and Kants rccasting o! iI [scc
cnatcr qo! Kants Gcoyrabic). Jncrc was aIso a snortcr nisIory bcnind tnis
sccnatio, around Icn ycars oId: hrst Inc Iccturc, Incn tnc gagcr tat was coI-
IccIcd in Kisnorc Nanbubanis Can Asians 2Iink (8).
Dcwcstcrnization is not anti-Wcst and, conscgucntIy, its grogtam is noI to
cnd, sugcrccdc, or rcgIacc Wcstcrn ncgcmony wItn tast Asian ncgcmony.'
1c IOads !c !Dc Iut\c (/
DcwcsIcrnization is a pro|ccI o! con!ictivc cocxistcncc bcwccn !orccs tnat
snatc common cconomic grincipIcs taI in tc Lch and Fignt vocabuIary
arc caIcd "capitaism. In dccoIoniaI vocabuIary, "capitaIsm is onc spncrc
in !c coIoniaI matrIx o! powct, as cxpIaincd in tnc introduction Inat bc-
camc rcdominant ahcr tc Sccond WorId War. WniIc dcwcstcrnizaIion
snatcs wIn tcwcsIctnization tnc "surviva! o! capitaIism, c con!rontatIon
!akcs gIacc at otnct IcvcIs o! tc coIoniaI maItix o! powcr: tc spncrc ot
autority, ot knowIcdgc, and ot sub|cctivity. Bric!y, it is noI a movcmcnI o!
anti- but o! sc!-amrmation. Jc dIstincIion bcwccn modcrnization and
dcwcstcrnizaIion is cIcatIy statcd by Nabubani: "Nodcrnization mcans
Ihat you want to navc a com!ortabIc, middc-cIass cxstcncc wItn aI Inc
amcnitics and aItributcs tat go aIong w it-c!can waIcr, indoor pIumb-
ing, cIcctticity, tcIccomnunications, in!rastructurc, pctsonaI sa!cty, ruIc o!
law, stabIc goItics and a good cducation systcm. As tcsc socictics mod-
crnizc and bccomc morc conhdcnt, tncy arc rc|ccIing c Wcstcrn !ramc o!
mind and cuturaI gcrspcctivcs tcy navc acccpIcd, or bccn !orccd to acccgt,
tor tc ast :oo ycars' Jnc man dihcrcncc bctwccn dcwcstcrnization and
dccoIonization, and c main cnaIcngc, is noI tat qccoIonization rc|ccIs
wat Nabubani dcsctibcs as "modcrnization InsIcad, tc issuc and tnc
cnaIIcngc arc, hrst, to navc tat IcvcI ot com!ort in a noncagitaist cconomy,
taI is, now Io modctnizc, in Nanbubanis word, wInout rcptoducing co-
IoniaIIy in sucn a way Inat not ony tnc midd!c cIass cn|oys ccrtain basic
sIandards ot Ivng, but aIso c cntirc pIanct. Jc sccond issuc is tat crc
is no csscntiaI connccIion bctwccn cIccIricity, cIcan waIcr, IcIccommunica-
!ion, and so toIn, and modcrnity. Jcsc conncctions arc noI csscntiaI, buI
atbitrary. Ior Nabubani Inc probIcm is tnat Incsc atbitrary conncctions
navc bccn naIuraIzcd, tncir atbitrary naIurc nas bccn obscurcd and, wInin
tnc idcoIogica! pro|ccts ot wcstcrnization, as bccn madc Io appcar part ot
Inc naIuraI un!oIding o! nistory [c.g., modcrnity).
Jnc struggIc tor conItoI o! tnc coIoniaI maIrix o! powcr and tnc auInor-
iIy tat attcnds sucn conIroI was on dispIay wncn Cnina and India rc|cctcd
WasningIons instructions, tnus causing Inc !aurc ot Inc scvcn Dona
round-wnic was a taurc !or tnc gro|ccI o! rcwcstctnizing Inc worId and
a victory tot tnc ro|ccts o! dcwcstcrnization. Jcsc cvcnts wcrc wcI pub-
Iicizcd and ncIpcd buIId tnc conhdcncc o! bot countrics. In tnc Iast mccI-
ing ot tc c:o, in London, a mccting dcsigncd Io soIvc tnc gIobaI hnancia
LDa!Ct \D
ctJ8J8, !D 8C!-8D1U8:OD O! DCD-YC8CID D8!JCD8 W88 8_8JD CD OJ8Q8j. 1D
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COUUCD:D_ CD D !8JUIC C! D L8DCUD L:U8!C-LD8D_C oU J! C! :o:o,
LDJD88 C8OCI8 WCIC 8DOWD Dy DC UCd:8 !O D8V ICU8!1O LtU JD !DCJt QC-
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1CC J8 8 CC8t 8J_D D8! !DC QIOC88 O! OCW8!IDJ28:OD J8 DC CDj CC8tCI
tDC!OtJC8y, DU J8 88O DCJD_ CD8C\Cd, !CI X8DQ, JD OJ8Qu!JD_ DC CCD!IC
O! DC CCODJ8 U8tX C! QOWCI JD Y8!ID D8DO8 8JDCC J!8 !CIU8!JOD.`"
JD8! U8D8 88O !D8! 8UD]Cc! !CIU8JCD J8 CD8D_JD_ DC! CDy 8UOD_ D
_OVCIDCO, Du! 88O 8UOD_ DO8C WDC _CVCtD 8DO !C D8 Dy D8V DCD
uDdCtC8!JU8CO JD \D JDCID8!JOD8 OIOt. L! COUI8C, yCU C8D IJ_D!y QO!1!
CU D8 U8KJD_ DI8 8t_uUCD J8 KC DOJD_ D8 OUC !O !DC Y8!1 o!tC! C1J8J8
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D8tOy !CC8 8OIIy !OI DU. 1CWCVI, JD !DC OOU8JD C! D O8Qu! !Ot !D
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QuC8JCD J8 DO OD_CI 8DOU `LDJD8 JD !DC YC8CID UJDO (WD8! D Y8!
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8J8) 8DO LDDC8C (8Dd 188! 8DO oOu!D 8J8D) UJDO8 JD DJI I8:CD8 WJD
YC8!CID CJVJZ8JOD (!D8! J8, WD8 LDJDC8C, 88 8DO oOUD 88 8J8D C8O-
Ct8 8DO JDCCCU88 !DJDK 8DCU! DU8CVC8 8DO 8DCu !DCJI tC8!JOD O 8
CJVJ1J28!JOD D8 D88 DD CDCIC8CDJD_ UQCD !DCJt8 8! 88! 8!1CC DC LQJUD
Y8t) . CWC8C1DJ28JCD UC8D8 D DO C! 8 OD_ DJ8!O1j C! Y8!ID D-
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JdC8 !D8 8J8D8 8IC yCCW 8DO D8 yC!1OW QCCQC C8DDC! !DJDK. 1K U8Dy
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IC_8tO OCWC8CIDJ28\JCD U8D8 CODOUJC 8u!ODOUy O! OCCJ8JOD 8DO DC_C-
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WDJCD DC yCCW-ODt \8KC8 D DCO, 8DO Dy 8K:D_ D DCO V8DJ8DC8 88
`ODCI, DCC8u8C !DC `ODt D88 DCCCU D `88DC DU W:D 8 OJHCICDC:
!DC WOuDO8 JDHJCCO OVCI !JU Dy DC JUQtJ8 OHtCDC. 1J8 UC8D8 D8
Jnc oaos to tnc \ututc 4
J! J8 DO 88DCDC88 Dy JICu8JCD (WDJCD J8 D YC8\CID OtC8U) Du I8DCt
Cgu8 8DO 8Q8t8!, OJ8CIC 8DO QUV8D D QOWCI 8DO 8U\DOtJy, W1\DOU
!CI_C!JD_ !DC CCODJ8 WCuDO JIHJC\CO Dy !D DQCtJ8 t8CJ8 OHCCDC, DC
88DCDC88 1C8 JD DJI CguJV8D 8uCDODy, QOWCI C! 8!-OCIDJD8!JOD,
8DC CODOUJC JDH.UDC. L8tJD_ !DJ8 JD UJDO, OW8\IDJ28OD 8Dd OCC-
CDJ8J!y 8I QtCCC88C8 JD WDJCD !D d:8!JDC!JVC !C8!utC8 O! 8 (!OIDIy 8uD]u-
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DJ8!OtJ8, CuUt8 8CDJVCDD8, 8DO uDJgU 8D8JDy 8tC CCDt8O, 8
!H 88U \JU, CODIO8JCD8 O! D!tJCIJj, Ot tC8JOU8 888UDQIJOD8 O! 8UD-
CtOJD8JOD 8tC I88CO. DCIC J8 DC 8!UQ! !O IUID C \DC Q88\, Du! !O IJI-
8CIJD !DC Q88\ JD !DC QI8D\ !OW8Id !D 1UI. YDD !DO8 WDO D8V DD
\DC \8t_C! O! CCODJ8 8DO JDQCtJ8 8uD]U_8JCD 8DO U8OC `C!DCI8 8DO `D8I-
D81J8D8 888I !DCU8CVC8 JD !UD88, DJI C8JD J8 DO C D JD_I8d JDO
DC YC8CID QtCC8:DCO `DuU8DJy O! !DC 88DC DU! C OC:DK 8DO 888Ct
`DuU8DJy JI d:HtCDC. CWC8CIDJ28!JOD DC8D8, W1!DOU QuC8!JODJD_
C8QJ\818 CCODCUy, D8 \D I8 C! `D O!DCI D88 DOCO 8DO !D8\ \D CI8 O!
`!DJDK:D_ W:DOU\ D ODt D88 DC_8D. JDU8, D 8DIU8IJOD O! 8UD]C!JV-
Jy C8O8 O !DC OJ8QUC !OI \DC CCDIO O! KDOWO_C Q2t8C C !DC OJ8QUIC
!OI D CODtO C! 8u!DCIJjD8! J8, !D U8D8_CUD O! DC CCODJ8 U8IJX
J8 OJ8QU!CO D DC CIt8JD C! QO1:C8 8DO CQJ8CDCO_y.
OW, D \D 8IU__ !Ot D COD\tC O! KDCWO_, Dt 8I !DI OC-
U8D8 O! !DCU_D: D DuU8D 8CJCDCC8, CI, uyCu QIC!Ct !DC lo. C888JDC8-
!JOD, !D 8OCJ8 8CJDC8 8DO !D DUU8DJ\J8 (JDCUOD_ Dt 8 !DC 8I8),
!DCD, DtC 8IC !DC D8IO 8CJCDCC8 8DO CCDDOO_y, 8DO DD8!j, !DC QtC!C8-
8JCD8 8CDCO8 |D8! 8t 8dD_ !D W8j O! !D COtQOI8\ UDJVt8Jy. NCOtD
CQJ8CUOC_y J8 DC COUUCD _ICuDO O! !DC !DICC OJDCD8JCD8 8DO, 8JDCC
D 1D8888DC, \D Y8\ D88 O D W8y JD 88DJ8DD_ J8 QJ8CUJC
88DO8tO8 _OD8!y. Lu OO8y OCW8CIDJ28!JOD8 U8JD _O8 J8 DC OD_I !O
C8CD uQ, Du I8DCt C C8!CD UQ 8DO UCVC D 8 OHICD OJICC!JOD. 1uI-
!DtUCI, 8DO 88 D8IO J JD LIU8Dj JD !D 8uUDI O! :oo;, 8_D8
C! tCW8!CtDJ28JCD KDCW D8 !DC CODtC O! 8CJD:DC 8DO !CCDDCO_JC8
KDOWO_C J8 !D C8tO !DC Y8! 8D8u Q8y. OWCVI, D DO C! D DUD8D
8CJCDC8 J8, 8C !O 8Q8K, UQ !Ot _I8D8, 8DO D DJ8 I_8IO OWC8CtDJ28JCD
OCC8 DC\ D8VC !O DCDO C DC IUC8 O! YC8ID 8CCJ8 8CJDC8, XCQ\ D
C888 JD WDJCD, JD DC DCD-Y8!ID WOtO, D Uy!D C! 8CJCD:DC KDOWCO_C
J8 8: KCQ! 88 8 8CCutJy D8DKC! !Ot JDCID8 CCODJ88U (W Wu IUtD
jO LBa]tCtLDC
Io this in chaptcr ]). docsnt mcan IhaI discourscs o! dcwcstcrnization
arc promoting s!oppincss, it onIy mcans thaI tcrc is no onc way, or trut
without parcnthcsis, oI whaI constiIuIcs "va!id` knowIcdgc. !n !acI, thcy
ask Ior whom, why, whcn, and wat knd oI knowIcdgc fuIhIIs thc nccds o!
thc community. Jhcy arc appropriating ngIish, discourscs arc casI in good
ngIish, Ihcy IoIIow schoIarIy argumcntativc structurcs, wiI IootnoIcs and
bibIlogaphics and so on and so Iorth. JIs is thc tcrrain o! scho!arship.
!n Ihc casc oI omciaI and statc discourscs by primc minisIcrs or othcr
Iunctionarics, thc discourscs IoI!ow Icir rcspcctivc appropriaIc proIocoIs,
which docsnI mcan that Ihcy musI IoIIow thc b!ucprinI dctcrmincd by thc
ImI or Vashington. Irom thcrc Io bcnd Io thc Vcstcm norms o!, say, so-
cioIogy, cconomics, po!iIicaI scicnccs, dipIomacy, or nanoIcchnoIogy thcrc
is a worId oI dihctcncc. Jhis is a casc in wich Ihc uman scicnccs arc put
at Ic scrvicc oI Ihc issucs, rathcr Ian making thc issucs nt thc norms o!
Ic human scicnccs. And it is Ihc casc in whic omciaI statc discourscs arc
sIructurcd in a way that dip!omatic rcIations avc to bc pursucd with onIy
onc sct oI ruIcs. DcIinking is aIrcady taking p!acc in Ihis spcrc. ! wiI! comc
back to thcsc issucs in subscgucnt chapIcrs.
Vith Ihc IaII oI Ic Sovict Inion (and thc !rcc ight o! nco-IlbcraI gIob-
a!ism as onc oI iIs conscqucnccs) and thc rc-cnIry o! IsIam in numcrous
ways af|cr / (Irom radica! anIi-VcsIcrnization Io thc rcmapping o! Ihc
fuIurc oI IsIam) various straIcgics avc bccn dcpIoycd Io !o!Iow Vcstcm
dcmocratic ru1cs oI voIing, somc oI tcsc chorts havc rcsu1Icd In thc dcmo-
cratic cIcction oI candidatcs Irom thc po!iticaI organizations Hamas and
HczboI!ah, wich arc noI sccn as dcmocratic by thc VcsI." Ior somc in thc
indusIriaIizcd VcsI, dcmocracy is a onc-way strcct onIy. Iacing such scc-
narios in conIradicIion with Ihc rhctoric oI gIobaI dcmocracy, what arc thc
opIions Ior thc rcactivation-IcIs say-oI Maos Icf|ist program in China,
sincc dcwcsIcrnizaIion docs not gucstion capitaIism Vou!d suc a pro-
gram opposc dcwcstcrnizaIion and supporI rcwcsIcrnization Vou1d it bc
against boIh, and iI IaI is Ihc casc, whaI wouId such a Icf| stand !or VouId
it bc Ior rc-Maoizing, so to spcak Icraps Ic riddIc is morc dimcuII Io
soIvc Ior adhcrcnIs oI a g!obaI Icf| in ast and SouIhcast Asia than iI is !or
progrcssivc MusIlms rcbuiIding Ihc caIcgorics oI thoughI cmbcddcd in Ihcir
Ianguagcs and istorics. And pcrhaps this is onc rcason why ConIucianism
is rctuming both in thc spcrc oI thc staIc and among Ic Icw Icf|.'
B0 CC8lOlBCJutuIC ]1
WhiIc in Ihcir scarc Ior justicc progrcssivc MusIIms Icad-on thc onc
hand-a struggIc paraIIc! Io Vcstcrn MarxisIs (and ! am using this cxprcs-
sion n iIs mosI gcncrous and ampIc mcaning) and its non-Vcstcrn ad-
hcrcnIs, thcy arc-on thc othcr-sguarc!y aparI Irom it. Ihc historics and
subjccIviIics o! Marxism and Marxists and !s!|ism and Mus!ims arc stru-
ingIy dissimiIar. MusIlms havc a mcmory and a way oI IiIc, Ianguagc, and
rcIigion to rcinscribc into gIobaI fuIurcs, whiIc VcsIcrn Marxists bc!ong to
thc samc history oI Ianguagcs and mcmorics as Christians, Iibcra!s, and
nco-Iibcra!. Marxism, in oIhcr words, is an ouIgrowIh oI VcsIcrn civiIiza-
Iion. ast and SouthcasI Asian Marxists havc to dcaI with a systcm o! idcas
Ihat c|c Irom a!ar (Io rcjcct somc, to adopI and adapI othcrs) and IocaI
hisIorics, Ianguagcs, and systcms oI sacrcd and moraI bcIlc! that conIormcd
to Ihcir subjcctiviIics. !I is aIways possibIc to supprcss or rcprcss IccIings
and to rcpIacc Ihcm with conccptuaI structurcs. It is ccrtainIy possib!c but
iI is noI ncccssary, and it may bc painfuI to bc Iorccd to inabit mcmorics
Ihat arc not thc oncs inscribcd in your body (thc so-caIIcd coIoniaI wound)
sincc birIh.
Dcwcstcrnization aIso pcrmcatcs thc pubIic sphcrc, Ihrough IaI cngnc
oI pub!ic-sphcrc opinion thaI is thc mcdia. DcbaIcs abouI "dcwcstcrniz-
ing mcdia studics and Iocusing on thc "parochiaIlsm oI Vcstcrn mcdia
Ihcory cnIcrcd thc acadcmy as wcII, noI on!y in intcrnaIionaI rcIations, buI
in thc domcsIic statcs. Jc disputc !or controI oI knowIcdgc is widcsprcad,
and with it comcs Ihc rcIcasing o! co!onizcd subjcctivitics.'
JrajccIorics toward dcwcstcrnization and dcco!onization can bc !ound
in Ihc widc sgcctrum oI thc IsIamic worId. By !sIamic wor!d (and I wouId
usc an cguivaIcnI cxprcssion Io rcIcr to thc widc spccIrum oI Ihc Cristian
wor!d or thc MarxisI wor!d or Ihc Scicncc wor!d, Ihc Iattcr of|cn bcing rc-
!crrcd to as thc "scicntihc community"), ! mcan mcmorics and ways oI Iiv-
ing, cosmoIogics (c.g., Christian or MarxisI or IibcraI or Con!ucian) thaI
avc bccn cstab!ishcd through ccnIurics, somctimc mIIcnnia oI uman c!-
Iort around thc pIancI. Jhus, in that widc orizon o! progrcssivc Mus!Ims,
wc nnd that, !or instancc, thc !ormcr primc ministcr oI MaIaysia, Mahathir
Mo|ad, took a dcnnitivc dcwcstcrnIzing sIand during is mandatc, whiIc
Sycd I aguib aI-Attas, aIso in MaIaysia, ca!Icd Ior thc "!sIamization oIknowI-
cdgc to comc cIoscr Io thc idca o! "dcco!onizing know!cdgc in thc coIIcc-
Iivc projcct oI modcrnity/dccoIoniaIity (in which Iis book is inscribcd) as
2 Cbaptcrnc
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]( CbapIcrnc
uroccnlrIsmasancpIslcmIcrathcrthan agcographIcaIIssuc. JhccondI-
lIonshavc changcd. CoIonizcrs wcrc noIongcr occupyIng countrIcs. Im-
pcrIaIIsmwithoulcoIonIcs lhalslartcd In thcnInctccnthccnlurybccamc
thcnormtoward thccndotthctwcnlIcthccnturDccoIonIaIItyrcdIrcclcd
lhcorIcnlatIoncslabIIshcdallhcBandungContcrcnccandlhalotlhcnon-
aIigncd counlrIcs. JhcIocus was oncpIslcmoIogy ralhcr than on lakIng
lhcstalc.JlcIocusbccamcthcdccoIonIzalIonotknowIcdgcrathcrthanoI
cxpcIIInglhc coIonIzcr Irom thclcrrIlory, and dcIInkIngtrom lhccoIonIaI
malrIxoIpowcr(onccagaIn,Quijanos"cxtrIcatIon':Jc/inkiny Inmyvocab-
mary)./lthIspoInldccoIonIaIItybccamcsynonymouswilhbcIngcpIstcmI-
caIIydIsobmcnt.JlcZapalstastaughlmanyotuslhallochangclhcworId
asIlIsmaybcanImpossIbIclask,buttobuIIdaworIdInwhIchmanyworIds
wouId cocxIstIsapossIbIclask.InordcrlomovcithaldircctIon,oIbuIId-
IngolhcrworIds,whIcharcandW bccocxIsIIngIncondIctwIththccxIst-
IngdomInancc oIthccoIonIaImatrIxlo lhccurrcnlworIdordcr,pcacctttI
worIdsbuIIlwIthoul"lhcIraulhorIzalIon'arcdangcroustorthcshccrrcason
lhalbuIIdIngaworIdInwhIch manyworIdsW cocxisldcmandscpIslcmIc
dIsobcdIcncc andcpIstcmIcdcIInkIng.thalIsprccIscIylhcIrrcvocabIc con-
lrIbulIonotthcZapalIslasthcorctIcaIrcvoIulIon (sccchaplcr6).
Jhcsccondrcasonwhy"dccoIonIaIItyIslhclcrmprctcrrcdInlhccoIIcc-
tIvchaslodowIlhlhccompIcxconccptot modcrnIty/coIonIaIIty/dccoIoni-
aIIty."DccoIonIaIItymakcscIcarthalanyactandprojcctotdccoIonIzatIon
rctcrstothccoIonIaImalrIxotpowcr,ralhcrthantoanyIndclcrmInalcdo-
maInoI"rcaIty':"DccoIonaIty spartotthclrIad.ccoIonIaIdoIngand
thInking(doIngwhIIcthInking, lhInkIngwhIIcdoig)mcansloaddrcssthc
IoursphcrcsandthcmanyIaycrsInwhIchlhccoIonIaImatrIxopcralcs(scc
abovc).JhcspccIcmcanInglhallhcwordacquIrcsInlhIsprojccldislIn-
guIshcsIltrom scvcraIolhcrcontcxtsInwhIch"dccoIonIaI IsIncrcasIngIy
uscdloIndIcalcpoIItIcaI and cpIslcmIcprojccls,rathcrlhanadIscIpIInary
cIdoIstudy. Oncc agaIn, IlIs nolour (c.g.,lhccoIIcclIvc's) InlcnlIon lo
arguclhalourdcnnIIIon IsthcbcslandshouIdrcpIacc aII olhcrs. Onthc
conlrary, wc(IhccoIIcclIvc) arc pullIngaspccInc optIon on Ihc labIc, thc
dccoIonIaI optIon. DccoIonIaIIty,thcrctorc,mcansboththcanaIytIctaskoI
unvcIIIngthcIogIcoIcoIonIaIItyandlhcprospcclIvclaskotconIrIbulIngto
buIIdaworIdInwhIchmanyworIdsW cocxIsl.InlhalrcspcclIamawarc
oIlhcmanycontcxts and unIvcrscs otmcanIngIn whIch "dccoIonIzalIon
!coads\o\c IuIu:c
>>
Istodayuscd.MyatIcmptIsnoltoproposclhc"rIghlonebutlobccIcar
on"thconcIcmbody
IrclurnhcrctothccompalIbIIItIcs and dIcrcnccsbctccnpostcoIonI-
aIItyanddccoIonIaIIty aIrcadyInlroduccdInthc prcIacc.FIrslotq, thcy
havc dIstIncl poInts oIorIgInatIon. Jhc dccoIonIaI orIgInalcd durIng thc
oIdWar,ascxpIaincdabovc,andtromthccxpcrIcnccoIdccoIonIzalIonIn
thcJhIrdWorIdandInthcworksoI/Iro and/Iro-CarIbbcanInlcIIcctuaIs
and aclIvIsts. JlcpoInloIorIgInatIonoIIhcpostcoIonIaIIs thccxpcrIcncc
otdccoIonIzatIon oIBrItIshIndIa andowcs much lodwardSaId's Indu-
cnlIaI Oricnta/ism (;)8), pubIIshcdIhc samc ycar IranoIs Lyolard's Tc
PostmoJcrn ConJition ()8)appcarcd.BothlrajcctorIcshavc Incommon
thcspcctcroIthccoIonIaIcxpcrIcnccInlhc modcrnworId,lhcnrsloIlhc
SpanIsh/Por1ugucscinauguralIonandthcsccondoIlhcBrItIshandIrcnch
toIIowIng up andlakIngovcrlhc msl. ThchIslorIcaI prcscncc oI"pucbIo
orIgInarIos (ab-orIgIncs) andIhc massIvc/IrIcan sIavc Iradc arctwo oI
thc radIcaI hIstorIcaIcxpcrIcnccslhaldm crcnIIalclhcdccoIonIaItromlhc
postcoIonIaI.Rcmcmbcr,IamargungtromthcassumptIonotIhcgco- and
bIo-graphIcaIconguratIon and cnaclmcnloIknowIcdc andundcrstand-
Ing. Iamnot ajudgctocvaIuatcwho hasmorcpoInls andwhoIsIcadIng
lhccompctIlIon./IlhoughIhaVccxpIorcdthcIssuccIscwhcrc,IwouIdjusl
addrcss hcrc somc otlhc basIc Icaturcs lhatdIslinguIsh both projccls-
poslcoIonIaI and dccoIonIaI-startIngtrom thc IaclIhatbothwaIxInthc
samcdIrcctIon,IoIIowIngdIcrcnlpalhs.
In Soulh/mcrIca (morcprccIscIy, thc /ndcan rcgIon), whcrclhcmo-
dcrnIty/coIonIaII|y/dccoIonIaIItyIoundIlspointoIorIgInalIon(whIchwas
nollhcpoIntoIorIgInalIonoIpostcoIonIaIIsm)InthccarIyos,thcgucs-
tIonotcoIonIaIIsmwas awcII-cslabIIshcdconccrn. )oscCarIosMarIatcguI,
IaIdthcgroundworkbctccn:o and;o.MarIalcguisrctcrcnlswcrcIhc
hIsloryotSpanIshcoIonIaIIsm andthcIndigcnous gucslIon, thcpcrIodot
ngand'sImpcrIaIIsmwIlhoutcoIonIcsInLatIn/mcrIca.andlhcdIspIacc-
mcnlotEngIandbythc\nIlcdSlatcs,allhcbcgInningotlhctwcnlIclhccn-
lury, aIsoasancmpIrcwIlhoulcoIonIcs.JhcPcruvIanschoIarandcIiIturaI
crIlIc Sara Caslro-KIarcn rcportcd that tor LalIn /mcrIcan InlcIlcctuaIs
lhc pubIIcatIon otSaId's Oricnta/ism was mctwIlh mIxcdrcaclIons. /ttcr
cnumcratIngasIgnicanlnumbcrotwcIIknownandInducnlIaIIntcIIcctu-
aIs In Soulh/mcrIca andlhc CarIbbcan hIslorIcs oIlhought,whIchstarts
6 ChapIcr Cnc
with dccoonia! rcsponscs to thc Spansh invasion in Ihc sixtccnth ccntury,
to )osc CarIos Mariatcgu n thc p:os (a!rcady mcntioncd), and to dmundo
CGorman (in Mcxco} in thc pos, CasIro-Klarcn obscrvcs that givcn that
background, t shou!d not bc surgrising that Saids book was rcccivcd wth
mxcd rcactions. It was a sort of d|-vu aIthough in rcvcrsc. thc gcnca!-
ogy o thought Castro-KIarcn cnumcratcd was a rcsponsc to ccidcntaIism
(thc uropcan invcnton of thc Ycst Indics aHcr thc

discovcrics), and c-
cidcnta!ism was thc ncccssary condition of ricntaIism-wIhout ccidcn-
taIism, ricntaIism is unthinkabIc. Shc obscrvcs:
On Ihc cnc hand, Ihc thcss advanccd Orienta/ism sccmcd smlar to
thc c!ams madc n O'Gormans own Ihcsis cn Ihc vcnton-thc non-
rccrcntaI disposton c thc cpstcmo!ogcaI obcct-o Amcrca by Ihc hs-
torcgraphy o thc sx|ccnth ccntury. Sads swccpng nqury was a br!!ant
nvcsIgaIon o urcpes nvcnton o thc Orcnt as ts nnctccnIh-ccntury
oIhcr, and t rang surprsngIy amIar thcmcs o schoIars n thc Iatn Amcr-
can ncId. Rcadng Otienta/ism prcduccd D studcnts o Iatn Amcrica thc
shock c rccognton, an ccct that postcoIonaI thcory cIams, takcs pIacc n
thc consciousncss o pcstcc!onaI sub)ccts as Ihcy asscss Ihcir cxpcrcncc o
ccIona!ity n comparison wiIh oIhcr coIonaI subccts.
Jlus whiIc Gorman was thc countcrpart of Schmitt, hc was aI thc samc
tmc advancing Ihc !inc of argumcnt that Said wouId popuIarizc twcnty
ycars aHcr Gormans groundbrcaking work. Howcvcr, in thc gcopoIiticaI
ranking of know!cdgc, both Ihc history and thc schoIarship of corc impcria!
!anguagcs (ng!ish, Ircnch, and Gcrman) arc morc visibIc, which docsnt
mcan that thcy arc morc rc!cvant. RcIcvant to whom Yc shouId not rc-
main caught in Ihc intcI!cctuaI markct-bubbIc but rcmcmbcr instcad Ihc
gcogoIitics and coIoniaIity of knowIcdgc.
I havc aIrcady rcgortcd in Ioca/ Hlstorlcs/G/ooa/ Dcslyns on Icrnando
Coron!s argumcnt in his cIassic cssay on ccidcnta!ism, whcrcin hc rc-
mnds us of a simpIc forgottcn truth. in ordcr to imaginc ricntaIism in thc
cightccnth ccntury you havc to havc ccidcntaIism as a point of rcfcrcncc.
And CccidcntaIism, in its spcchc rcIation to ricntaIism, is a sixtccnIh-
ccntury invcntion. I wiI rcpcaI morc than oncc in Ihc foIowng chagtcr
that wc shouId gcI uscd to Ihc fact that modcrn history docs not go dircctIy
from Grcccc and Romc to Irancc, ngIand, and Gcrmany, but takcs a dc-
JhcRcads \o\hcIutuc
>
/
tour, thc AIIantic dctour. And in thc AtIantic dctour OcclJcnta/lsm was ln-
vcntcJ. IolIowing in Coronls stcgs, I havc cIaimcd that thc argumcnt from
Latn Amcrica shouId bc not gostcoIoniaIism but post-ccidcntalsm.
RcccnIIy Coronil has madc a sccond pitch in rcgionaIizing gostco!oniaI-
ist cIaims Io-if not univcrsaIity-at !cast to g!obaIty. Hc dcvotcs somc
gagcs to cxgosing thc imgcriaI gostcoIoniaI agpropriaton of \atin Amcrica
in Robcrt Youngs gIobaI account nom abovc. !onc of thc !ong hsIory of
Ihought that Castro-KIrcn mcnIions is to bc found in Youngs account.
As was and is thc casc wth Ycstcrn knowIcdgc-making about thc worId
discig!inary or journaIsIic), scIdom, if cvcr, arc intclIcctuaI dcbatcs in Ihc
rcgions bcing rcgortcd takcn into account. Bcyond uropc, things aIso
hagpcncd and gcop!c continucd to think in thcir accustomcd ways. Jlc
co!onia! cxgcricncc in South Amcrica and thc Caribbcan did not havc to
wait unIil thc word ostco/onla/lsm cntcrcd thc U.S. acadcmy in thc carIy
:8os, aHcr thc word ostmoJcrnlsm was introduccd in Irancc. Howcvcr,
vcry much Iilc naturaI rcsourccs, Jhrd YorId thoughts arc groccsscd in
urogcan intcIIccIuaI factorics. A vigilant postmodcrn rcadcr couId wondcr
how comc a grofcssor at Iukc Univcrsity in thc Unitcd Stjtcs couId havc
thc authority to voicc this oginion. YclI, I am hcrc, and hcrc I a writng
as a Iatno or Hisganic, whatcvcr you grcfcr. But aI thc sac timc that I a
hcrc, I am aIso thcrc, and whcn I am Ihcrc I am writing as a SouIh Amcri-
can of uropcan dcsccnt, northcrn-ItaIian Io bc morc sgccic. Jhc Qoint
of Coron!s argumcnt has bccn madc in Ihc titIc:

!cghants in thc Amcri-

cas: Iatn Amcrican FostcoIoniaI Studics and GIobaI Icco!onization Yc
couId cxpand thc tic to

!cghants, CamcIs, and Abcrdccn Angus in LaIin

Amcrica Abcrdccn Angus, ycs thcy can bc found abundantIy, cspccialIy
in Argcntina, bccausc of ng!and's cconomic controI of thc rcgion sincc thc
mid-ninctccnth ccntury, but c!cphants and cacIs, no. Jlc prob!cm is that
indccd postcoIoniaI thcorics cIam g!obaIity, unot univcrsa!ity, iI may
bc grobIcmatic. Ior such a cIam wiII rcsct thc impcriaI grctcnsions Ihat
postcoIoniaI studcs critigucs imgcrialsm for. It wouId bccomc an imgcriaI
dcsign as any othcr. If that wcrc thc casc, if gostco!oniaI studics in ng!and
wcrc to rcgIicatc thc undcrsidc of imgcriaI ngIand, gostcoIoniaI studics
wouId Ihcn compctc wth Marxism for g!obaI dominanccl If somcthing Iilc
thaI wcrc thc argumcnt or Ihc hiddcn cxgcctation of gostco!oniaI studics
and thcory, Ihcn thc subIitIc of CoroniIs articIc is right to thc point.

g!obaI
8 LDa]!0tLD0
dc coIonIzalIon,' IncIudIng dccolonIzIng poslcoIonIaI slndIcs. Lcl's say that
bolh postcolonalIly and dccolonIaIIly wcrc buIIl on a common Icgacy: colo-
nIalIly. In lhIs rcgard thcrc Is a sImIIarIIy bclwccn roIcslanlIsm and CatholI-
cIsm: both bcIong to ChrIslIanIIy, but thcy arc IrrcducIblc to cach othcr.
Howcvcr, dccoIonIaIIry dcparts from poslcoIonIaIIIy as wc know It lo-
day In IIs work bcyond lhc U.S. acadcmy and bcyond lhc acadcmy In non-
nro-^mcrIcan countrIcs. Poslcolonal slndIcs has bccn acccplcd In lhc
AmcrIcan acadcmy and bounccd lo Ccrmany, whcrc by thc nrst dccadc o
lhc tcnly-nrsI ccntury Il was bccomIng thc IaIk o lhc town. So hcrc
wc nccd Io comc back lo lhc dIslInclIon bctwccn dccolonIaIIIy In scnsu
strlcto (wIlhI thc modcmIlylcolonIalIry pro|ccl) and In scnsu /aro. Jlc
tcrm Is nscd-In scnsu /aro-bcyond lhc acadcmy lo pro|ccl and cnacl (as
In thc casc of BolIvIa) lhc dccoIonIzIng o thc slatc, thc cconomy, and cd-
ucalIon-common cxprcssIons but noI "appIIcatIons" o dccoIonIalIry. On
lhc conlrary, lhc scnsc and lhc orcc o dccolonIaIIIy comc nom Ils bcIng
uscd Io arlIcnIatc ncw polItIcs o knowIcdgc rathcr than ncw conIcnIs. Jhc
lcrm (dccoIonIalIly or dccoIonIzalIon, but In lhc scnsc thc word acquIrcd
al lhc cnd o! lhc tcnlIcth ccnlnry) Is uscd among IndIgcnous IntclIccln-
aIs around thc worId (!rom conlIncnlaI ^mcrIca lo AuslralasIa), ArIcan as
wclI LalInosl as, Inlcllcclnals and actIvIsts, and I lhc UnItcd Slalcs. IndIg-
cnous Icadcrs and IntclIcclnals do nol nccd whItc LalIn ^mcrIcans (that Is,
pcopIc of uropcan dcsccnl) lo lclI thcm whal colonIalIIy Is and whal dcco-
lonIaIIly mcans. In scnsu strlctu, thc tcrm Is uscd In scholarly works and Is
conncclcd wIlh scIoIarIy aclIvIsm-a lcgIlImatc aclIvIIy lhal shonId brIng
and Is brIngJng !ruIlhI colIaboralIons bctwccn crIlIcal lhought In thc acad-
cmy and poIItIcaI socIcly, as wc wIIl scc In lhc aRcrword o lhIs book. As a
mat|cr of fact, scholars and aclIvIsls arc not ncccssarIly dIhcrcnl pcrsons-
lhcsc two arc oncn cmbodIcd In thc samc pcrson. Ior cxampIc, thc rcccnt
pubIIcaIIon o!Knan-HsIng Chcn's, Asla as ActboJ. TowarJ Dclmcrla/lza-
tlon, Inlrodnccs a ncw dImcnsIon In thc dcbatcs on thc dccolonIal and thc
posIcoIonIaI. AIthongh lhc lIlIc cmphasIzcs dcmpcrIalIzatIon, dccoIonIza-
tIon Is a crucIal componcnl o! lhc argumcnl.
Jlc argumcnls advanccd In lhc book orIgInalcd In lhc ppos, thc samc
ycars that Ihc pro|cct o! modcrnIlyl(dc)coIonIalIIy was cmcrgIng In thc
Andcan rcgIon of Soulh AmcrIca. In TaIwan, Ihc crcalIon o thc |ournaI
Intcr-Aslan StuJlcs, masIcrmIndcd by Chcn, marks a lnrnIng poInl In
B0 OaC8 tC tBC ututC
schoIarIy actIvIsm. JhIs pro|cct makcs cIcar that dcImpcrIalIzalIon and dc-
coIonIzalIon (In Chcn's vocabuIary) cmcrgcd from thc hIslorIcs of thc non-
uropcan world: thcy arc nol conccpts that orIgInatcd In Ccrmany, Irancc,
or ngland and wcrc thcn cxporlcdl Imporlcd lo AsIa. I mcnlIoncd abovc
thal lhc Bandung Confcrcncc was a landmark not onIy for dccolonIal
slrnggIcs of thc momcnl bnl aIso In thc cmcrgcncc ot dccoIonIaI dIsconrscs.
Jhc cpIstcmIc brcak Ilroduccd by "dccoIonIzalIon' was spalIal ralhcr than
lcmporaI. Dc coIonIzalIon dcpartcd nom both capItalIsm and communIsm
and opcncd up a dIsobcdIcnl "thIrd way" dclInkIng trom bolh. Jlc aIm of
tnc confcrcncc was lo promolc cconomIc and cultural coopcralIon and lo
opposc colonIaIIsm. ChIna was an ImporIanl pIaycr and slrcngthcncd Its
trIcndIy rcIalIons wIth othcr AsIan natIons. Howcvcr, Soulh ArIca, IsracI,
aIwan, South Korca, and !orlh Korca wcrc not InvIlcd lo thc contcrcncc.
Jlc non-alIgncd movcmcnI was cslablIshcd In p6, but lhc hIslorIcaI un-
toldIng ot world hIslorIcs crodcd thc so!IdarIry and lhc commonaLry of goaIs
exprcsscd In thc contcrcncc. Asla as ActboJ InvItcs aL ot us to rcvIcw that
hIstory, partIcularly bccausc lhc book Is slrnclnrcd around thrcc maIn axcs:
ImpcrIaIIsm, colonIzalIon, and thc Cold War lhrough wI)Ich thrcc Intcrrc-
Ialcd projccts cmcrgc: dcImpcrIaIizalIon, dccoIonIzatIon, and dc-Cold War.
Chcn traccs a gcncaIogy ot thoughl ot thosc who addrcsscd and slIII ad-
drcss thc vcry hIslory ot AsIa and ot Wcslcrn Intcrfcrcncc aRcr :8(8 In a
crIlIcaI vcIn. PromIncnt among lhcsc thInkcrs, crItIcal bordcr lhInkcrs I-
dccd, arc Lu Xun In ChIna and artha Chat|cr|cc and AshIs !andy I IndIa.
bnt hIs gcncalogy Is nol an csscnlIalIsI onc and rcachcs onl lo lhc Ircnch
and EngIIsh thInJcrs In thc CarIbbcan: lo lhc works of Franlz Ian on and
Slnart HaIl. Asla as ActboJ makcs gcopolItIcs of knowlcdgc a ccntraI con-
ccrn: ''AsIa as mclhod rccognIzcs lhc nccd to kccp a crIIIcal dIslancc from
unInlcrrogatcd nolIons ot AsIa, |usl as onc has lo maInlaIn a crItIcaI dIs-
tancc nom unIntcrrogalcd notIons ot lhc nalIon-slatc. It (thc mcthod) sccs
AsIa as a prodncl ot hIstory, and rcaIIzcs lhal AsIa has bccn an aclIvc par-
tIcIpanl In hIstorIcal proccsscs" (z(-).
Jlc slalcmcnI Is a coro!lary ot a shIR In lhc gcography of knowIng that
lhc books argumcnl proposcs: 'AsIan slndIcs,' In Its scvcraI dcnomInalIons,
has bccn mainly carrIcd onl I lhc IIrst World as "arca slndIcs.' Such a
dIvIsIon ot scIcnlmc labor prcsnpposcd lhal knowlcdgc cxIstcd In lhc IIrst
World, whIlc thc culturcs bcIng studIcd wcrc In Ihc so-caIIcd JhIrd WorId.
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O_] I8 8DC 8D8 DC tCCC_D!ZCd ID!8 8QDCOt8, I 8D8 88C D tCO_D!ZC !n
!I8 D18Ct!C8 8Dd 8ttC_8Dc.
8z CbapIc1wc
UccoIonizin Wcstcrn cgistcmoIoy mcans Io sttig it ouI ot tc prcIcnsc
tat iI is Ihc goint o arrivaI and Ic uidin Iit ot aIl kinds otknowIcdcs.
In oIhcr words, dccoIonizin knowIcdc is not rc|cct WcsIcrn cgistcmic
contributions to lc worId. On thc conIrary, it impIics apgrogriatin its
conttibutions in ordcr to tcn dc-chan bom Ihcir imgcriaI dcsins. "Hu-
manitas and "modcrnity arc conccgIs thaI do not cmctc trom an ontoI-
oy whcrcin cntitics carry wit Icm tc csscntia! bcin ot humans and
modcrnity, instcad, Ihcy arc conccgIs aIowIn tosc who manac caIco-
rics ot thout and knowIcdc groduction Io usc that manacria! autority
Io assc;t tcmscIvcs by disgua!lyin Ihosc who ("anIropos who aI oncc
arc barbarans and trad\t\onaI) arc cIassihcd as dchcicnt, tatlonaIy and on-
IoIoca!Iy. Oncc you rca!lzc that Iruc vaIucs and ob|cctivity wiIouI garcn-
tcsis arc onIy Iruc \aIucs and ob)cctivity Iot tosc who bc!icvc In thc (as
In thc casc o rcIiion or any otcr idcoIoy Iat oIds to truIh and ob|cctiv-
iIy wiIhouI parcntcsis), you arc rcady to dcIn, to hcc yoursclI Irom tc
impcriaI maic ot "modcrnity sustaIncd by Ihc cgistcmoIoy ot Ihc zcro
point. Humanitas and modcrnity, thcn, arc two comganion conccgIs and
ccntra! conccgts ot WcsIcrn civIizalion. Such an cgistcmic sIyIc ot Ihin-
ln idcs coIonia!ity and prcvcnIs gIutivcrsaI, dia!oic, and cgisIcmicaIy
dcmocratic sysIcms oI touht Irom unIoIdIn. 1wo choiccs arc ivcn Io
tc anthropos: to assimIaIc or to bc casI ouI. IoIcr words, unlvcrsa! og-
tions arc ogtions bascd on truIh wiIout parcnIcsis and cannot admiI tc
dicrcncc. As a maIIcr ot IacI, dicrcnccs arc crcatcd ordcr Io c!linatc
otcr ogtons.
Jis arumcnt is bcin sIructurcd Irom antrogoss gcrsgccIivcs. Jat
mcans Ihat it buIds and is buIt on an cnunciation roundcd on co-
and body-poIitics ot knowIcdc, wiIc humantitass arumcnts bui!d and
arc bulIt on tco- and co-goIiIics ot knowIcdc, Iat is, on zcro goI
cpistcmoIoy.
!n a sccnario comgoscd oI options wotk Ioward Ic commuaI wor!d
ordcr and thc ccmony ot Irut in garcnIcsis, AncicnI Grcccc and Chris-
tian Iaradisc Iosc thcir grivi!ccs as tc sccu!ar and sacrcd oriIn, Ihcy bc-
comc )ust ogIions amon oIhcrs, and oIcr-bcInnins arc bccomin morc
visibIc and ainin in Icitimacy. Jc samc considcrations shaI bc madc
cichy about cconomy. Cagita!IsI cconomy is onIy onc ogtion, but an op-
tion that is gositcd by Ic bcIicvcrs to bc Ic onIy gossibIc option. IcopIc
l 1m Vcrc C 8]
dwcI!in Icacics aIicn Io tbc Grcco-CtisIian and sucrIn tc consc-
gucnccs ot capi\a!isI cconomy arc anin conhdcncc in \hcir own narra-
Iivcs and Icc!In gositivc In tbcir dwcI!In, ratcr tan IccIin asacd by
bcIicvin Ihc narrativcs oI modcrniIy Iha\ put tcm ou\sidc ot history and
bcnnd modcrnitythat madc Ihcm anIrogos. Jhc sccnario ! am g;ogos-
n crc bcs nciIcr in AncicnI Grcccc nor in Ic bibIica! aradisc but
in Ic sbIccnI ccn\ury, in Ic AIIantic, and, it connccIs trcc conIincnIs
and many civi!lzations.
Jc AI!antic In Ihc sIXIccnI ccn\ury marks a discontuity wit Ic cIas-
sicaI tradi\ion on whlch Wcstcrn Lu;ogc bui!I itsc!t. Acccg\in Iat "wc arc
wcrc wc tIn| and tat thc gIacc wc arc toIIows Irom Ihc gIacc wc occugy
in tc ncw nomos oI thc carIh (IaI is ot Ic modcrn/coIonia! worId), Ihcn
scvcraI cpistcmic tra|cctorics cmcrc taI cscagc Ihc controI oI Ioba! Incar
tnink. ! udcrstand Icsc tra)ccIorics, IooscIy, as dccoIoniaI.
\ationaI cIassihcaIion mcanI raciaI cIassihcaIion. And rationa! c!assihca-
Iions do not dcrivc trom "nalura! rcason, but Irom "uan conccgts ot
naIuraI rcason. Who cstabIishcs critcria ot cIassihcaIion and who cIassIhcs
Josc who inabiIcd tc cgistcmic zcro goinI (bumanltas) and wcrc thc
arcitccts oI IobaI Icar tkIn. And who arc cIassihcd wiIout garIici-
gatin in Ihc cIassihcation IcopIc wo :1abit tc cxtcrlority (Ihc outsidc
invcnIcd In thc proccss ot dchJi Ic sidc) crcatcd trom Ihc pcrspccIivc
ot tc zcro goint ot obscrvaIion (antbroos). 1o manac, and Io bc in a
gosition to do so, mcans Io bc con\roI ot knowIcdcIo bc in tc zcro
goI. JaI is grccisc!y waI IobaI IIncar IhinK was. GIoba! Incar Ihink-
in sIncc Ihc s\tccnI ccnIury as bccn imgcriaI, it is imgcriaI Ihinin
Iat ! dcscribcd c!scwhcrc as Ic rhcIoric ot odcrnity and thc Iogic oI
coIonia!ity. '
WhiIc IobaI IIncar Iinn is imgcriaI, tc conscgucnccs ot Iracin
IIncs to dividc and conIroI Ihc worId arc not Ihc samc cvcrywhc;c. scc
at IcasI Ihtcc dmcnsions ot IobaI Iincar Iinkn IhaI gromgtcd, non-
intcnIionaI!y, Ihc cmcrcncc ot dccoIonia! IhinKi.
IirsI, "nodcs in Ioba! Iincar IhinKi havc tc parIicuIarity oI brcakin
up "!incar timc, divdn spacc "by mcans ot Incs Jhus, \hc imgcriaIism
oI tmc In IIncar historicaI narraIivcs is undcrmincd and its controI oI tmc
is shakcn ug by Ihc cmcrcncc ot cocXIsIln ogtions, dccoIonia! options bc-
In amon thc, Iat put Iorward cocxstIn Imc Incs (scc captcr ). Jhc

q ChaIcr Two
DuICID_ O! D8tt8!IVc8 WDIcD IDCCtQCt8c `DCCc8 D8I D8Vc DccD 8IcDccC
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0tO_cD0Ou8 DI8!OtIc-8ItUCUt8 DOC08 O! IUQctI8COCDI8 8Q8ccID8! I8,
!Dc 0XI0tIOtII] WDctc D0 8DDtOQO8 CWc!!8 8DC WDctc CccOODI8 IDIDK:D_
0U0t_c8. JDI8 DCOK I8 8 c88c D QOID. JDI8 DOCK I8 IDcDCcC 88 8 cOD!tIDu
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Qt0CICIcC D] bcDUI!!, 88 CuIIDcC 8I !Dc 0DC O! Dc QtcV1Ou8 CD8Q!ct. ICI cX
8DQc, !Dc Q8tIIICD CI1DCI8 | CccOODI28!IOD) 8DC Dc ctc8!IOD C! !Dc b\8!c
C!8t8c |D8ICD-8I80 Du:C!D_) CCK Q8c0 ID (; 8DC (8. 1D LDD8 W8C
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CO-tc8cC ID _CD8 ID08t D!KID_~IDc8t DC ID IDc CDtODCO_IC8 8cD8c,
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cVcD8 ID ID0 cCODI8 U8ItX C! QOWct, CccOCDI8 !D:!YD_ U8tK8 DCccC
!Dc D.D8 IDII8 O!_OD8 ID08t DDKID_ 0DC COD_.
bccODC, _OD8 IDc8t D!KID_ ItCU I8 Dc_IDDD_ ID !Dc 8!c DRccD\D
ccDUt] |JCtCc8:J88 0DC b8t8_O888 Jtc8!Ic8) Q8]cC IwC 8IUu8DcCu8 tOc8.
LD Dc CD0 D8DC, IDc raya CIV1CcC Dc CQct8IOD8 8Q8cc Ot IUQctI8 IOI
U8IOD8 8DC cODHIC8 Dc!Wc0D DcU8cVc8 |c._., bQ8ID 8DC 1OtIu_8 D Dc
8!X!ccDD c0D!ut]); Dc!WccD !Dc ICtU0I 8DC t8DCc, 1D_8DC, 8DC MCJ8DC
D IDc 80V0D0cD!D ccDUt]; Dc!Wc0D IDc !OtUct 0DC IDc \DIIcC b8Ic8, 8IDcc
D0 DDc0cDID ccD!ut], WDcD IDc ICc8 OI 8 Y080tD M0UI8QD0tc 8tUcC
Dc \DIcC bI8Ic8 88 8D IDQ0tI8 CCDcDC0I~DODc OI Dc bOUD U0tIC8D
8DC L8tIDDc8D CCuDtIc8 D8V1D_ 0D] 88] ID D0 Dc ID8I CIVICcC Dc Yc8IctD
M0DI8QDct0 ItCU 1utOQ0. LD Dc CID0t D8DC, Dc I8]8 CIVICcC IUQctI8
8808 |UCD8tcDIc Ct 8ccu8t D8IICD-88\c8) ItCU DcIt CCODIc8. JDc D1`8
DItCCuccC D0 IDctD8 IUQctI8 CIctcDCc8 WIDID Y08ctD CIVIIZ8IOD,
!Dc 8cCCDC !Dc CCODI8 CIctcDC08 Dc!WccD Yc8\ctD UOCcIDIUQctI8
8uD]cCI8 8DC !D0It COCDI8 8uD]0c!8. YDcD cOODI08 Dcc8Dc `DCcQcDCcD
8808 |ID bOu!D UctIc8 0DC Dc L8tIDD08D, IOt cX8UQc, DtOU_D Dc
DIDcI0cD!D 8DC !W0D!I0D ccDUtIc8), Ot OVct8c88 CcQ8t\UcDI8 O! t8DCc,
\ Am Vhcrc \ lo 8,
O1 `c8I8CO IDtc 88CCI8CC CI Dc \DIcC bI8I08 |IK0 1u0t\O IcO), !D0 t8]8
W88 IcCt8WD, 8CW:D_ Cct8ID IOtUct cCODIc8 C ctO88 !Dc IDc 8DC C _c
`:D8ICc, DCWcV0t, I 88O IcIDICtccC Dc I8cI D8, 88], bCu!D UctIc8, 8
\DCu_D ID \Dc Yc8IctD McUI8QDctc, DcC8Dc 8 t0_IOD OI Dc JDItC YOt!C.
DI8 I8 WD] IOC8], !Ct cX8DQc, b0Duc MUD!ID_IOD QU8 u8t8I8 0DC cW
/c8!8DC ID Dc 1It8I YCtC 8DC bCu\D rIctIc8 ID Dc JD!tC YCtC'WDC
18 ID 8DC WDO I8 OU OI Dc raya OI Yc8!ctD CIV!1IZ8IIOD I8 8 CCD88D QtOc088
C 1cU8QQD_ extcrlorlty 8DC Dc antbroos.
ItC, IDc _cOQOIIC8 CCD8cQUcDCc8 O! ID0 Dc D Dc IccCDD._ut8ICD OI
dcDODO8 OI \D0 08tD WcD! Dc]CDC _cC_t8QD] QtOQct. bQ8cc WcD\ D8DC
ID-D8DC WID QcCQ0 !DD8DI!D_ I. 10DC 0DC QcOQc Dcc8Uc `Q8cK8_cC D]
IDQctI8! _CD8 IDc8t IDIDKID_ 8DC Dc IDV0DIIOD OI IDc bumanltas 0DC
antbroos. D\DtCQO8 COc8! tcIct Ict8] IO IDc D8IVc D8tD8tI8D8 OI \D0
8IXccDID ccDUt] Ct IDc D8KcC Qt!DIIVc8 OI Dc cI_D00DD, DUI IO cVct]
ID8!8Dcc ID WDICD QcOQc, ID8IIIuIOD8, 8DC CI8cIQIDc8 WDctc KDOWcC_c
I8 D8D8_cC 8DC cODtO!!cC, CcD11c8 DuD0DI!88 8DC U8c8 Dc CcDDIIIOD IO
dc8CtIDc Dc Q8Cc !D0] IDD8DI\. bDcc DUD8DI88 I8 CcDDcC IDtOU_D IDc
cQI8cUIC QtIVI0_0 CI D0_cUODIC KDOWcC_c, 0DIDtOQO8 )'88 88cC 88 Dc
dIHct0DccDCtc 8Q0cIDc8], Dc cQI8IcUIc cOCDI8 CIH0tcDCc. D ODct
WCtC8, IDc ICc8 W88 D8 DuU8D8 8DC DUD8DII] W0Ic 8 `DUD8D DcID_8
UIDU8 D0 8D\DtOQO8. DDIOQO8, DcD, I8 88 UUCD Dc D8tD8II8D Ot Dc
QtIDIIVc 88 Dc cCDIuDI8, Dc cttOtI8\, 8! DO8c WDC c8D Dc Q8CC ID
!D0 8XI8 CI cV!1, 8DC DO8c WDC 8Ic ItIcDC8 CI Dc cVI. Jc_8 IDII_t0DI8
8DC DCUO8cXu8!8 8tc CC8] WIIDID Dc t08I CI Dc 8D\DtOQO8. JD0 COU8ID
OIDUD8DI88 I8 CCD-8UD8!0DII8! WID Dc U8D8_cUcD O! KDCWcC_c 8DC OI
_CD8 IDc8t !DIm_IDc D08 D8Vc D0cD \t8C0C ItCU \D0 Qct8Qcc!IVc
C! DUD8DI88, 8DC I\ I8 ID \D0 DUU0DIIc8 WDctc Dc CCDItO CI KDCWcC_c
t08ICc8.
cIOtc CCDIIDU:D_, 0DC !D OtCct C c8tI!] U] QCD\, WCuC IKc !C tc
DIDC ]Cu D8 0D 8KID_ WIDID |cDuDcI8IIOD) 8DC 8D0uI |cDUDCI8cC)
8 CCUQcX UDI O! IDt0c C1UcD8ICD8. \D0 tD0OtIC OI UCCctDII] cJID_ Dc
IIUDQD8 D8tt8IIVc8 CI Yc8ctD cIV!!28ICD, IDc C_IC O! cOODI8II], WDICD
I8 D0 DICC0D 8DC C8tKct 8ICc CI !Dc tDcCIIc CI UCCctDII] 0DC cOD8IU
IVc CI II 8DC IDc _t8DD8t C! CcCCODI8II], WDICD I8 \D0 88K D Dc Qtc8
0D OW8IC Dc Utc. |U UOtc 8IUQ], Dctc I8 DC UCCctDII] WIIDCuI
COODI8II], 0DC DcC8U80 O! I, UOC0tDII]/CCODI8II] cD_0DCct8 tc8QCD808
8 CDapIctJwo
daI haVc Iakcn Ihc !orm oI Ihc rammat oI dccoIonaIIIy.'' Jhc rhc!orc oI
modcrnIy and !hc Ioc o! coIonaIIy cmboqcd IobaI dcsns IhouhI
ou! and mQIcmcnIcd n and by acIors n Ihc mcIroQoIc and dsQcrscd oVcr
Ihc coIoncs. LccoIonaIIy, nsIcad, n Ihc coIoncs and cx-coIoncs, and
bccausc o mmtaton, dsQctscs and s bccomn a maItct o! daiIy Ic In
IuroQc and Ihc \nIcd 5IaIcs` araIcI Qhcnomcna atc bcIn wiIncsscd aI
oVct dc worId, ncIudn n Ihc ormcr 5oVcI \non, whcrc mtanIs rom
Ihc cx-5oVcI coIoncs atc dcsccndn on Noscow, QtoVokID (n Lcccm-
bcr zoo} roIs and VoIcnI QcrsccuIions oI non-5IaVc and non-rIhodox
QcoQIc.
LoonaandmpciaOUcrcnccs:
JcOwcngoIOccooniaIJnking
Ny oaI hcrc s noI Io rcdraw Ihc maQ Iraccd by 5chmII, bu! Io dccoIonzc
and maRc undcrsIandabIc Iwo crucaI !uncIons oI IobaI Incar IhinkD.
Jhc htsI was Io csIabIsh Ihc crIcra Ior Ihc maRin and tcmaRin oI lmc-
rla/ Jjcrcnccs, Ihc sccond Ior Ihc maRin and tcmaRin oI co/onla/ Jjcr-
cnccs. Jhcy atc boIh crucaI Io undcrsIandn Ihc wot!d ordcr o Ihc QasI
hVc hundtcd ycars (oo-zooo) and Ihc tadcaI Irans!ormaIions wc (a!I us
IVn} haVc bccn wIncssn sIDcc zooo, o whch /, Ihc co!IaQsc oI YaI
5IrccI, and Ihc IstacI massacrc n Gaza arc IcIIn sns (I W comc bacR
bcIow Io dcsc ssucs}.
Yc can IocaIc Ihc !oundIn momcnI o boIh imQctaI and coIonaI d-
crcnccs n Ihc canoncaI worR by Ihc IcaI IhcoIoan Irancsco dc NIo ra,
aIudcd Io n Ihc nIroducIon and Ihc sIarIn QonI o! 5chmdIs atu-
mcnI. Yc haVc aIrcady noIccd IhaI dc NIota had !o soIVc Iwo sdcs o
onc QrobIcm. n thc onc hand, hc nccdcd Io dcbunR Ihc soVcrcnIy o!
Ihc QoQc and Ihc monatch and Ihct QrVIccs n aQQtoQraIn Iands n-
habIcd by non-LhrsIans and Io dcaI wIIh Ihc gucston oI jutsdcIon. Jo
cuI oH Ihc auIhorIy o Ihc QoQc and Ihc monatch, hc sIaIcd IhaI a!I naIions
on Ihc QIancI [buI n Ihs casc, Ihc 5Qansh naIon and Ihc Indan naIons n
Ihc `cw YorId} wcrc cndowcd wiIh lus ycntlum, Ihc thIs oI naIons.
5ncc Indans bcIon Io Ihc human communIy and wctc cndowcd wIh
us cnIum, ncIhcr Ihc QoQc not Ihc monarch couId haVc Jomlnlum oVcr
Ihcm. `ow Ihc sccond sIcQ was to dcaI wiIh !hc 5Qanatds and Ihc Indans,
acc-Io-acc n Ihc `cw YorId. 5ncc 5Qanards and Indians wctc cguaI ac-
l 1m YD0Lcl C
cotdn Io Ihc QtincQIc o us cn\um, how couId 5Qanards |usIi!y \hct
nIcrVcnIons n Ihc Ic and habIaI o Ihc `cw YotId [!tom Ihc QctsQcc-
Iwc o turoQc} QcoQIc: Irancsco dc NIora cndcd uQ, aUct tcconzin
IbaI Indans had Ihc rhIs o na\ons, dcmonsItaIin Ihcr dchccnccs n
raIonaIIy (aIIhouh Ihcy Qosscsscd rcason} and maIurIy (aIIhouh Ihcy
wcrc human}. ncc dc NIo ra dcIcrmincd Indians to bc somchow ncror
(a!Ihouh QcoQIc wIh thIs}, hc bui!I uQ hs atumcnI on racaI cQs\cmc
hctarchcs, QIacn himsc aI Ihc zcto QonI o obscrVaIon-Ihc cQsIcmc
coIonaI dHcrcncc was csIabIshcd. Jhc dca o QrVaIc QroQctIy cmctcd
rom Ihs contonIaIon bcIwccn, on Ihc onc hand, `cancc!IaIon o dVinc
Iaw and Ihc thIs o Ihc QoQc and Ihc monarch Io Qosscss and dsQosscss
Ihc naIVcs and, on Ihc oIhct, Ihc `IimIaIons oI Ihc naIVcs wIh rcatd Io
Ihcit thI Io bcncnI rom Ihc Iand oVcr whch Ihcy had cnIrc dsQosIon
bcotc Ihc attVaI o IuroQcans. Jhs dca aQQcars n Irancsco dc NIora,
tc-cmctcs iD Huo Gtotus, and s u!y dcVcoQcd by )ohn Iockc.`
ncc Indians wcrc cndowcd wIh `rhIs, rhIs whch wcrc mcann!u!
n Ihc IuroQcan worId, buI noI n JawanIinsuyu and ADhuac [and Ihcrc
was noIhn wton aI IhaI QonI whcn thIs wctc noI ncdcd}, Ihc gucs-
Ion bccamc whaI Io do wIh Ihcm, sncc Ihcy haVc rhIs buI aI Ihc samc
!imc atc raIona!y dchccnI. Kcmcmbct IhaI Ihs was a QtobIcm or Ihc
5Qanatds, noI ot Ihc `cw YorId QcoQIc, who wcrc noI QarIcQaIiD n Ihc
conVcrsaIon. Irancsco dc NIora and Ihc 5Qanards-and, n Ihc Iwcn-
IicIh ccnIuty, Ihc !tcnch, Ihc brIish, and Ihc Amctcans-aItrbuIcd Io
IhcmscIVcs Ihc thI Io bc whctc Ihcy Ihink and Io IhnR IhaI oIhcr QcoQIc
arc uncVi!izcd, unqctdcVcIoQcd, or IhaI Ihcy arc bccomn, jusI cmcrn.
HowcVct, uom Ihc sixIccnIh ccnIury Io Ihc IwcnIy-htsI, many who wctc
and arc consdctcd anIhroQos hom Ihc QcrsQccIVc o Ihc humanIas (bc
I dc NIora and Ihc Lhurch, sccnInc dscQ\incs, or Ihc Yor!d bank IhaI
aQQroQraIcs Ihc Ianuac o Ihc anIhroQos Io rcman IscI as saVor and noI
Io aIIow sc!-dcIcrminaIon} Iook and arc IaRin Ihcr cQsIcmc dcsIncs in
Ihcr own hands: anIhroQos bccomcs humanIas noI by conVcrson, cVi!za-
Ion, ot dcVcIoQmcnIs by humanIas, buI by assumn Ihcr humanIy anJ
oclny wbcrc tbcy tblnkhumanIy s aQQtoQtaIcd by Ihc anIhroQos raIhcr
Ihan bcn cndowcd by bumanltas Io Ihc anIhtoQos. Yhcn IhaI haQQcns wc
bccomc aI anIhroQos or humanIas, sincc Ihc QtVIcc o zcro QoinI cQsIc-
moIoy IhaI bui!I such dsIincIons s crascd and dsQIaccd by Ihc co- and
8 CDapIct1WU
IhaIhaVc takcn thc!orm othc gammar odcco!ona!]." 1hc rhctoco
modcmty and thc!ogc o!co!ona!tycmbodcd g!oba! dcsgns thought
outaDdmQcmcntcdnandbyacIorsnIhcmcIropo!canddspcrscdoVcr
tLc co!oncs. Icco!ona!ty nstcad, n Ihc cooncs and cx-co!oncs and
bccausco!mmgtaton,dsQcrscsands bccomngamatIcro!day)cin
IuroQc aDdIhclnIcd5taIcs'Varac!QhcnomcnaarcbcngwIncsscda!!
oVctthcword, ncudngnthcormcr5oVctlnon,whctcmgrants!rom
Ihccx5oVctcooncsarcdcsccndngonNoscow, Qrovokng (n Occcm-
bcrzoo) roIs andVocntQcrsccutons onon-5aVcandnon-rthodox
QcoQc.
LooniaIandm
}
criaIOiUcrcnccs:
JcOwcIIingo!OccooniaJinKing
NygoahcrcsnoItorcdtawthcmapIraccdby5chmtI,buttodcco!onzc
andmakc undcrsIandabcIwocruca!!lnctonso!g!oba ncar thnKDg.
Jhchtstwasto csIab!ish Ihc crtcra!orthc makDgandrcmakDgo!lme-
rlal Jjerences, Ihcsccond!otthc makDg and rcmaKngo!colonlal Jjer-
ences. Jhcyarc boIh cruca to undcrsIandingthcwor!d ordcr oIhc pasI
hVchundrcdycats(oo-2ooo)and IhctadcaIransormatonswc (a!us
!VDg)havcbccnwIncssngsncczooo,owhch l,Ihc co!!aQscoYa!
5ttcct,andIhcIstac massacrc nGazaatc Ic!ngsgns (Iw comc back
bcowIo thcscssucs).
Yc canocaIcIhcoundngmomcnIo!both\mpcraandco!onad-
crcnccsnIhccanonca!wotKbyIhc!cgaIhco!oganIrancscodcVIora,
a!!udcd to n thc nttoducIon and Ihc starIng Qont o!5chmdIs atgu-
mcnt. YchaVc arcady notccd IhaI dc VIora had Io so!vc Iwo sdcs o!
onc Qrob!cm. n thc onc hand, hc nccdcd Io dcbunK Ihc soVcrcgnty o
Ihc QoQc and thc monarch and thcr prvcgcs n apQroQraIng!ands In-
habIcdbynon-ChrstansandtodcawthIhcgucstono |ursdcton.1o
cuIoBIhcauIhorIyo!thcQoQcandIhcmonatch, hc staIcdIhaIa!natons
onIhcQanct(butnIhscasc,thc5QanshnatonandthcIndannatonsn
thc Ncw Yord) wcrc cndowcd wIh lus yentlum, thc rghIs onaIons.
5ncc Indans bc!ong to thc human communIy and wctc cndowcd wIh
us gcntum, ncIhcrIhcQoQcnor Ihcmonatch coud haVcJomlnlum oVcr
Ihcm.NowthcsccondsIcQwasIodca!wIhthc5Qanards andIhcIndans,
acc-to-!accnIhcNcwYo!d.5Incc5panIatds and IndIanswcrccgua!ac
i1m Yhctc O
cOtdmgto thcptincQc o!us gcnIum, nowcoud 5Qanards|usIyIhct
!crVcnIons n thc Ic andhabIaI oIthcIcwYord (UomIhc QcrsQcc-
tIVc oIIuroQc) QcoQc Itancsco dc V!ota cndcduQ, ahct rccognzng
!0aI Indanshadthc rgh\s oInaIons, dcmonsttaIngIhcr dcnccnccs n
ta!ona!Iy (aIhoughIhcyQosscsscd rcason) and maIutIy (aIhoughthcy
wctchuman). nccdcV!otadcIctmncdIndansIobcsomchownIctor
(aI\houghQcopcwIhrghts),hcbuIup hs argumcnIon racacpsIcmc
bctatchcs,Q!acnghmsc!IaIthczcropontoIobscVaton-IhccQs\cmc
co!onaddcrcnccwascstab!ishcd.JhcdcaoQtVa\cptoQcrIy`cmcrgcd
IromthsconrontaIonbcIwccn,on\hconchand,cancc!a\on odVnc
Iaw and thc tghIs oIIhcpopc and thc monarch to posscss and dsQosscss
IhcnaIVcs and, onIhcothct,thc!mIaIonsoIhcnaIVcswIhrcgatdIo
Incrrgh\tobcnch\omIhcandoVctwhch \hcyhadcnIrcdsQoston
bcIorc thc arrVa!oIutoQcans. JhsdcaapQcatsnItancsco dcVto ta,
rc-cmcrgcsnHugoGroIus,ands!l!ydcVcoQcdby]ohnLocKc.'
nccIndanswctccndowcdwIhrghts,tghtswhchwctcmcanng!l
Uthc IuroQcanword,buI not n 1awantnsuyuand Anhuac (and thctc
was nothngwrong aI IhaIQont whcn tghts wctc noInccdcd), Ihc gucs-
ton bccamcwha\Io dowIhIhcm, snccthcyhaVc rghIsbuIat Ihc samc
!Imc atc taIona!y dcnccnt. IcmcmbctIhaIths was aptobcm Iot Ihc
5Qanatds,noIorthcNcwYor!dQcopc,whowctcnotQatIcQatngnIhc
ConVcrsaIon. Itancsco dc V!ota and Ihc 5panatds-and, n Ihc Iwcn-
tcIh ccnIuty, Ihc Ircnch, thc brIsh, and \hc Amcrcans-atItbuIcd to
thcmscVcsIhctghtIobcwhctcthcythnkandIothnKIhatothctQcoQc
atcuncV!zcd,):1dctdcVcoQcd,or\haIthcyatcbccoming,|ustcmctgng.
HowcVcr, rom uc sxtccnth ccnIury Io Ihc IwcnIytsI, manywho wctc
and atc consdcrcd anthroQos Uom thc QctsQcctVc oIIhc humantas (bc
IdcVtoraandIhcChutch, sccnthcdscQncs, orthcYot!danktha\
aQQroQraIcsthcanguagcoIthcanIhtoposIotcman\sc!IassaVotandnoI
toa!owsc!I-dctctmnaIon)tookandatcIakngIhcrcQsIcmcdcsIIncsn
Ihctownhands:anthroposbccomcshumantasnoIbyconVcrson,cVza-
Ion, ordcVcopmcnts byhumantas,bu\byassumngthcrhumanIIy anJ
oeiny wbere tbey tbink-humanIy1 aQQroQtatcd byIhc anthroQos raIhcr
Ihanbcngcndowcdbybumanltas tothcanthroQos.YhcnthathaQQcnswc
bccomca!anIhroQosothumantas,sinccIhcQrvcgcozcro QonIcQstc-
moogythatbutsuchdsIincIonss crascdanddsQaccdbyIhcgco and
CbapIcrWO
OCC]-QCIIC8 C! KDOWCC_C, D8 I8, IDC CQI8ICDOC_] C! CCWC8!CtDIZD_ 8Dd
dCCOCDI8 8DIDtCQO8.
1 !CW dCC0dC8 8HCt !DC8C dCO8!C8 ID bQ8ID, DC [uCCDu0 LU8U8D OU8
CC 1]08 W08 IVJD_ ID J0W8DID8U]u, DC CttIIOt] O! DC DC88 DCID_ tC-
Q8CCC O] DC NICCtC]8I] C! CtU. LU8U8D CU8 W88 CXQCtICDCID_ 8 t8CI-
C8 t8D8!CtU8ICD O! DI8 CIVIiIZ8IIOD. C W88 (CX8Cd) WDCtC DC W08 dOID_
8DC IDIDKD_ DtOu_D DI8 dO:D_; 8DC WD8 DC W08 DIDKD_ tC8QODCCd !O
DCCC8, CC8ItC8, 0DC V8ICD8 _tOUDCCd ID DC DI8Ot] C! IDC J8W0DID8U]u,
DC ID DC DI8Ct] C! YC8ICtD LDtI8II8D8, 88 I W88 DC C88C !Ot dC NIIOtI8.'*
YDC CC NI!CtI8 Q0tICIQ0Cd ID 8 dI8CU88ICD 8FCD_ bQ8DI8tC8 0OOu DC D-
dI8D8, Lu8U8D CU0 8ddtC88Cd D1Q \ HCU !DC QCt8QCCIVC O! J0W8D-
ID8u]u. C dIC DO tCQtC8CD 8 DCI8D8, 88 CC NI!Ct10 dIC DO tCQtC8CDI 8
bQ8DI0td8. \DCCDI0O,, DOWCVCt, dC NIlOtI8 W88 8QC8KD_ ID IDC FCCC C!
DC8!CC dCO0C8 0DC I88uC8 8DCCJD_ bQ8DI8D 8OCICI] 8Dd I!C. C W88 UOtC
CCDCCtDCC 8OOU bQ8D D8D 8DOU J8W8D:D8U]u. Lu8U8D CU88 COD-
CCtD W88 ID8IC8C J8W0DIID8u]u. mCWCVCt, dC NIICtI8 D88 OCCD tCCO_DIZCd,
QI8I8Cd, CtIIQuCd, 8DC CD!DtODCd, WDCtC88 LU8F8D OU8 W88 CC8QI8Cd,
I_DCtCd, 8Dd 8J1CDCCC uDI:1 tCCCD], 8DC DI8 WOtK I8 81 1CCO_DIZCd CD] 88
8 COCuUCDI, DO 88 QOIIC0 tC8I8C 8 IDC 88UC CVC 88 CC NICtI88. JOU 8CC
DCtC 8I WOtK DC CQI8ICUIC CCODI8 CIDCtCDCC 8UQQOtCd O] IDC ODCO_IC8
CCODI8 CIHCtCDCC: DCI8D8 CC DO DJDK, DCtC!OtC DC] 8tC ODIOC_IC8 ID-
!CtICt DUU8D DCD_8, 8Dd WD0CVCt IDC] CO I8 888UUCC C OC CCID_ WDOU
IDIDKD_, Ct 8! OC8, O! dCID_ 8DC DIDKD_ W1CD_] Ct CCDCICD]. DC VC1]
D8UC8 `1DCI8D 0Dd `DdI88 LCCICCD8C8 dCDICd IDCU DC QC88IO1I] O!
OCID_ WCtC DC] WDCtC (J0W8D:D8U]u, 1D8DU8C, 1O]8-J88). D8! OD_ DI8-
!Ot] O! t8CI8 CQI8ICUIC QtC|UdICC I8 8 WOtK CC8] ID CIV8, OOD D8ICD8]
8DC IDCtD8IOD8].' 1CCCCDI8 !DIDKD_ 8Dd dCCCODI8 OQICD(8) WCtK
IOW8td tCC1C88ID_ DOI CD] 0 CD_ DI8Ot], OUI 88O DC IDt8C8OC O_IC OD
WDICD UOCCtD IUQCtI8 CQI8ICUOC_] W88 !OUDdCd 8DC I8 U8IDI8IDCd.
JD8 W88 ]C8CtC8], DC 0!C 8JX!CCDID 8Dd C8t] 8CVCDICCD\D CCD\utIC8.
JOC8] CCCCODI8 DIDYID_ COD!tCDID_ _CO8 IDC8t DJLYID_ I8 8IVC 8Dd
WC, 8DOU_D _CDCt0] 8ICDCCC Ct U8t_ID8IZCC O] IDC ID8II\uIIOD8 CCO-
DI81I] O! KDOWCC_C 08 WC 88 IDC DC_CUODIC Q1IOtIIC8 O! UCCCtD YC8-
CtD ICC8 KDCWCC_C D Qt8CIICC8 8Dd CCUC8IIOD. G/ooa/ I8 8QQtOQtI8ICC O]
dCCOCDI0 IDIDKCt8 8Dd WI8CC, !Ot I I8 DC u8Cd IO CC!CDC 8 DCW `:U-
QCtI8 _CO0I8U, OU OD !DC CODt8t] O CCD!tCDI _OO8 UCCCtDIy WID
1 1m YhCtc l !O 8p
_OD8l CCCClOD0lI\1C8. D 8QI!C O d1HCtCDCC8 WC C8D IdCDI!y 8DC 0D8lZC
U0 1hC\Ct1C 8Dd D8tt8IIVC C UOdCtDII], DCIh 8Q8I8] 8DC Ch:CDOC_-
cmtCU IDC 8:7CCDD CCD\uI] !O IOd8], DCWCCD \hC LutOQC8D DIOD 8Dd
1DC 1DICd b8!C8, Ct DCWCCD LD_8Dd 8Dd t8DCC, IDO8C IDICtD8 JUQC-
II0 OICtCDCC8 8tC DC! C! DC 88FC KDd 88 \DC CIDCtCDCC8 D8 UCCCtDIy
CIC8ICC O] CXQ8DC1D_ 8DC CX|CDdD_ IO IDC DOD-LutOQC8D WCtlC, CIhCt D]
D6DIQU0IID_ CX|CtD8 COCDI8 8Dd IUQCtI8 C:CtCDCC8 (C._., DC C088IC8
dIRCtCDCC OC\WCCD \hC YC8I 8Dd 88U). CC8u8C C! DC 8U:8tIIC8 ID DC
InICtD0 IUQCtI8 C1DCtCDCC8 8UCD_ P8DIIC LutOQC8D 1FQCtI8 CCuD!tIC8,
I\ W08 QC88IOC IO U8ID8D YC8CtD IUQCtI8 COU:D8DCC. mOWCVC1, !DC
dICtCDCC8 8!\hC OO1CCt8 C! LUtC-PUCtIC8D UOdCtDII] (C._., \hC OOtCCt8
D-IwCCD LUtCQC 8DC 1HIC8; Ot OCWCCD DC \DICC b8C8 8Dd bOUD|LCD-
\t8 PUCtIC8 8DC DC L8tIOOC8D; Ot OCWCCD \hC LutOQC8D DIOD|DIICC
b8C8 0Dd L88I P8I8) CtC8CC IDC CODC1IOD8 Ot \hC CUCt_CDCC O! dCCOC-
DI8l DIDKD_, DOD 88 CQI8CUIC 8Dd QCIIC8 QtO|CC8. Du8, hCtC C8DDO
D0 8 UODCOQIC DI8IOt] O! CCCOODI8 OQICD8. DC] CUCt_C ID CIVCt8C C-
C0 DI8CtIC8 8Dd D8VC ID COUUCD IDC CXQCtICDCC O! OCID_ DICt!CtCC O]
DC COCDI8 U8ItX C! QOWCt 8Dd IDCtC!OtC YC8CtD CIV:IZIOD. XCu U8]
OC IDJLYID_ \h8I LutC| PUCtIC8 CQI8ICUCO_] I8 88O C1VCt8C. u! I! I8 DC
!DC 88FC 08 IDC C1VCt8II] O! CCCOCDI8 ID1DKID_. JDC C1VCt8Iy C! LutOQC0D
IDIDKD_ I8 CODI8IDCd W!DID CODC8IVC D8tt8!IVC8 C! YC8CtD CIVIiIZ8IIOD8.'"
1CCCCDI8 IDIDKD_ C8DDCI OC CCDI8DCC D CChC8IVC U8CtC-D8tt8IVC8 OC-
C8U8C II CUCt_C8 ID dIVCt8C OC8 DI8CtIC8 CD8D_CC WID YC8CtD CIV11Z8-
IOD. DC Dt8 8tC _tOUDdCd OD \hCO- 8DC C_O-QCIIIC8 C! KuCWCd_C, D8 I8,
ID ZCtO QCD CQI8CUC_] wD1C IDC 8CCODd 8tC C8D_ !Ot _CC- 8DC OCC]-
QCIIC8 CQI8!CUIC !OUDd8!IOD8 8DC QOIIC8 OtICDI8ICD8. utIVCt88 _OO8
!uutC8 8tC OCtD !tOU DC CCFUOD CXQCtICDCC IDC DOD-YC8CtD WCtC D8d
WD \hC CXQ8D8ICD C! IDC YC8I. bUtC, IDCtC WCtC CC8 8_CD8 WDO !8CI8CC
DC CXQ8D8IOD. uI D8 I8 DCI 8 8OUICD; I I8 Q0tI O! IDC QtODCU I8C!.
UtIVCt88 _OO8 !uutC8 tCQUItC CQI8CUIC dCUOCt8IZ8IIOD, WDICh I8 !C
88] DC CCCOCDIZ8IOD O! CCUOCt8C].
P 8]8CU C! 8CtI8 D88 OCCD CuIIDCC ID DC Q1CV1OU8 Q8t8_t8QD8, 8D uD-
CCt]D_ 8tuCutC D8 CODDCCI8 _OO8 IDC8t DIDKD_ W\D C0tC_t8QD]
8DC DC WOtd U8Q, IDC IdC8 O! DuU8D 8Dd DUU8DI88, 8Dd 8 ZCtO QOID!
C! OO8CtV8ICD (IDC IDVI8IOC KDOWCt, LOC, Ot DC It8D8CCDdCD8 8CCu18t
8UO]CC), D8 DO CD] CD8CtVC8 DU! 88C dIVICC8 \hC 8Dd 8DC Ot_8DZC8 IDC
C LBa]!ctWU
known. CarISchmitts 7Ic Nomos c{ tbc urtb hasbccn wrIttcn trom that
goInt otobscrvatIon and wIth thc concctn oIImgctIaI countrIcs,partIcu-
IarIyancrthchumbIc crIsIs oIthc SccondVorIdVar and thc HoIocaust.
JhcIincocoIonIa!dIctcnccstraccdthcscparatIonbctwccn "humanItas
and "anthropos, andthcrctorcwasthc ncccssarycondton tot Invcntng
thccgIstcmIcandontoIogIcaIdIcrcnccsandthcnmakingthcIIncsapgcar
ncutraIandobcctIvc'-ob|cctIvItywIthoutparcnthcsIsatItsbcst.Jhusthc
"/ bctwccnmodcrnIty/dc)coIonIa!ItyIsthcsIIc,asIsaIdandwIItcgcat,
whcrcmodcrnIty/coIonIalItyunItcanddIvIdc,whcrcmpcrIaIandcoIonIaI
dIhcrcnccsdwc!I,whcrcdccoIonIa!ItyanddcwcstcrnIzatIoncmcrgc,whcrc
spIrItuaIogtIons!IourIsh.VhoIntroduccddccoIonIaIthinkIngwasthcan-
thtopos not thc hu

anItas, humanItas can thInk dccoIonIaIly by|oInng

thc bodypoIItIcs oIthcanthropos,toryoucannot thnkdccoIonIaIlyand
tcmanwIthIn thcvaIuctramc othumanItas. JhatwIIImcanthatyouag-
grogrIatcthcanthtopos contrIbutIonsandrcgroducccoIonIaIty.
Vhatdocsthc anIhroposdoHcor shccansurrcndcr,assumInghsot
hcrntcrIorcgIstcmIcandontoIogIcaIstatusvis--vIsthcmodcIothumanI-
tas.Jhc anthrogos canhght backandshowthathcotshc Is aIsohuman,
cIamIngrccognItIon. JhIs Is thcpath oIassmIatIon, otbcnghagpyto
bc acccpIcd In thc ga!acc oIhumanItas. Byto!Iowing thIs gath, hc or shc
admIts dcIcat,rcgrcsscswhathc otshc was, andcmbraccs somcIhng that
hc or shcwas not bythcIactotbcIongIng, bybInh, cducatIon, Ianguagc,
scnsIbI!Ity,tothcanthtopos.JhcthirdgossIbIIty, andthcmostrcwardIng
andhopcmI,Istorthc anthrogostounvcI!thcgtctcntIousscnscotsupcrI-
orItyotthoscwho InhabItthchumanItas-nottoc!amrccognIton,butto
showhow Insanc thcInhabItantsotthc housc oIhumanItas arc, that thcy
stI!I bcIIcvc that HumanItyIs dvIdcd bctwccn humanItas and anthrogos,
andtoshowthatthccontroI otknowIcdgcgIvcsthcmthcgrIvIcgcoIscc-
ingthcmsc!vcsashumanItasandnotasanthropos.Inothctwords,thctask
oIthcanthroposIstoc!amandasscn,throughargumcnIatIon,hIsandhcr
cpIstcmIcrIghts,Io cngagcInbarbatIan thcorIzIngIn ordcrto dccoIonzc
humanItasandInknowIcdgc-buIdIngtoshowthatthcdIstIncIIonbctwccn
anthrogosandhumanIIasIsahctIoncontroI!cdbythchumanItas.tngagIng
In dccoIonIa!thnkngmcans contronIIng thc mpcrIaIgrIvIcgcs oImgc-
rIaI/gIobaIlIncarthInkIng,nottorcsIstbutto rc-cxIstInbu!dngdccoIonIa!
mturcs.JhIsIsthcbcgInnIngIromwhIchdccoIonIaIsub|cctscngagcInthc
l 1m DCtC l lo 1
groccssoIdccoIonIzingauthotItyc.g.,tcmodcrn statc, andthcmodcrn/
coIonIa! statcs In thc anthrogos sIdc ottcIIncar dIvdc) and dccoIonIz-
ingcconomy-thatIs,ImagInInggIoba!mturcs In wIc thc comgIIcItIcs
octwccntc statc,markct,andcgIstcmIcImgctIaIubrIs(c.g.,gIobaIIIncar
thInkIng,ubrIsotthczcro)w!IbcacccgtcdasaIstorIca!momcntinthc
IIcoIthcgIanctandotthcspccIcs,thcrIghtotVcstcrncIvIIzatIonstocxst
among otcrs,butnotIongcr to gosItItsc!fastc savorotthc otcr. Jhat
ocIIcItatIastcdhvcundrcdcarsIsnoIongctsustanabIc.
JcmststcpindccoIonIaIthInkIngIstoacccgttcIntcrconncctIonbc-
Iwccn gco-IstoryandcgIstcmoIogy, andbctwccn bIo-graghyandcpIstc-
moIogtathasbccnkcgthIddcnbIIncargIoba!thInkIngandthchubrIs
oIthczcrogoIntnthcIrmakIngoIcoIonIa!andImpcrIaIdm crcnccs. Jhat
Is,thcrststcgIstoassumcthcIcgItmacyoI"I wcrc!thnk' andnot
bcanaIdotngusItotIaIcorgotatcand/orgosmodcrnthInkcrs.BrcvcaI-
Inggco-IstorandbIo-gragconhguratIonsandctcrogcnoushIstorIco-
structuraI nodcs IntcIstorIca!tramc crcatcdbgIobaIIIncar thInkIng,
dccoIonIaIthInkinganddonggcrIotmstwo opcratIons at oncc. Itanchors
ncwcgIstcmIcandontoIogIca!sItcs,andItcontcx|uaIIzcsIcscartcs'scIaIm,
whIcb rcgutingthc awarcncss otthInkingIn otdcr to bcawarc otIts
cxistcncc, narcotzcdthchstotIcaIgco- andbod-goIItIcaI motvatIonsot
hIs ownthnkIng. Dcscartcs was unawarc ordId notpaattcntIonIo hIs
awarcncss inthc Iast anaIsIs thathIs phIosoghcontrIbutcd to sccu!ar-
IzIng tc zcro goInt ot obsctvatIon and to ancorIng Is thougt n thc
ImpcrIa!domaIn sccutcdbgIobaIIIncar thInkIng.Vucwc cannotcon-
sIdct Dcscartcs guuty tor doIng wat c IcIt cwas suggoscdto do, wc
shou!dnottakc torgrantcdthat 8o gcrccntoIthcgoguIatIonoIthcworId,
bcondIuropc,shaIIbcjumgngtor|obccauscDcscartcsdIscovcrcdthat
"onctInks,thcrcIorconcIs.
NgurgoschcrcIstoartIcuIatcadIscoursc,tcdIscourscotthcantro-
gos In thc groccss otaggroprIatIng hunanItas In ordcr tobccomc som

c-
thIngothcrtanumanItas-thcumanItas oItcanthtoposthatcnvcus
thc anthropos In thc umanItas. In thcgtoccss otso dong I attcngt to
showthc I!!ogIc taIIona!Ity oIIc ubrIs oIthc zcro poInt and otthcu-
manItas gIacngItscItInaposItIonoIdominatIonthrough thcgartItIonoI
thc carth and thc cIassIhcatIon otIts gcogIc. Bordcr tInkIng Is otthc cs-
scnccaswcswitctrom mgcrIaIandtctrItorIa!cgIstcmoIogy(c.g.,gIobaI
j2 LDJ!CtJwo
!ncar Ihnkng) Io an cpIsIcmology cmcrgIng from thc placcs and bodcs
lch ouI of Ihc Inc (c.g., thc anthropos, Ihc OrcnIaIs, Ihc Jhrd WorId, ctc.).
And I Iakc "I am whcrc I Ihnk'' as Ihc basc proposIon of such rcasonIng,
boIh cpIsIcmIcaIly and poIlIIcaIIy.
OccoIonizing!nowIcdgcandbcing:JinKingOccooniay
dutingIhcLoIdYatandARct(bcnnabi,!usch,YynIct)
n Ihc hrst Iwo sccIlons I mappcd thc mpcrIallcolonIal sccnaros n whIch
zcro poInI cpsIcmology cmcrgcd and was consoIldatcd. "Impcrallco-
lonIal` docsnt rcfcr only Io conscrvaIIvc or rIghI-wIng ways of IhInkng.
Icts Iakc Ihcology, f

r cxampIc, ChrIsIan thcoIogy. Whlc thcrc Is a hs-

Iory of Ihcology obvousIy Inkcd Io Impcral dcsgns and ntcrcsIs, Ihc pa-
pacy bcng an obvous cxamplc, Ihcrc arc IhcoIogcs of IlbcraIon In SouIh
Amcrca, IorIh Amcrca, and AfrIca, as wcIl as a ]cwIsh thcoIogy of Ilbcra-
IIon. My cIam Is IhaI, as In Ihc dIspuIcs bcIwccn (nco)IlbcraIlsm and (nco)
Matxism, both sIdcs oI Ihc coIn bcIong to Ihc samc bank: Ihc dIsputcs atc
cnIrcnchcd wiIhn thc samc rucs of Ihc gamc, whcrc Ihc conIcndcrs dcIcnd
dhcrcnI posIIlons but do noI gucsIIon thc Icrms of thc convcrsaIon. In
IhIs sccIIon wII arguc IhaI sh!|Ing from "I thInk, Ihcrcforc a Io "I am
whcrc do and Ihnk (mcanIng IhaI thInkng dcrvcs Irom doIng n Ihc
samc proporIon thaI doIng Is guIdcd by IhInkng) Is a sh!| In Ihc gco- and
body-poItIcs oI knowIcdgc IhaI focuscs on changng Ihc ruIcs of Ihc gamc
rathcr Ihan Is contcnI. Wc can ca!l II dccoIonzIng cpsIcmology or, II you
wish, workIng toward cpsIcmIc dccolonIaI dcmocretzaIIon. IccolonIzIng
Is noIhng morc and nothIng lcss Ihan IakIng dcmocracy scrIously nsIcad
of usIng II Io advancc mpcrIaI dcsIgns or pcrsonal InIcrcsIs. Wc cannoI
Icavc Ihc word dcmocracy only In Ibcral and nco-IlbcraI hands. Duscd, t
w!I bcIong Io aII of us, to Ihc anIhropos and Ihc humanIIas, as thaI s ptc-
cscIy whaI dcmocracy mcans. "Wc` (mcmbcrs of Ihc polIIIcaI soccty, who
arc noI n Ihc sphcrc of Ihc sIaIc or Ihc corporatIons and that wcrc casI n
Ihc scaIc of Ihc anIhropos) arc cIamIng dcmocracy bcyond IIs Grcck orI-
gIns and Is mpcraI approprIaton n cghIccnIh-ccnIury uropc, wc (Ihc
anIhropos) atc workIng Iowatd dccoIonzIng knowlcdgc and Ihcrcforc dc-
colonzIng WcsIcrn nIcrprcIatIons of dcmocracy.
n whaI IolIows I cxplorc and cxplaIn whaI dccoIonzIng knowlcdgc and
bcIng may mcan noI In dchnIIlonal Icrms (sncc oncc thc dch:iton Is tcad,
l Yctc l Io $}
t s IorgoItcn), buI as thc sccd Irom whctc coIlccIvc dccolonlaI rcasonIng
and optIons grow, unfoId, sprcad, and Iranstorm our (Ihosc InvoIvcd n I)
IbInkng and dong dccolonIalIy Iowatd gIobaI dccoIonal Iututcs.
Ny aIm Is Io wotk ouI gcncalogIcs of thought actoss natonaI and rc-
gIonaI hIstorcs, non-naIIonal gcncaIogcs that arc connccIcd Ihrough thc
common cxpctIcncc oI thc colonlaI wound-oI scnsIng that, In onc way
or anoIhcr, onc bclongs to Ihc worId of Ihc anthropos. Jhc awarcncss of
bcIng on Ihc sIdc ot anIhtopos lcavcs a bad IasIc In Ihc mouth. Iowcvcr, I
Iosc oI us who havc bccn sccn and cIassIhcd as anthropos wanI to jon hu-
manIIas, Ihc bad Iastc n Ihc mouIh pcrssIs, aIIhough II s a dIcrcnI tastc.
Somconc who has bccn classIcd as anIhtopos wIIl choosc whIch ot thc Iwo
bad Iastcs hc or shc prcIcrs, and Ihcn dccIdc whaI to do. And It you do noI
tccI IhaI you atc on Ihc sdc of anIhtopos-cIthcr bccausc you bclong Io hu-
mantas or bccausc you prctcr to gnorc your sIIuaIlon and Io Iool yourscIt,
prcIcndIng IhaI you bc!ong Io humanIIas-IhaI Is oI coursc your rcsponsI-
blIIy. Ihcs comcs nIo thc pIcIurc at thIs ponI, that Is whcrc rcsponscs Io
hIsIorcal rcalIIIcs atc unavoIdablc. WhaI atc thc possIbIc rcsponscs, whaI
atc thc optIons Onc op\on Is Io Ignotc II, thus lng to oncscIf and Ilvng
In a statc oI bad IaIh. AnoIhcr opIIon s Io assImIIatc, to do thc bcst wc can
to bc acccpIcd. Jhc Ihrd Is Ihc dccolonIaI opIIon. Io hghI Ihc InhumanIty of
Ihc humantas, thc rraIIonalIty oI Ihc raIIonal, thc dcspoIIc tcsIducs of mo-
dcrnIIy. Jhc Ihrcc IhInkcrs I commcnI on In Ihc folIowIng pagcs dwcIlcd n
cxtcrIorty. JhcIr thnkng assumcd IhaI cxpcrcncc, and as a conscgucncc
thcy buut on thc dccolonIaI optIon, bcIng whcrc thcy dId and thought, noI
lookng for assmuaIIon n or rccognton by thc humanItas. Onc ot thcm
Is an Algctan, thc oIhcr an ArgcnIInc, and thc thItd an ^fro-CarIbbcan
thInkcr, Ihrough thcm I Iurthcr clorc thc InIcrconnccIIons bctwccn gco-
and body-poItcs oI knowlcdgc. MalIkBcnnab (Ihc Agcran) and IodoIfo
Iusch (thc ArgcnInc) shatc In dIctcnt pIaccs thc common cxpcrIcncc ot
coIonIal IcgacIcs ot thc Cold War. SyIva Wyntct (Ihc AIro-CatIbbcan) lIvcd
through thc Cold War, buI hcr mosI tcccnt wotks wctc wrItcn a!|cr thc cnd
oI II. Shc sharcs wiIh Bcnnab and Kusch knowing through bodIcs markcd
by colonIaI lcgacIcs, by knowIng and scnsng Ihc gazc of thc MasIcr: bc-
Ing Ihrough Ihc gazc othumanIIas. SocIogcncsIs was Ianons rcsponsc, and
WynIcr captaIzcd on II.
"BcIng` (n thc scnsc of "I am whcrc I do and thInk) hctc docsnt mcan
IhaI I am now aI my housc In IorIh CaroIna, or IhaI you arc n a caf In
( LDa!cJ 1WO
Iars, but whcrc wc arc, cach ot us, !ocatcd n Ihc housc ot modcrnty!co
!ona!ry: IhaI mcans lhat wc havc bccn born and raiscd, and thcrctorc sccn
and c!assbcd, rom Ihc gcrscctvc ot thc zcro gont among thc humanIas
Ot tDC anihropos (and of coursc 8 Ihc iIcrmedatc cascs Ihat Ihc catcgo
rcs aIlow us Io makc). Arc wc anIhroos or humanitas, b!ack or Indan,
dcvc!ogcd or undcrdcvc!ocd, )cws or Nus!ms, Chrstians or Israc!itcs I
am noI saying cIhcr that thcrc s modcrn!co!ona! dctcrminsm, tor I am
IaIking abour bu!t-n consIrucIons ot modcrn cgsIcmo!og am sayng
thaI t just s, and t s our cthca! rcsgonsbilty to know and undcrstand
thc housc ot modcrnty!co!ona!ity (thc co!ona! matrix ot gowcr) wc aI!
nhabt. Ny task hcrc s to hc!g in c!canng ug and rcstorig thc housc ot
know!cdgc that has bccn knockcd down by Ihc g!oba! storm b!owing trom
thc gaadsc o!!ncar Ihnling.
Jhat s grccsc!y thc gont otbrngng A!gcran, Argcnrincan, and Ao
Carbbcan thinlcrs nto Ihc convcrsation. Agcra, lo makc a !ong story
shorl, was conqucrcd by thc OItomans, short!y ahcr thc com!cIon ot Ihc
Sgansh IccongusIa (n ): Ot|oman ru!c !asIcd unt! agroxmatc!y
8]o, whcn A!gcra !c!! nto rcnch hands. Jhat crod cndcd wIh thc dc
co!ona! !bcraton ot Agcria, n 6. Qutc smg!y, t your body camc to
ths wor!d bctorc 6 and vcd through thc war ot dcco!onzaIon in A!gc
ra duig thc Co!d War, your tcc!ngs and inIc!!cctua!, cIhca!, and o!tca!
conccrns wou!d havc bccn vcry dcrcnI !rom somconc whosc body camc
to lhs wor!d at Ihc bcgnng ot thc rwcnIcth ccntury i Gcrmany, thaI
s, n urogc, who wcnt through thc st and Sccond Wor!d Wars, and
Ihrough Ht!cr. Jhus, thcrc s no rcason Io Iakc !or grantcd thaI Ihnling n
thc Gcrman !anguagc and dwc!!ing n Gcrman hisIory has cgstcmc rv
!cgcs ovcr thnking in a rancohonc !anguagc and dwc!ling i co!ona!
hstory, or, yct, has cgstcmc grvi!cgcs ovcr th:ling n Arabc at thc cross-
road otIs!amo-Arab hsrory, Wcstcrn iIcrvcnIons, and thc Jhrcc Wor!ds
conbguaton (as A!gcra was c!assbcd, !rom thc gcrsgccIvc ot zcro gont
cgslcmo!ogy, whch o! coursc was !ocatcd n thc rsI Wor!d, but grctcndcd
notIo bc !ocatcd and justto rcIccI an objccIvc statc ot Ihngs). Bcig whcrc
you thinl mcans, brst and !orcmost, to dc!ink !rom thc cgstcmc mragc
that you can on!y bc t you thnk as somconc c!sc (who s grccsc!y whcrc
hc or shc thnks) to!d you (and gct rcwards by fundng nsItutons whosc
funds comc trom uncgua! disrrbutons o! wca!th), drcct!y or ndirccIIy,
PHYctc O
$>
IbaI you shou!d thnk and thcrctorc whaI you shou!d bc: do not rcman
as anthrogos and Ihcrctorc dcbccnt i your bcig, you havc Io abandon
UaI sIaIc o! immaturity (as anI dchncd enliybtenment) and bc !ikc mc
as I am a!rcady ihabtIng thc housc ot humantas. It you do not to!!ow
thc nsIructions, you do noI gct rcwardcd. Your rcwad shaIl bc nstcad thc
dcco!ona! groccss tsc!t, which by dcbnlon w noI bc rcwardcd by to
day's cXsting hcgcmonc nsttutons rcgroducng thc co!ona!ty o! know!
cdgc and otbcug.
1 sm!ar argumcnt can bc madc in thc casc ot thc Agcntinc thInkcr
ot Gcrman dcsccnt Iodouo usch. Ahcr ndcgcndcncc trom Sgan (;8o ),
and ndrcct!y rulcd by Ing!and (cconomy) and ltancc (dco!ogy), Ar
gcnIina was contro!!cd by Ihc Crco!c c!tc ot Sgansh dcsccnt, who img!c
mcntcd dcas and ub!c o!ccs thaI orgnaIcd n Ing!and. Iotcc that
Ioward 8]o, whcn A!gcra was invadcd and co!onzcd by lrancc, Argcntia
was aI Ihc inccgtion ot bui!ding a modcm!co!ona! statc. I sad "modcrn!
co!ona! bccausc Ihc ndcgcndcncc trom Sgain mcant Ihc continuaIon o!
ndrccI imgcra! ru!ing by Ing!and and lrancc. Jhs stuaIon caIlcd tor
thc conccgI ot"inIcrna! co!ona!ism'' utroduccd n lhc !a]c sxlcs and car!y
scvcnIcs. lrom 86o on, Argcntna

s wca!th ncrcascd duc to ts comcrcc

wIh ng!and. Jhc insta!!aton ot ra!roads Ihrough Ihc sccond hau o! thc
nncIccnIh ccnIury and Ihc cXorIation ot corncd bcc! gcncraIcd Ihc go!dcn
ycars ot thc cconomy. Jhc cyc!c ot ncrcasng wca!th and grosgcrt, !astcd
unI! ]o, whcn ArgcnIna sucrcd Ihc conscgucnccs o! thc sIock-markcI
co!!agsc. Jhc crss ogcncd ug Ihc doors tor a radca! transtormaIon that
crcalcd lhc condtions !or thc asccnI ot )uan Domngo Fcrn, i ; Io
do!to Iusch's hrst :ook (Ia seJucclon Je la oaroarie [2Ie SeJuctlon o}aroa-
rlsm]) was gub!shcd i ] Jhc book

s It!c s ndcaIvc ot Ihc shih n Ihc

gcograhy ot rcasoning: "cviIizacn y barbarc was Ihc cndurng ogos
ton on whch thc groccss ot nation bui!dng-whch cnsucd ndcgcndcncc
trom Sga i 8o-unto!dcd I s noI ncccssary Io go into c!aboratcd ar
gumcnts and ovcrwhc!ming cvidcncc to arguc that "cv!zacn y barbarc
s Ihc co!ona!-staIc tormu!a, n ArgcnIna, o! Ihc ovcrarchng dstncIon
bctwccn humantas and anthrogos Pcronsm brought thc masscs (anIhro-
gos) nto thc gcturc, and Iusch gckcd ug on that shh, on Ihc gotcntia! ot
ogu!a and ndgcnous Ihinling con!ronIng Ihc rvilcgc ot cvi!izcd (c.g.,
grogrcss, dcvc!ogmcnt) thinking. Jhc anthroos not on!y Iook thc sIrccIs,
ChaIcr Jwo
but aIso took thc word. And Kuscs scnstvty pckcd up tom thcrc: t
was cnactmcnt oI thc anthropos (rom thc pcrspcctvc oI Argcntinc whtc
cItc oI uropcan dcsccnt) that was brnging orward thcr bcing and thcr
thnkng. As wc w scc, anothcr o Kusc's books was ttIcd Pensamlento
lnJiyena ensamlento ou/ar en Amcrlca (InJlyenous anJ Pou/ar 2Ilnk-
lny ln Amerlca),' a book n whch hc cxpIorcs thc commonaItcs bctwccn
tcsc two typcs o thnkng, not in opposton but compIcmcntng cach
otcr. In so doing Kusch rcmovcs hmsc rom thc roIc as obsctvcr (thc
umantas), hs thnkng thcn bccomcs compIct wth popuIar and ndg-
cnous thnkng. A shh n thc gcography o rcasonng has bcgun to takc
pIacc and shapc.
SyIva Wyntcr's dwcIing pIacc ( |amaca coIona! hstory and thcn
throug IngIand and thc Untcd Statcs) n thc modcmlcoIonaI worId has
bccn ramcd by thc hstory o sIavcry in thc Carbbcan and by thc conhu-
cncc o racsm and patrarcy. Jcrc s a pcrvasvc conccrn among bIack
Carbbcan tLnkcrs-Irom thc Hatan Antnor Irmn to thc Jrndadan
C. I. K. |amcs-and that s thc gucston o umanty, o bcing human. Jc
act that ts conccrn s crucaI among Aro-Carbbcans morc than among
Ahcan ntcIcctua!s (and, o coursc, cvcn morc than among uropcans)
has ts rcason: uArcans wcrc cast as dcsccndcnts o Ham (thc dcraIcd
Noas son), bIack Arcans sncc thc sxtccnth ccntury camc to bc cguatcd
wth sIavcry and sIavcs Ivcs bccamc a!so cxpcndabIc, both as commodtcs
and as Iabor orcc. Humantas was thc point o rccrcncc, and thosc who
cI nto thc doman oI anthropos sudcrcd thc conscgucnccs. Wyntcr con-
honts ths ssuc through Irantz Ianon, and thus appropratcs thc humanty
o bcng, dwcIIng, and thnkng in thc Iocaton oI thc antropos." In thc
proccss, thc anthropos o thc humantas s bcing unvcIcd at tc samc tmc
as ts cpstcmc Iimtatons: wc humantas attrbutcs to tscI cpstcmc
prvicgcs, anthropos opcratcs in thc cpstcmc potcntaI that comcs rom
knowng both thc rcason ohumantas and thc rcason o thosc who n thc
cycs o humantas arc anthropos. Now, Ict mc nsst that anthropos s as-
sumcd as such, not as an ontoIogcaI catcgory, but as an cpstcmc onc: I
know that tom thc pcrspcctvc o thc humantas I am an antbroos-whch
docsnt mcan o coursc that I am, but t mcans that oncc I acknowIcdgc t,
my thnkng s no Iongcr Iocatcd n thc zcro pont, but n thc gco- and
body-po!tcs o knowng and bcng. mcans that I know that you ca:shcd
\ ^ Ycrc \ lo 97
mc among thc antropos and as suc, I wI! rcspond by gucstonng and
dclcgtmzng your cIams to thc unvctsaIty oI yout c!asshcaton. Bcing
whcrc onc thnks mpIcs, hrst and Iotcmost, rccognzng and conIronting
bot impcra! catcgorzatons obcng and unvcrsaI prncpIcs oI knowng,
I mcans cngagng n cpstcmc dsobcdcncc, n ndcpcndcnI thoughts, in
dccoIonaI thnkng (scc captcr ]).
NdK 6PPdD| 5 6d0 d00 6d0|y 06d5
d|C I6 |065\ lo| l 00660060\ 100gI
Ma!k Bcnnab (:po-;]), in AIgcra, and RodoIo Kusc (pzo-;p), n
Argcntna, dd not know cach othcr, a!though thcy wcrc both Ivng, wttng,
and thnkng durng thc tryng ycars oI thc CoId War.' Jcr works arc two
monumcntaI cxampIcs, takng on subjccts paraI!c! to crucaI ssucs n thc
mpcra! worId to wc Oarwn and Ircud dcvotcd thct Ivcs and ntcI-
Icctua! cncrgy. Bcnnab wcnt thtough tc ard ycars o AIgcran dccoIon-
zaton (:pq-6z). Kusc wcnt throug thc try::g ycars o thc rsc and IaI!
oI |uan Oomngo Icrn (pq6-,). Jlcy wcrc onc gcncraton apart. How-
cvct, bot wcrc maturc pcrsons and ntcIlcctuaIs durng tbc dcmandng and
nustratng dccadcs tom pq to p;o, Irom thc cnd oI thc Sccond WorId
Yar (:pq) untiI thc cnd oI thc pcrod o thc wc!arc statc and thc gIoba!
commoton rom Bcjng to Praguc, Irom Pars to Mcxco (Iatc p6os). As
Iar apart as thcy sccm, Bcnnab and Kusch ad a smIar concctn sproutng
nom tcr awarcncss o bcng wLcrc thcy wcrc thinkng, thrown as thcy
wctc into thcr rcspcctvc mpcta!lcoIona! countrcs (AIgcra, Argcntna)
and rcgons (Mag|rcb and thc Mdd!c astctn IsIamc wor!d, South Amcr-
ca-or Amrca, as Kusch ptcIcrtcd to say).
Bot storca! ptoccsscs wcrc ponts oI non-rcturn, proccsscs in whch
no onc n thc socctcs adcctcd by thc turmo couId rcman thc samc dur-
ng hs or hcr Ic, proccsscs that wouId aIso rcman n thc mcmory o
thc communty or ycars to comc and w mptint thc subjcctvty oI thc
gcncratons born ahcr thc Iact. Both scts o proccsscs ancctcd pcopIc dncr-
cntIy n dnctcnt pIaccs, aItough thcy arc conncctcd through thc coIona!
wound. In thc casc oI thc dccoIonzaton o AIgcra, Itcnc ctzcns wcrc no
doubt dstrcsscd, surprscd, and takcn aback. Bcyond thc human tragcdy,
Ircnc natonaI sprt sudcrcd tc conscgucnccs o a Ioss oI a coIony. Jc
mpctaI ptdc, owcvcr, s dcrcnt Itom thc coIona! wound and thcrcorc

y Lh8y!ctTwc
thc rcsponscs arc o! a ddcrcnt naturc. IostcoIonaIsm n Agcra s not
thc samc as postco!ona!sm n Irancc. Chrstans, Narxsts, and!bcra!s
a!!havcthcrvicwandthcr!ramcswtnwhchtoaccountorthccvcnts.
Inhucnta!ntc!!cctua!snIranccIkcthcAgcran-bornAbcrtCamusand
thcIrcnchnatvc|can-Iau!Sartrc,hadconmctngvicwsothccvcnts.Bcn-
nab's rccctons bc!orc, durng, andancrthccgt ycars o!thcAIgcran
Wartransccndcdthccvcntsandbroughttc dscusson backhomcIo A-
gcra, ratcr than !ctting t rcman n Iars, count:g : Irancc's story.
Bcnnab's ramc o!thought s not !ashoncdrom Wcstcrn ghIosogca!
thnkng,aswasSartrcs,nstcad,hstoughtcxstcdi:tcnscrc!atonwt
Wcstcrn humansm. Bcnnab was, Ikc Camus, a sccu!ar co!onaI sub|ccI.
Bcnnabaskcdgucstonsanddcvc!ogcdargumcnIstatwcrcvcryddcrcnt
rom thosc o!tcIrcnc ntc!!cctua!s. Jhcr thnkingwas Imtcd smg!y
bccausctc mcanngo!Ihc Agcran Warn Irancc was cmbcddcdnIhc
storyo! !rancc and o!uropcan mgcra!sm,whIc thcmcan:go!thc
A!gcranWarnAgcra wascmbcddcdin tchstoryo!^orthAhcaand
thc cndurnghstorcs o!co!ona!sm. Jhc samccvcnthadddcrcntmcan-
ngs !or dm crcnt thnkcrs and dcpcndcd on tcr cu!tura! background:
thcrgco-hstorca!andbo-graghcconnguratonscrosscdbycoIona!and
mpcraI dm crcnccs.
Bcnnabasks and addrcsscsascIo!wcII-gua!ncdgucstons,a!!dcaIng
witknow!cdgcandsubjcctvtyintcstoryo!AIgcraand^orth^rca,
n thc dcnstyo!aycrs !rom Is!amzaIonbc!orcthc ttomans ruIcd thc
arca and thcn ahcrtcIrcnch dsp!accd thc ttomans. !n that dsg!acc-
mcntaradca! changctookpIacc:Agcracntcrcd,Ihrough!rcnchmgcr-
a!sm,Ihcmgcra!domanso!WcstcrncagtaIsm(c.g.,twascnmcshcd:
thcsprcadngtcnIac!cso!thc co!ona! matrb)-whchocourscIhctto-
manSu!tanatcadnoIbccn.Iothcrwords,whathagpcncdin:8]owasnot
|ustachangco!ru!crs andsu!tansbymodcrnprcsdcntsorgrmcmnstcrs
o!imgcra!statcs. wasnot sm!artowhathagpcncdn Irancc ahcrtc
rcvoIuIon,whcnthcbourgcoscdsg!accdthcmonarchy, butabcIongto
thcsamccosmo!ogy, a!bcttoddcrcnI soca! strata.!nIhscasc thoscwho
dsputcdgoItca!andcconomccontro!wcrcmost!yo!GaIIcdcsccnt,tcy
bccamcIrcnch ctzcns, and thcywcrc a!! whtc and a!!Chrstans. IA-
gcrathcywcrc not: thcywcrcArabsandBcrbcrs,|cws andNus!m, b!ack
andbrown,andhadbccnru!cdbytcttomanSu!tanatcor scvcra!ccnIu-
iPHNcrc 1C yy
rcs.DwcIIngntathstory,durngthcchaIIcngngycarsbctwccnwarsn
EurogcandtroughIhccrtca!ycarso!dcco!onzatonnAsaand^ca
(octwccnt(/ and:) aggroxmatcIy), BcnnabwrotctwoshorIand cru-
caIgcccs IhatarcparIcu!arIygcrmancto myargumcnt: 2Ic Qucstlon o]
Idcas ln tbc Aus|lm \or|d, conccvcdnIatc:6oand6,butnnshcdand
pubIshcdadccadc!atcr,and 2Ic Qucstlon o] Cu|turc, orgnaIIypubIshcd
n:(.`'BoIhgcccsrcsgondtoacommonconccrnamong"JirdWorld
ntc!IcctuaIs: ganng ndcgcndcncc !rom a !ong hstory o!coIona!ty o!
know!cdgc and o!bcng,that s,dccoIonzngbcngandknow!cdgcbybc-
ngwhcrconcthnksanddocs.Bcnnabdcscrbcstcstatco!!s!amccvI-
zatonattcmomcnto!wrtng, comgarngtwthardcr!osngconIro!:
Ikcardcrwhc has!ostccntro!cvcrthcstrrup andai!cdtorccapturct,
t hasbccn strugg!ng to attain ts ncw cqui!brium. Its sccular dccadcncc,
ccndcmnJngttoincrta,apaIhy,mpctcnccandcolonizcoilit, hasnoncthc-
lcssprcscrvcdtstradtonalva!ucs n amorcor!cssfcssilJzcdccndition. !
has cmcrgcd undcrsuchconditcnsatIhctimcwhcnthcrvvcntcthccntury
rcachcs thc pcak cItsmatcralpowcrbut whcn all thc mcral orccshavc
startcddisintcgratngsnccthc!rstWorldWar.``
Wc sa!! !ocus on tc cnuncaton, rathcr than n thc cnuncatcd, o
thcscobscrvatonsandwcwundcrstandtat"IamwhcrcIdoandthnk
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though hc suggrcsscdIhcmaIcra!ty othc cnuncaIon, hcjusttook!or
grantcdths: !you!cc! and knowthatyou arc humanIas,youmostIkcIy
wi!!not bc conccrncdabout wbcrc you do and tnk-you wou!d assumc
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88 8DCD_ ID!CCu8!8 C!lD !CtDt DIId VCtd 8tCuDd \D _!CD). L8
D8\D \C \D t8DI8D 8CDC!8t ^Dt L. . b8D. D IDtCduCD_ DI8 8t_UDD\,
b8D D8K8 C8t D8\ ID \D IDV8I_8ICD D Qt8D8 D I8 DC\ D8K:D_ 8Dy
C8D D 8VCt C \D `88DI28ICD C! KDCW!Cd_, Ct !Ct I\8 8CU8tI28lICD.
:8 8I_UDCD 8ID8, D 8\t888, 8\ D ID_t8ICD C KDCW!d_, `WDlDt
8CU!8t Ct tI_ICu8, \DtCu_D 8 D88ut C lntcrsuocctlvlty.`' UtDtDCt,
8Dd \DI8 I8 CtuCI8! !Ct Dy 8I_uDD, b8D DC8 D8 DCyCDd CCKD_ Ct 8D
:n_t8ICD C 88DIC \DCU_D\ 8Dd 8CCI8 \DCty, `DI8 8udy 8K8 \C !IDY
tD !CtDt [._., 88DIC lDCu_D) WD Jccolonlzatlon D Ctdt C UIdt-
8CCt 8!8D8 IDt8\D_ CCDDIDD DC\ CD!y CW8td u8!D8 Du\ CW8td
DUD8DIy 8 !8t_. JD dCC!CDI28\ICD QtCC88 \D8\ D8d 8KD Q!8C duIID_
\D QC8\~VCId V8t t8 tD8:I8, UD!CtUD8C!y, 8D UDDDI6Dd, 8Dd VD
8 t_t881_, QtC]C
CCCDI8!I!y tCt8 \C 8 8 C! QtC]C8 D8, D88d CD DCtdt IdDIDC8-
ICD8 [dW:D_ D D DCtdt DWD d8d Id88 8Dd d8d!y Id88), 8t
CQD C DuD8DI\y 8 !8t_, :D \D 88D W8y D8 !DtI8\I8D DC!C_j, 8Cu!8t
!:Dt88, 8Dd QC8UCdO DIDYt8 [8tX88 Ct DC) 8I. CWVCt, \D !8lt
CC DC\ tCC_DI2 DIt QtC|C8 D8D8D_ DCD 8D lJcntlty. Dy lJcnty
\DIt QtC]C 88 uDIVt88. t I8 lD CCDuDdtuD Dy WDICD QC8DCdtD
DDKCt8 CD88I8 IdDI!y C8:D8 8Dd t8:D \D CCDVDIDC 8Ct C! uDI-
Vt88I!y. Ct D8 t88CD, b8D 8t888, `ID 8dd1ICD \C QCIIC8, 88 W!
88 CCDCDIC, :DdQDdDC \Dt I8 thc csscntlal nccJ }or tbc lnJccnJcncc
o[ tbouyht, o} tbc mcntal, thc sycboloylcal, anJ tbc slrltual, Ct \D XCt-
CI8ID_ 8Dd IDt8D_ C! 8CU8." D8 D8D8 D8\ D dCC!CDI28\ICD C lD
CCCDCDy 8Dd C! D 88 Dd8 8 CD8D_ C tt8D. VDI1 ^d8D bDIlD,
DD8DU 8D, 8Dd 8I! 8tX Wt WDCt lDy DCu_D, \DIt lDCu_D8
8Cgu:td 8 uDIVt88 QIOH!C D8 8Dd :DdQDdD C! DIt _C-DI8CtIC8!
8Dd DIC-_t8QDIC8 CC8ICD8 8Dd \Dt!CI C _!CD8 ILQCt\. LC- 8Dd DIC-
_t8QDIC QCIIC8 C! KDCW!Cd_ D8tI8I28 \D CD8D_ C! tt8D, uDdCID_
8Dd DCVD_ 8W8y !tCD D IDQtI8! QCIIC8! \DCC_y 8Dd I8 t8D8!8ICD
1C La]tCtWO
nto sccu!ar cgo!ogy. cnnabs dcco!ona! tnnkDg was cnactng tns cnangc
o tcrta:.
KOC00 Ku5C. L|5I60C by06|y
O l mmg|d0\ L005C|Ou50655
Guntcr Kodo!o uscn was born : Atgcntina n :pzz, and nc dcd m
p;p. Ic was thc ony chi!d o Kcatdo Lat!os usch and Isa Nata Ooto-
tca scnunkc dc uscn, a Gcrman coupc wno movcd to Argcntina, rom
Gcrmany, snott!y ahcr thc Irst Yord Yar cndcd. Ic was out ycars od
wncn hs atncr passcd away. At tnc cnd o ns tccn ycars, usch ound nm-
sc! n tnc mdd!c o an cxct:g dccadc n ucnos Atcs, rom p(o to po,
wtncss:g Inc cnd othc 5cc0nd Yor!d Yar, tnc |uan Oom1ngo Vcrn and
tva Vcrn ycars, and a vcry ntcnsc ntc!!cctua! and cututa! !ic. A na-
tvc ntc!1gcntsa that was !argcy o tutopcan dcsccnt (man!y rom 5pan,
ta!y, and Gcrmany) was strugg!1ng to ound ts own ways o Ihink:g and
dc1:k rom thc Atgcntnc ntc!!cctua! c!tc rcproducng n thc country tnc
dcbatcs takng pacc : turopc. J!c mcstD conscousncss tnat usch
cxp!otcd : thc bcgnn:g o ns book Ia scJucci6n Jc la oaroaric was a
rcdccton bu1t on thc cxpctcncc o a commun1Iy o dsp!accd Iutopcans
(mmgtants {om tutopc) wno cocxistcd wtn Inc dcnsc and strong ptcs-
cncc o thc ndgcnous popuaIon, whcn usch cxpctcnccd n nottnwcst
Atgcntna and n ovia. y tnc timc o Fuscn, thc Aro-popu!aton had
ptac!ca!y vansncd tom Argcntnas imagnary, a!tnougn nc was awatc o
tncr prcscncc n Amcrca-tnc consstcnt namc nc uscs n 8 hs wtt:g;
nc rarc!y mcntoncd Iatn Amctca. A Ic!ng sIatcmcnt that s consstcnt
w!n thc phi!osophca cxp!otatons nc conductcd throughouI hs !1c.
n hs sccond book Amcrica ro]nJa, pub!shcd n p6;, uscn intcn-
shcd ns phi!osoph1ca rc!cctons ancnorcd n an-otnct nstory. Ic dc-
sctbcd that othcr hstoty, dstinctvc n ts proh!c and cocxistng w1tn
turopcan nstory, wIn mctapnots sucn scduccn dc a batbarc, as
`mcrca ptoIunda, as `mctca vcgcIa, and many otncrs. Ltuca! to thc
undctstandng o uschs sus!ancd mcdtatons rom Ia scJuccion Jc la
oaroaric to Gcocu/tura Jc/ bomorc Amcricano (p;6) and soozo Jc una an-
troo/oyia [/os6[ca Amcricana (:p;8) s tnc cocxisIcncc o a tutopcan hs-
tory ttanspantcd and raming tnc con!cts n/o `mcrca ptoIunda, tnc
cgaccs o pobaconcs orgnaras tntougn tnc nstory o congucst and
iYBCtCiC 1o;
cO!onzation. On tnc onc nand, uscn c\\ \ha\ Indan mcmotcs through-
Out t)c Amcrcas nccdcd to bc rc-nsctbcd n conctvc da!oguc and tcn-
sOn Wtn thc cxisIcncc o pcop!c o tutopcan dcsccnt and nsItutons ( cco-
nomic, poIca! and ami!y) modc!cd on turopcan soca! organzaton. Ic
was not Indan, but hc was not a!cn to tnc act that Indan cgaccs atc cm-
bcddcd : tnc nstory o Amcrca. Jnis nstoty coud no !ongcr bc Ihc nat-
atvc o ntcrna Itansotmaton, as was thc casc ot thc hstoty o turopc.
tngagng indgcnous tnougnts mcant to cngagc an-oIhcr cpstcmoogy.
V takcs scvcra! rcadings to rccondton tcadng habts. Onc must prac-
tcc bcorc Iu1!y undcrstandng Ihc radca snh n tnc gcogtapny o rca-
sOnng Inat usch was cngagcd n and to grasp ns conccpI o mcstzo
conscousncss. Iot, mcstzo ot uscn docsnt havc anytnng to do wtn
bo!ogy, w1th mcd b!oods, wtn tnc co!ot o yout sk:, or tnc orm o your
nosc. Ncstzo s ot usch a mat|ct o conscousncss, not o bood, but
o gco-hstory and bo-graphy-as bccomcs ccar : tnc !ast two books hc
pub!sncd.
Ncstizo conscousncss s a paradoxca! conccpt : an atgumcnt cnun-
catcd by uscn, tnc son o Gctman mmgrants, atnct and motncr. Ic was
ccary not a mcstizo by b!ood but n conscousncss, a conccptuazation
tnat cmctgcs rom a body tnat cxpcrcnccs cxistcntia Amcricana, sm1ar
\o wnat tnc |amacan phiosophcr cws Gotdon nas tctmcd and cxp!otcd
as cxistcntia A{icana.' About hhy ycars bcorc uscns hrst book, Y \..
Uu os ntroduccd thc conccpt o doubc conscousncss \o arIcu!atc
hs cxpctcncc and ttans!atc t into a tcrm am1ar n Ihc numan and so-
ca sccnccs. ut \is conscousncss, Ihat s, tnc way hc was cxpctcnc-
ng conscousncss, was dhcrcnt, atnough hom tnc samc sourcc, hom tnc
co!ona! wound: a pctson o Arcan dcsccnt, in tnc Amcrcas, cxpctcnccs
!ic and hs or hcr own cxistcncc dUctcnty hom a pcrson o tutopcan
dcsccnt. otn, nowcvcr, snarc a common cxpctcncc, tnc cxpcrcncc o tnc
0isp!accd n rc!aton to a domnant ordct o tnc wor!d to wnch tncy do
not bcong. Jnc conscousncss o bcing-sucn and Ihc awarcncss o not-
bcng-sucn (: tnc casc o uscn, nctncr tutopcan nor Indian) ot scnsng
a tcnson bctwccn bcing-such and such (in tnc casc oOu os, bcng b!ack
and Amctcan, wncn Amcrcan was assumcd to bc wntc) ponts toward
tnc spncrc o cxpcrcncc tnat : Gota Anza!da was attcuatcd as thc
mcsIza conscousncss/!a conccnca dc !a mcstza.' It s wortnwnc to
1Co LDa]tctJWC
uDOC1IDc Dc _t0DU8IC8 \wI8\ \D D28dU8. bDC \8 \8KID_ nO! 8DCU\ `Dc8-
28 CCD8CIOu8Dc88, DUl 8DOU\ `\Dc COD8C\OU8DC88 O! Dc UC81Z8, wDICD I8
DOw wOud \P8D88c \DC bQ8D\8D Ic 8Dc D8CPIDCd ID !DC 88 CD8Q\Ct C!
DCP DCOK. `8 CCDC\cDC\8 dc 8 DC8IZ8. Yc 8DOud 88O tCUCUDct 8\ DI8
QO\D ID8\ !Dc \\\C O!\_ODct8 wCDCDu8 D8tt8\\Vc, \D b[8DI8D, \8 Ac //amo
Ilyoocrta Acncbu y asi mc naclo la conclcncla (p8z), duDIOu8] t8D88Cd
ID\O 1D_\8D 88 I, Ilyoocrta Acncbu, an InJlan Woman ]rom Guatcma/a."
JDc 1D_I8D \t8D88O1 (CP DC cdICP 8 \Dc QuD8D\D_ DOU8C) [IC!CPPcd CX-
O\\CI8U \O QDIO8OQD\C8 8Dd [C\\\C8 UC8DID_, 8Dd \tuD[cCd CD]8UII
P8DK\D8 cXul8\\OD C! \DC HP8\ QCP8CD. `, \_CDCP\8 wCDCDu. 88 Du!
DO c88, Dc !PC-LCOUD\8D Z8[88 LIVC8 (8C!!-\dcDHCd 88 Du8lO)
CODCCIVcd 8 `DC8I2C CCD8CIOu8Dc88 (DCICC D8 `Dc8I2C 8CQutC8, C
ID U8CD, 8 Uc8DID_ \D8\ _CC8 Dc]ODO Dc D\OO_\C8) C C8[utC DC bls-
torlca/ csscncc O! Dc D88\C Dtcc y[c8 (!DdI_CDOU8, 1UtC[C8D dC8CCD, 8Dd
DO Oc8CcD\) C!8D_u8_c8, tc\_\CD8, CuutC8, w8j8 C!!C, 8cD8IDII1C8, 8DO
8uD|CCIVIC8 D8 \t8D8!CtUCd D0DU8C, Dj8-Y88, 8DO 8w8DD8U]U ID
wD8! U8CD C8!8 `TUCPIC8.`'
D PcPO8[cC, 8DO ID DC DCPC tcCcD 8[CCPuU \D wDICD `COD8C\CU8DC88
D88 DcCD 0I\CUacd dcCOCD\8j (LuCI8, D28du8, wCDCDU), I wOUd DC
DCPC 8dcQu8c C PcD0Dc U8CD8 `UC81ZO COD8C\OU8DC88 88 `\UU1_P8D\
COD8C\CU8Dc88, DC CCD8C\OU8Dc88 C! \DC ImD\_t8D O! 1uPO[C8D dC8CcD
wDC 8ttIVCO \D Dc UcP\C88 8tCuDd \Dc cDO C! \Dc D\DCcCDD CCDuP] 8Dd
\Dc DC_IDDID_ O! \Dc \wCD\\CD, 8Dd wDO, D8c8O C! 888\UI8ID_, PC8C\8
CPIIC8!j C DC dI8Q8CcO CCDdIICD8 C! 1UPO[c8D \UU\_t8D8 D8 CCUDP]
\D8, Dj D8\ \ImC, I8 8tC8dj ID DC D8Dd8 C! LtCOC8 O! bQ8DI8D Oc8CCD 8Dd
wC8IZO8 wID UXcO DCOO 8DO 8 1UtOQc8D 8Cu 8Dd UCD\8\\j. !OUDd \D
u8CD 8 Q8P1Cu8tj 8Q\ tC8[OD8c O D] OD_-88ID_ dI8COU!CP\ 88 8D P-
_CDIDC C! 1uPCQC8D dC8CcD\. Ot D8\ cXQcPICDI8 tC88OD 8U `8[QtOQPI-
8\\D_ U8CD 8DO !CIOWID_ D\8 DOU_D\8 P8Dct D8D `8ud]:I_ DIU HCD
DC OI8\8DCc O! CCD\\DcD!8 [DIC8CQDj. Q[PO[tI8\\OD DC8D8 \D8 D8Kc
DI8 !DIDY\D_ UIDc 8Dd CODIDUC wD8 Dc 8\8P\cO, ID DC 88UC w8] D8\, 88],
w8tID 1C\dc__CP `8QQPCQt\8Cd (8Dd DC 8uOIcO) tICOP\CD DIcQ8CDc \O
uD!OO DI8 OwD !DOu_D\8. 1CPC 0D \U\\8II_ wD8\ CIdC__cP dIO, DC\ wD8\
DC 88IO. 8U DC COU[8PID_ Uj8c!! WID 1c\dC__cP DCPc. 8U |U8\ !CIOw~
\D_ Dc UOdc QPOVdCd Dj _tC8\ 1UtC[C8D D\DYCt8, 8 UCdc C! wD8 C dC,
8DO DO C! wD8 C DIDY. c_8tOID_ wD8 O DIIY 8U !CIOw\D_ CDD8DI,
u8CD, 8Dd Y]DCt. LCCCODI8 DIDK\D_ DCcO8 IO DU:d I8 CwD _CDC8C_j
PmNctcI \C 1c
o!DCU_D; ODCtWI8c I wCUd !8!1 QtC] lO _cDc8O_IC8 C! lDCu_D 8Pc8d]
C8\8D18DCO 8DC wCud, \D \Dc QPOCc88, O\8tC_8td 8Dd dCV8uC 8 ODcP QC8-
8\DI\\\c8. LcCCODI28\\OD O! KDOwcO_C 8Dd O! DcID_ PcQutC8 ODc C cD_8_C
ICDuIOu_ wD8\ w88 OC8ltO]Cd 8Dd \O DU\O wD8\ dCC8\ ]C\ CX\8.
`1DD\_t8D COD8C\OU8DC88, \D CDcP wOIO8, \8 \Dc 888uUCd CODdIICD
o!cX\8cDCc, 8D CXI8\cDCC CU\ C! [8CC' !CP [COQC C! 1UtC[C8D dC8CCD! !OP
UC\H_ ID 8 Q8CC wDO8C D\8CP] I8 DO\ DC DI8\OP] C! DCIt 8DCc8\Ot8, !Ot ID-
0\_CDOU8 Ot `QuCDO8 OtI_ID8t\C8, wDO Du1\ DCII D\8CP] ID DC 8DO Dc]
11D8DICO, DCD !OUDd \DCD8CVc8 Cu\ O! [8CC wDcD \DCIt !CtD O! \!c 8DO
cIt ID8IuICD8, COUC8\CD, 8Dd CCODCU] wCPc d\8Q8CCd, dc8\tO]CO, 8DO
tC[8CCd W\D w8]8 C! !:1c 8Dd DC ID8Iu\OD8 C! U_t8D8 !POD 1utO[C8D
COuD\P\c8, !OP !PIC8D8 COU\D_ !tOU 8cVCP8 [8t\8 O! !tIC8, wD \Dc\P CwD
d:HCtCD 8D_U8_C8 8Dd Dc\C!8, !OtU8 C! \!c, 8DO \D8\\\ulOD8, wDO !CuDO
!DD8CVC8 ID 8 8DO wDO8c D\8CPIc8 OIO DC\ DcOD_ O DCIt 8DCc8\Ot8 8DO,
ID CODP88 C Dc 1UtO[C8D8, ID 8 8Dd wDO8C 8OCI8 8PuCutC8 Q8CCd DCU
8\ Dc VCP] DOlOD C! \DC 8CCI8 8C8c. `UDI_P8D\ COD8C\Cu8DC88, dOUDC
CCD8C\OU8DC88, UC8128 CCD8CICu8DC88, Uu8lO CCD8CIOU8DC88, IDCP-CuUI8
COD8CIOu8DC88 (88 IDdI_CDOu8 QCO[c \D LCu8dOt D8ID\8ID, CO8]), U8PCCD
6OD8C\Cu8Dc88 (88 I D88 DccD C88D!18DCd 0DOD_ !PO-DOC8D8 ID LCu8-
dCP), 8 8tC dIVct8c CXQPC88IOD8 8Dd CCtICDCc8 O! DC 88Uc CODdIICD O!
cX\8CDCc. 1Dc awarcncss o] co/onla/lty o] oclny, C! DCD_ Cu C! Q8CC \D Dc
8C C! tC_u8ICD8 (C._., CC8DCO_]) C!`DOOCtDI\j. tICDj 88\cO, \DCPC 8tC
0IHCPCD DCdc8 O! CX[CPIcDCID_ DC CCODI8 wOUDd 8Dd O! CD_8_D_ \DC
CcCOCD\8 CQ\\OD. I8 D!CIC8\\D_ \O DC\C D8 `CP\\\C8 ID\C!CC\U88 C8UC
UQ WID Idc88 8UCD. 88 [ctIQDCI8 8DO 8cPD8IVC DCdCPDIIC8: 8 COUQ8I-
88D [C8IICD \D8\ [tC\CDd8 \O Dc OI88CDID_, DU cDO8 uQ PC[tCduCID_ Dc
8\8Dd8Pd8 W\D 8UQctHC\8 V0I\81OD8. `UUI_t8D\ CCD8CIOU8Dc88 (dCuDC,
DC8\28, DOI_cDOu8, U8POCD COD8CICu8Dc88) cDCODQ888C8 OIVCt8C U8DI!C8-
8\\OD8 C! 8D-CDcI Q8t8dI_U. Dc Q8t8d\_D CCD8Iu\Cd D] !CPD8 C! dcCO-
CDI8 CCD8CIOu8DC88 wDO8c DCP\7OD I8 DO OD_Ct D8 O! _CP\[Dct8 CP 8-
CPD81VC DCOCtD\\\C8 DU\ 8 QUtIVcP88 DOtI2OD CODCCIVCO 88 P8D8DOOCtDI\j
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byV|d WyPI6|: WdI 065 lI N6d0 \C 6 N00dP:
t8D7 18DCD U8OC 8 Q888ID_ CD8CtV81OD ID /ack Skln, Wbltc Aasks
(pz) D8\ D88 DCCOUc 8 !uDO8DCD\8 QtOQO8\1OD DC\D_ CXQOtCO \D DC-
L8P\DDc8D QD1C8OQDj. `C8CID_ 8_8ID8 DC COD8IuICD8\8 \cDOCDC]
J1C LbaQtCtJwo
C DC 8! DIDCICCD!D CD!ut], tud ID8I8Id D8I ID0 IDOIVIOu8 !8C!Ot D0
I8KCD ID!C 8CCCuDI IDtOu_D Q8]CDO8D8]8I8. 8DCD 8uD8I!u!d !Ct 8 jD]-
O_DIC DCOt] IDC CD!C_DC!IC Qt8Q0C!IV. ! W: D 80D 1D8 !D D8CK
D8D8 8ICF8ICD I8 DC 8D IDdIVIOu8 Qu8!IOD. 8IO8 QD]C_D] 8ud OD-
!C_CD] 8I8Dd8 8CCIC_CD].*'
JD 8CCIC_DIC QtIDCIj I8 OD 88QC O 8D_u8_:I_ 8Dd KDOWID_.' !
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CCCDI8 WC1d Ctdt, DtCu_D D0 t8UYID_ C 8D_u8_8. `JC 8Q08K D08D8
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Ct D8 8D_u8_, Du I! u8D8 8DOV a C 888uD0 8 Cu!ut0, !O 8uQQOt !D
WCI_D O 8 CIVII28ICD.*` JD0 QtODD !D8 W0 CCD!tOD :I !DI8 CD8Q0t I8
!DI8. D `C_tC C !D DIl8 w D jtCjOtIOD8] WDIt!D8 I8, D0
W D CC8t O DID_ 8 t8 DuD8D D:I_ID dItC! t8IC WID DI8 D88\Ct]
O DC tDCD 8D_u8_. I am not unaware tbat tbls ls onc o] man: attltuJcs
]acc to ]acc wltb clny. D8D WDO D88 8 8D_u8_ COD8CQuD!] jC880888
DC WCtO XQt88d 8DO IujId :I !D8 8D_u8_. YD8 W 8t0 _IID_ 8
DCCCDC8 Q8ID. D88ICt] O8D_u8_ 8OtO8 t0D8tK8D QCWt.`
o]VI8 Y]Dt !OCK 8D OD8 8CCIO_DIC Qt:ICIQ IO D D0XI 80Q. YD8 I8
D DCX 8Q I8 C8t 8Ht 8DOD D8! W C8DDC\ Xj0C Y8!tD 8CIDC08
8Dd QOI!IC8 !DCt] C 8CVC D jtCDu8 Ct8d D] hV C0DUtI08 O! :I8t-
IOD C Y8CtD dC8I_D8 IDC D WCtO D]CDO :DQtI8 Y08!tD utOj0,
8Dd IDIC COCDI8 utCQ I!80: t08Dd 8ud bOuDD !8], Ot 0X8Dj0, 88
W 88 !D oOVI! QuDIC8 |0._., COCDI8) O !CtDt L0Dt8 8Dd 880F
utCQ. tIH], 8Dd ODC DOt, D] IDj0tI8 utCj 8Dd utCCDtI8D
DC8D IDt 88jC8, U8Dd 8Q8I81], CDtCDCO_IC81], 8Dd 8uD]CIV0]. JD0]
8tC 8 Dt tCV8DI IC uDOt88ud Y]D!t8 dCOCDIZ8ICD C! D:I_.
oQ8II8], 1utCCCDtI8u t0t8 O !D !8DIC IDj0tI8 uCD8tCDI08, DC
D8OD-88I8 |oQ8ID, CtU_8, t8DCC, |O8Dd, 8Dd1D_8Dd), 8Dd D0 8uj-
QCtI_ C88! (I8] 8DO LCtD8D]) WDC8 :DjCtI8 dCDIDIOD8 Wt 880t
D8D !D CtuCt, 8DOu_D DC] Wt DC Cu! O! D _8DC. D88 DCD QCIDd
Ou, 8CVt8 ID8, D8 D IDtCCDDCIOD8 D0w00D u8t_ID8-C8QI8I8
COuDtI8 ID tC8IIOD !O CDt8-C8jI8I8! COuDtI08 W0D !DtCu_D 8 CIC!8C-
tI8 QCIIC8 QtIOO: !8] 8DO LtD8D] DV0t u]C]d X0D8IV0 IDj0tI8
dCD:I8ICD oQ8ID 8Dd OtU_8 OId, Du D8d O8! I D] D D:I0!D!D C0D-
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DCI-CODD8C8C C!8Q8I88 D WDJCD CCCOODJ8 1utC8 8I8 D8!D_ Q8yCd Ou.
88 Du! DO! 888, Dy 8t_uDCD COC8D caOtJ_JD8J!y (`Ot!_!D8!y J8
ODC O! DC D88JC CXQ8C!JOD8 O! DOC8ID COD!IO O! 8uD]CC!JV!y), Du\ 8!D8 8
D8K!D_ COD!IJDu!JOD O _tOWD_ _OD8 CCCOODJ8 QIOCC88C8. y C8!D !8
D8! _8O- 8DC DOCy-QOJ!JC8 O! KDOWCC_C D8V8 D8CD DJddCD DOD 8DC DO
8uQQOI!8C Dy DC 8C!-8tV:I_ DCI888 D8 QIODO!8 D8 QIODJ8C O! _IOW!D,
8XC8CDC8, 8DC D8QQ!D888; Ot, Qu 8DO!D8t W8y, D8 QIODO!C W!D 8 tDC!OIJC
O! DOCCtDJ!y D D8DJ!C8!8 JD DC DytJC 8CVCI!J8:D_ O! Q8OQC ]uDQ!D_
8Dd 8DJJD_ DCC8u88 O! !DCJt DCW CtCd! C8tC, DCW !18d, OI D8W OyO8.
JD88C JD8_C8 COD!t88! WJD DC 88tJOu8 8Dd uXutJOu8 OOK8 O! D8Dd8ODC
DOCC8, DCD 8DC WODCD, 8DDOuDCJD_ CI88CC 8DC u_8t! CODDOdJ!!88.
JDC 88K O! dCCOODJ8 D!LYJD_ !8 !D8! O! uDV8J:D_ DC ID8OIJC 8DC QIOD-
J8C8 O! DOdCOJ!y, 8DOWJD_ J!8 C8IKCI 8JC8, CVOC8!JD_ 8Dd Du!d!D_ _OD8
1uI88 D8! 88Q!tC O !DC DDC88 O!:!8 I8DCI D8D 8DCOut8_!D_ JDCJVJdu8
8uCCC88 8! !D8 CXQCD8C O! DC D8Dy 8DC O! DC Q8DC\.
LhangingthcJcrmso!thcLonvcrsation:
Yhat !indo!!nowIcdgcs!ccdcdandYhatIot:
JDC :D!tOCuC!OD O! _8O-DJ8!OIJC 8DC D!O-_I8QD!C8 CODD_uI8JOD8 JD QtO-
C88888 O! KDOWJD_ 8DC uDCCI88DdJD_ 8OW8 !Ot 8 I8C!C8 IC!I8DD_ [C._.,
dCCOOD:I!D_) O! !D8 OIJ_JD8 !OtD8 8QQ8t8u8 O! CDuDCJ8JOD OD WDJCD
2CIO QO!D! CQJ8!8DOO_y D8 D8CD DuJ!. ' D8V8 8t_u8d JD D8 Q88! [!OOW!D_
uQ OD JCD8!-bOQD JIOuO!) D8 J !8 DO! CDOu_D !O CD8D_C !DC COD!CD!;
!DC CID8 O! !DC CODVCt8!OD Du8 DC CD8D_CC. LD8D_!D_ !D8 8ID8 O! !D8
CODV8I8!JOD !DQ!C8 CQ!8!CD!C d!8OD8dJCDC8 8DC C8:LYJD_ DOD dJ8CJQJD-
8Iy OI !DCIdJ8CJQJD8ty CODtOV8t8!C8 DC !DC CODH!C! O! !D!CIQtC!JOD8. D
yOu 88K D8 DOW O dO !, wtC8QODC !D8 D8tC !8 DO DucQI:D: D8Dy O!
u8 8t8 D !D8 QtOC888 O! COJD_ J, 8DC QIOVJdC 8X8DQ88 D !DJ8 DOOK. 8
\t \s `LuNodcrnij 1l)
8t 88 CODtOVCt8JC8 8Dd JDCIQIC!8!!OD8 tCD8D WDJD DC 88D8 IuC8 O! DC
_8DC |CID8 O! !D8 CODVCI88!JOD), \DC CODtO O! KDOW8d_8 !8 DO C8Cd
1D!O Qu88!JOD. Dd D OIdCt !O C8 JDO QuC8!!OD DC DOdCOCOODJ !OuD-
d8\!OD O! D8 CODIO O! KDOWCd_8, J J8 DCCC888Iy \O !OCu8 OD D8 KDOWCI,
t!Dct D8D OD DC KDOWD. D88D8 _O!D_ O DC V8ty 888uDQ!OD8 !D8 8u8-
1aJD OCu8 CDuDCJ8!OD8.
D WD8! !OOW8 tCV8! D8 !OtD8 8QQ8I8u8 O! CDuDCJ8!OD !IOD !DC
gCI8QCC!JV0 O! _8O- 8Dd D!0-_I8QD!C QOJ!JC8 O! KDOWCC_C. JDJ8 WOud D8
ODC W8y O! WOIK!D_ !OW8Id CD8D_JD_ DC !CtD8 O! !D8 CODVCI8!JOD. y tC-
V8J!D_ !8 CQ!8!CDJC, t8D8I D8D D_u!8!JC, 8!DOu_D !OCu8!D_ OD `8D_u8_-
1D_ 8Dd D8 CDuDCJ8JOD J8 uD8VOJd8D8 J! W8 JD 8! CD8D_JD_ DC CID8 8Dd
DO ODy D8 COD!8D O! D8 CODVCI88!JOD.` JDC D88JC 888uDQ!JOD J8 \D8 DC
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!DOu_D DOdCtD CQ!88DOO_y [8._., !DC DuDIJ8 O!!DC 28tO QOJD!) D8D8_Cd !O
CODCC8 DOD 8Dd Du:! D8 D_utC O! \DC dC8CDCd OD8C!8t, 8 D8u!t8 888K8I
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JDC 8t_uD8D! !8 8!IuCutCd 88 !OOW8. D \DC 8CC!OD `JDc bCDJOJC Q-
Q8t8!u8 O! DuDCJ8!OD, COI8 _8O- 8Dd DOCy-QOJ!JC8 O! KDOW8d_C. lD
\DC 8CC!OD `J8CJQJD8Iy 1C!DKD_: DOW:I_, bCD8JD_, 8Dd !Dd8t88DC-
JD_, 8XQOtC DtCC C88C8 JD WD!CD _8O- 8Dd DOCy-QO!JC8 O! KDOW8C_C
CODC !OIC8y !O D8 !OI8: ODC !IOD !IJC8, ODC !IOD DCJ8, 8Dd !DC !D1tC
!tOD CW ZC88Dd. JD88C !DI88 C8888 IC CODQ8DCDCd Dy 8 !OutD DOD
8DO It!C8: Dy 8I_uDCD DCIC J8 DO DC I8QOt O! 8 d8!8CDCd OD-
88tVCI, Du! DC D!CtVD!!OD O! 8 d8COODJ8 QtO]CC! !D8 `CODC8 !tOD bOu!D
DCt!C8, !D8 LIJDD88D, 8DC 8\:IJd8d D \DC \D!Cd b888. \Dd8I8!8DdJD_
!DC 8I_uD8D !DQJ88 D8 DC tC8dCt W1 8D11 DJ8 OI D8I !DCIQI88!JOD 8Dd
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8CtVCI \O !DC dCCOODJ8 _8O-QO!JC8 O! tC88ODJD_. IDC 8CC!JOD `LCOQO1!-
JC8 O! DOWJD_ 8Dd bCD8:I_: \8 !DJC8, JD8OtC!JC8, 8Dd OJ\JC8 LOD-
8CQu8DC88, COD8 D8CK !O DC _CO- 8Dd DOdy-QO\JC8 O! KDOW8C_C 8DC
DC:I CQJ8!CDJC, 8!DJC8, 8Dd QO!JC COD8CQuCDCC8. I !DC 88C!JOD `tOD
!D8 b8DJO!C QQ8I8u8 O! DuDCJ8!JOD !O !DC L8OQO!JC8 O! DOWCd_C,
!8DQ! !O Qu D8 8I!D_8 O_CDCt 8Dd WC8VC Dy 8t_uD8D! WJD !D8 !DIC8
C88C8 CXQOtCd, DOQJD_ D8 WD8 l 88!C WJ D8 \8K8D DO\ 88 DC ICQOt O! 8
CC!8CDCC OD80tV8I Du 88 !DC JD8IVCDJOD O! 8 dCCOODJ8 !DJDKCI.
1lq Cbaptcr Jircc
1P b6m0!C Pd|dIu5 O L0u0Cd!00
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WcD \Dc DuDCI8IOD 8Dd D cDUDCI8cd. JDc dI8JIC\IOD W88 DC888t],
!Ot cDVcDI8c, \O _POUDd \Dc O8:D_ 8I_D CD\18! O c1dID8DC d b8u-
88u1c8 8cDIO!O_] 8Dd I\8 dcVc!OQDD ID PcDCD 8IuC!Ut8J8D. 1cDVcDI8\c
!UtDcC O DuDCI8IOD 8Dd, D] dO:D_ 8O, O D 8UD]cC QPOduCID_ 8DC D8-
DIQu!8\ID_ 8I_D8, I8Dct D8D O Dc 8PUC!Utc O! Dc 8I_D I8c!! (D cDuDCI-
8cC). YID DI8 dI8JICIOD JI D:DC, WOUd VcD\UP O 88] D8 \Dc !OuP
IDctPc!8cd 8QDctc8 O! !D CO!ODI8! D8IJX O! QOWt (CODOD], 8UDOtI\,
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cDuDCI8cC, WDI Q8tI8ICD] 8DC P8CI8D _tOuDd \D cDUDCI8\IOD :D DOD
8C\OP8 8Dd ID8\I!U\IOD8. \8 cXQ!Otc I ID DOtc dc8:!.
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8CIIDcd OD Dc D88c8 O! !Dc QIODODJI8! 8]8\cD O! 8D]!8D_U8_c (8!DOu_D DI8
X8DQ!8 WcIc D8ID] 1utOQc8D !8D_U8_c8), Q!U8 \Dc cDQOP8! 8Dd 8Q8I8!
CcIIC8 OI D8tKct8. JDc QPODODJI8! 8]8cD I8 8CIV8\cC JI c8CD VcID8! |D8
I8, OP8! Ot WIIcD) cDuDCI8IOD. JDc cDuDCI8\Ot I8 O! DCc88I\y !OC8cd ID \D
Dt8 QcP8OD QPODOUD I).! \Dc cDUDCI8OP 88]8 `Wc, \D Dt8 Qt8OD QIO-
DOuD I8 Q1c8uQQO8cC ID 8uCD 8 W8]D8 `Wc COUd Pc!I O D cDuDCI8OI
8DC Dc Qct8OD Ot Qct8OD8 DcID_ 8ddPc88cd; OI, D] `Wc D cDuDCI8OI COUC
D8D Dc Ot 8Dc 8Dd 8ODcODc c!8c, DO IDC!UdID_ Dc 8ddPc88c O1 8ddP88c8.
JD ID8IDID_ QPODOUD8 8Pc 8CIV8\cd 8IOUDd D _c O! \Dc DUDCI8IOD.
JDc 88Dc CODD_UI8\IOD OD8ID8 W:D \cDQOP8! 8Dd 8Q8\I8! D8tKI8.
JDc DuDCI81Ot C8D OD!] cDUDCI8 ID \D QP8cD. JDc Q88 8DC Dc D\UP
8Ic Dc8DJD_D! OD!] ID t!8\IOD O \Dc QIc8D\ O! Dc DuDCI8\IOD. PDd Dc
cDuDCI8OP C8D OD!] cDuDCI8\c `Dctc, D8 I8, WDtcVI 8Dc I8 !OC8\C 8 \D
DODcD O! DUDCI8\IOD. JDu8, `DcI, `DcD:Dd, `DcX O, `!cH 8DC 1I_D,
8DC 8O OD 8Pc Dc8DID_D! OD] ID tc!IcDCc O Dc cDUDCI8OI8 `DIc.
OW !c\8 8Kc 8 8cCODC 8\Q. JDc XD8IOD O! JD_UI8IC DOt] 8Dd 8D8!-
]8I8 !tOD\D 8cDcDCc \O 0I8COuI8c QIODQC Dc IIOCUC\IOD O! `dI8CUt-
8IV !P8D8 Ot `CODVcI88IOD !I8Dc8. DCccd, D_8_I_ ID CODVI88IOD,
!c\1 W1IID_, DcI_8 O! V8IIOU8 KJDd8, 8Dd 8O OD, tQUJPc8 DOIc D8D
1Dc !OID8!-!ID_uI8\IC 8QQ8I8!U8 O! cDUDCI8IOD: I\ tQUIIc8 8 !P8D, D8 I8, 8
CODX !8DII8I O 8!! Q81ICIQ8D8, Dc Dc] DU8IDc88 Dcc\ID_8, C88U8! COD-
Vct88IOD8, DcIDc Dc888_8, OI ODct !8D:!I81 !OID8\8. YDIc I cVt]C8]
J!c !t8Dc8 8Ic tc_U8d D] COD8D8U8! !OO8c 8_IcDcD\8, DIc 8Ic DOP
it i8 `LuI Noocrnty 1lj
oDQ!cX 8Dd tc_U!8\cC !I8Dc8 KDOWD \Od8] 88 `8CDO!8I!] dI8CIQ!IDc8. D
1Bc 1uIOQ0D bD8I888DC, D dI8CIQ!ID8 Wt C!888IDcd ID Dc `tIV:uU
d\Dc `Qu8dtIVIUD, WDI LDtI8\I8D DO!O_] W88 \D CIID_ uDCt WDICD
Do\D \Dc \tIVIUD 8Dd Dc QU8dIIV:uD Wt DOU8d. `]ODd \D8 CI!ID_
ooDcd D WOP!d O! Dc Q8_0D8, _cD\J!c8, 8Dd b8I8CcD8.
1D cI_DcDD-CD!Ut] uPOQ, \D DOVDD\ \OW8Pd 8cCu!8tI28IOD
DIOu_D\ WID I\ 8 I8dIC8! \t8D8!OID8\:OD O! Dc !I8D O! DIDd 8DC D Ot_8-
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8Iy). JD 10D\:8D-1uDDO!CI8D DOdc! dI8Q!8Ccd Dc _O8!8 8DC \Dc !OID8\
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\Bc uDIVct8Iy, !OuDdcd I\8!! OD 8CU8P 8CIDC |!POD L8!I!O O WOD)
ad OD 8cCU8t QDIO8OQD], 8DC DOD CcC!81cd W8I 8_8ID8 LDtI8\I8D Dc-
o!O_]. uIID_ \Dc Dt8 QU8I\ct O! Dc D:Dc\ccDD CcD\Ut], \D IOt_8DI78-
\IOD O! KDOW!d_ 8Dd \Dc !OtD8IOD O! DcW dI8CIQ!IDc8 (DIO!O_], cCODOD],
Q8]CDO!O_]) !H `DcDJDd \Dc IIV:uD 8Dd Dc QU8dtIVIUD 8Dd D8ICDcd
1OW8IC D DW Ot_8DJ78\IOD DcWccD DuD8D 8CIcDCc8 (8OCI8! 8CIcDCc8 8Dd
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8cCODC WID !8W8 0Dd XQ!8D8IOD8." Dc8c 8Ic 8I dI8\IDCIOD8 D8 DO!C
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CIO88cC !ID8 ID OD 0:PC\:OD Ot 8DO\Dt 8DC Qu8Dcd OW8Id 8D IDcIdI8CI-
Q!ID8PIy D8 DOIc OHcD D8D DO\ W88 D88d OD !D8 CI8IDClIOD8, 8!DOu_D
DO\ 8ddt88ID_ DD.
bO, DcD, Wc D8Vc DOVcd !IOD \D !OID8! 8QQ8P8!U8 O! DUDCI8IOD, \O
1t8F8 O! CODVP88\IOD8, O dI8CIQ!:Dc8, 8DC O 8ODcDID_ D8\ I8 8DOV D
dI8CIQ!JDc, 8 8UQI8 !I8D D8\ WOu!d D8D `CO8DO!O_]. JDc DI8OI] O!
KDOW!cC_c-D8K:D_ ID DOdtD Y8ID DI8Ot] !tOD D bD8I888DCc OD
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ODI WDD !D D8t I8 \O dI8QU8!J1y !OID8 O! KDOW!cd_c DcyODC D8
WO !PIDC!] CODQcID_ CO8DO!O_IC8! !I8Dc8.
OD !t8Dc8 8Ic ID8\I\UIOD8!!] 0Dd !ID_UI8\IC8] 8DCDOtd I Yc8\ctD
UtOQc. D] 8I 8DCDOIC ID ID8\I\U\IOD8 (CDIcD], \DIOU_D DI8\Ot], \D
uPOQc8D UDIVcI8IIc8) 8Dd :D \Dc 8IX DOCPD (._., VPD8Cu!8I) uIOQc0D
0Dd IDQII8! !8D_U8_c8: \8!I8D, bQ8DI8D, 0Dd OI\U_U8, dODID0D\8 8IDC
Jl LDaQtCtJtCC
thc Kcnaissancc to tc nIightcnmcnt, and Gcrman, TrcncL, and ngIis,
trom thc nIightcnmcnl. Bchind tc sX modcm urogcan anguagcs o!
knowIcdgc Iay thcir histoticaI !oundation. Gtcck and IatIn, and not, !or
inslancc, Arabic or Mandatin, Hindi ot Irdu, Aymara or NuatI. Jlc
sIx mcntioncd Ianguagcs, bascd on Grcck and IatIn, grovIdcd thc "tooI
to crcatc a givcn conccption ot knowIcdgc that was tcn cxtcndcd to thc
incrcasing, trough tmc, urogcan coIonics nom thc Amcricas to Asia
and A!rica. In thc Amcricas, nolabIy, wc cncountcr somcting that is aIicn
to Asian and Atrican tcgions. thc coIoniaI utogcan univcrsily, IIkc thc
Inivctsily ot Santo Iomingo, toundcd in ]8, lhc Inivcrsily ot Mcxico,
toundcd in :], lhc Inivctsily ot San Marcos, Ima, toundcd in ), and
Harvatd Inivctsity, toundcd in 6]6.
Jlc Iinguistic instirutionaI toundation, managcmcnt, and gracticcs that
knowIcdgc-making brings aIIow mc to cxtcnd Bcnvcnistc's !ormaI aggara-
tus ot cnunciation and to cIabotatc on cnunciation and knowIcdgc-making,
tocusing on thc bordcts bctwccn tc Wcstcrn (in lhc grccisc Iinguistic
and institutionaI scnsc I dchncd abovc) !oundation o! knowIcdgc and un-
dctslandng (cgislcmoIogy and hcrmcncutIcs) and its con!rontalion wIth
knowIcdgc-makIng in non-utogcan Ianguagcs and inslitutions in China
or in tc IsIamic caIighalc or in lhc cducationaI Inslitutions ot Maya, Az-
tccs, and Incas, which ncyc/ocJla rltannlca incIudcs, wIlh grcal ad-
miration, among thcit dcsctigtions o! "cducation in grimitivc and carIy
civIizations''

Icrhags Itantz Ianon conccgtuaIizcd bcttcr tan anyonc cIsc what I

havc in mind tor cxtcnding Bcnvcnistcs tormaI aggaratus o! cnunciation.
In /ack Skln, Wltc Aasks Ianon madc an cgistcmic !oundationaI statc-
mcnt about Ianguagc tat no onc, in tc hcatcd atnosghcrc ot sttucturaI-
ism and goststtucturaIism, gickcd ug in thc p6os. And it was stIII ignorcd
by thc most scmantic and ghIoIogicaI oticntation o! mIc Bcnvcnistc's ag-
groachcs to Ianguagc. Jlis is what Ianon said.
Jc sgcak mcans to bc in a pcsilion to usc a ccttain syntax, tc grasg tlc mor-
ploIcgy o this or tlat Ianguagc, but il mcans abovc all lo assumc a culturc,
to sugport tlc wcight ot a civIizaticn . . . . Jlc prcbIcm llat wc connonl in
tlis clagtcr is this. Jlc Ncgrc c! thc AntIlIcs wIII bc prcgortIonally whitcr
thal is, lc wcomc cIcscr to bcing a rcaI luman bcingin dirccl ratio to lis
mastcry c tlc Frcncl Ianguagc.
1\1s"u NCdCtD| 1l/
Ianons dictum aggIics to Ianguagc, but aIso to tc sgctc ot knowIcdgc
in gcnctaI. tc Ncgro ot tc ^ntics, thc lndian ttom lndia and trom tc
^mcrIcas or Ncw Zcaland and ^usttaIia, tc Ncgro trom sub-Saharan A!-
rica, thc MusIm nom tc Midd!c ast or Indoncsia, and so on. KcgIacng
"Itcnc Ianguagc wit "discigIInary notms wc can garagrasc Ianon. tc
antrogos wIII comc cIoscr to bcIng a rcaI uman bcing n dItcct ratio to is
or cr mastcry ot discigIlnary no:ms. CbvIousIy, Ian ons goint is not to bc
tccognizcd or acccgtcd In tc cIub ot "rcaI uman bcing as dchncd on thc
basis o! whitc knowIcdgc and witc history, but to takc away thc imgctiaIl
coIoniaI idca ot what it mcans to bc human. Jlis is a casc, grcciscIy, In
which tc assauIt on thc ImgcriaIily ot modcrnlcoIoniaI Ioci ot cnuncia-
tions (discigIincs and institutions) is caIIcd nto gucstion. A casc in gont
was thc gucstion askcd by many ghIosogcrs n Atrica and Sout Amctica,
duting thc CoId War, and bcing askcd today by Iatinos and Iatinas ghiIos-
ogcrs In thc Initcd Statcs wctc tcrc is an tican, South Amctican, ot
Iatinol a ghiIosoghy. Jlc gucstion was. Is thctc ^ican gh!osoghy ot ghi-
Iosoghy In Atrica ls thctc ghiIosogy in Iatin Amcrica or a Iatin Amcti-
can ghiIosogy Jlc gucstion was tcIcvant but goorIy tormuIatcd. IatcIy,
thctc was a tutnaround n which tc gucstion was tcdrcsscd In dccoIoniaI
ttamcs ot uind tat as gut "ghIosoghy in its rcgionaI history and has
tcmovcd it trom its univcrsaIizing gtctcnsions. WhiIc during tc CoId War
tc gucstion was askcd wIt a touc ot nostaIgia or intcriotily comgIcx, In
thc twcnly-hrst ccntury tc gucstion is no Iongcr askcd, bccausc, it tcrc
is no phl!osogy in Atrica and IatIn Amcrica in tc scnsc that Gtccks and
modctn contincnta) urogc undcrstand g!osogy, thc gucstion is moot.
PcogIc stIII tink. Jlis was onc o! thc grcat Icgacics ot KodoI!o Kuschs
work and tc maIn goInt ot tis chagtct.
Jo addrcss tis grobIcm I tutn oncc again and in morc dcta! to thc con-
ccgts ot gcogoIItics, body-goIitics ot knowIcdgc, and thc coIoniaI cgistcmic
dIctcncc, lo whic l rctutn bcIow.'
Oiscipinary Ocinking. rnowing, Scnsing,
and\ndctsanding
I! to sgcak a Ianguagc mcans to carry thc wcight ot a civIIization, tcn to
cngagc n dIscipIInary knowIcdgc-makIng mcans to mastcr thc Ianguagc
o! thc discigIinc In two scnscs. You can ot coutsc do socioIogy n Sganlsh,
1z8 Chatcr Jhrcc
Portugucsc,/rabIc,MandarIn, BcngaII, Aan, and so on. But doIng It in
IhoscIanguagcs wiII put you at adIsadvantagc In rcIationto maInstrcam
dIscIpIInary dcbatcs. Itw bc a sort oI"IocaIsocIoIogy`' Grantcd, doIng
socIoIogyInFrcnch, Gcrman,orEngIIshwiIIaIsobc "IocaIsocIoIogy.' Thc
dicrcnccIsthatyouhavcabcttcrchanccoIbcIngrcadbyschoIarsInany
oIthc Ianguagcs mcntIoncd, but thc Invcrsc wIII not hoId. You W havc
to gct your work transIatcd Into Frcnch, Gcrman, or EngIIsh. Thattoday
wouIdbcconsIdcrcdWcstcrnsocIoIogy, IocatcdInthchcartoturopcand
thc \nItcdStatcs. Thcrc arcmanyvarIatIons andthc Issucs havc bccn ad-
drcsscdmanytImcs.IprovIdcthrcccxampIcs.
Jlcnrstcascstobc cxamIncd arc thcargumcnts sustaIncdbytwo /t-
rIcan schoIars, socIoIogIsts, and phIIosophcrs, PauIIn |. HountondjI and
KwasI WIrcdu. HountondjI addrcsscd hcad-on a qucstIon that has bccn
promIncnt amongThIrd WorId IntcIIcctuaIs (om o to o) aII ovcr
thcworId. Howcvcr,sInccItdIdnotrcccIvcmuchatIcntIonInmaInstrcam
IntcIIcctuaIdcbatcsandamongpubIIshInghouscs,ItrcmaIncdapcrvasIvc
IssucIItcraIIyInthcmargIns. From6oonmainstrcam dcbatcsInthchu-
manItIcs and socIaI scIcnccs tocuscd on structuraIIsm and poststructur-
aIIsm In ItsvarIousIorms (psychoanaIysIs, dcconstructIon, archcoIogy ot
knowIcdgc,communIcatIvcactIon).ThcsocIaIscIcnccs,onthcothcrhand,
wcrc cnjoyIngthcIrpromotion ahcrthc Sccond WorIdWarand gaincd a
status Inthc domaIn oI schoIarshIp (In ngIand, Gcrmany, and rancc)
thcydIdnothavcbcIorcthcwar.
=
JlcpromotIonoIthcsocIaIscIcnccsstatuswaspartotachangIngIcad-
crshIphandInthcworIdordcr,andthc\nIIcdStatcswasIakIngovcrthc
roIcthaturopc (ngIand, rancc, andGcrmany) hadcnjoycduntIIthcn.
GcopoIItIcaIIyandgco-cconomIcaIIythcthrccworIddIvIsIonwasparaIIcI
togco-cpIstcmoIogyor thcdIstrIbutIonotscIcntincIabor, as CarI PIcIsch
mappcdItInthccarIy8os.'Yct,PIctsch'sIandmarkartIcIcwasstIII ccn-
trItugaI: It mappcd bow FIrst WorIdschoIars thought out thc ncwworId
ordcr.IrstWorId schoIars havcthcprIvIIcgcoIboth bcIng In thccnuncI-
aIcd (onc oIthcthrccworIds),butaIsobcIngthconIyandonccnuncIator
(thcFi:stWorId)./saconscqucncc,whatschoIarsInthcSccondandThIrd
WorIdthoughtotthcmscIvcsandhowthcywcrcrcspondIngwasnottakcn
Intoaccount.Thcy(SccondandThIrd)wcrccIassIncd,buthadnosayInthc
cIassIncatIon,othcrthanIorcactorrcspond. /ndthctImchascomc.
\t \s "Our Nodcrnity 1z
GcopoIItIcsoIknowIcdgcandoIknowIngwasoncoIthcrcsponscsIrom
Ihc ThIrd WorId Io thc FIrstWorId. /nchorcd in thc ThIrdrathcr than In
hcFIrstWorIdthcgazcchangcddIrcctIon.NowthcFIrstWorId,thcpIacc
otthchumanItas, bccamc thc objcctoIobscrvatIonandthc unsuspccung
sub|cctoIcrItIqucbythc anth:opos. Thcrc was a dIcrcncc howcvcr. Thc
gazcswcrcnotsymmctrIcaI.LookIngatthcFirstIromthcThIrdWorIdIm-
pIIcs thatyou knowyou arccxpcctcdIo bc an inIormant, not athInkcr.
IocaInccdsInthc Thi:dWorIdhavcbccnshapcdbyboththcIntcrtcrcncc
oIgIobaIdcsIgns-cxportcdandImportcdIromthcIrsIWorId-thatbasI-
caIIyrcspondcdtothcnccdsoIthcFirstnotoIthcJlIrdWorId.HumanItas
wasnotIntcrcstcdInthcanthropos,buIinhavInganobjcctotInvcstIgation
to tuInII thci: ownnccds and dcsIrcs. ModcrnItyhas Itsown IntcrnaIcrIt-
Ics(psychoanaIysIs,Marxism,postmodcmIsm),butInthcThIrdWorIdthc
probIcmsarcnotthcsamcasinthcFirst, andthcrcIorctotranspIantboth
hc probIcms and mcthods t:om thc FIrst to thc ThI:d WorId Is no Icss
a coIonIaI opcratIon than transpIantIng armIcs or IactorIcs to satIsty thc
nccdsoIthcFirstWorId.What1mcanIsthatIarIsandLondondonothavc
thcsamccoIonIaIIcgacyasMumbaI,AIgcrIa,orLaPaz.WhatgcopoIItIcsoI
!nowIcdgcIsunvcIIIngIsthccpIstcmIcprIvI!cgcoIthcIrstWorId.Lthc
thrccworIdsotdIstrIbutIon oIscIcntIcIabor,thcIrstWorIdhad Indccd
thcprIvIIcgcoIInvcntingthccIassIncaIIonandbcIngpartoIIt.InthIsvcin
HountondjIcontcstcd,"It sccmsurgcnt tomcthatthcscIcntIstIn /trIca,
andpcrhapsmorcgcncraIIyinthcThIrdWorId,qucstIonthcmscIvcsonthc
mcanIngoIthcIrpractIccsasscIcntIsts,ItsrcaItunctIoninthccconomyot
thccntIrctyoIschoIarshIp,ItspIaccInthcproccssoIproductIonotknowI-
cdgconaworId-wIdcbasIs.'
HountondjItouchcsonscvcraIdImcnsIonsotthc"scIcntIcandschoIarIy
dcpcndcncy'oI/IcanandothcrThIrdWorIdcountrIcs.WhIIcrccognIz-
Ingthc "Improvcmcnts InmatcrIaIcondItIons InsomccountrIcs, such as
IaboratorIcs, IIbrarIcs, andbuiIdIngs, hc strongIyargucs thatJlIrdWorId
countrIcsarc,Intcrmsotthc cconomy, provIdIngnaturaIrcsourccs to In-
dustrIaI countrIcs and, In thc scIcnccs, provIdIng data to bc proccsscd In
thc IaboratorIcs (IItcraI IaboratorIcs Inthc naturaI scIcnccs, mctaphorIcaI
IaboratorIcs Inthc socIaI scIcnccs) otthc FirstWorId. JlcbotIomIIncIor
HountondjIIsthat In spItc otthc "matcrIaIprogrcss'mcntIoncd abovc, In
ThIrdWorIdcountrIcs"scIcntincdcsIgnsarcnotcrcaIcdby/trIcansbutby
1jC LhaQICtJtcc
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tC8QODO DO O PICaD DCCd8 8Dd V8IOD8, Du\ \O \DC DCCd8 8Dd V8IOD8 O!
YC8CtD )utOQC8D8 |D8:!!] \DO8C m )D_!8DO, 1t8DCC, 8Dd LCID8D], Du\
a8O DO8C D DC 8CCODO-OIdCI OCVC!OQCd COuDIIC8, JC oWCOCD, C!_IuD,
8DO O!8DO). PIC8D 8CDO!at8, DI\DCIDOtC, dCQCDd a!8O OD \DC QIO!C8-
8IODa! D8_a2DC8 8Dd QuD!ICa\IOD8 CICaCd, QIIDCd, aDd dI8\IIDu\CO ID \DC
1II8\ YOIO. DC 8Iua\IOD I8 DO\ DCW; I I8 CD_taDCO I! DC VCI] 8IuCuIC O!
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aDO CO!ODI28IOD. `J1u8, I Wa8 D8uIa! D8 DC aDDCXaIOD O! DC 1tO
YOt!O, I\8 D\C_I8IOD ID \DC WOt!dWIdC C8QIa!I8\ 8]8!CD \DIOu_D I8dC 8Dd
CO!ODIZ8\1OD, a!8O CODQtI8C a 8CICDDC W:!OOW, 8O Da\ \DC dI81!ID_ O! D8-
\Cta IC8OuICC8 _OC8 D8Dd I! DaDO WI\D DtaD OIaID8_C aDd, 8\ aDO\DCI CVC!,
WD DC CXQIOQtI8\IOU O! aICDCO!O_IC8 tCD8D8 Ot Cuuta! OD|CC8 \h8 CDd
uQ CDIICDID_ DC\tOQOI!8D Du8CuD8 O! WOt!d Cu!utC8.'
P COuDCI8I_uDCD! COud DC DOu_D\ Ou\ D] 88]D_ \D8 DC CQu8IOD
D8] D8VC DCCD tuC OuIID_ \DC LO!d Y8I, Du\ D8 I\ DO !OD_CI DOd8 ID
DC CI8 WDCD `_!OD8I28\IOD, 8IDCC \DC !8 O! DC oOVC\ \DIOD, OVCIC8DC
\DC DtCC WOIO OIV8OD D] CIC8I!_ DC 8Q!CDOd DOIdCt!C88 WOI!d \D8\ D88
aQQCaICO, I8 D DC QtOCC88 O! CIa8D_ 8uCD dDCtCDcC8 8DO tC!IC8DD_ \DC
IDC!OIIC O! OCVC!OQDCD CD8CCd duIID_ DC LO!d Yat ]C8t8. CVCOQDCD,
ID DC Ct8 O! _!ODa28IOD, I8 DO !OD_Ct CODQCI!_ W\D CODDuDI8D. PDd
I! !8C\, !DC HarvarJ Internationa/ Ieview dCOCa\Cd aD I88uC O LOD8 1C8\D
D WDICD I 88O, `OCa!], \t8:!ID_ W DC IDKCd O DC dCVCOQDCD O! IC-
8C8ICD 1D8\I\u\IOD8 ID OCVC!OQID_ COuD\IIC8 D] Q8IIID_ \DCD WD I!8!Iu
IOD8 m DC dCVCOQCd WOIO. J1C8C 8CIVIC8 Du8\ DC 8dCQu8C] DOCd
aDO IC8C8ICDCI8 !IOD \DC YC8 Du8 DC _IVCD !:LC 8Dd CICdIt O QaI\CIQa\C
ID I!8\I\u\IOD Du!OD_. P DuDDCt O! DI8-Ia!C IaIDID_ 8Dd tC8CaICD ID8Iu-
IOD8 D \DC OCVC!OQID_ WOId, IDCudD_ DC DCID8OD8! LCDCt !Ot Iat-
IDCa! I8C88C 1C8C8tCD D D8X8, 8D_!aOC8D, D8VC CODC aDOu\ DIOu_D
]CaI8 O! CO!8DOtaOD'
D DC 88DC aI\IC!C |u8\ DCDODCd, WC DDd \DC !OOWD_ QIO_DO8I8.
LE|OPI^G T1E bOLT)
YD8, DCL, 8hOU!O UC DC 8!taCgc aQQIOaCDC8 \O QIOmO\ILg hCa\h IC8CaIch
caQaCIy L OCVC!OQILg COuLtC8; JhCtC aIC m8L] staCgC8 aLd gOa8 O
1\ 1s ut NCdcJ11I[ 1)1
UC QuI8uCO, LOLC Ol WDch atC 8umcCL a!ODC. ;DC g!ODa! DC8h tC8CaICh
8gCDda mu8! UC dCVCOQCq U] 8cICDI88 !tOm DOh hC ^OIh aLO hC oOuh.
O OUCD, hC IC8CaICh a_CDOa O! OCVCOQDg cOuLtC8 8 8C\ U] OhCt8 Ou-
8IdC hC cOuLt]. JhC gO!dCL IU!C O! OCVCOQmCD-`C WhO ha8 hC gO!d
DaXC8 hC tuCs -u8ua] ayQIC8. JhI8 8 Q8t|IcuaI] tuC O! DCa!h sCtYcC8
tC8Catch WhCICIL !OC8! 8CICL88 ma] W:sh \O addIC88 guC8DOL8 ha 8CCm
uLDQOt\aL O Ou\8dC dODOI8. JhC8C 8CICDI88 Da] WaL O cOLduC a 8Iud]
8mat O OLC 8IC8d] OOLC C8CWDCtC, a 8Iud] h8 I8 LODChCC88 C88CDI8
UCc8U8C I! w COLVLcC hCt OWL mCdIca C8aUI8DDCD O! hC IDQOtaLCC
O! hC WOtX. NaL] cOuL]C8 CaIICd Ou 8IudIC8 OL OR7 ha! addCd \C O
hC IDCtLaOD8 ICIaIuIC Dut DCQCd O COLVILCC hCt O\v QCOIaICIaL8 O!
hC mQOt|aLcC O! hI8 IDCtVCDOD !O ICa dIaIIhC8.'
W88I YItCdu D8OC 8 C8 8IDIaI \O D8\ O!1OuD\ODd]I ID DI8 `1OIDu-
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CCVC!OQCO WOIO ]or \hC u)OCIdCVCOQCd WOId, a8 L88D8 8tICC OD _OD8
UC8!D 8u__C88. YIICdu8 C8 D88 II!C CD8DCC O! DaXD_ +DC `!IOD Q8_C
O 1aIV8Id !DIVCI8I] QuD!ICa\IOD8 QIODD_ `CXQCI8 OD OCVC!OQID_ DC
oOuD. J1C C8 DadC D]YIICOu W88 \DC !O!OW:!_. `LODCCQua!1] 8QC8XID_,
\DCD, DC D8XD O! DC DODCD 8DOud DC. PDIC8D, XDOW \D]8C!1"
1! ]Ou dO DO D8VC DC \IDC \O IC8d YIICOu8 8I_uDCD\ ID I8 CD\IIC],
Q!C88C OO DO |uDQ O uDW8tI8D\CO CODCu81OD8 OI \D1DK \D8 Y1tCOu 18
QIOQO8ID_ O dO 8CICDCC ID DC PX8D OI uO 8D_u8_C. OO uQ ]OuI 8D!C
aDd ]OuI 8CD8C D81 t8dI\IOD8I8, C88CDIa8, Ou-O!-!88DIOD, 8Dd Ou-O!-
IDC P!IIC8D QD!O8OQDCt8 atC dIC8DID_ O! 8Dd WaD\D_ 8 WOt!d !OICVCI
_ODC. C\8 Q8u8C 8Dd Q8] a\ICD\IOD O WD8\ YItCOu I8 88]D_. I\ I8 DO 8
tC\uID O aD]\D1!_, ID \DC 88DC W8] \Da\ VO NOI8C8 I8 DO\ QIOQO8D_ a
`ICuID O DC P]u DC!OIC DC Q8DI8D 8ItIVCd 8DO DIOu_D WID \DCD
\DC 8CCd8 O! DOdCtDI] D8 \WO CCDuIIC8 CaIICI )D_8Dd 8Dd 1I8DCC DaO
DaIVC8Cd, 8Dd D8 DC !DICd o8C8 DaIVC8\CO !8CI.
Ou 8CC, LDID8, DdIa, 8Dd OV8 Od8], 8tC DO `_OID_ DaCK I! IDC.
J1C] 8tC DOVD_ \OW8Id DC DuIC !OOWD_ dIHCICD Q8D8. u\ 8\ \DC
88DC 1LC, DC] 8tC DO Ca_CI O DaKC DOdCIDI], 8CCOtOID_ \O YC8CID
88DO8Id8, DCII _Oa I! !)!C. 1O!OWD_ uQ OD WD8\ I8 _OID_ OD ID LDIDa,
1)l Lh8!ctJh:cc
1DdI8, 8Dd OlIVI8 (t8Iht \D8D WD8 D 1UtO-DtIC8D DdI8 88IO I8 _OID_
OD ID LDJ!8, DdI8, 8Dd ClIV8), OD t8I28 \D8 Dt 8t CO D8D] :D-
[CI!8!\ I88U8 \O d8 WI\D, 8Dd ID8\ C D DCdtD, ID !D Y8tD 8D8, I8
DCODD_ lC88 8DO l88 C! 8 CODCtD. JD8\ 8 WD8 dW8\tDI7I!_ 8Dd OCC-
lCDI8l D8!8 I! D DD8l 8D8]8I8. ^UCD D88 DD WtIID 8Dd 88IO 8IDC \D
Y8 bt\ DD8DCI8l CtI8I8 8U__8ID_ D8 D \.b. `DOd D88 CO8Q8O
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C8tD_ !C1 8D `[I8\DIC 8W8KDID_ C! DIC8D8 8DO DI1d YCId 8CDOl8t8
8Dd IDlCu8l8, WDICD D8O 8t8d] DD D8[QDID_ 8DO CODIDU8 C _tCW
8tOUDO Ih WCtd.
D8 CCD8Idt8ICD8 \8K \O D 8CODd X8D[ O! \DI8 8CICD,
\DI8 D w !OC8 CD 8D DOI8D QOI\IC8 DOtI8, 8t\D8 LD8It|.
D 8 8DdD8tK 8tICl ID WDICD _O- 8DO DOO]-[ClIIC8 O! KDOWld_ COD
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l8D_u8_8. D 8tIIC, COlCd ID DI8 DOOK A Posso/e InJa (pp8), I8 \D
LD_I8D Vt8ICD O! 8 C\Ut D OVtO ID \D D_8I 8D_U8_ 8Dd ID L8l-
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IOD OD _C[OI\IC8 C! KDOWld_ 8DO [I8DIC 8Dd [CIIC8l OIDK!_.
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dI8\J!CICD DIWD `OUt DCOtDI\] 8Dd `D1 DOdtDI\]. 8IDt \D8D
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`8uD8l\tD. `D8t_!I8 DOdtDII8, LD8It| Q8D\8 8 8OId Ql8I WI\D
WDICD C DuIO D !uUt C! 8D IDClU8IV DOdtDI\], OD D8 I8 DO IDO-
[DdD !tCD `D1 DOdtDI\] (DC8u8 Y8\tD X[8D8ICD I8 8 !8C) DU\
Ih8\ I8 DCDDl88 UDt[D8D], uD88D8Dd], 8DO !DQDID] `Out8.
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t8 D8l! O! \D DI!DIh CDdt], WDD 1D_l8DO 8DO t8DC, 8!|1 `8[C-
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|, ID CCD\t8OI8IDCICD WI\D bOUD DtIC8D 8Dd L8tIDD8D ID\lCd88

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D 1D1_DDDD\ W88 D !8C D8 8D8 CODCQ\ C! ^8D 8DO DUD8DII]
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8D UDt8tIC\d 8Dd UDIVt88 Lld !Ot D XtCI8 O! t88OD, 8O D8V W
DuI UQ 8D IDtIC8l] dIDtD\I8O 8tUC\Ut C! 8UDOtII8 WDICD 8QCIL8
WDC D88 D tI_D O 88] WD8 CD WDICD 8UD|C8,
LD8It| 8CKDCWO_8, lK CUD\ODd|I 8Dd YItdu ID DIC8 (8-
DOU_D IDOQDOD\ C! 8CD C\Dt, 8IDC `!UUDC _O8 !tCD 1UtO[ C
\DId b\8\8 C !tIC8 8Dd DdI8, Du\ DO\ ] ID CODVt88IOD8 DIWD
1jq LBa]!cIJBICC
Aricaandndia),IhaIthc1hirdWorId(inIIcIscb`sIcrms)hasbccnmainly
a "consumcr oIirsI WotIdschoIarship, and Iikc hs Arcan cocagucs,
Chattcrjccbascshisargumcnt"inthcwaythchistoryoourmodctnityhas
bccnintcrIwincdwiIhIhchstoryoco!oniaIsm.IorthaIrcason, 'wchavc
ncvcrguiIcbccnab!cIobUicvcIhaIthcrccxstsaunivcrsa!domanorcc
discoursc,unfcIIcrcdbyddcrcnccsofraccornaIonaIqChaIIcrjcccIoscs
hisatgumcnt,
Somchow, from lhcvcrybcgnning,wchadmadcashrcwd gucsslhatgivcn
Ihc cosc compIicIybcIwccn modcrnknowIcdgc and modcrn rcgImcs o
powcr, wcwouIdor cvcr rcmainconsumcrsot univcrsa modcrniIy,ncvcr
wouId wc bc Iakcn as scrious produccrs. Itistor lhis rcasonlhat wc havc
Iricd,to: ovc: ahundrcdycars,Iolakc our cycs awayrom lhis chlmcraot
univcrsamodcrniIyand cIcar uy asyaccwhcrc wc mghIbccomclhc crc-
aIorsotou:ownmodcrnIy.'`
imagInc you arc gcIIng thc pont. 1hc argumcnt is sImIlat Io argu-
mcnIsadvanccdbyGuamanIoma dcAya!a,inthc carIyscvcntccnIhccn-
Iury,andbyIIobahCugoano,inIhcsccondha!othccighIccnIhccntury,
whcnIhcyIookChrisIianitynIhcirownhandsand instcadosubmiIIing
to it with thc humiIlty ofthc humiIatcd, thcy appropratcd it Io sIap Ihc
acc ouropcan ChrisIians, usngargumcntsthaI rcccIcd Ihcir unguc
pcrspccIvcs-thosc ofan !ndian oJawantinsuyu and oaormcrIy cn-
sIavcdArican in Ihc Caribbcan who rcachcd Iondon-to wVcl Ihc n-
humanityouropcan idcaIs, visions, andsc!f!um ngprophcccs.'
Ycs, Indccd, ChaIIcrjccs awatcthatnaIonallstsinthcnInctccnIhccn-
turyandHIndunaIonalismmadcsimi!atc!ams. IromIhcrccognitiono
IhcshorIcomngothcways inwhchnatIona!isIsdcaIwiIh"our modcr-
nity,iIdocsn`Io!IowthatthcsoIutionsIoainIoIhcarmso"Ihcirmo-
dcrnity.1hcpointisthis:Ihanls,!mmanuIanI.NowIcIushgurcouthow
to pursuc "ourmodcrnity now Ihatwchavcrcachcdmaturty, byganing
ndias indcpcndcncc,in(/, and cxpcing BrIsh co!on\sIs, thcrinsIitu-
Ions,andthciridca!soprogrcss, dcvcIopmcnI,andcivilzaIion.Wchavc,
so to spcak, "our own ways ofbcing. !ndcpcndcntIhoughtis aI stakc, as
wchavcsccninthcprcvious chaptcr, nI!oyd Bcst's cIaim.nact,!wouId
Irans!aIcChaIIcrjccintomyownvocabuIaty: wcknowthaIwchavcIodc-
coIonizc bcing andIo do sowchavcIo sIarIby dcco!onizngknow!cdgc.
WhicharcIhcpoinIsmadcbyHountondjandWircdu.
I 8"Oui"Modernily I3>
AndthisIakcsmctoIhcthrd cxampIc:IndaJuhwa Smithsanan-
ropoIogistInNcw ZcaIandand aMaor. !n oIhcrwords, ndvdua!s of
Maori dcsccnI !ivc and workbcsdc nationa!s ofuropcan dcsccnt, both
havc cocxisIcd n thc samc Iand sIncc Ihc British starIcd Ihcr managc-
mcntoNcwZca!and.|amcsBusbywasnamcd"mca!BrIishKcsidcnI,'
UMay8__,andInsttucIcdto otganlzcthcMaorichics n auniIcdbody
Io dcaIwthIhc ncrcasInginstabIlIyptovokcdbyIhcgrandgtccdoIhc
ltcnch,Amcrcans,andIhcBritIshIhcmsc!vcs.Asitiswcknown,Maoris
ddnoIcarcabouI"ptivaIcpropcrIy,'buturopcansdid.1hc"IcwWorId''
incrcascdthcr appcIiIcto ttansorm!andntoprivatcpropcrIybcgInnng
UthcsIxIccnIhccnIury.
n !!ctschs afotcmcnIioncdartc!c, anIhropo!ogy that is, Ihc WcsIcrn
dscipInc thus namcd) was assigncd 1hird WorId sIaIus n thc scicnthc
distrmutionof!aborthaI tcotganizcdthcpoItIcsofknow!cdgcdurIngIhc
Co!dWar.Iow,iIisnotasccrcIthatguantitativcIyIhcmajorIyofanIhro-
po!ogisIs,mcnandwomcn, wcrcwhIcandturoAmcrican.Howcvcr, an-
thropo!ogy as adscip!Incound a!so its nchcn Ihc1hIrd Wot!d. What,
Ihcn,wouIda1hrdWor!danthropo!ogisIdoifhcor shcwcrcIobcparIo
thc"objcctostudy` ofaIirsIWot!danthropoIogist1hissanuncomfort-
ab!c sIuationthathasbccnaddrcsscdinHountondji's arIicIcs ciIcd abovc
andby thc ph!osophct KodoIfo Iusch, ana!yzcd in chapIcr <- Wc, onc
answcr toIhc gucstion isthat aJhrdWot!d anIhropoIogistwouIddo thc
samcjob andask smlar gucstionsasaIirsIWor!danthropo!ogisI,Ihc di-
crcncc bcng thaI hc or shc wouId bc "sIudying pcopIc !ivng in hs ot
hct own country Ahctindcpcndcncc In thc Amcricas oIhc nnctccnth
ccnIury, whcn anthropoIogywas crcatcd, andancr dccoIonizationInAsia
andAncaahcrthcSccondWo;IdWar,IhccoIoniaImaIrixmutatcdsoasto
ctcaIc IhccondIionsorntcrna!coIonia!ism.IhaIistosay,thcsamc struc-
IutcomanagcmcntandcontroIwcrcnowInIhchandsofnativcs tnstcad
obcngInIhchands oIrcnchotBriIishomccrs.Anthropo!ogyIlcwork
InthcnInctccnthccntury,aswcasanthropo!ogstsInthc 1hirdWot!d in
Ihc sccondha!fothc twcnticIh ccntuty, boIh tanIhcrskorcptoducing
InthcIrowntcgonswhatanthropoIogstsnomIhcIrstWorIdwcrcdoIng.
Iortunatc!y, Ihis situaIionbcgan to bc tcdrcsscd in Ihc md8os, whcn
anthropoIogistsbcganIoocus onIhc compllciIicsbctwccnanthtopoIogy
andmpctiallsm. 1hcrc wctc variatons, dcpcndngonwhcIhcr n agvcn
counttythc nationaIswcrc "nativcs` or"ouropcandcsccntUwas morc
1j LDaQtctJDtcc
CCDDCD} 8CCQd \!8 D!ICQC!C_I88 ID \!8 J1ItO YCtd WCuO D C!
1UtCQD d8CD\!Ct 8X8DQ, ID bCuD DtIC8, bCu\! P!tIC8, Ct Pu8-
!I8!I8. J1 DO t8U! !88 D88D D8, ID g8Dt8, 8DDtCQC!C_IC8 t888tCD !D
!CIDI COCD8 t_ICD8 WCUO D8 dQ8DOD\ 8DO 88CCDd8t} C 8DDtCQC-
C_} 88 \8u_!\ 8DO Qt8CIC8d !D \! II8 YCt!dDt8 I8 DCDID_ DW Ct
tD8tK8D! ID\!I8. lCWVt, bDI! Qu8!8 \! DVCQ8. 88 8D-CtI_ID8! 8DO
8DDtCQC!C_I8\, 8! DDt8C88 D8 8D-CtI_D8! Qt8QCIV8 8DO U88 8DDtC-
QC!C_} C DUIO 8t_uDD\8 !CI \! `!tOCD1 C! \! W8CtI D8!CD.
D tD8tK8D! DI88K!tCu_!, \!8D, CCD8 W!D 8 W8CtI D8CCD88 8D
8DDtCQCC_I8 8DO Qt8CIC88 8DDtCQCC_} 88 8 W8CtI, I8Dt !8D 8UO}ID_
! W8CtI 88 8D D\!tCQCC_I8. 1QI8DIC dI8CDdI8DC 8DO O8!DKID_ 8t8,
ID DI8 C88, !wC 8Id8 0! D 8) CCID. 8 D 8XQ!8ID !I8 IO8 1utD8t D}
8\8t\ID_ WID 8 QuC8\ICD !tCD |IDO8 . bDID8 Deco/onizin AetboJo/oies:
Besearcb anJ InJienous Peo/es (:ppp). LD8 8CICD C! D8 ht8 C!8Q\8t I8
8uDI!d `LD lID_ lUD8D.
Onc ct thc suppcscd charactcristics ct primtivc pcopcs was that W cculd
nct usc cur minds Ct intcccts. Wc ccud nct Invcnt things, wc ccud nct
crcatc instituticns cr histcry, wc ccud nct imaginc, wc cculd DC QtCOuC
8U}|!IDg C valuc, wc did nct kCw !CWtc usc and and cthc: rcscurccs !:cm
!! natura wcrd, wc did nct practcc thc `t8 ct ci\iizaticn. D} acking
such vaucs wc disgualmcd cursHvcs, nct ust nom civiizaticn but a8C !tCD
humanity itsct. In C!!t wcrds, wc wcrc not `D} human, scmc ct us Wt
nct cvcn considcrcd parIiaIy human. Idcas abcut what ccuntcd
~
as human
in asscciaticn with thc pcwcr tc dch:c pcopc as human cr nct !UD8U wcrc
arcady cnccdcd D mpcrial and cccn1al disccurscs pricr tc thc pcricd ct
impcriaism ccvcrcd !cl. `
O, bDI\! I8 DC! 8! Qt8CCID_ Y88\8tD 8D\!tCQC!C_}: 8! I8 QtCI88}
8!IHID_ D _O_I8Q!} C! t88CDID_ 8Dd 8UD8u)!D_ 8DDtCQC!C_IC8 CC!8
intc W8CII (!D88O C! Y88\8tD) CC8DCC_} 8DO IOCC_}. LDD8 I8 8 C8QI-
818 CCUDt}, DU CD CCudD\ 88} \!8 L!ID8 I8 `Qt8C\ICID_ Y8\8tD, D8C-
!IDt8 C8QI\8I8D, UD!88 W8 8CC8Q \!8 Qt!DCIQ D8 D8 \_8 C! 8CCDCD}
!8 IDt8!8 8DO W8tX8\8 O8CIID 88 C8QI8!I8D C8D CD} D8 tUD UDO8I D0-
IDt8! QIDI88. !8U8QC I\ WCUO D8 8 D8ttCW LutCC8D\8t8O Q8I8QC\V,
8Dd DD8U !Ct L!ID88 8d8t8, \!8 WCuO d88CtID8 D L!ID88 CCDCD}
88 DC-1Dt8!. Lt!8ID}, !!t I8 8 88!-8tVID_ !D\8t8! ID bDID8 DCV, 88
1\18 Ot` ^Odctn| 1}/
muC1 88 D8t8 I8 8 88!\-8tV1D_ ID\t8\ 8DCD_ LuICQ8D 8D!tCQCC_18!8
oD81VID_ !8 W8CtI. 1 cnI\ OIHt8DC I8 \!8\ D 8!-ID\t8\8 OC DC\
aW8}8 CCIDCId8, 8DO W8Ct8 8I8 DC !CD_t 8D8D8D!8 \C DID_ \D CD]8C\8
CD8tVO D} LUtCQ8D 8DDtCQC!C_I88. Y, }CU _ !8 IO8 C! D ID8t-
I88ICD8 D\W8D D QC!IIC8 C! IODI\y 8DO QI8DC!C_}, W!ICD DCCD8
IdD\I\y ID QCIIC8, !DCUOID_ 8C8O8DIC 8DO O8CIQ!!D} QC!\C8. XCu CCUO
C8t!8ID} D 8 W8CtI 8DO 8D 8D\DtCQC!C_I8\, 8DO, D} D!D_ 8D 8D!tCQC!C-
_I8\, 8UQQt88 \! !8C\ \!8\ }CU 8t8 W8CII Ct D!8CK L8tIDD8D Ct }D8t8.
LI, }CU C8D C!CC8 D8 OCC!CDI8! CQICD. 8D_8_8 ID KDCW!8O_-D8KID_
!C 8OV8DC D W8CII C8u88, t8\!8I \!8D \C `8OV8DC \D OI8CIQ1D (8._.,
8D\DtCQCC_}). Y1} WCuO 8CD8CD8 D8 ID\t88O !D D8t!} 8OVDC!D_ !
dI8CIQID uDC !CI I!8t 8!ID8ICD Ct 81-ID8t8:
H}CU D_8_ ID OCC!CDI8! DDKD_, 8DO \D8t!Ct8 8D_8_8 D O8CC!C-
DI8! CQ\1CD8, 8DO Qu\ 8D!tCQC!C_} `8 }CUt 8tVIC8, !!K8 bDI\! dC8, !8D
]CU D_8_ D 8!IHID_ \! _8C_t8Q!} C! t888CD, D} uDV!U_ 8DO 8D8C!D_
_8CQC!IIC8 8Dd DCO}-QC!I\IC8 C! KDCWO_8. XCu C8D 88C 88} \D8\ !t 8t
DCD-W8CtI 8D!tCQC!C_I88 C! 1UtC-)8tIC8D O88CD W!C tu} 8UQQCt\
8Dd 8t CCDCtD8O WI! D8 DI8\t8)8D C! W8CtI8, DO \!8\ D} 8t8 t8!}
WCtKD_ \C t8DO} \! 8I\u8ICD. I\!8\ C88, \!8 8DDtCQC!C_I8\8 CCuO !C-
\CW WC dIHtD\ Q8D8. LD8 Q8\! V1! D ID ID W! !8 C! 18\D8t 8tIC-
CDC O8 88 L8888 8DO W! W8tXI8D (W8tXI8D D8ID_ 8 LUtCQ8D IDV8DICD
I8QCDOD_ \C LutCQ8D QICD!8D8). YDD W8tX8D 8UCCuD\8t8 `Q8CQ C!
CCCt, D8D Ct WCD8D, ! 8I\u8ICD DCCD8 Q8t8 C 8DDtCQCC_}: D-
!1_ W8CtI (Ct }D8t8, Ct P!IC-L8tIDD88D !:K PIDC L688It 8DO t8D\2
18DCD) I8 DC D8C888II} ID 8DCC! t!8\ICD WI\D W8tXI8D, D8C8U8 C! D
QtIV!_d C888 t88\1CD8 CVt t8CI8! !I8t8tC!I88 8DO Q8tI8IC!8 8DO D\8tC-
8Xu8! DCtD8IV!y. J1 C!!8t Q8\D WI!! D \C `8uDDI! O \D guODC C!
W8CtI Ct P}D8t8 8D!tCQC!C_I88 8DO 8D_8_, WD !8D, ID \! O8CC!CDI8
CQ\CD. 1C!IIC8 C! IOD\I\y I8 OIHt8D HCD IODI\y QC1\1C8\D8 !CtD8t I8
CQD C W!C8Vt W8D8 \C ]CID, W!I !8 8CCDO \DO8 \C D 8DC!C8O D} \!8
OhDI\CD C!8 _IV8D IOD\I\y.
!8D DC 88y!D_ !!8 8 W8CtI 8D\DtCQC!C_I8 !88 8QI8\DIC QtIV:!8_8 CV8t
8 8W Z88!8DO 8DDtCQC!C_I8\ C! PD_!C d88C8D (Ct 8 tII8D Ct \.b. 8D\DtC-
QCC_8). 8D 88}ID_ !8 8 W Z8!8DO 8D\DtCQC!C_I8\ C! D_!C O8C8D\
D88 DC tI_!\ \C _UIO !8 `!CC88 ID W!8\ I8 _CCO Ct D8O !Ct \D8 W8OII QCQu-
!8\1CD. J18 OCC!CDI8! 8DO ! 8D\!tCQCC_IC8 8t \WC OI8\DC\ CQICD8. 1
138 Chagcr Jhrcc
!OtDt QU\8 d:8CQD8t] \OC8 8\ D 8tV1C C! D QtODD D:I_ 8ddt88d.
D 8\t Dd8 C Qu! \D QtODD 8\ !D 8tV1C C! D O8CQD. D8! 8
QtC8] D D8\ut828\OD O! DOdtD\] |D8\ 8 |8KD !Ot _t8D|d, 8Dd D8
8QQ8t8 88 \D CCDCQ\ O! KDOWd_ U D tQCt\ O! \D HarvarJ Inter-
nationa/ Beview, WDtD 8 _tOUQ O! l.5. XQt\8 XQt88d D D! \D8\
\D] C8D t8] dCd WD8! 8 _COd 8Dd WD8\ 8 D8d !Ct `dVOQ:I_ COUD-
\t8. Lt8D\d, Dt 8t D8D] OC88 D dVOQ:D_ COUDt8 WDO, DC8U8
O! DQt8 8Dd C8Q\88 CC8DCO_], Wt d C DV |Ot Qt\Ddd !D]
DVd, Ot !CuDd \ CCDVDD|\O DdCt8) !D8 WD8\ 8 _OCd !Ot dVCQd
CCUDt8 8 _OCd !Ct uDdtdVCQd COuD\t8 88 W, DC8U8 !D !OtDt
KDCW `DOW C _\ \Dt 8Dd C8D 8d !D W8]!Ct uDdtdVOQd COUDt8
\t]D_ C t8CD D 88D V. 8D |U8\ 88]:D_, !O1OWD_ YtdU8 dCUD
[`C8D, KDCW D]8!), \D8\ \Dt 8 8 _COd CD8DC D8 W8Ot8 WCud
KDCW Dt WD8 8 _OOd Ot D8d !Ct \DD8V8 D8D WOUd 8D XQt\ DCD
!8tV8td Ct 8 WD 8DDtCQCO_8 !tOD`W Z88Dd. Dd !Dt 8 88O 8
_CCd CD8DC \D8! 8D XQt! HOD !8tV8td D8] `KDCW WD8 8 _OCd !Ot
DD81 Ct Dt8! 8Dd D8 Ct Dt QOQ, VD WDD D Ot 8D \DDK8 !D8
D Ot 8D 8 8\8\D_ WD8\ 8 _COd !Ot `DD, D8 8, \D UDdtdVOQd
COUDt8 8Dd QOQ.
bUtDD_ \C D gUC\8!CD D] 5DD, \ WOud 88O D QC88D \O CD|C
\D8! \D u8 O! \D Dt8\-Qt8CD-QUt8 QtCDOuD `WC dDOuDC8 8D 88D-
\88\ CODCQCD C! DD_ W8Ot Ot \D8\ `W Ddd 8 DC\ 8 D8D 8\8D28
8 \D \1 WDD QO8\DCdtD8 \DCt8 t8] Ddd W\D d8 O! 8
CODtD\ 8Dd DODO_DOU8 8UD|C\, D \ DdVdu8 Ot CCCV. \ COUd,
Ddd, D 88d. UU . . . tDDDt LD8|t]. WCud D DD 8Dd COD!Ot\-
8D !Ct DOdtD 8UD|C!8 [D8 8, \DO8 WDO DDOd] \D 8D_U8_8, DDO-
t8, 8Dd CC8DOO_] O! Y8O DOdO\], `!Dt DOdtD\]). \ WOud
DC\ D CCDVDD\ !Ct W8Ot, ]D8t8, Ct LD8D8D QD1C8CQDt8 Ct !Ot D-
d8D8 !tOD L8Cu\8, WDO 8t DOdOCCOD8 8UD|C8 8Dd WOud t8!Dt
D8V `Cut DOdtD\] \D8D \8D C V8D_U8td QO8\t1CdtD Ct\C8 Ct Y8\-
tD XQt\8 OD dVOQD_ UDdtdVOQd COuD\t8. DU8, _OQO\C8 O!
KDCWd_ CCD8 C \D !Ct. Dt 8t D8D] `Out DOdtD!8 8tCUDd !D
_ODLD8D8D, Dd8D !tCD L8CU|8, W8Ot DCD W Z88Dd, C-
L8tDD8D, OtD!tC8D, 88DC D \8 XDdd dVt8\]WD1 !Dt 8
OD `\Dt DOdtD\] WDD \D `DtC_D O! 1t8DC, LD_8Dd, Lt-
D8D], 8Dd D lD\d 58\8.
1\ 1s`LUI UC01D\\ :39
! ]OU 8t _|D_ !D d8 O! WD8! 8DUD_ D _O_t8QD] O! t88OD 8Dd
D8CD_ !D _CQO\C8 O! KDCWd_ D8D8, ]Ou w 88C D_D uDOt-
88DdD_ WD8 dCOOD8 OQOD |D _Dt8) Ot OCOOD8 OQ\OD8 |D 8CD
Q8t\CU8t 8DO CC8 D8\Ot]) D8D8. \ D8D8, D D )I8 Q8C, O D_8_ D
Q8D1C O:8ODdDC, 88 8 C8t D !D !DI X8DQ8 CHtO. LQ8\DC
C:8ODdDC 8 DC888t] \O \8K OD CV O8ODdDC [L8DdD, W8I:I
Lu!Dt D_) \O 8 QOD O! DO tUtD. LV O8ODO:DC, W\DD DCOID
Y8tD Q8DOC_] [8DO tDDDt: LtK 8DO 18D, 8Dd 8X VtD8CU8I
LUtOQ8D DOdtD 8DO :DQt8 8D_U8_8), COUO CD] 8O O t!CtD8, DO
\O t8D8!CtD8OD8. 1Ct \D18 8DQ t88CD, D 88K O! OCOOD8 \DDK-
:U_ 8Dd D D8C\I1D O! D OCCOD8 OQ\OD D \D \WD\]-ht8\ CD\ut]
8\8t8 DCD Q8DC ODKD_: !tOD 8C8 C! Q8DC d8ODODC."
LopoitiCsol!nowingandScnsing: ItsLthica, Jcotctica,
andoIiticaLonscqucnccs
D 8 Dt C888 |W\D D] CWD 8t_UDD\ Dt 88 \D !OUt!D C88) D8V
UDdtDd _OQCC8 O! KDOWd_, WDCD 8 WD8\ CCD8 DOt !OtCD1]
8!DOU_D DOO]-QO\C8 O! KDCWO_ 8 CDV:OU8 D 8 O! DD. YD8\ OC
D8D D] DOd]-QC\C8 O! KDCWd_: t8D\2 8DCD 8 8_8D u8U C 8\ \D
8\8_; 8Dd OO 8O !DtOu_D dCOCD8 DtQt8\OD8 O! 8D CD 8UCD 88 !DO8
O! 1W8 LCtdOD (Ianon anJ tbe Crss o}uroean Aan) 8DO 5]V8 Y]Dt
[`JOW8td8 D 5OCC_DC tDCQ).
1t8\, 8 d8C8Dt 8 DC888t]. WUCD D88 DD d8CU88O W\D t_8tO \O
8Dd Wt|D 8DCu\ WCD |CUC8U!8 CODCQ O!DO-QCC8. DC-QO\08 t-
!t8 C Dt_D_ 8\8\ \CDDOO_8 |8t8\_8, :I 8 DOt \t8dOD8 VOC8U-
u8t]) O! QOQU8\OD CODtO !D8 WD\ D8DO D D8Dd W\D !D Dt_DC O!
!D DOdtD D8\:OD-88. OuC8u\ dVO\O D8 8|D\OD D8D] \O LUtOQ,
DU! 8UCD CDDCO_8 Wt 8QQd \O \D CCOD8 88 W. D I_D\n8
|8Dd 5CuD DtC8 D _Dt8), !Ct X8DQ, !D QU8D !Ot u_DC8 \OW8tC
D Dd C! !D D:DDD CDUt] D88 DD 8UOO W!D Ct8:D O\8:8
8]. D OHtDC8 D\WD DC-QCC8 D LUtOQ 8Dd DO-QCC8 D \D
COOD8 D D t8C8 O8DCCD D\WD \D LUtOQ8D QOQu8CD |VD
WDD DO-QC\C8] D8D8_O D] D 8\8) 8DO D QOQu8\OD O! \D COC-
D8: 88 DUD8D, 8UDDUD8D8, 88 5D\D QCD\O Ou. UU\ \ 8 88C DQOt8D!
\O tDDDt D8 DO-QOC8 CDDgu8 D8Cd OD COOD8 QOQu8CD8
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8I!
LV L1
(Oc)CoIonIaIIIy aI Larc
1m6 d0C I6 L0l 0| dl H6|6|C6
1E |IPCE\EIm0EC \IJEC\DIy D D5\DIC ClEC\C DW5 00 CJ\uI8y C5I\E
D\D05, \ P85\ 0D\ Cu\uI D|\D!5 \D\ IP CECCECy 05l8\E . . . . WDP\DEI 0
\5 C\5\ Dl 5DC85\ U5E, \DE!. D5\0Iy 80C \E0DIIy IE0 5u|IE0E 0 \E
EulDWE5\El0 E5\E0E. 0 \DE D\DEI D0C, PmEIC80 !080 5I\J8y, V8luP5,
5DC UC D\Cl 5\IJC\uIE, PC EVPP E\DC5 IE ID0\EC 0D\ U 5DmP \E0DI
0D\D0 0 5\DIy, DU\ H 5I\uly. 15 5 |EI85 \PE mD5\ CI0\C, H0 IEy
U0!D\CEC, CU\uI CEIEUCE DP\WEEI PmEIC0 UC80 \DuD\ IDCP55E5 80C \P
WE5\El0 0\EEC\u \IC\D0. JDE WE5\El0 0\EPC\u \IC\D0 5 l0y lCD\EC H
\PE lDIy D \EmDl 0E\DDI5 0C \DDuD\ IDCE55E5, WDE PmElC80 PC805
0PEIEU\y \D0K 5\ly.~L KL L. 1 NbLK, ,lf00 K655f0C8, 1C].
I TH AkY :os bologsIs puIlcd about a dozcn oysIcrs trom
Icw Iavcn harbor and shppcd Ihcm Io Iorthwcstcrn \nvcrsty,
In I!lnos

abouI a thousand miIcs away Irom Icw Iavcn and n a
dicrcnt IImc zonc, onc hour carIcr. Jhc oystcrs wctc submcrgcd
n thcr orgnal harbor watcr and kcpI n toIal darkncss. Jo cxplorc
thcr tccding patIcrns, Ihc rcscarchcrs Icd to Ihc shcIls nc Ihrcads
IhaI couId actvaIc rccordng pcns cvcry tmc Ihc oysIcrs' muscular
movcmcnIs causcd thc hngcd shclls to part orto closc. As cxpccIcd,
Ihc oystcrs contnucd Io opcn and shuI Ihct shcIls as t Ihcy wcrc
stIl snug on thc botIom oI Ihcr homc harbor, cvcn Ihough Ihcy
had bccn dsplaccd to anoIhcr tmc zonc, morc Ihan a Ihousand
miIcs to thc wcsI. Jhcn, ahcr about Iwo wccks, somcIhIng sIrangc
happcncd. Gradually Ihc hour ot maxmal opcnIng ot Ihc shcIls
bcgan to shh. Iow, anyonc who lvcs ncar thc shorc knows Ihat
1jC ChaQtcr our
IDC DI_D- 8Dd OW-W8Ct U8tK8 88O 8DIU _t8du8j !tOU d8j IO C8]. JIC08
8IC 8jDCDtODI20d DOI WIID ID0 Q8CC O! D0 8uD ID ID0 8K]; t8ID0t I I8 DC
UOOD8 8CDCduC O! 8QQC8t8DCC ID8I U8I0t8, 8Dd ID0 UOOD8 CjCC tuD8
8DOu DD UIDuC8 DCDIDd D0 8uD8 CjCC. OW0VCt, IDC DIOO_:88 I l1I-
DOI8 WCtC WID088D_ 8 d8j 8DIU D8 CId DOI COtt08QODd O DC ODC I CW
18V0D. UCt !Out WCCK8 O! t0COtdID_ 8Dd 8D8]2ID_ IDC d88, DC DIOO_I8
dC0tU:ICC DCjODd 8 dOuD ID8 ID0 Oj8I0I8 D8d t08I8DI1ZCC D0 ID]!DUIC
OQCD:I_ 8Dd CO8I_ O! DCIt 8D08 IO DC IC8 CjC0 ID8 WOud OCCut ID
V8D8OD, 1l1IDOI8, I! DCt0 WCt0 8D OCC8D ID ID8I OC8IIOD.'
J10 DIOO_I8I8 WCtC u8ID_ DC C8I0_OtIC8 O! UC 8Dd 8Q8CC I ID0It CX-
QCtIUCDI. J1C Oj8Ct8 WCt0 DO. J10 Oj80t dId DO KDOW 8DOu I:U0, Du
8QQ8tCDj D0j KDCW QuIIC 8 DI! 8DOu D0 CjCC8 O! DC UOOD. J10It IV-
D_ Ot_8DI8U8 W0tC Q8ICtD0d, 8O IO 8QC8K. O D8 !DCj :I0tD8IZCd !IUC,
8IDCC IIU0 I8 DO 8D CX:8ID_ 0Dy, DuI 8 DuU8D CODCCQ u80C O Ot_8DI20
tCQCIIOD8 8Dd It8D8!OtU8OD8. !t8, OD IDC CXQCtICDCC O! CjCC8 O! Out
OWD D8ut8 DOdj 8DC DC DOdIC8 O! D8utCCQuIDOX08, 8O8CC8, 8uDtI80
8DC 8uD80, DtD 8DC d08D, CODC0QIOD 8DC DItID, U0D8Itu8 CjCC8, UO-
UCD8 O! D8IV08 8Dd O! 8Ot8_C, 8Dd 8O ODtCQ0IIOD8 8Dd It8D8!OtU8-
\OD8 ID DC I!C O! DC CO8UO8 800U O DC 8 u80!u C08CtIQV0 UC8QDOI 8I
DI8 QOID. Dd I U8j DOI DC Ou O! Q8C0 O 8utUI8C D8 IVID_ Ot_8DI8U8
Id0DDCd 88 `DuU8D DC:I_8 D8VC 8 DIOO_IC8 8CD8C O! CO8UIC t0QCIIOD8
8Dd t8D8!OtU8IOD8. OWCVCt, ODCC IDC C80_OtI08 O! I:D0 8DC 8Q8C0 W0IC
IDtOduCCd O OI_8DIZC 8Dd dC8CtIDC t8D8!OtU8IOD8 8Dd tCQCIIOD8 DOI
ODj ID DC Q8ICtD8 O! DC O]8Ct8, Du 88O ID ID0 UCUOtj O! DuU8D CID_8,
!DC Ot_8DI28IIOD I80! IOOK OD 8 1!0 O! I8 OWD. DC WDCIDCt Ot DO Du-
U8D DCD_8 8tC 8OUCDOW Q8I0tD0C :Y0 Oj8I0t8, IDC CXQCtICDC0 O! CO8UIC
CD8D_C8 8Dd tCQCIIIOD8 D88 DCCD IDCt088:I_j t0QtC880d Dj IDC VCtj 8I!DCC
Du:! 8tOuDd CODCCQ8 8uCD 88 DC 8DC 8Q8CC.
JcNaKingo!NodcrniIyandJtadition(s):
Lxpcticncing(Iiving),KccKoning,andNcasutingJimc
bO WC COud U8KC 8 dI8ICIOD DCWCCD 8 CO8UIC Ot DIOO_IC8 W8j O! 0XQ0-
tICDCI_ t0QCIIOD8 8Dd It8D8!OtU8IOD8, IK0 ID8I O! O]8!Ct8, 8Dd 8 W8j O!
ICCKODID_ tCQCIIIIOD8 8Dd It8D8!OtU8IOD8, IKC D8 O! IDC DIOO_I88, UCCI-
8Cd D] 8 I0CDDIC8 8Dd QDIO8OQDIC8 8QQ8I8Iu8 IO U8_:IC 8Dd U088ut0
(Ic)CoIoniaIity at Latgc :5:
IUC. `JU0, QtOQ0Ij, I8 8 C8I0_Otj O! tCCKODD_, DOI 8 C8C_Ot] O! C0-
:ICDCID_; I I8 8 C8IC_Ot] DCOD_ID_ IO CuIut0, DO O D8Iut0. 1D DC 80CODC
QD88C O! UOdCtDIy [ID D0 CI_D00DD C0Dutj), II DCC8UC ODC O! IDC C0Dt8
c8IC_OtI08 O C:8I_u:8D CuIut0 !tOU D8ut0. OWCV0t, DI8 I8 DO D0 OCC8-
8IOD IO 8utVC] D0 CODCCQI O! `IIU0 D dI0tCDI CuutC8, 8IDC0 D8 WOuC
UCt0j UC8D O tCQtOCuCC Qt0CI8Cj \WO O! IDC C:8uCIOD8 D8 `1D0 COD-
tIDuICd IO. DC CI8IIC\:OD DCW00D D8IuI0 8DC CuuI0; 8Dd D0 CI8IIDCIIOD
DcW0CD UOC0tDIy 8DC It8CIIIOD.
DuI ODC0 WC _0 O DI8 COuDC 0Qu8IOD |D8Iut0 V8. CuutC; UOCCtDIy
V8. It8CIIIOD), WC C8D tCCO_DIZC D0 COUQ1CIy D0\WCCD Cuut0, IU0, 8DC
UOCCtD| 8DC D0 dCQ0DCCDI Q8t8C:_U ID WDICD D8IuI0, It8CIIOD, 8DC CO-
ODI8:Iy D8V0 DCCD Q8CCd. DOu_D DI8 0Qu8IOD DCC8U0 UOt0 V:8IDC ID
0I_DICCDD-CCDutj 1uIOQC, II W88 8t08Cj 8 WOtK :I D0 8X00DD CCDutj,
WID ID0 0UCt_:I_ IdC8 O! QtO_t088 8Dd DC C:8IIDCOD D0\WCCD DC 8DCI0D
8DC DC UOdCtD. 1OWCV0t, 1 8U DO ID0t08Cd D0tC D It8CID_ D0 DI8Ot] O!
8D IdC8, DuI :I C08t:I_ uQ II8 !OtUu8IOD, WDCD DC CODC0Q O! IIUC [UO-
C0tDIIy 8DC t8dIIOD) ]OID0d, uDC0t CWIOD8 ID!u0DCC, DC CODC0Q O! 8j8-
CU [8j8I0U O! D8IutC) 8DC W88 u80C IO :U8_DC ID0 O_IC O! 8OCI0y.' 8 W0
D8VC 8t08Cj 08I8D18D0C I D0 QtCVIOu8 CD8QI0t, t8DI IU8_ID0C D8I DuU8D
8OCI0IC8 COud D0 Ot_8DZ0C !OOWD_ D0 UOd0 QtOV:C0d Dj DC 8W O!
D8ut0, 8Dd D0I0!Ot0 D0 CODC0IVCd uDIVCt88 DI8IOt] HOU 8 CO8UOQOI8D
|C._., CO8UO-QO18) QO:II O! VICW. OWCV0I, WC C8D CX0DC D8 CI8Cu88IOD
D0tC Dj IVC8I_8I:D_ DOW YC80tD CODCCQ8 O! IIU0 88O U0CI80d t8DI8
CO8UOQO1I8D IdC88 |8CC CD8QICt ). ! jOu 0DICt \DC CIVI2I_ UI88IOD IDO
\DC CQu8IOD UOCCtDIy V8. II8CIIOD, jOu WOud uDC0t88DC D8 8OCICIIC8
8tOuDd ID0 Q8D0I DC_8D O D0 UC88ut0C 8Dd C888ID0C 8CCOtCI_ IO IDCIt
8IU:8tIy Ot dI88IU:8tIy WID D0 D8Iut8 Otd0I OCt0C Dj CO8UO-QOI8.
u D8I W88 DO 8. 1I8IOtj 88 `U0 0D0t0C IDIO ID0 QICIut0 IO Q8CC 8OCI-
0\:08 D 8D :D8_ID8tj CDtODOO_IC8 1D0 _O:I_ HOU D8IutC IO Cuut0,1tOU
D8tD8tI8U IO CIV:Z8IIOD !OOWD_ 8 QtO_I088IVC C08IID8\:OD IOW8td 8OU0
QOIDI O! 8tIIV8. 0_0, 88 I I8 KDOWD, OI_8DIZ0C t8DI8 CO8UO-QOI8 OD 8
I0UQOt8 8C8C ID8 tCOC8I0C D0 8Q88 CI8ItIDuIIOD O! CODIIDCD8 [8I8,
HIC8, UCtIC8, 8Dd 1utOQC) u 8 CDtODOO_:C8 OtC0t ID8I !OOW0C 8 C0I-
81D CItCCIIOD81y O! D:8Ot], !tOU 188I IO YC8. J1C Q8DC W88 8 O! 8
8uddCD 1VD_ ID dICt0D CUQOt8II08, WID utOQ0 ID D0 Qt080DI 8Dd D0
t08 ID D0 Q88. D0 8DDIOQOO_I8I |OD8DDC8 |8DI8D COIDCd D0 CXQI088IOD
1l LD8Q!ctCut
"dcniaI oIcocvaIncss to undcrInc tmc as a conccgtuaI and coIonizin
stratcy."JmcbccamcaundamcntaIconccgtoco!oniaIityat!arc.Jhc
grcscntwas dcscribcdas modcrn andcvIizcd,thcgastastradtonaIand
barbarian. Jhcmorcyou otowardthcgast, thc c!oscryouctto naturc,
as in Alcjo Cargcntcr's Tc Iost Stcs (p]). coraphywas trans!atcd
nto chronoIoy by tc mastcrs oIistorica! tmc, and timc was trans-
ormcd into a coIonizn dcvicc, thcn thc grcscnt momcnt oI turogc
nccdcdaIsotobcscparatcdIromthcgast-andtcconccptoIthcMidd!c
AcsaccomgIishcdthat!unction.JhcsccondstacoImodcrnitylco!oniaI-
itycstabIishcd modcrn urogc as thc grcscnt by crcatn thc "othcrncss
oIthc gast and tc past oIthc otcr, as Diana Huh c!ogucntIyputs it.
Gcogo!itcaIIy, garticuIarIy sincc thc nnctccnt ccntury, tc transIation
oIcoraphynto chronoIoywas thcwork oIcoIonization, oItc coIo-
niaIity oxnowIcdc andpowcr. !thas scrvcd as thcjustihcation oIthc
idco!oy oIgrorcss and, in thc twcntict ccntury, odcvcIogmcnt and
undcrdcvc!ogmcnt.
JhcIabticoIJimcinthcNodcrnlLooniaYord
JhctcsisthatI`madvancnand that!wou!d!kcto proposc is tcIo!-
!owin.WatcvcrthcconccptuaIizationoI"tmc ntcsocia!scicnccsto-
day,thchumanitics,ortcnaturaIscicnccs,itiscautandwovcnintothc
mainaryothcmodcrnlcoIoniaIwor!d-systcm.Jhisistcwcakvcrsion
oImythcsis. Jhc stronvcrsion is tattimc itscIis a ccntraI coLccgt oI
tatimainary.Ictmcc!artatIuscimanarytoidcnttcsociaIand
cogoIiticaI dimcnsions oImodcrnitylco!oniaIity, both thc co!onaIity oI
gowcr (c..,stratcicsocoIonizationmpIicdnmodcrnity)groducntc
co!onia! dihcrcncc and tc dihcrcnt orms oadagtation, rcsistancc, sub-
aItcm aItcrnativcs,orccdbyco!onia!ityoIpowcr. !am thinxn, inbricI,
otc imainaryoItc modcrnlcoIoniaI wor!d-systcmIrom tc pcrspcc-
tvc oItc coIoniaI dincrcncc. Myundcrstandn oI"imanary o!lows
thcMartinicanwritcrandthinkcrdouardG!issantwoconccivcsitastc
ways,conictvc andcontradictory,acu!turchasoIgcrccivinandconcciv-
inotcworId. Ioticc,howcvcr,thatGIissantdch:csmainaryIromtc
istoryandcxgcricnccoIpcogIcwho suhcrcd thcconscgucnccsoIAIrican
s!avcry n thc Caribbcan, ratcrthan Irom thc istory and cxgcricncc o
(\c)Co\oniaJit at Im_c 1}
thoscwotorccdcontncntsoIcnsIavcdA!r\canstotcAmcricas.Hccls
andG!issant'scnacmcntwithtcmainaryoIthcmodcrnlco!onia!worId
do not comc Irom thc samcmcmory: thcyarc at thc dihcrcnt cndsoItc
coIonia!dncrcncc. HccIcontributcdto crcatintccoIonia!dncrcnccby
Irans!atincoraghyinto chronoIoy.G!issantiscontributnto tc un-
don oIthc coIonia! dihcrcncc byrcvca!in its structurc and that otthc
co!onia!ityopowcr tat undcr!ics it. BcIowIwcxpand on this dchni-
tion.Iow,!amon!yintcrcstcdinrcthinkntccogoIitica!mainaryot
thcmodcrnlcoIoniaIworId-systcmIromtcgcrsgcctivcsoIcoIonia!ityand
co!oniaIdihcrcncc (instcadoImodcrnity).
Ict's, hrst, Iookatow"barbariansbccamcan imac omodcmityto
cIassi!y ccrtainpcogIcwho,subscgucntIy, ad no coiccbutto dcaIwith
tcIacttatthcyhadbccncIassihcdas"barbariansCoIoniaItyoknow!
cdcworkshcrc as an cgistcmic stratcytocrcatc thc coIonia! dihcrcncc.
Attcinccgtionothcco!onaImatrxoIpowcr,"barbarianswcrc!ocatcd
n spacc.' By thc cihtccnt ccntury, whcn "timc'' camc into tc picturc
andthccoIoniaIdncrcnccwasrcdchncd, "barbarianswcrctransIatcdnto
"grmitivcs andIocatcdintmcratcrthanin sgacc. ")rimitivcswcrcn
tc!owcrscaIcoIacronoIoca!ordcrdrivn toward "civiIzation'"
Sccond,Ict`scxamincow tc subaItcrnization otxnowIcdcswas im-
pIicdintcc!asshcationoI"barbarians and"grimitivcs (ncwcatcorics
in tcimanaryottc coIonia! matrx, addcdto"paans, "inhdc!s,' and
tcIxc). And trd, Ictsidcnti!ytc momcntinwhich"naturaIhistory
wastransormcdomadcscriptionoIcntiticsandthcscarchIorunivcrsa!
!aws (Icwton,Iant)intothcchrono!oicaInarrativctatstartsatthc"bc-
nnnoItimc,' tc sccuIarvcrsion oIthcbcinninoIthcworIdandoI
humanbcins."IhogcthatthcsctrcccpisodcswiIIhcIgustoundcrstand
thc intcr-conncctons bctwccnthc conccptuaIization otmc, tccoIoniaI
matrx oIgowcr in tcmanacmcnt oIthc coIoniaI dincrcncc: tmc was
conccivcdandnaturaIzcdas bot thc mcasurcoIhumanhistory (modcr-
nity)andtctimc-sca!coumanbcins(primitivcs)nthcirdistanccwit
modcrnity.Jhc dcniaIoIcocva!ncssrcdchncdndccdcoIonia!and impcriaI
dincrcnccs(orcvcnCincscandRussianciviIizationswcrcnotconsidcrcd
grimitivcsbutbackin tmc) andbu!tthcm around thcnotionotimc,n-
stcad oIsgacc. Jhis rcdchnitioncontributcdtooIdntoctcrthc co!o-
niaImatrxoIpowcrimanaryIromitscmcrcnccaspartoIthc AtIantic
1 ChapIcr Iour
COUU8tC8!CtCu! (D!DC8:X!CCD!DCCD!utj) O 8 CuttCDCOD8O!C8ODO!
D8 OtDl!8DC (!DC\Dl8C5\8!C8 8DC!DCLutO_88D \DOD).
P1DOu_DDC!D8atCODCCQO!!UCW88 L!tOCUC8CD!D8PLCCDC8-
8UCD, OtWD888!8OtC!8ttCC!O 88DC`]uCCC-LDt88D!t8COD,CutD_
DCDDCCD!D8DCDC8:XC8DDCCD!utC8,KDOWD8DCuUKDOWDCOUUuD!C8
WCtC !OC88C DO D :L8, Ou! D 8Q8C8. J18 !8uOu8 LDt88D T-D-O U8Q
:LQtDCCD8CV8ODO!lD8Q!8DCD!ODt88CODDCD8OD\DCU8_D8tj
O!LutO_C8D LDt88D8. J18 U8Q COD88!8C O!8CtC!8W!!D8 `T D 8 D-
CtOt,WDlDC DOtZOD8!O8tO!!D8

^
Cu!ID_!DCCtC!CD wO. P88W88
_!8CCC 8! !D8 OQ O!!DC DOtZOD!8! !DC; LutOQC 8DC HC8 !O !D8 !CR 8DC
t_B!O!lDCV8tC8!!L8 O!lDC `1,Cu!!D_!DC DO|OU D8!!O!DCCtC!8DO
!WO Qu8t!8t8. 18CD CO(DCD! W88 8|tOu8C, D D8 U8_D8tj, !O O8D8
8OD8. 88 W88 8!!tOu8C O 5D8U, !tC8 !O 8U, 8DC1UtOQC O J8_D8!D.
5!. u_u8!DC8 CC8CtQIOD O!DCLDt8\8D CO8UO-_t8QDj CC8CtOCCD !D8
T-D-OU8_ 8WOt!DOCD_tCC8!CC:
IctcOj8almC8UDOD8tc_OUWBCD8a8:D_!CQtOVDc8O!_tCact8a
O0 !BC cU!tc atCa, WBcD8 8O caCC. 5Omc tc_atC ! 88 OU8 O!WO Qat18,
OumO8!88 aDtCO!BCWBO!CWOt!C88, LutOQcaUCtcaWOuICDu8
cOmQt8CDCWBO!C.|uBCCV8OD8atC UO! cQ0a!.OtBCQat!CtmCCP8a
_Oc8 !tOm BC 5O0B DtOu_D !BcL88 O BC OtD; IutOQC, BOWCVcttOm
!BcOt!DO DC VC8! aUC UC8 UOm DC V88 O Dc 5O0B. 5O WC 8ccDa
Ba!!!BCWOt!C cOUl8:L8 WOQat8, LutOQc 8UCtca,aDCDC ODCtB8!!OU1j
ODC, 8a. Bc8CWO Qat!8 at8C OCC8u88 8IBCWa!Ct!BaUOW8 OCW8cU Bc
!aUC8 cOmc8 U OCWCCU !BCmUOmBCLCC8D, OtmD_DCW8CcttaDcaD.
5ODa !Ou CVCCDc DBaOCCWOtIC UO WO, aD8a8!CtD aDCaW88!8tD
Ba!!, 8awOC D DcODC, IutOQC aDCUc8 :DDC O!BCt."
5C8|Ct8CDtOu_D !DCCD8Q!Ct8 C8VO8C!OJCW!8D D8Otj, !tOUDC!OOC!O
!DC IUC O!Ot8D8U, 5!. u_u8L8 CXQ!8:L8 DC tC88OD8 !OtWDCD 8 _8t-
Cu!8t COD!DCD!W88 8!UDUCCO 8Q8tCU!8tCC8C8DCCDO!IO8D. LCDD8
t8jOO88tVC8,
JBC 8atU_QOD8 8 COU8CCt8OU OD8m8aDU_ O!!BC IcOtCW Uam88:
5BCm8 UCtQtCcC88DamcC,)aQBCB8`Ot88C!B CU!at_CmCD!.I8m8DO!.
5DCU88OUamCCOCC8u8CO!B88ccCWa8OOCCOmCD8DumaDjOLDt8.
]aQDCD 8 cU!8t_CC OcC8u8c 88 DC I8DC88 8UCQ8c8, IOC 8D8I cU1at_C
(!c}Coonia1i|a Lagc 1jj
JaQDCD8DCDC 8DaCWC| UDC cU8O!5D8m.N8ODatC8w8aj!BaDCt8
Wa8 8D aL!cQaOD O!t8B cO!OUa8m. UC !Ot Iam Bc 8ut8!j8_mc8
BCDO OtaUC ODCt8c8, DO!UO! DW8COmOuU W !DC88.''
_ \O oo, LDt8\8D C8tO_t8QDj!8!| !DC uUKDOWD 8DC D8 UOD8Ct8 D-
!8OD_8U8t_!D8.J1CUOD8Ct8 8DCD8 UUKDOWD WCtC!OC8!CCD8Q8CC.
DCU8QtCQtOCuCCCD!DCCC!ODO!!DCNurcmocry Cbronlc/c, D8!OtCoo,
D8C!8U8t_DQO_U!8!CCW!!Da KDC8O!UOD8!Ct8:Q8O_!CW!!DWODC8C8,
DOt8C OOCC8 8DCDuU8DD88C8, 88VCt8 !8_8, DD8D\CC D8CODDD88 O!D8
ccumcnc. J1C 8UCt_CDC8 O!!DC8D\C COUU8tC8! CtCu!!8 t8QC!j\t8D8-
OtU8C D8 U8_D8tj, !DC UOD8Ct8 WCtC t8D8!88C DO D8tO8t8D8 8DC
C8DDD8!8 8DCWCt8 DO !OD_Ct!OC8l8C D!DC UDKDOWD 8_8C8 O!!D8 _!8D8,
DU D !DC 8W YOt!C Ot 88 1DC!88 LCCC8D8C8. Y8!C8C8U:!Ct8 88t!j
Ct8WD_ OWD8 D8 !CtU8C !U8tC8, Oj8D8O_jW!\D lDC OD8t WO COD-
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uQ WID UCOIDI\. I Ou I01I IDC DI8 \t8Q, Ou D8V O8 D _8U D-
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D O!8COuI8CICCIODI8 0Id :DQtI8d:HtDC8 I8 8It8O8dQ8tut, 8
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8\t8 C D8tD8tI8D8 0IO DD \O QtIUI\IV8, 88 W! 88 UDDOtIIDID_ D
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8tuDDIOt DODCODtO!!D_KDCWO_ 0IO8dV8DCID_ 8VI8IODO!8OCI
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12 Cbagcr Iour
D IDCODQ QtO|C\ C! DOdtIy D8 DV) D CODQC, du \O \D
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DO OD C! DCdtDIy 8\ 8t_, 8DC D XD8IOD-88 dC ID \DI8 DOOKO!
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D DOdtDCCODI8 D8ICD-8\8\8 m \D 1DtIC88 8Dd, 8uD8guD\, ID
18I8 8Dd 1!tIC8, 8DCW8 CD 8QCIDC t8D8!CtD8\IOD C! \D COODI8 D8-
\tIX C! QOWt. JD UOdtD D8\ICD-8\8\ DC8D \D IIQtI8 \OO !Ot D
CODtO C! 8uDOtIy D D CCODI8 dutID_ \D QtOC88 C! DuIdID_ (dut-
ID_ D DIDDD 8Dd \WD\ID CDutI8) DCCtDCOCDI8 D8\IOD-888.
I8\IOD-88\8 |ID \DIt DCdtD )utOQ8D Ct DOdtDCOODI8 1DtIC8D,
18I8D, 8DC 1!tIC8D Vt8IOD8) 8t DO `Ou8Id D CCODI8 D8tX. `DtD8
COCDI8I8D I8 8 CCDCQ\ \D8 d8CtID8 D Du\8IOD O! IIQtI8 ID\O D8-
IOD8 D8D8_DD ID \D X-lutCQ8D COODI8. YD8! I8 `IDtD8 COODI8-
I8W I! DC !D Qt8I8\DC C! \D CCODI8Iy C! KDOWC_ |8Dd Dt!Ct \D
COD\tC O! 8uDOtIy 8Dd CODOD) uDdt D8ICD-DuIdID_ QtOC888 8Rt
CCCCDIZ8\IOD J1I8 I8 WD COCDI8Iy tD8!D8 88 D DIddD 8IC O! DO-
dtDIy, 8DC WD Dt C8DDC D DOdtDIy WIDOu COCDI8Iy. JD /aces
CDDd D \D IDt8C\IOD DWD DOCtDIy 8Dd COODI8Iy 8t |aces
WDt D CCODI8 C1HtDC I8 DD_ Q8C Ou ID 8 CCD88D CODHIC. D-
QtI8 D8tt8IV8 Wt D\8D_d WID D8\IOD8 D8tt8\IV8 8Rt D8 VD8,
8Dd D Dt_DC C! D8ICD-8\88 (DOdtD Ct DOdtDCOODI8) DC8D
8D XDQ8t O! D ID8t QtOC88 8DC \D 8dV8DCDD O! _CD8 DuD8D
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IDKu 88 tIu8 D8ID8!DC \D CCDQDD\8tIy O! D OQQO8I8, WDt
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DCuCID_ 8 ID8t CODCQ O! \ID IDKd C 88Ctd DI8\Ot, D I_DDD
CDut CDt8\C D DD8 V!CCt O! `II D OQDID_ uQ D IDY8 D-
\WD II 8DC 8Cu8t DI8\Ot. bCu8t DI8\Ot tdDDd \D C_!C C! COC-
DI0I, 8DC `ID DC8D 8 CDt8 tDC)!C8 D_ut D D 8!-CDDI\IOD
8Du 8!-!88DIODID_ C! DCCtDIy: DOdtDIy I8 8 `II D88d CCDCQ\.
8D _8V \D COCDI8 8Dd IIQtI8 dIHtDC8 ID 8Q8C I8 D118 !OtD8
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t8C. D D D.t8 D8I8 8D 888 D8! `8 D8ut8 C8Q8CII8 C! Ct8!ut8
8t C8Dd C evo|ve CODQ C DIt D8ut8 Dd (DQD88I8 8CCC).
JD 8CODC D8I8 D8ID\8ID8, `D D8D DO8 D8ut8 C8Q8CII8 WDICD 8t
CItC\C C D u8 C! DI8 t88CD 8t O D !u dcve|oed CD ID t8C,
DC\ D D IDdIV1du8 (DQD88I8 8ddd). CW, uCu Qu\ C_Dt `8DDtO-
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D88d OD 8 t8CI8 dI8\tIDuIOD C! \D Q8D." 1Dd \ID D88 8 CtuCI8 !uDC-
\ICD ID 8uCD 8 CI8tIDuICD. Ot, 8CCCtdID_ C D \D8I8 8t_uC D `8DDtO-
QCO_, CIVIIZ8ICD C8D OD D dDDd, IDQDDd, 8DC _uICC D D
WDI D8D WDC I8 D lutCQ 8\ \D Qt8D DODD\ O! 8 ID8t, DI8CtIC8
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8QC 8Dd 8CW DCIOD, 8DC 8C OD Wt C18IDCIV DQOt8 !8\ut8 O! D
8CODd 8\8_ C! \D DOdtDCCODI8 WOtd. \WD 8D 8Dd \D DID-
\D\D CDut, dutID_ D 8CODC 88_ O! DOdtDI| CD8t8CtIZd D D
`dDI8 O! CCV8D88, tlme DC8D 8 CDt8 !8C\Ot ID D8KID_ 8Dd tC88\-
)D_ CCODI8 CIHtDC8. |tO_t88, 8 W8QOD C! D CIVII2ID_ DI88IOD, W88
D K tDCtIC8 D_ut ID \D DID\DD CD\ut; dVOQDD, 8Rt \D
15( ChaIcr Iour
50CODO YOtO Y8I, W88 8 8uCCC88Ot 88 !DC IDC!OIC8! H_uIC D 8 DCW 8!8_C
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QtO_IC88, 8DO d0VCOQUCD C8DDOI OC CCDCC:VCd W:DOu 8 :I08I CODC0Q! C!
U0 OChD:D_ 8 QO:II O! 8II:V8!. JO uDd0I88Dd WD8 I8dCD 8Dd uDOCI-
O0V0!OQU0D! UC8D8, :! W88 DCCC888I] !O D8VC, H8!, D0 CODC0Q C UOd0I-
D:!] 8Dd QtO_tC88/OCV0!CQUCD!, 8:IC0 DC] (I8dOD 8Dd d0VCOQUCD\) 8IC
DCD-0X8!:D_ 0DC8 Cu!8dC D0 O:8CCuI80 C! UOdCID!] 8DO d0V0CQUCD!.
LOCD:8!] 8 DC D:dd0D, O_C8 CODDCC:CD O0!WCCD DCOCID!] 8Dd I8-
O:\:OD, 8Dd !O CXQCI:CDC0 :8 88O C CXQCtCDC0 !DC `D8_:C DCU0D D8
U8K08 u8 OC:0VC D8 UOdCID:!] 8Dd t8O:!:OD 8IC CCDC0Q8 !D8! DJDC WD8!
!D0tC :8. JC OC I0duDO8D!: DCt0 8 DO UOd0ID!] 8DO I8dCD OC]CDd !D0
ID0!OIC C! !D0 8JDC UOd0ID:!] D8! :DV0D0d :!8C! O] :DVCDD_ :!8 OWD
!t8O:!:CD 8Dd U8KD_ OC!0VC !D8! D0 CODCCQ O t8d:!:OD 8 uD:VCI88. Dd
:D OIOCI O dO !D8\, :! W88 DCC0888t] !O OCVCOQ 8 !1D08t CCDCCQ O! \:UC 0U-
O0OOCO :D !DC VCt] DOCD8 C! QtC_tC88 8DO 0VOuOD.
J1c!aturco!Jimcand thcJimcoI!atutc
o:ICC OC_8D W:D 8 tCCI0DC0 O `D8uI0, C8 CCU0 O8CK C . CW :8 :!,
:! ]Ou t0UCDOCl !DC D8II8\VC OHCI0d 8 !D0 O0_DI:D_ 8OCu! O]8CI8 8DO
O:CO_8!8, D8\ OC!O_:8!8 OCCJDC 8C 8I ICUOVCd IOU C]80t8: OW 8
!D8 DC OO!O_8!8 O0CJDC 8O UuCD !8KCD O] !:U0 t0CKODD_ 8Dd CD!1VCu8
O !D0:I OWD tD]|DU C! C, !D8 ID]DU D8 DC O]8!0t 8CD8Cd 8Dd KD0W
Ou! \D8 C8DDC OC tCCKCD0d :Y0 D0 OCO_8!8 dO: DCIC U8] OCD DC-
D81OD C 88] !D8! 8UOD_ D0 O]8\CI8 C]C:C8! :UC :8 QI0V8!CD\, WD!0 O:OC-
_:88 QIC!Ct DC8I U0. OWCVCI, !D0t0 :8 8 8DOD0t d:D0ICDC0. L]8CI8
OO DO D8VC 8 \UC-I0CKCD:I_ 8]8!0U C dC8Ct:OC D0I CWD O0D8V:Ot 8Dd
DC OCD8VOI O! DC O:OO_:88. L]8CI8 dO DO! D8VC D8Dd8 8Dd OO DC\ 0D_8_0
:D 8CCD!:HC OO80tV8!:OD 8Dd QD1C8CQDC8 8QCCu8CD8. JDC ICCKCD:D_,
DOWCVCt, 8CCU8 C OC 8D 8CV!] !D8 tCQuIC8 !DC CXCD8:OD O !DC D8Dd8,
!D0 :I8CI:QCD C! _t8QD:C U8tK8 CD 8O:d 8uI!8CC8 (CI O! O\DCt U8!Ct8 d0-
V:CC8), 8 8CUC!:C d:8C:Q:D8I] !t8UC8 C8!0d 8C:0DCC 8DO QD!O8OQD].
oCQDCD |8] LOu!d, :D D:8 OOCK Timc\ Arrow, Timc' Cyc/c: Aytb and
Actabor in tbc Discovcry o} tbc Cco/oyica/ Timc OD0t8 8 O0!8Cd 8D8!]8:8 C!
:D08I 8Dd C]C:C8! CCDCCQ!:OD8 O UC D _CCO_]. CCCIdD_ C LOu!d, _C-
OO_8!8 8! DC OC_DDD_ C! D0 DDC!0CDD CCD!uI] `d:8COV0tCO _CC!O_C8
(!c)Co\ona\]at !q_c 16
l:UC, \DC \U0 O D8utC. rDd, O COuI8C, `D8\ut8 D8\CI] W88 \I8D8O1UCd.
`8luI8 D:8OI] W88 D8!1uUCD8!, :D \DC 8:X!0CD!D CCDu1], 8DO D0D 8_8D
H DC C_D!CCD\D, :D \D0 U8KID_ O CO!OD:8 8Dd UQCt8 d:H0ICDCC8. Y88 :!
8C 88O D !DC DDC!CCD!D C0DuI], DIOu_D 8C:CDCC:
YDCD !DC |C8u:! !8!DCI |O88 OC rCO88 WtO\0 8DO QuD!:8DCd Natura/ and
Mora/ History o} tbc Indics (o ), D0 t8D88!CO t8\C!C 8DO !D] !DC 1-
C0t8 0_8C:08 :D !WC O:I0C!:OD8. 1t8!, D0 8CCCuD\0O CI D0 `DCWDC88 O
WD8\ W88 88C CODC0VCO, D 8 UC8QDOtC8 I8\D0t \D8D D 8 !0_8 8DO 8O-
U:D:8I8:V0 W8], 88 `^0W YOt!d. ^OW, `DCW OO DO D8VC !D0D \D0 UC8D-
:D_ !D8\ `Q1C_IC88 :UQO8CO OD . `^CW D !DC DI8 C880, U08D uDKDOWD.
`ICW :D !DC 8CCODO C88C 8 8CU0\D:D_ !D8! CCH08 8D0I, 88 :D `8 D0W UOdC!
C! C8t. rCO8!8 W88 D QO88C88:OD C! 0XQCI:0DC08 D D8uIC 8DO O:I0C! KDCW-
0C_C 8DOu\ D8uI0, D8 D0DCI rt8\OC DOt !D] !DC 1OCt COuO D8V0
CD|O]0d; 8Dd, 8CCODd, D0 u80d D8 DCW 0XQCI:CDC0 88 8 8:_DDCI (D8\utC) C!
8 8:_DhCd (LOd).
1u!, D] 8O dOD_, rCO88 D88!Cd D0 COOD8 O:HCt0DCC D D8ut8 D8-
C1]. C dO DC! Q8u8C ODC 8D_C DOU0D C !D:DK Ot C 88K WD8 ]:D8I8
8Dd _u0CDu8 8QC8KCI8 !DCu_D 8OCu\ WD8, CI rCC88, W88 `D8uI8 D:8-
!Ot], 8 CCDCCQ W:!D 8 _CDC8C_] O KDOW!Cd_0 !D8! DC 888uU0O W88 D0
CD] OD0, C1 8! !C88 D0 CD!] V8:d CDC. LV28CD8 `WCtC D0tC Ou! !DC]
8QQ8I0D] dO DC! D8V0 `KDOW!0d_C (CXQ0t:CDC0 D 8DO OI_8DZ0d KDOW!-
0d_0) 8OCu! D8uIC. DC D8O 88KCd, 8DO \DOu_D! 8OCu! , QCtD8Q8 D0 WOuO
D8VC uDOCI8\OOd !D8 WD8 DC, JDd OD0t LDt8\:8D U:88:OD8I:C8, CODC0VCO
88 `OC8\I] W88 DdCCd 8D 0Q80UC!O_] D WDCD 8CD8 W88 ODC C! \DC
CCD!t8 CODCCQ\8.- 8CD8U8D8, WDO80 CQ8!CU:C uDCOD W88 8U!8I C
LtCCK L8]8, W88 DCI0 D8D 8 _OddC88 C! C8I!D JDO 0I\::!]; : W88 88C CD-
Ct_] U8DC80O D !DC !0tI!!] O! C8I!D 8Dd O :!C: 8 CODC0Q :D WDCD 8Q8CC,
\:U0, 8Dd !DC 01I!!] C !DC C8I!D (88 :D `O!DCI 181!\) 8! C8DC C_CD0t.
JDKu W88 Q01D8Q8 DC! 8 I:!u8 O! dO8!I], 88 U:88OD8t08 U8_:DO, Ou!
QCID8Q8 8D CQ8!CU:C CXQt088CD O! DC CICC8 D8 8DU8\C D0 WOIO, D0
!1C C! D8\utC 8DO !DC D8utC C:!C. D 8 WOtO W88 WD8! bQ8D:8tO8 U8] D8VC
COD8:d0I0d D0:I CWD `!:DKu D0OC_] 8Dd QDI!O8OQD]. rCC8!8, DOWCVCI,
W88 D8C8d WCIK:D_ CD 8 dCuO0 dH0ICDC0: !D0 dD0ICDC0 DCW0CD D8uIC
8Dd DuU8D O0:D_8 (D8\ :8 WD] DC !:!Cd D:8 OOOK `I8ut8 8DO Ot8 :8-
CI]) 8DO DC 8!CDC0O dHCICDC0 O _uCCDu8 8Dd r]:D8I8 KDCWCO_C, I0-
duCCd C `dC8I]. D0 CXIQ8CD O :dO8!1] W88 :DOCCO DC! 8 tC:_:Ou8
1 CnaQtcr Iour
Issuc, bul an cpIstcmIc onc. Jhc cradIcalIon o olhcr torms ot knovIcdgc
vas lhc rcaI pro|cct at slakc In lhc cx|IrpatIon o! IdoIalry and thc cslabIIsh
mcnl o lhc IImIls o thc cpIstcmIc coIonIaI dIcrcncc.
In sIxIccnth-ccntury Europc, "lImc lroughI logclhcr cncycIopcdIc
knovIcdgc vIlh mcrcantIlIsm and mcrchant dcmands. Jhc aspodIus
cIock, buIIl I Slrasbourg, In ;, cpItomIzcd lhc InlcrrcIalIons bclvccn
tImc and cncycIopcdIc knovIcdgc. Il hcIpslo cxpIaIn thc struggIc ovcr thc
caIcndar In lhc Icv WorId rccrrcd lo abovc. Jhcrc vas, In RcnaIssancc
Europc, a conccrn vIlh tImc that dId nol b::d Ils cquIvaIcnts I ChIna or
In thc Ncv WorId. asypodIuss cIock vas 8 conscqucncc o thIs conccrn
and aIso a symboI o thc ImpIIcIl compIcmcntarIty bclwccn lImc and cn
cycIopcdIc knovIcdg

c I thc proccss ot buiIdIng Wcstcrn cIvIIIzalIon and

uropcan cuIlurc. Jhc cIock vas an aslronomIcaI mcchanIsm lhal shovcd
\DC DO\OD O \DC Q8DC\8 81OuDU \DC C81\D. PDO\DCt U8Q!8] QtCUCICU
CCQ8C8, WDC 8 QCtQC\u8 C8CDU8t !8U Ou\ \DC DOVC8DC C88\8, C8Q ]C8t8,
8DU \DC \\vCL\]-C_DI-]C81 C]CC O \DC CCCC888\1C8 C8!CDU81 IOt \DC LCX\ CCL
\ut]. Pu\OD8\8 tCQtC8CD\CU \DC Q8_8D _OU8 O1 WDOD \DC U8]8 WCtC D8DCU,
Tlmc 8LU LC8\D. DC] DO\D 8CtVCU 88 8D 8DD8\CU 8D8D8C 8DU CDDOUCU
\DC 8!-UC8\tO]1L_ OtCC O| IDC 8LU CD8D_C . . . . Ot \DC COCK, !1KC _u)QOWUCt
8DU \DC CODQ888, W88 OLC O \DC Dt8\ U18\1LC\VC] DOUC1D \CCD)OO_C8, 8DU
8\C DCUCV8 8DU CL8888DCC D\C!CC\u88 OVCU \O CIC \ WDCL 8t_uD_ \D8\
\DC 8DCCL\8 D8U LO\ CXD8u8\CU 8! DCU8 O KLOWCU_C 8DU 1LVCL\1OD.`"
3corc thcn, In thc ourlccuth and bnccnlh ccnturIcs, Europcans, n
cas, and Azlccs (lo IImIl mscI to lhc Icv WorId and Europc) had sImIIar
approachcs ot mcasurIng lImc. n both cascs, lImc rcckonIng (I countcr
dIslInctIon to loday) vas Ilcgralcd Inlo lhc tIov ot nalurc aud thc our
scasons, lo cquInoxcs and soIs!Iccs, cIoscr rcIatIon vas maItalncd bctvccn
human bcIngs, as IIvIng organIsms, and lhc Iltc o lhc cosmos. Iaturc vas
nol ycl conccIvcd as somcthIng lhal had lo bc lamcd and domInatcd, as
FrancIs 3acon vouId put It al thc bcgInnIng ot lhc scvcntccnth ccntury,
thus InItIalIng a scparatIon bctvccn human bcIngs and naturc thal vouId
bc urthcr dcvcIopcd by lhc phIIosoph accompanyIng IduslrIaI capIlaI
Ism. Jhal Is onc o lhc rcasons vhy lhcrc vcrc so many slrIkIng sImIlarItIcs
bclwccn thc uropcan and lhc nca caIcndar, and vh loda IatIvc AmcrI
cans and Wcstcrn cosmoIogIcs sccm so dIstanl rom cach olhcr.''
|Ic)CoIoniaIty 8t Laryc 1)
Anthony AvcnI provIdcd a scnsIbIc narralIvc to udcrstand tImc rcck
onmg and spalIaI orgauIzalIon among lhc ncas. Jhc sslcm Is Indccd loo
compIIcatcd lo dcscrIbc hcrc In au dclaII. What Is o Intcrcst Is to rcmcm
bcr and udcrlInc lhc cxIslcncc ot a ccrlaln commonaIIty among commu
nItIcs dIspcrscd aII ovcr lhc pIanct, uom Ihc ^mcrIcas to uropc, to AsIa or
^hIca. SunrIsc aud sunscl, summcr and vInlcr soIstIccs, zcnIlh aud nadIr,
mcnstruatIon and gcslatIon cycIcs, lhc turn o tood rcgcncratIon, coIIcclIng,
and storagc, aud so on arc somc o lhc rcguIarIlIcs common to IIvIng orgau
Isms. Nov, lhcsc rcguIarIlIcs arc nol cxpcrIcnccd In Ihc samc va ncar thc
poIcs or I lhc lropIcs. Jhis Is ot coursc common scnsc, bul thcrc arc aIso
counlIcss documcnts rom Europcau travcIcrs poInlIg lovard thc cxpcrI
cnccs ot Ihc lropIcs, ot lhc moutaIns, and corrcctIng ancIcnl spccuIalIons
aboul cxlrcmc hcat and ImpossIbIc Iltc I ccrlaIn ca:th zoncs. Jhc movc
mcnls o lhc su and thc stars, In lhc lropIcs, arc rIghI abovc our hcad.
rom urlhcr norlh or urlhcr souIh, thc sun vouId cIrcIc at a (-dcgrcc
angIc, approxImalcIy. AvcnI sU arIzcs lhIs conucncc as oIIovs.
DC DC88 hCU 8\|CL\OL OD \DC 2CD\D 8uDt8C-8D\-2CD\D suD8C\ 8X1s DO\
ouI DCC8u8C \D8\ 8CC\Ot O \DC CCC8\8 CDV1tODDCD\ W88 8O 8u__C8\VC, Du\
88O DCC8u8C \DC] WCtC UCC_] )uCLCCU D] \DC \CttC8\t8! D8I OI \DC CDV
1ODDCD\ 88 WC!. D8_)C 8 DOuD\8DOu8 8Dd D WD1CD I8t8W8] Q!8CC8 8tC
tCCKODCU LO\ D] \DC d8\8DCC C88\, WC8\, DOt\D or 8Ou\D O \DC D8|Ot QO_u!8
\1OD CCD\Ct8, Du\ t8\DCt D] DOW 8t 8DOVC Ot DC!OW \DCD ODC 8 8\u8\C. DC
LC88 :VCU )a vcrl)caI vorld, c :cce n wd 0c tme [or humcn ccton
Ot Q8DUD_ _O\8\OC8, DutL1L_ OI \DC 8C1uD, WOt8D_1D_ \DC _OU8-UCQCDUCU
Ct\1C8!!] u_OD W)C\DCt 8 QCt8OL W88 [O8\OLCU 1L 8 VC1UC8] D88Cd CCO!O_],
cach IIer OI WDCD W88 dCQCDUCD\ u_OD CVCt] O\DCt ODC.
Jhc Incas Invcnlcd thc horIzonlaI systcm o ceques, a scrIcs o IIncs Ihat
cmaualcd rom Cuzco, thc ccntcr ot Ihc cmpIrc, and organIzcd thc cIty,
socIaIly and spalIaIly. Jhc aIso countcd lhc das o Ihc year IInIng up thc
ccgucs vIIh lhc movcmcnl o thc sun. AvcnIs cvIdcncc suggcsts Ihat "lhc
!nca had convcrlcd lhc Iandscapc Inlo a naturaI, scI-opcratIng caIcndrIcaI
dcvIcc povcrcd by thc movcmcnt ol Ihc sun, a syslcm vIth no nccd ottor
maI vrItIng lo artIcuIatc Il``
Jhc dIcrcncc bclwccn ^ndcaus and uropcans, In thcIr approach lo
bolh Pacha aud Pachamama and to lImc and nalurc, vas not so much In
J68 Cbagtcr our
DOW\DC]`UC88utCd UC Du D DC W8]8 rDCC8D QCOQC tC8CC \O 18-
CD8D8U8, 8DCDC W8]8 u1OQC8D8tC8CdO 8UtCWDCD DC]COD8d-
CtCC \O DC Ou\8CC DuD8D DCD_8. Ot \DC 8\Ct `D8UtC DCC8DC 8D CD-
\] O DC CODD8\CC: `WC 8DC `D8\utC 8tC \WC C8DC CDC8. Ct DC
OtUCt, DuD8DD8UtC WCtC, 8DC 8 8tC, CDC. \DC] 8tC DC8!D_u8D8DC:
8CD8U88 8 D u8 8DC WC 8tC D 8CD8D88. JDC]WCtC dVCt_CD CO8-
DOO_C8 D8 t8UCC DC CODCCQCD ODuD8D DCD_8 CD 8tD, 8DC DC
tC8OD8DQ O!8t\DC DuD8DDCD_8,CIHCtCD]. OWCVCt, 8IDCCDCDrD-
CC8D 8DCutOQC8D QCOQC WCtC CQu8]DCI_CDDCID_8,DO\DCODUuD-
\C8 D_utCd Ou\ DC DC8\ W8] O Ot_8D2C \DCt VC8 D tC8CD C `:lC.
ICVCtDCC88, 8IDCC \DC 81X\CCD\D CCDUt] \DC]D8VC tCD8IDCC 1tCCuCDC
DDCtCU CtCDCC8DCDCX\tC8D]DKCd\DtOu_DCOOD8\]OQCWCt8DC
DCCOOD8CHCtCDCC.
88d DCOtC D8\ DC8C CHCtCDCC8 WCtC 8DC 8tC IttCdUCDC. u\ 8\ DC
88UC DC, DC] D8VC DCCD 8DCC \DC 8:XCCD\D CCDut] DCX\tC8D]DCt-
wDCC. ttCduCDC, 8Dd 8 \DC 88DC lC IDCXtC8D] CD8D_CC, D] DC
tDCOtC O DOCCtD\] 8Dd DC O_C O! COOD8\] (Ot, WD8 8 \DC 88DC,
DC COOD8 U8\t:X OQOWCt), WDCD D8dC QO88DC \DC COD8tuC!OD8Dd
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u8CC DCC8C_Ot]OUC, DCCOD8\tuC\OD O!\DCDOdCtDCOOD8WOtC-
8]8\CU, 8DC DC D8tt8VC C!YC8CtD CVI28CD ( W COUC D8CK\O !D8
88uC D CD8QCt ). JDC YC8CtD CODCCQ C `\UC DCC8DC \DC C88CD8
`CODDCCOt O!COOD8 8DC DQCt8 CICtCDCC8 DtOu_DOu DC _ODC. I
O\DCtWOtC8,COOD8\]88t_CUC8D8\D8\DC8uCCC88VC88_C8OC8CtD
CX8D8OD QtCdC8CdOD UOCCtD\]C8ttCCWI\D\DCD 8uCCC88VC 88_C8D
DC DQCUCD8OD O!8 C8tKCt 8CC, DC O_COCOOD8\]. JDC2CtO DC
OOD_UdCD8uD\C8 DCwO QOC8,VCt\C8], 8Dd!D8CtO88C8 DCDC8tO
D_8DC8 LtCCDWCD OD8CtV8\Ot], tCCCDVCt\Cd 8Q8!8 _OD8 IDC8t DDK-
D_ (8CC CD8Q\Ct z) DC \CDQOt8 _CD8 DC8t DDKD_. JDC 2CtO IDC O
OD_\uCCW8888O82CtO QODCQ8CDCO_], CODtOID_lCD]C88D8D-
D_D8`8COuDtC8WOuC 8CCQ8uDVCt88 d8], \D8\`DCUDVCt88d8]
WOUdDC8C8D bO8t8],DC_DDI1_8 DC C8DdD_D8\ LtCCDWICD
8DC COuD\CC OD 8z DCutCOCK, 8DCD8 `D8uC8 8DC88\tCDODC8 C8]8
CVCt]wDCtC WOuCDC_D 8 UC8D DdD_D.`'
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VIOu88D8]88 CC8CtVCut\DCtCODDCD\8. LDC8CtCVICCDCtCCODCXU8
(Oc)Co\ona!Iy aI |arge :6
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LCC8 CC8_D8Dd_DOtCCDCDC_t8\:VC uDCCt8\8DdD_D8rDCtDd8D8
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m88CD8tC8 Ot DCDCC\ICt8, 8uQQtC88Cd DC8, r2CC, 8Dd8]8CO8UOC-
_C8.1\W8888u8DOD8CtVCtOu8CC8)XCCDD-CCD\ut]1utOQCD8dCC8CtDCC
1DC88]QOCu8COCK,8\tQQD_\Cu\ODCCD\tCCO8DCO_]8uttOuDCD_
\DC UCCD8D8UD8\COuDCd\DCDOut88DC\DCDDuC8.
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CCDCt),YC8C1D LDt8!8DCO8DOC_]OQCt8CCUOtC CDIDC8CDtODCO_].
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O\DC tC\utD8 8Dd tCQC88 \8C8, 8C C 8QC8K, 8Q8CC|\DC. I\Dt88D
YC8CtDC]CC8\UC,WD8tCUtD88tCDCd8C8\DCDCD\D C|8Du8t], Ct
D8DK8_VD_8].JDCCVCD\8\D8\D8QQCDCd, 88], m|8Du8t]OtODD8DK8-
`_VD_ 8] O pp8 WOuC DC DCCC888t1] DC tCQC8\CC | )8Du8t] O1 OD
D8DK8_1VD_18]C:ppp. ^DdDD8], LDt8\I8DCO8UOO_]88W D8\utC 88
8CC8_D8DC8QC1!OtU8DCC C!LOC, 8DdDCD8\utCO!DCICWYOtC88 8D
OCC88OD\O CCttCCDC8QCCu8CDO!DC8DCCD8WDOWCtCDC\8W8tCD8
8D CDtC CCD\DCD\ 8DC QCCQC V1D_D\CVCt CX)8\CC.`I8\ut88DdDCt8
D8\Ot] W88 8D D\CtC8D_ CCDCCQ\ D \DC 8X\CCDD CCDU1]. LD DC CDC
D8Dd,`UC W88 DCUuCDO8D88uCDD8KDdOD8Ct]. LD\DCODCt,
`DC D8Ut8 8DdtCt8 D8Ot]C\DCDdC8 W88 8D8D\ICQ8CDC!CCD\CU-
QOt8t] Uu8CuU8 O!`D8\ut8 D8Ct] (D8D] D YC8\CtD utOQC 8DC DC
1DCdb\8C8) WDCtCDC1_CDCu8QCOQC!tODrDCtC8,r88,8Ddr!tC88tC
DXCCuQW\DQO8tDC8t8,\Ctt!y:D_8D8KC8, 8DCCCOtCC 8DdCXOCD8DC8.
C]CDC \D8\ DCtC 8 CV28CD (8Dd DC Du8CuD8 O! 8t D8\Ct], WDCtC
DC 8, DdCCC, 8D UQOt\8D\ CCUQODCD\ D D8Du8C\J1D_ D8tt8\VC8 C!
WOtK8, 8uDOt8, 8DC 8CDOO8 CDCu_DD 8CDtODOC_C8 OtCCt). u, DCD,
WDCD CC`\lr CD\Ct`D8Ut8D8\Ot] Lt, 88 LCuCWOUCD8VC, WDCD
W88 `IUc C8COVCtCC: ICCC 88C \D8 D tuDDD_ \DC Q8t8C DCwCCD
LDt88D8DCrDCC8D\UC,8DDC\CQQC8D_\DCU. 8U88]D_\D8DC]
8tC C1CtCD 8DCD8VCDCCDCD8D_Cd8DCCDC 8)XCCDDCCDut]. ut\DCt-
DOtC, DC]D8VC DCCDCD8D_CC \DtCu_D DC CQ8CDC COCD8 C1CtCDCC8
1yC Chagtcr Iour
\D8t D8dC\D0 \ID0!IDC ODOdCIDItDC t08! \:DC O!DI8OIy, DCC8u8C DI8-
OIW88 D0ID_ CODC0IVCO 8Dd WtI\|0D D DO8CWDO 0 \D0D80VC8 tIdD_
D0DOI8CO`\Iu08DdOD)0CIV0ID0,WI\DOu\Q8I0DD08I8.
\D0 DuDOtCd 8Dd DHy y08t8, 8QQtOX:D80!, D8\ 80Q8t8!C8 CO88
tOD 18D\, 8I_DIDC8D CD8D_08 \OOK Q8CC ID DOW Y080tD D\C!J0Cu8
DI8!OtyCODCCIV0d O!D8\utC 8Dd DC. LD8Dg_ CODCCQ\IOD8 O\:DC 8Dd
D8\ut0 W0D D8Dd ID D8Dd WI\D \D0 CD8D_:D_ Id0DI\ OutOQC, D8 I8,
W\D I8 dCDDI\IOD O! |LuIOQ08D) 8D, t0!8\IV0 O DC t08 O D0 Q!8DC\.
t8DCI8 D8COD, WII\U_ 8 0W d0C8d08 8HCt CO8!8, d0t8I0d D0 LDtI8\I8D
DCtDCD0uIC8 Qt8C\IC0d Dy D0 bQ8DI8D |C8uI\ DI88IOD8ty Dy IDCtQtC\ID_
D8\ut0 88 LOd8 d08I_D 8Dd D880tQI0C0. D8COD W88 DOV:D_ 8W8y OD
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CO8\8. Ot D8COD, D0 0Dd OIDCOIIC W88 \O `OV0tCODC 8D OQQOD0D\ Dy
OI8Qu\8!IOD, WDI0 DI8 DC\DOdD8d 88 8 DD8 _O8 `\O OVCtCODC 8\utC Dy
8C!IOD. OI CO8\8, OVCtCODID_ D8UIC WOUd D8V0 DC0D 8 DCtC8y, DC-
C8u8CI!WOUdD8VCD00D:K08\|CDQIn_1OdODD8\C\Od. D8CODW88COD-
CCtDCO DO\ WID D8Ut08 DI8Oty, DuWD D8\uI08 8y80D, \D0 VOC8Du!8ty
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8DDIV0t88IIC8.
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8 COuQCOD1IODC8t8. DC 8:X!00DD CCD!uty, OCOut80, I D8d D0CD
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D0 dI8COVCty O!`dC0Q D0 LutOQ08D 8CICDCCW88 8D0 \O ID8_InCDC 8_C
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\:L0, U\O D0 IdC8 O!QIO_tC88, OCVC!OQD0D, 8DODOOCtDIZ8\IOD. `DC,
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DI8Oty.
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1D 0t_uU_ D8! `\IDC 88 I\ I8 CODC0IVCd \Od8y I8 8 !dDO8D0D8 QICCC O!
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D8\utC 8Dd \DC unIV0t8C, ID ODCt WOId8 WD0D DC W0IC COD!tODCd W!D
DI8\OtIC8 8Dd 8CICDC08 D8 8I0d O COtIC8QODO WD D0It OWD 8\8Dd0tO8
ODI8OIy 8DO O!8CICDC0, DOdCID DI8OtI0I8 8DO 8CICD\I88 D8d tCCOut8C
O DCtOWD ID8_ID0OuDIIn00tCVOu\IOD ODuD8DI\, ID dC!0D80O!DCIt
C8D8. LIVIIZ8\IOD8 ID WDICDYC8CtD CXQ8D8IODdIODO!C88DI8D CO!ODI08
|!IKC LDID8, )8Q8D, Ot 1u88I8) D8d \O 0DduI0 DC DD OuDIV0t88!DI8!Ot
8DO unIVCt88 8CICDCC 88 8 D8IKCI O `DOOCtDI\y W\D WDICD D0y WCtC
8uQQO8CO\O C8\CD uQ. LOODI8!I, tCDCDDCI, I8 DuCD DOtCD8D CO!ODI8!-
I8D: I\ I8 8 CO!ODI8 D8\t:XO!QOWCt DtOu_D WDICD WOtd OtOCt D88 DCCD
CIC8CO 8Dd D8D8_Cd. 1 I8 QtCCI80yDC CO!ODI8 D8t:X O!QOWCt D8 I8
12 Chagcr Iour
in disputctoday, as Ioutlincdin chaptcrz-quitc aparttrom thcquarrcls
withinIuropcancosmo!oythatkccpboththcIchandthcKhtbusy.
Jhc WcstcrnnotionotlimcsupporIs"historyand"scicnccto acquirca
hccmonicIrccandtodcvclopacomparativcpointotvicwthatallowstor
thc crasurc or dcvaluation otothcrtorms otknowlcdc. Jhisis acommon
proccdurcandstralcyinthcmakinotthcmodcrnlco!onialworldaswc!!
as incrcatincoloniallimpcrialnotions otdicrcncc. Sccular historyand
scicncc|usttranstormcdChristianstraIcicsthal,durinthcs;tccnthccn-
tury,dcvalucdInca, ^ztcc, andMayacpistcmoloics. Bythis!mcan that
thc Maya wcrc rationalbcins, and that thcir !oic otknowlcdc-makin
manitcstcdthc samc humancapabiIitythatin thc Wcslwas dcscribcd by
thc word cistcmo|oy
/
Morcovcr, thc word cistcmo/oyy was uscd to dis-
avow cpistcmo!oical practiccs that did not corrcspond to thc Wcstcrn
manacmcntotknowlcdc,anddidsobyaI|ributinto Ihcmdcvi!ish dc-
sins,andbyrctcrrintothcmasacntsotthcDcvil.To bcrcardcdasbc-
inbchindthcprcscnttimcotmodcrnitywasthcsccularcquiva!cntotbc-
ininthchandsotthcDcvildurinIhcthcoloicalmomcnt.!havcarucd
thaIWcstcrnnotionsot"timc`contributcdtothcdislinctionbctwccnboth
naturc and culturc, and modcrnity and tradiIion. Bccausc otIhc iIlusion
this crcatcs,wc can casIytorctthatboth thcoystcrandthcbioloistwho
works in thc scicntihc culturc ottimc rcckoninbclonto thc samc basic
livcdtimc."ModcrnmanbuIthisscnscotsupcriorityandhispridcinthc
proccss otcutlinthcumbIicalcordwith "naturc,whiIc "primitivcman
wasstilItooc!osctoit,andbcinc!osctonaturcmcanl(bomthcpcrspcctivc
ot"modcrnman) bcintar tromcivilization. Howcvcr, Incastorcxamplc,
wcrcboth,closcto Iachamamaandcivilizcd. Butthatidcawasdcstroycd
bythcrhctoricotmodcrnityinordcrtobuildthcloicotco!onia!lty|usti-
tyinacuonsovcrthc"barbarianslatcrontranslatcdinlo"prmitivcs.
!sitpossiblctothinktromthatsiIcncc(thcsIcncccrcatcdbyco!onia!ity
otknowlcdc),toundothccolonialanddiHcrcnccslhat"Iimccontributcd
to makc and contributcs to maintain: Intcrcstinly cnouh, this conccrn
ariscs noton!yamonintcl!cctualswho throuh chiIdhood cxposurc and
protcssiona!trainin havc aincd an cxpcricncc otcpistcmoloics bascd
onprincip!csbcyondGrccklcacyandbcyondWcstcrnnccds.JhcItalian
phIosophcrIrancoCassano, in hismporIant book!cnsicro mcridiano,
conncctsthctorccotthcSunin^IbcrtCamussI 'tranycr ((z)wthan-
(!c)Co\ona!]at !a:[c 1}j
ccnt Grcck pcrccption and conccption otnalurc and Kairos. \c sccs in
tms constcI!ation an aspcctotGrcck thouht \hathasbccnsupprcsscdin
Ihcconstruction otWcstcrnciv!ization, an aspcct smilar to ^rabic con-
trbutionstoWcstcrncpistcmoloythatcquaI!ywcntunnoticcdinthc Kc-
naissanccandpost-Kcnaissanccrcadins.CassanosdisclosurcallowsusIo
undcrstandthcsimiIariticsbctwccnancicntGrccccand^ndcancosmolo-
ics, thc simIaritics bctwccn Iairos and Iacha, as wcl! as thc conlinuity
bctwccn spacc, timc, nalurc, and!itc. Cassano is not conccrncd with thc
co!onia!butwiththcimpcria!diHcrcncc.Hisc!amtoraSouthcrnthinkin
("u pcnsicromcridiano) cmcrcdtromthc mpcria! (intcrnal) diHcrcncc,
Uat is, tromthc turopcan conslruction otthc South as thc placc ot"slow
sgccd. Sincc thc cihtccnth ccntury, thc Iuropcan South was simulta-
ncous!yconstructcdwiththcricnt,andthcdcnialot cocvalncsswasatthc
ccntcrotsuchconslructions.!sntthcrcinIatin^mcrica asmilarimac,
andhundrcdsot|okcs,toldtromthcpcrspcctivcotthc(modcrn)cityabout
thc slowncss otthc (traditiona!) country r in SouthlCcntral ^mcrica
andIhc Caribbcan sccn bom thc pcrspcctivc otthc cmcicnl and spccdy
Norlh Ioticcthatthcimpcria!intcrnaldicrcncc, inturypc,wastrans-
!atcdtwicc,in^mcrica,intothcco!onia!dihcrcncc.hrst,ahcr88andIhc
Spanish-^mcrcan War, sccond,ahcrthc cnd ot\hc Co!dWar, whcnthc
obaordcrmovcdtromWcstvs.tasItoIorIhvs.South.Indccd,apowcr-
mdoublcstrokc.nthconchand,ricnta!isminturopcwasrcissuinthc
impcrial dm crcncc cstablishcdinthc sixIccnth-ccnlurycxpcricnccs otthc
Mcditcrrancan (cxpulsion ot thc Moors) and thc colonial dihcrcncc ot
thc^t!antic (contaclwith^mcrindiansand^bicanslavcry).nlhcothcr
hand,thc makinotthcSouthwasthc impcria!dm crcnccthatpavcdthc
way tor Hccs "hcart ot Iuropc (In!and, Irancc, Gcrmany), and tor
thccurrcntmovic-makinimainary,n thcUnitcdStaIcsorin Iuropc,thc
Southrcmains thc placcotsun,lovc, tourism, ood litc, and "s!owspccd.
''Jimc was and is amndamcntalcomponcntin such anuanary. Jlc
"Iasl andthc "Soutn!ivcaslowtimc,whiIcthcIorth isthc!ocation ot
spccd, prorcss, andotlivinbythc"cock.
Ialurc (sgacc) andtraditon(timc)wcrcoutcastby\hcimpcria!andthc
colonia!dicrcnccsandconstrucIcd as thatwhichisincrt and hcd. Sti!!
nalurc`bccamcacommontopicinWcstcrnpaintin!atcinthcscvcntccnth
ccnlury.^tthatpoint,naturcwasno!oncrconccivcdasalivinsysIcm(as
1] Chagcr Iout
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8Dd a OODID8\ID_ 8CIcDIDC cQI8\CUCO_] D8 QctUc8\CC \DC CODCCQ\IOD
O! Dc 8CCI8 (c._., Dc 88\c, OcDCCt8C]). 8 1D8VC CI8Cu88cO 8DOVc, OCCC-
ODI8 QO88IDc 1utc8 C8D DC OD_CI Dc CODCcIVCO tOU a UDIVct88 QCI-
8QCCIVc, 8DCDCtcdID 8DC_cUODIC Ua_:D8t]U8D8_CCD]IDc8IIDc8Dd
DD8dC8ID8IOD. CCOCDI8QO88IDcuIC8 8Da!DcIUa_DcCa8`CIVCI8a
(Ot QUtIVct88 I]OU VI8D), VDICD IDQIc8, C!CCut8c, D8 QDIC8CQDIc8 O
tlmc (88Vc!CC8DCQOI8,8ccCD8Qc) 8tC8DCDCtcCDDctD]IDD8 ODc
uDIVct8c, 8DO 8tc CCUDCD 1O 8! IVID_ Ct_8DI8U8. bUCD QD:O8CQD]VOuC
(Ic)CoIoniai] 3\ iB_0 1}
QCt8Q8 \8|C u8 \O `\Dc8 8Dd O1VCt8aIy ODCID_ 8Dd C Qu\ UCtc CDCI\
U ICDcC\ID_ OD DOV \Dc CCC|, ID CCDQCIy W\D C8QI\8\I8U, IUQO8cd 8
CCDCCQ\ODaDC88yCO!c DVDICD\DC_Cc8\O_c\DCtV\D UODc]. \D-
dCD_ DC COCDa\ C1DctcDCC a8 V88 Du\ ID \Dc CODCCQ\ C!\Dc w ID-
VCVc, aUOD_C\DCtDID_8,tcDCVID_ `JDC !tOD\DcQIIV\C_cdQO8IICD I
aCQuItc8ID CODQ!CIy W\D 8CICDCC, C8QI8\I8D, 8DdDC mODCCu\ut8I8U
[c._., uDVCI8a8U) OYC8\CID CIV28IOD. 1D 8uU, uDdCID_ DCCOCDI8\
dIHctcDCC UC8D8OaCCCQ\8DCaC\OD\DC{C\\D8\I8\Ot]I8DCD8\D8It8
\Vc OIUQCtI8dOUIDIum\D8QtCcDd8OC8Q\uICDCUOVO!tc8\Iy,VDc
|I8\CtIC8, 8DCC8t8I\Ic8, DCDOtIc8 8Ic OC8, U8I_D8\, ID8I_DIDCaD\ D8It8-
\IVc8 UCU \DC QCt8QCC\IVC CI8\OI]. bCIcDCc8, D\Dc 88UC D8DDCt, DU\\
CtUua8,IDVCD\CCaV8D88CCCD\DcDC:c!DCD|CCIVyW\DOu\Q8ICD\DC
8I8.CVD8 CCODI8 8DdIDQCIIa\dUctcDCC8atcDCD_CI8C\O8CC,tC8d8\O
\Dcu\utc atc DCID_ DuJ, aDC8CUC8tCDCID_tcQ81ICC.
Jimcandossib!c [Lommuna!) Iumcs
1It8\C!8!,dO DO\D8_IDcCOUDUD8\u\utc8 88Dc8D8\t8C\uDIVCt8a\D8
WtCQ8CCCXI8\ID_8D8IaCuDIVcI88\8 KC !IDct8C8QI\8I8m8Dd88\C 8O-
CI8!I8U, ODCC!Ct 8 8Dd 8! 8 ODCc, 8Dd \Da\WI tCI_D 88 \DcuDdI8Qucd
8CuICD!OI\DCDuU8DIIC8 (1w CODcD8C|\ODI8\OQICD\Dc8HctVCId).
Dc C]CC O 8C8ICD Ot uDIVct88 UOdC8 Ot VOt\C OtCCt8Ic CVct. 1 D8Vc
DcCD8I_UlD_ID DI8DCOK, 8Dd ID CHctCD\COD\CX\8, \D8\ CCCOODI8\OQ\IOD8
atc CQIOD8, DC\U188IOD8OCCDVCt8IOD8 C 8uDIVct8a\tuDOt \tu\DV)\D-
Ou QaICD\DC8I8. A8 8uCD, \DC]aIc OQ\IOD8 Im8_DCd 8DC 8C\cd CD D]\DO8c
VDODDC\D8\DcIDcIC8QI\8!8DDOI8OCI8\8U (aDdDC8cDC\D,]C8, VI\D 8
VcVO!DC u\utc IDVD!CD CDCCtDCC\Dct 8DOuCQtcVa\) I8 \Dc 8OuICD,
8DCVDC D1O cVCD UOIc 8O \D8\ 8D8t8C UDIVcI888, VDc\DCt 8OCI88\Ot
C8QI\8:8, atC DC\ \DC 8OUICD. CCOCDI8 OQIOD8 8CCcQ\ \DC DODaCDC
COCX8cDCc C!\DC O1VCt8IyO!\Dc DVc\18|CCCtIc8 CV8IO \Dc !u\utC 1 Ou-
IDcO D CDaQCI J.CDQaCmCCCcX8\CDCC (VDICD I8, DCtcCtC, CCD!C\IVC)
dOC8U DC8D \D8 VC D8Vc O Du] Out _uD8 DCCIC \Dc] atc 8Od. LODDIC\
CCC8 DO\ DcCC888I\] cad \O Vat. Y8t CD8ID8 VDcD \tu\D 8DC CD|CCIVy
W\DCu Q8ICD\Dc8I8 tCI_D. LCD!C8 OD\8D 8Dd 8tC 8CVCd WDOu V8t
VDCtc 8Dd VDcD \tu\D 8DC CD|cC\IVy ID QatcD\Dc8I8 IcI_D 8DCDctC I8 DC
CDCU] \O DC dC8\IO]cC 8DC UDIVCt8a\ \Iu\D \O Dc dC!cDCCd 8DC IUQC8cd.
VOId D VDICD tu\D ID Q8IcDDc8I8 I8 8CCcQCC 88 uDVct88\ 8 a VOtd
1] Cbagtcr our
_uIdCd O] Q!U1IVCt88!I! 88 8 UDIVCt88! QtIDCIQ!C. D 8 Q!UtIVCt88! WCtU
!OUDdCd CD !tU\D D Q81CD\DC8I8, !DCt0 I8 DO Q!8C0 !Ct W8t. ! DC8D8 !D8! !D0
UIHCtCDCC8 OC!wC0D !DC DVC !t8]CC\OtI08 WI! OC D0_C\I8!Cd ID DOD-IDQCtI8
W8]8, WDICD DC8D8 \D8! !DCt0 I8 DC tOOD !Ot 8D 0XC!U8IVC tCW08\CtDIZ8!IOD.
YC8!CtD CIVI8\IOD WOUd DC DCtC!] ODC 8DCD_ D8D] OQ\IOD8, 8Dd DC\
!DC ODC \O _uIUC 8DU tU!C !DC D0D]. D O!D0I WOtU8, !D0tC I8 DC ODC !t8|CC
lOt] \D8! D88 !DC tI_D! \O Qt0V8I OVCt \DC C\DCt. I8 I8 !D0 QOID! 8! WDICD
UCWC8!CtDIZ8!OD, \DC t0OtICD!8\IOD O! !D0 0!|, dCCO!CDI8I!, 8DU !DC 8QItI
\u8 CQ\IOD 8! D8VC \DC CCDDOD \88K O! t0UuCD_ Y08\0ID :DQCII8 UC8I_D8
0Dd I!8 UC8ItC8 \O !DCIt QtOQCI 8DU tC_IOD8! Q!8CC. `tCVIDCI8!IZID_ 1UtOQC
8CQuItC8 8 DCW DC8DID_ ID !DI8 CCD!CX!. D8! dCWC8!CtDIZ8\IOD, !D0 tCOtICD-
!8\IOD C! !DC 1C!|, !DC 5QIII\U8! OQ\IOD, 0DU U0CC!ODI8!I! 8!! D8VC 8 CCDDOD
\88K dCC8D\ DC8D !D8! ODC O! \DCD D88 \DC tI_D\ !C DCCODC !DC `DCW DC
_CDCD. ! !D8\ W0tC !C D0CODC !DC C88C, WC WOU!d tCD8D, mutatis mutandi,
WI!D!D \DC tU!C8 C! !DC 88DC _8DC8 :DQC8CU D] YC8\0tD DOd0tDI!, WDCD
8CCu!8tI8D 8QQtOQtI8!Cd !DC DC_CDCDIC UI8COUt8C O! !DC CDUtCD. D 8uCD
8 8CCD8tIO, !DC `COD\CD! WOU!d CD0D_C 8DU DCCCD0 \DC CU\uI8! OI8808 O!
!DC DCW DC_CDCD. 1!UtIV0t88I! DC8D8 UD!C8tDD_, 8O !C 8Q00Y, DCd0tDI!,
8DU !C81DID_ !C !IVC WI\D QCOQ!0 ODC UO08 DO! 8_tCC WI!D, Ot D8] DC\ CV0D
!uC. \ODVIVI8!I! I8 DC\ DC!IU8], OU! 8 D8td 8DU tC!CD\088 CHCt\ \OW8tU CC8-
DCQO!I!0D !CC8!I8D 8DU Q!UtIVCI88! !U!UIC8 |80C CD8Q\0t ;).
CW, I! !DC _C8 WCtC !C DUU DO! OD!] 8 QC8C0D WCt!U OU\ 88O 8 WOtU
D WDICD CVCt]OCU], DCC8U80 C! I!8 DUD8DI!, I8 CQU8! !O CV0t] C!DCt OOd]
8DU !DU8 D88 !D0 D88IC tI_D! !C !COU, 8D0!!Ct, DC8!!D, 0Dd CUUC8\IOD_DU DC\
\O DC DC!DCtCU D] 8C!ICI!Ct8 |CV8D_C!IC8!8, DIDI-CtCdI! 88VICt8, 8DXIOU8 D
D8DCI8! 8_CD!8, DI!I\8t] D!0tVCD\IOD8, IttC8QOD8ID!0 COtQOt8!IOD8, QtCDO!
Ct8 C! 8OCI8!I8D, 0!C.), !DCD Q!UtIV0t88I! WCU!d O0 !DC UDIVCt88! QtC]CC\ \O
WDICD UCCC!ODI8 !DIDKID_ 8DU UCID_ 88QItC, 8DU WDICD !D0] QtCDO!C.
18CJD_ !O C8!D. D0 1O8DOd0ID 10COODIZ8!\OD O `JJD0
8Dd !DC 0COOD\8 L8ID !O `JI8UI\OD
`t8UI!IOD, !uC `8D!DtOQO8 Ct `8Q8CC 8DU !IDC, D88 DC\ CD\O!C_IC8! OU!
DC!ICD8! CXI8\CDCC, !uC LOD QUXO\C Ct w8d8D0 CV8t]. 1OWCV0I, \DC !8C!
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\8KCD O]D8D] 88 !tU!D O! UDIV0t88! 8CCQ0. C] WCIC IDVCD!ICD8 O!Y08\CtD
(Oc)Co!ona!ty at |argc \;;
)Q0tI8! DOUCtDI!], DVCD!ICD8 !D8! COD!tIOU!C \C COD8C!IU8\0 Y08\CtD DO
d0tDI!]. YD8\ COU!U 8D!DIOQC8 UO OU\ tCD8D O0DIDU ID \ID0, Cu\8IUC \DC
!C:CC8 O! QIC_tC88 8DU UCVCOQDCD!; O0C8U8C `\I8UI\IOD, ID \DC DOUCtDI8\
CX\CCD, DC8D8 UDdCtUCVC!CQDCD!. U\ ODCC WC 8CCCQ! !D8\ \I8UI\IOD dCC8
nC! CX8! 88 8 \I8D8CCDdCD!8 C8!C_Ct], WDC C8D C!8ID !DC DODCQO!] C! !IDC
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WDO UIU DC! 8OIUC O]!D8! |DC!ICD8!) D8\Ut8! !8W. f_8D, \DI8 I8 \tUC O0C8U80
D8\ut8! !8W I8 0DO!D0t CD!I! !D8! dCC8 DC\ D8VC CD\O!O_IC8! CXI8\CDCC; t8\DCt,
I! W88 8Dd I8 8 DC!ICD \D8! W88 D8D8_CU !C OC O0!I0V0d 88 !tuC|u8! 88 WI!D
!I8dI!ICD 8Dd \IDC. YDC WCuU W8D\ !O DC \I8UI!ICD8! ODCC !DC IDC!CtC O!
CdCtDI\ Qu\ 8 V8!UC CD !IDC, QIC_tC88, 8DU U0V0!CQDCD!, 8Dd \DC8C !IDC
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LDCC ]OU CCD\tC! |!DC IUC8 O!) `!IDC, ]OU C8D COD!tO! 8uO|CC!IVI!] 8Dd
D8KC \DC D8D] D8ICD !C !D0 tDj!DD O! ]OUt CWD \IDC. DCtC 8tC \DtCC
K0] DODCD!8 m\DC CC!CDIZ8!ICD C!\IDC 8Dd !D0 tC-D8KID_ C! !DC CO!CDI8
D8\t:X C! QCWCt. WO WCtC 8!I08d] D0D!ICDCd. !D0 CD8)888DCC DVCD!ICD
C! !DC wIUU!C f_C8, 8DU !DC 1D!I_D\0DDCD! IDVCD!ICD C! !DC QtIDI!IVC 0DU
!t8dI!ICD. DC !DIIU I8 !DC QC8\DCUCID IDVCD\1OD C! \DC 8CCC!CI8!ICD O! \IDC.
YDCD CD]0DD !t8DK!ID 8!8!CU DI8 !8DCU8 UIC!UD `IDC I8 DCD0], \ID0
W88 DC88UtCd 8_8D8\ !8OOI 8DU !DC CU!CODC O!!8OCt. U\ D \D0 QO8\DCU
CtD 0t8, !DC IUC8 !D8! !C }a// ocbind I8 \O !C8C D88 CODCCDI!8D\!] ID\tCdUCCU
\D0 IUC8 !D8! !C _O !88!Ct I8 \O WD |8DU O! CCUt80 ]OU 8CCCQ\ \D8\ WIDDID_ I8
DC D8DC C! !DC _0DC), \D8\ ]CU DO\ OD] D8VC \O QIOUuCC DCI0 |C! WD8\
CVCt ]Cu QtCUUC0) OU! !D8! ]CU D8V0 \O dO I! Dt8\\DU8, !DC `8CC0!0t8!IOD
O! \IDC. buCCC88 I8 !DC CODQ8DIOD O! DOVID_ !88!, CCDD_ ID Dt8\, 8DU DC
ID_ \DC W1LDCt. L8DI0! DDCt8II! 8U__C8!Cd !D8\ cbrono-o/itics dI8Q!8CC8,
!CU8], !DC CO!CDIZ8\1OD C! 8Q8CC W)!D !DC CC!ODZ8!ICD C! !IDC.' D8! D8U
8!t08d] D8QQCDCd ID \DC CI_D!CCD!D CCD!UI], 88 8I_UCd 8OCVC. CW0V0t,
|DDCt8II!8 CDtCDO-QO!1\IC8 8DU I!8 CCDQ8DICD |DIO-QO!I!IC8, 8DU D0CIC-
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D8D!] ID !D0 8QDCt08 C! !DC D8IKC\, DD8DCC8, 8DU DCdI8. D \DI8 t0_8td,
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1]o Chagcr our
8DC 8O CD. u! COtQOt8 IdOO_] U8K8 C! !IU 8D 88DI8 CCUQODD
C! cDCIDC] 8Dd !D IDCtUD8 Q8C C! QtCdUCICD; I! C)8t_8td8 D QO8~
8IDI\] C! OVtQtCdUCICD; I dcDI8 D8! `W88\D_ \1Uc COud DDcD \H
U8D], WDO8 8DCt I8 DID_ 8Od !D88d O! D!D_ u8cd !Ot !D DcDcD! C! Dc
CCUUuDI\].
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ICd D] b\u8t 1OcD 8DO 1Ou8tOO wcDOIC8, Dc COI\Ot8 tCUIDO u8
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1l Chagtcr vc
My inIcrcsI in )mmanucI Iant, bcyond rcadn him as an cducaIcd man
maorin in phiIosophy and Iitcraturc, in Crdoba, Arcntna, is indirccI.
Ncithcr Iant hscIf nor his Ccorab s Ihc tarct oI this chapIcr. am
hrsI and forcmost prcoccupicd with ccrtan ssucs, and, sccondarIy, to
what Iant has to say about thcm. r if you wsh, Iant hsclf, throuh his
Ccoyrab, is part of thc probIcm noI of thc soIution. Is work tricrs a
wcaIIh of issucs for somconc who is intcrcstcd, as I am, in Ihc darkcr sidc
of Ihc Kcnaissancc and, to bc oxymoronic, in thc darkcr sdc of thc n-
lhtcnmcnt-which mcans that am morc inIcrcsIcd in what Iant hdcs
than in what hc rcvcaIs. wi!I bc addrcssin thc l:ks (and complcitics), u
IanI, bctwccn historical and raIonal know lcdcs, on Ihc onc hand, and Ihc
sIcnccs thaI his Cco
z
rab contrbuIcs Io crcatc on Ihc oIhcr. 1hc IobaI
IotaIity thaI IanI scarchcs for in his Ccoyrab, which para!lcIs othcr hcIds
of his nguiry, is drvcn by an anxous will to control knowIcdc and a bIind
scnsiIivty Ioward what hc ovcrrulcs by mcans of whaI hc appropriaIcs.
P LCO-D18!OIIC8! C!OuI OD !DC Y8]O 18D!8 Geoymh
In chapIcr : bcan by rcmcmbcrin and acknowlcdn whaI has bccn
foroItcn or dsuiscd by ovcrwhclmin narrativcs that startcd in Crcccc,
pcrsistcd in Komc, and cndcd up in Ycstcrn uropc, dcpcndn on whcthcr
Ihc hisIory was Iold by Ircnch, Ccrman, or British hstorans. YhIc thosc
hisIorics arc truc as far as thcy o, Ihcy IcIi onIy halI oI Ihc sIory, and, thc
notion of Iruth opcraIin in thc narraIvcs is a Iruth in parcnthcss. Jhcy
arc noI Ihc IotaIity of what transpircd hstorca!ly, and, tl\c vcrson oI cvcnIs
toId Iooks cvcn Icss Iruc from Ihc pcrspccIivc of truIh wthout parcnthc-
sis. Mainstrcam hstorcs mcrcly cxprcss thc bclcfs of Ihosc who IoId thc
storics and Ihcir supporIcrs. Yhat happcncd (rcmcmbcr SchmIt`s uncon-
scious trick) was that worId hisIory, both sacrcd and sccular, was toId Lom
thc Ycstcrn pcrspcctvc, as uthcrc wcrc a sinIc, lncar, and asccndin his-
tory in Ic and a sinlc ccntcr n spacc. Now wc arc bccomin morc awarc
IhaI whcn \cstcrn idcas of hisIory and Is narraIivcs sIarIcd, wor|d hstory
did not comc to an cnd. Jhc totalizn schcmc opcratcd in Ihc hstorora-
phy of thc discovcry of ^crica. whcn Ihc Spansh arrivcd, a Ncw Istory
bcan a Ncw YorId and prcvious hstory stoppcd. Now, howcvcr, wc havc
vo MoraIcs as thc prcsidcnt of BoIvia and robust indicnous movcmcnts
from Ihc souIh of ChIc to Canada.
e \arRcr Sioe o! the n\ghIcnment 1oj
Jhc worId ordcr around oo, as I arucd in Ihc ntroduction, was
goIyccnIric and noncapitaIisI. r, you wish, thc colonaI matrix oI
gowcr was not yct crcaIcd, pcrial and coIoniaI dicrcnccs wcrc not n
pIacc. 1hcrc wcrc dicrcnccs traccd by thc Icadcrs oI cocxistin civIiza-
Iions, wIhin Ihcir Icrritorics and in rclaton to adjaccnt oncs, oI coursc,
but pcraI and coIonial dicrcnccs, as dcscrbcd hcrc, appcar wth scn-
sibIitics, discourscs, and worIdvicws cnIanIcd with thc cmcrcncc of a
qpc oI cconomy today calIcd capitaIism. 1hat s, impcriaI and colonial
dcrcnccs arc tantamounI to racism as wc know and scnsc iI today. Bc-
Iorc oo, China and )apan wcrc sIandin in thcir mIlcnarian hstorics. Jo
thc south oI China wcrc thc milIcnna oI Indias hstory, and thc wdc co-
raphc strctch, ntclIccIuaI sophisIication, and nucncc oI Sansknt can
only bc comparcd to thosc oI Latin undcr Ihc Roman cmprc and oI Arabc
(nom scvcnth ccnIury on) undcr thc slamc caIiphatc. By :oo, YcsIcrn
Christians wcrc stilI a marnaI socicty, about a Ihousand ycars ancr thc
colIapsc of thc Ycstcrn Koman tmpirc and about ciht hundrcd ycars aI|cr
thc Crusadcs (o-ca. :o) and thc Ioss oI ]crusaIcm as thc hub oI Chris-
Iianty. By oo, vcrnacular lanuacs dcrivcd Irom Lat; (Italan, Span-
ish, IorIuucsc, Ircnch, Ccrman, tnlsh) wcrc just unIoldn, and Latin
was sIill a lanuac oI scholarship and Ihcoloy. ParalIcI to thc ornation
and unIoIdin oI modcm turopcan pcrial Ianuacs dcrivcd from Latn,
Indi (in Ihc arca whcrc Inda s today) and lrdu (in Ccntral Asia and
what s today Pakstan) oriinaIcd and unIoIdcd Irom Sanskrit, throuh
Industani.
Modcrn uropcan Ianuacs cmbodcd, durn and aI|cr Ihc Kcnas-
sancc, thc "spirt oI cpisIcmoIoy, and cmcrin capIalsm cmbodicd thc
"spirI of cconomy. Yhilc it s possibIc to dcscrbc in two Iincs how capi-
talsm bccamc conIuscd wth cconomy, I would cmphasizc (and rcmind
you) oI Iwo tndamcntaI aspccIs rclcvant Io my arumcnt.
IrsI, thc massvc appropriation oI land and rcsourccs (old, silvcr)
madc possiblc by thc dscovcry and conqucst of Amcrca,` by thc massivc
cIoiIaIon oI thc labor of Indians, and by thc tradc oI cnslavcd ^ricans
allowcd Ior a guaIitativc |ump n thc usc oI"capitaI aIrcady accumulatcd n
thc banks oI Ilorcncc, Vcncc, and Ccnoa. Ccnovcsc Icndin to thc Span-
ish monarchy IacIIatcd IransaIlanIic cxpIorations and thc cmcrcncc oI a
ncw typc oI cconomy: captaIism. 1hc combnaIon oI capiIaI, massivc ap-
propriaIon oI Iand and rcsourccs, and massvc cxpIotaton oI labor madc
1o L8!C1 IVC
It gossIbIc, for thc nrst tImc In Ihc hIstory of thc human sgccIcs, to groducc
commodItIcs for a gIoba! markct.
Jhc sccond condItIon that madc thc sgrcad o! cagIta!Ism gossIbIc was
lhc cxgcndabIIty of human IIvcs. lor lhc nrst tImc In hIstory, human IIvcs
bccanc dIsgcnsabIc and IrrcIcvant to Ihc grImary goaI o! Incrcascd groduc-
tIon and accumuIatcd bcncnts. What dIstInguIshcs sIavcry In thc ^tIantIc
from 8 grcvIous !orms of s!avcry Is that s!avcry bcforc thc ^tIantIc was not
cntrcnchcd with cagItaIIst cconomy and, thcrcforc, human Iivcs wcrc not a
dIsgcnsabIc commodIty. nsIavcd ^frIcans wcrc not onIy an cxgIoItcd Iabor
forcc, thcy aIso canc to bc trcatcd as a tygc o! comnodIty-whIch cou!d
bc trashcd, !Ikc any othcr comnodIty. ChrIstIan cthIcs condcmncd sIavcry,
but couIdn't stog It. By thc sccond haIf o! thc cIghtccnth ccntury, whcn
Immanuc! Kant was dcIIvcrIng hIs Iccturcs on gcograghy, ^dam SmIth was
grovIdIng thc lhcorctIcaI framc for Te \ea/tb o] Natlons, !ookIng toward
thc tturc and ovcr!ooking thc rcccnt gast hIstory that a!Iowcd hIm to ccI-
cbratc !rcc tradc and bc sIcnccd on thc cthIcaI conscgucnccs of such an
cconomIc brcakthrough.
Is nom thc gcrsgcctIvc of Is!anIc hIstory that thc hIstorIan Karcn
^rmstrong (as I mcntIon In thc IntroductIon) datcd thc "arrIvaI of thc
Wcst` In thc Is!anIc worId around ;o, as ! goIntcd out In thc Introduc-
tIon. !n fact, thc nrst "targcts` of lhc sccond wavc o! imgcrIa! cxgansIon and
transformatIon of thc coIonIaI matrIx of gowcr, managcd at that timc by
BrItaIn and lrancc, wcrc thc NughaI, thc SafavId, and thc tloman SuItan-
atcs. What madc thIs cansIon gossIb!c was, on thc onc hand, thc ncw tygc
of cconomy and Its assocIatcd mcntaIlty (c.g., what It takcs toontroI author-
Ity and to Incrcasc gaIns), and, on thc othcr hand, thc growth o!knowIcdgc-
makIng. Jhc ^t!antIc cconomy (thc hIstorIca! !oundatIon of cagIta!Ism)
madc It gossIbIc, In ^rmstrongs vicw, nol to rcIy on "a surgIus o! agrIcuI-
turaI groducc (as was thc casc In thc cconomIcs of thc goIyccntrIc worId
untI! ,oo). Jhc rIsIng ^l!antIc cconomy "was foundcd on a tcchnoIogy
and Invcstmcnt of cagIta! that cnabIcd thc Wcst to rcgroducc Its rcsourccs
IndcnnItcIy, so that Wcstcrn socIcty was no !ongcr sub|cct to thc samc con-
straInts as an agrarIan cuIturc.' ^rmstrong adds that, aIlhough It was not
g!anncd In advancc, thc transformatIon of cconomIc gractIccs rcsu!Icd In
whaI shc caI!s a sccond ^xIa! ^gc, "whIch dcmandcd a rcvoIutIon of thc
cstabIIshcd morcs on scvcra! fronts at thc sanc tImc. goIItIca!, socIa! and
DC 81CI bICC o! lDC 1HIDlCH]CHl 1o
ntcIIcctuaI. Indccd, thcrc wcrc ImgrcssIvc advanccs In astronomy, mcdI-
cnc, navigatIon, Industry, and agrIcu!turc (thcsc arc ^rmstrongs catcgorcs).
Andshc adds,
Ionc o lhcsc was dccIsIvc In ItscI, but lhcIr cumuIauvc ccct was radIcaI. By
6oo InncvatIons wcrc occurrIng on such a scaIc that grogrcss sccmcd Irrc-
vcrsIbIc. a dIscovcry In onc ncId wcuId chcn Icad to ncsh InsIghts In anolhcr.
!nstcad o sccIng lhc wcrId as gcvcrncd by ImmutabIc Iaws, urcgcans had
ound that lh couId aItcr thc coursc c! naturc. Jhcy wcrc now grcgarcd to
Invcst and rcInvcst capItaI In lhc nrm cxgcctatIon o contInuing grogrcss and
thc contnuous mprovcmcnt c tradc.
By thc IndusttIaI rcvoIutIcn c thc nInctccnth ccntuty, Wcstcrncrs cIt such
assurancc that thcy no Iongcr Icckcd |acl to tbe ast cr InsgIraticn, as In thc
agrarIan cuIturcs and rcIlgIcns, but |coled ]orward to tbe .ture.`
conomy and know!cdgc |oIncd !orccs with navigatIon through thc
AIantIc and !rom thcrc throughout thc wor!d. Cartograghy undcrwcnt a
radIca! trans!ormatIon that cuImInatcd wIth ^brahan rtc!Iuss stamg.
7Ieatrum Orols 7errarum, gubIishcd In ,;o and stcadIy tcgroduccd untlI
6z. WhI!c modcrn urogcan vcrnacuIar Ianguagcs aggrogrIatcd cgIstc-
mo!ogy, cartograghy aggrogrIatcd sgacc In thc namc o! gcograghy.
Jhc hIstorIcaI and thcorctIca! conscgucnccs of 2Ieatrum Or|ls Ter-
rarum, gartIcuIarIy !or undcrstandIng Iants Iccturcs on gcograghy, Iaught
about two ccnturIcs ahcr rtcIius, arc two!oId. n thc onc hand, thcrc Is
rtcIuss at!as, whIch mags thc wor!d and shows Its conbguratIon In Iand
and watcr masscs. !rtc!Iuss dcgIctIon o! thc wor!d ovcrruIcd aII cxistIng
tcrrtora! conccgtons and dcscrgtIons grIor to oo. n thc othcr sIdc, wc
n::d that goIyccntrIc tcrrItorIaIItIcs wcrc subsumcd In thc Orols Cnlversa|ls.
Jhc cnd rcsu!t and Its conscgucnccs wcrc !ormIdabIc !or urogcan go!ItIcaI,
cconomIc, and gnoscoIogic gro|ccts. ^nd thcy wcrc dcvastatIng !or thc rcst
of thc worId, as was bccomIng c!car by thc cnd of thc cIgltccnth ccntury.
cvcry cIvI!IzatIon or cuIturc bcgan to bc gcrccIvcd as stagnant and as fa!I-
Ing bchInd "modcrnIty, rcccdIng toward thc gast. ^t thc tImc o! rtcIIuss
Teatrum Orols Terrarum, thc Idca that gagans, InbdcIs, and thc "ncw` bar-
barIans o!"AmcrIca wcrc In thc sgacc bcyond urogc was aIrcady acccgtcd
and humanItas was bcIng dcnncd In contrast to thosc who wcrc outsIdc thc
norm, cIthcr bccausc o! cxccss or bccausc o!!ack. Cartograghy, IntcrcstIng!y
1o Cacr Ivc
CDOu_D,W88 8!tD!]IUQOt8DL8\IuUCD\U\Dc_tOCC88O!dCDD:D_ C QCI-
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8 tOD1]8O8,c8QcC8y`tc_OUWhcc W8t 8 DcB_!Ou_B\ _yq).
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_CI8_CC\VCD8\Du8C8D8 Ooscrvations on tbc Icc/iny o} tbc cauti}./ and
tbc Suo/imc |1)6q), 8IC a _tCuDCCd OD 8DICCD\D-CCDdI]\DCO!C_:C8! 8Dd
C8t\O_I8QDC888DUQOD8,8CCCtdL_\OWD:CDDC\CD!]W88KDOW!Cd_CuD-
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DC 8Q!CDdOt8 8Dd U8CtC8 D TDI8D8U Lt\C!:D8 8Dd 1DU8DuC! l8D
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d8U88Cd. D\DCL\CtD8!D8CI]C!1DtCQC,OO\DCCB\tOu\CdC DCCOBd-
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WC DOWdC8CtDC 88 `UOdCtD!UOdCIB\]. JDC Ndd!CT_C88DdPB:gu\]
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D:ZD_UC,D]LVB\:D_DCN:ddCT_C88DdPB\:gu:\].'YC8\CIBC:VZ8-
CDd:d DO\8\8tDLtCCCC,Ou\D\DCCD8:888DCC,W:DDCCUCt_CUCC O
8\Ot:C8 D8YC8CtD CV:!Z8\:OD D8d88tCd L LtCCCC; DC8C 8Ct:C8 OCC8DC
DC_CUODC\DICu_D!_Ct8!dCU:D8DCC. D8W88CDCO!\DCttCCO_DZCC
8CDCVCUCD8 8Dd8Q!CDdOt8.
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D8_QCDCd \O l1VC 8\ CIuC8! UOUCD8 O! 1utO_C8B UQCt:8l CXQ8B8OD.
LtC!u8dutB_\DCDt8\W8VC, DCbQ8D8D87CCDDCCDdt];8DCl8DCuI-
:D_DC8CCOBdW8VC, WDCDDCt8DCUQtCW88_OHLP888DCIC8d]
C _C CPtC8,88W88 t8DCC.C\DWCtC 8D!C O _8\DCtD!OIU8CBduC C
WIdC-t8D_D_ utOQC8D D8V_8OD8 8tOuDdDC WOt!d. OD C8U88CC\DC
tC8\ O!\DC WOt!d C DC DCBCD\ O!\DCt OWD `uDVCI88! 8Dt8CC: \DC U8Q
J88 LhaQ!c 1Vc
8DC 8QD8DC!!C8j Wt!!|CD CC8Ct!Q\!OD8 8!OWCd \DCD `O C8\ \DC WOIC
DC\8QDOI!C8j 8DC CQ!8CD!C8!-8Dd !O QO88C88 !!. DC 8CCUDU8\IOD O!
DC8D!D_ W88 8D 8V!C CD\CtQI!8C, Q8t8!C !O !DC 8CCuDu8IOD O! DODC 8Dd
WC8!D. D !DJ! CI8 O `Itt8!!OD8 CQ!8!CD1C CXuDCI8DCC, DO!D LI!CIU8 8DC
8D! WCtC D!DCCd O !DC CXCC88 O! IDOtD8\IOD, D \DC CD!DU8!88D O \DC
tbcatrum mundi D.ID_ !DC CjC8, !DC 8CD8C8, 8DC \DC ID8_ID8!!OD O! utOQC-
8D8, Ot WDOD ID!OID8IOD UOD 8IOUDC \DC _OOC W88 DCWj 8V8I8DC 8Dd
CD\IC!D_. ! W88 8 DC88j 8Dd 8QCDC!d WOtC DC!OIC \DCD, 8DC !DC D8C !DC
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!DC CDuDC!8\Cd, !DCj WCtC dO!D_ 8O WI!D!D !DC `!D!!8 O! !DC!t OWD 8uD|CC-
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CCCDI8CC !DC `DUDI!8 O! \DC ZCtO QO!D.' DC `DUDt!8 O \DC ZCIO QO!D\
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W!hL dcCOOBa QIO)cC!8, Oy dcCOOFai !hBKCI8. Lc!8 OOK a! aB!, D
O!h0t WOId8, DOm !h0 8dcWaK aCIO88 !hc 8!tcc! tOm WhCtc Rc 8 WaKL_.
Jic !Ctm arcbltcctonlc 8 ODc O aB!8 Kcy CODCcQ!8 aDd IcVca8 !hc aBa-
O_y W!h CdUCc8 aFd OUCF_ !ha! Ot0F! R8 OcUVtc. JiC QIOD0m W!h !hc
atCh!CC!OBC 8 DOt !hc !cIm F !8cL JRc QtOOcm 8 !ha! ! Wa8 8!a!cC a8 tbc
arcbltectonlc. Jic COFCCQ! Cd FO! cX8! amOD_ !hcOO_aF8 D !RC 8X|cCD!R
CCB!uIy. JOWcVCI, !hc a88UmQ!OD Wa8 !ha! a )c8u!, aFd !hc |c8U! OtdcI,
COuid QIOVdc !O uIOQcaB8 !hc KBOWcC_C O Wha! !Rc DCC8 aFC !hc D-
CaB8 WCIc, Fa!Utay aFC mOtay, aFC !Ru8 ! Wa8 QO88OC !O !O!ay _FOtC,
d8m88, BO! cVcF COB8d0I !hc aC! !Ra! FCa8 aDd PZ!cC8 aFC Naya8 Rad
DUi! !hIOU_h CcB!ut08 8OQh8!Ca!cd 8y8!cm8 O KBOW0d_c !R8 Cd DO!
CtO88 !RCOO_aF8 mFd8.
YR0B ! COmc8 !O 8cCuaI QhO8OQhy, aB!8 atCh!CC!OFC 8 uD!hBK8Oc
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O KDOWcd_0, Oa8cd OF !Rc 8amc mQcta cQ8!0mC a88UmQ!OF8. JRc ODy
CHCt0BCc 8 !ha! 8CCuat KBOWcC_c am1mcd !8c aFd !8 I_R! Dy C8m88-
B_ !hcOO_y L !Rc 8amc Way1cBa88aBC0 mcD O c!|cI8 CICa!cC aFC C8-
m88Cd !R0 Nddc P_c8. Du! a O !R8 IccI8 !O amJJ08 !ha! cudW!h!D !hC
8am0 8c! O a88UmQ!OB8, 8!IuC!Utc8 O 0FuDCa!OF, aDC KDOWcC_C-maKB_.
PDd WRic amC8 haV0 !Rc I_R! !O cUd, !Rcy dO FO! haVc !Rc I_R! !O
0XQCC! !ha! !hcI QIOOcm8 aIc cVcIyDOCy8 QIODcm8. amQtOQO8F_, aFC
hOQ0Dy cDaC!F_, !O dcFK IOm !hc 8y8!0m 8c! Oy !hC OuI taF!aD QuC8-
hc 1at\ct S\dc o\ \hc 1n\\gh\cnmcn\ 2Oj
\\OD8 aDC !O :caC aB! HOm !hc \Ou: CcCOOF:al quC8\:OB8. !0I0 \hCB, \8 m(
a8! mOVc.
aB! Dc_F8 !Rc D!IOCuC!OF Dy ICmFdF_ u8 !ha! !Rc OuF!aL aBC
OI_F O a KBOWcC_c 8 Qutc tca8OD aBC CXQCICFCC. hc D!IOCuC!OF !O
Gcoyrab 8 COD_IUcD! W!h !hc OUI QUC8!OF8 a8KCC F R8 Ioylc: YRa!
caB KBOW' YRa! Ou_h! \O CO' YRa! may ROQc' YRa! 8 !hc RUmaF
DCD_' Jiu8, !RC D!IOCuC!OF ay8 Ou! !RC atCh!CC!OFC O 8y8!CmC KBOW-
cC_0: !hc 8y8!cm _Oc8 tOm !RC WROC !O !RC QaI!8. mQICa KBOWcC_c 8
a Q:OCcCuIa a__IC_a!C !Ra! IOm !hC QaI!8 amOuD!8 !O !hc WROc. 1mQ1-
Ca KBOWcC_C COmC8 !O u8 !htOu_h OUI 8cF8C8. 5cF8D_ WOuC OC, !hCF, a
Qa:aC aC!V!) !O Ica8ODL_. JRC LI8! W DC dCVCOQCd D !hC Ct!QUc O
juC_mcD! |ac8!Rc!C8) aDd W OC dCVCOQcC D !Rc Ct!QUc O QU:c tCa8OF
(8CcFCc). RO8OQhy, a8 Wc KBOW HOm h8 WOIK OD Tc Contcst o}tbc Iacu/-
tlcs (;8), 8!aDd8 aDOVc a a8 !Rc V_aD! OD8CIVCI O KBOWcC_0-maKD_.
OI C0COODa !hLKcI8, !Rc 8cD8c8 (alcstbesls, ad0C!8) atc a8O OUFCa-
!OFai, aDC taB!Z aBOF !au_R! u8 mUCR aDOU! !. hC QOF! 8 DO! WRc!Rc:
aFOF CaID0d tOm aD! DcCau8c aB! COmC8 LI8! |WhcR 8 a Ba!UIaZcC
a88umQ!OF8 Ot mOdCIF 8uDcC!8). JRc QOF! 8 !Ra! aF\ aBd aBOF, a8
RumaB aBd L!c_cD! OcF_8, WCIC ICCC!F_ OB !hc1 OWF cXQcIcFCc, a8 a
Wh!c 1uIOQCaF aFC a8 a DaCK ^IO-LaIOOcaD. aF OD may haVC ICad aF!
Ou! hc Cd FO! FccC m.LcCOOFa !RFKCI8 WOud a_ICC W!R aF! a8 Wc
a8 W!h !Rc PZ!cC8 aBOFymOu8 t/amatlnl aFC !hc DCa8 amauta |`W8C maF,
F Iahua! aFd [UcCRUa-PymaIa, Ic8QCC!VCy), !ha! KBOWcC_c 8!at!8 F
aDd tOm !RC RCat\, aDd !ha! !hc mFC Ca!c_OICaJiy QIOCC88C8 WRa! !hc
h0aI! dC!a!c8. JRcy WOUC FO!C !uI!RCt !ha! !hc hcaI! 8cD8C8 DO! U8! !hC
uFVcI8a!) O humaD OcB_8 OU! a8O !Ra! !RC OOdy cc8 aCCOICF_ !O !8 O-
Ca!OF F !hC COODa ma!tX O QOWct, aBd aCCOIdD_ !O Qa!taICRa aBC ta-
Ca Rc:aICRc8. O: amautas aFC t|amatlnlmcs, KBOWCC_C OC_F8 W!h !hc
8CD8c8.` Jia! 8 WRy _cO- aDC DOCy-QO!C8 O KBOWL_ aFC 8cD8L_ 8 8O
OuDda!ODa L CcCOODOa !hDKF_. F !h8 cQ8!cuOO_y yOu aIC WhCIC
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LaI!C8aD CQ8!CmOO_y ! 8 a88UmCC !Ra! !hLYF_ 8 OCyOFd DOCy- aBC
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QOF! cQ8!cmOO_y |8CC CRaQ!ct :).
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8aJiy aHCc!CC L !hc 8amc Way. JRC COOFa ma!IX O QOWcI _tOUFCcC OF
7Cq Chagtcr vc
8 yQC O! CCODOD] dC8CtIDCd D] IDCt88 8Dd |8tXI8\8 88 `C8QI\8I8 WCD
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8I CODQCUCD C8CD O\DCt.
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t8D\ W88 hH]-WO ]C8t8 Od 8DO ID DI8 QtIDC. LU_O8DO W88 DO!D CIC8 ;,;
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Lu_O8DO8 DOd] W88 COOICd D8CK. 8D\8 W88 WDIC. t8D\ W88 DOtD 8DO
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WDIC 1UUC 8Dd t8D DOU_D D8 I WOUd DC IDQO88IDC O `CIC 8 8ID_C
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JBc \arKc: 5:d0o! tBcB|:gBtcBm0Bt lC
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D W88 t8CI8\ 8DO DCD ICU8JD W\\DJD t8D\8 CQI8CDIC dWC\JD_. h I8
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8CD8C8 8DO CXQCtICDCC8 O! QCOQC :KC Lu_O8DO. ! WC C8D OO \D8, WC C8D
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KDOWCt O 8I\ OU8IdC \DC OD8CtVCO OOD8ID 8DO, !!OD 8DOVC, DC 8DC \O OD-
8C!VC DQCtI8 OODID8\IOD 8DO COODI8 8OCICIC8, I_DOtID_ Ot OI8_UI8ID_
DC !8C D8\ lnow/cdyc ltscq ls an lntcyra/ art o}lmcrla/ roccsscs o}a-
rorlatlon. LOODI8I8D D88 DCCD D88IC8] 8D8]2CO ID \CtD8 O! CCODODIC
8Dd QOIIC8 COD\tO O! CIII\Ot] 8Dd QOQu8IOD, 88 I! DC KDOWCO_C DCD_
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8IDCC ,oo). LOODI81y (88 8DO ODCt8 D8VC 8t_UCO ID )IC Q88\ OCC8OC) I8
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88V8\IOD D]CODVCI8IOD, CIVI28IOD, QtO_IC88, 8DO OCVCOQDCD\. u\ ID OI-
OCt O UQCUCD WD8\ DC tDC\OtIC O! DOOCtDIy QIC8CDC8, I I8 DCCC888t]
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IOD \O DOdCtDIy8 88V8\IOD QIO|CC8. tDOWCd_C I8 O! \DC C88CDCC. J1U8,
COODI81y O! KDOWCO_C UC8D8 DO D8 UOOCO KDOWCO_C I8 COODI2Cd,
DU D8 UOOCtD KDOWCO_C I8 CQI8CDIC8] DQCII8 8Dd, 88 WC D8VC 8CCD
ID t8D\, OCV8UC8 8DO OI8DI88C8 CQI8CUIC dIDCtCDCC8. QI8\CDIC dIDCtCDCC8
_OC8 D8DO ID D8DO V1\D OD\OO_IC8 ODC8. `oDOW DC 8 C_IO D8 D88 8DOWD
\8CD, Ot `YD8 \t1D_ _tOC8qUCIIC8 OO \DC VCtDO8C 8DO 8udICO CODQI-
DCD\8 O! LDIDC8C COD8D
J1U8, \DIDKID_ OCCOODI8] 8DO tC8OID_ 8D dCCOODI8]UC8D8 \O OQ-
CI8C OD DC D88I8 O! _CO- 8Dd DOd]-QO1\IC8 O! KDOWCO_C aDO O 8Du \DC
_CO_t8QD] O! tC88OD.* PDO D8 I8, DOQC, WD8 8D OOID_ DCtC. OI8CD-
_8_CO !tODt8D\8 C8\C_O!IC8 O! \DOu_D 8DO 888UDQ\JOD8. I8CD_8_ID_ Ot
OCIDKJD_ dOC8D.\ DC8D D8 I I8 QO88IDC O `_C OU\ O! DOOCtD CQI8CDO-
O_] (Ot 8D DIU8C!, u]OU WI8D) 88 ODC W8K8 OU O! \DC 8uDUCt tC8Ot\
lC LD3]!CJ !JV
and goos omo, usl Iiko lal. oIInxIng oans no! !o oporalo undor Ue
samo assumplIons ovon wiIo acknowIodgIng !at modorn ca!ogoros ot
loug! aro domInanl, not ogomonIc, and In many, uno! in aII ot us,
1Is Is ono o lho probIoms lal MusIm lInkors avo boon doaIIng
tor a Iong lImo, and moro so roconlly. DoIInkIng lhon moans !o !Ink rop
lho sIloncos and absoncos producod by ImporIaI modorn opIslomoIogy and
opIslomIc prac!Icos-IIko anl's, or oxampIo. Il moans lo road Kan! ro
lo siloncos and lo exteriorlty lal o ImsoIt as producod.
Jo ounda!IonaI acls o docoIonIaI lhInkIng aro, brsl, doIInxIng and,
socond, bordor gnosIs (opIslomoIogy or ormonoulIcs). mporIaI opIslomoI-
ogy roIls ovor opIslomIc dnoroncos. Tradltion, }o/l/orc, and mytb aro somo
ot lo !orms Invonlod lo dIsmIss dInoronlIaI knowIodgo. Beversin Lo lorms
ot lo convorsa!Ion wIIl nol work, maInIy bocauso doIng so romaIns wI!hIn
lo samo ruIos ot lo gamo and pIay, yol undor intorIor condItIons. Cban-
in tbe terms o lo convorsalIon Is, Ins!oad, lho docoIonIaI pro)ocl, lhroug
bordor gnosIs and bordor/docoIonIaI linking. ocoIonIaI lhInxIng con-
sIsls, !on, In dopIoyIng In !oIr coovalnoss orms o knowIodgo and ways
o boIng lal avo boon pusod asIdo or burIod In Iho pas! In ordor lo mako
room or ,o lrIumpaI marc o modornIly. "IusIng asIdo and "burying
!o pasI aro two oporalIons o lho IogIc o coIonIaIIry, o lho InvlsIbIo,
lho darkor sIdo o modornIly-lho darkor sIdo o Kanl's Ccoraby, or !al
ma!lor.
Socond, docoIonIaI lhInkIng runs away rom lho 8 ot buIldIng a sys-
lom
.
and pulLIng logo!or an arcI!oc!onIc. Indood, docoIonIaI lhInxIng
pV:Iogos hormonoulIcs ovor opIslomoIogy. 1o oxprossIon "bordor gnosIs
and bordor opIslomoIogy aIroady indIcatos Il. In !Is r@ard, bordor gnosIs
Is "crIlIcaI. You don'! nood lo add !o word Lo dIslinguIs , or oxap o,
crIlIcaI rom lradiuonaI "!oory. For, ovon I lho word cl.temo/oy Is
maInlaInod, opIslomoIogy propor, In lho Woslorn lradIlIon, canno! bo In lho
bordor botwoon dIvorso languagos and sysloms ot lhougl (SanskrIl, IalIn,
and ArabIc). Ot courso, !o bordors bo!woon ronc and Gorman wilI no!
counl roaIIy as bordor opIslomoIogy, sinco bol aro dInoronlIaIs wI!In lho
samonoss ot lo Ianguagos !a! ombodIos opIs!omo!ogy. 8u! am | ongag-
Ing bordor lInkIng by wrI!Ing In ng!Is bo!Iovo so. 8oyond raIsIng !o
:ssuos I am raIsIng, my argumon!s aro buil! on !o sIlonco o modornIly.
And sInco bordor gnosIs prosupposos lo dIsruplIon o wal was dIsmIssod,
\c i81ct c\CC CI\\C LD1I_\CHDcD\ 2O}
dcco\orIaI lhInking and bordor gnosIs aro oI nocossIty hormonoulIca\ly pIu
|uoyc, rator tan monotopIc, *'
Ian! dIstInguIsod totwoon !ho oxlornal and IntornaI dImonsIons o!
\ow\eduo. Ey to oxlorna\ wo know to wor\d, and ty tho In\orna\ wo
man. Jus, a knowIng sutjoc\ Is toIng ormod In Kan\`s opIstomo\-
o-asutjocl that knows `trough to oorIonco wo avo o! nature and o!
man.' What !aw o onuncIalIon logItImIzos lhIs dIstInctIon An assump\on
ounIVorsaI naturo o man tal Is nono olhor tan to InvontIon oI Nan and
HumanIly and lha\ runs Irom IonaIssanco umanIsm to n!Ighlonmont
talIonalIsm. In lhal !Inoal drIvo, wIlh1n a !ImItod goo-hIstorIcal par! o! lo
wor!d-norlh o lho Nodilorranoan-an Idoa o! HumanIty and o KnowI-
cdgo was croalod as I It was good or lho ros! oI to wor!d. Kant's googra-
pny Is, on to ono hand, Ioundod on tho uropoan systom o! know!odgo
and buIIl on lo co!onIa! matrIx o powor (I.o., ho was nol roasonIng wItIn
CInoso or Quochua-^ymara IogIc, worIdvIow or wor!d sonsIng) and, on
to olor hand, dopIoyod In to s!ruc!uro o a corab. Isuc a pro)ocl,
tho dosIro lo "totaIIzo (I.o., !o gaIn and conlroI knowIodgo) Is, !rom a do-
co!onIa! poIn! o vIow, rankly not surprIsIng. ImporIa\ knowIng sutjoc!s
ooI anguIsh In lo aco oI tho possItIlIty lal loro may b< somolIng tal
oscapos thoIr lo!aII!arIan Impulso !o "know tho worId and to to!Iovo tal
!oIr know!odgo corrosponds lo whal lho world Is. Jal Is what trut and
otjoclIvIty wIlhou! parontosIs moan. Jo opIslomo!ogy oI lo zoro

poInt
(thoo- and ogo-Iogy) Is prodIcalod on otjoc!Ivlty wIlou! paronlosIs and Is,
torotoro, uavoIdab!y ImporIal. Howovor, aroud to wor!d lal Kant lo-
!a!Izod aro soVora! non-\uropoan !anguagos, concopls, opIslomo!ogIos, and
o:monoulIcs (to .so Iho Wostorn word In to samo way lho Zapa!Istas uso
"domocracy-lal Is, doco!onIa!ly alroady) lal havo no roason to toIIovo
lal loy aro in lo pasl or lal lhoy aro no Iongor sustaInab!o, allough
toro Is al lo lImo no way lo oraso Kanl`s Ceoraby n lo samo way Kanl
orasod all othor !orrIlorIal concoplualIzalIons.
Jhus, I Kanl's Ceorab aIms a! to unIvorsal, docoIonIaI tInkors aIm
al tho glotal, tha! Is, lhoy sook lo movo trough to tordors drawn ty !ho
aways-mu!atIng ImporIa! and coIonIa! dnoroncos. To lo oxlont tal Ils
advocalos altompt lo sproad Iho Idoa!s ot modornIty gIota!ly, and !o to do-
groo lhal modornIly's sysloms ot toughl aro groudod In Woslorn Ianguagos
(Grook, IalIn, IlalIan, SpanIs, Porluguoso, ronch, ng!Ish, and Gorman),
2Oo CLaIc; Fvc
DO8C 0CVOC8\C8 8LC 88CU8 C8QU8) C80_OIIC8 O \DOU_D LO _tOuLC00
IL 0LCICL 0LC UOCC) IDQCII8 8L_U8_08. ^8 8D 8LICO0, DOICCI DILKD_
8!D8 8 QUtIVCI88I\y. OICCt DIDKL_ 8LC DOICCI 0QI8\CDOO_y 8I0 DC 8L-
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QuIC mOdctFI!y" aDd !Dc C!aIF8 C! COOFIaI\ !OWatC \!c 8cat O aF-O\!ct
aFguagc, aF-C!!ct !DCugD\, aD-O\!ct Wa O! UcIDg F !Dc WOtC.
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vdcVcOQ \!I8 ICca UcOW F !ctm8 C! CVct8aI\ a8 uDIVct8a QtOjcC!). F
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(cVcD ! \!a! Ctcum8!aFCc 8 !Dc 1tcDC! cVOu!OF), a8 aF aD8!tac! uDIVct-
8a, Du! a8 a cCDFcC!Ot O! 8mat cOODa cXQctIcDcc8 IF dIHctcF\ cCODa
DI8!Otc8 (D !Dc tc8! C! !Dc Amctca8, ID A8Ia, IF A!tIca).`1umaD dIgF\
OD !!c O!Dct !aDd F!tOCuCcC !!c c\!ICa CImcD8IOF IF \!c /aQa\8!a uQtI8-
IFg \!a! buUCOmaFCaF\c NatCO8 uFdctIDcd a8 OOW8.
AII o a 8uddcn \nc rcVo!u!On !tan8Ormcd I!8c! In!O 8omc!nng c88cn!IaIIy
mOta, c!!Ica!. NOtc !!an !nc dI8!tUu!IOn O Wca!!! or \nc cXprOQta!on O
!!c mcan8 O prOduc!On, !!c rcVOu!IOn I8 UccOmIng !!c po88IUII! or carv-
IFg a 8QaCc o !uman dIgn!. lIgnI! UcCOmc8 a Vcty 8!rOng WOrd. Bu! I! I8
nO! out con!rIUu!IOn, a cOn!tIUu!IOF O !!c utUaF COmpOncn!, Uu! a cOn!tUu-
uon tom and Uy ndgcnou8 communI!Ic8. J!c Wan! !nc tcVo!u!on !O Uc
!!c Wartan! ot \nc tc8pcc! O numan dIgnI!.'
JDc cmQDa8I8 OD !Dc c!DICa QtOUcm !ctc dOc8D\ mcaF \Da! \!c cCODOmIC
Quc8!IOD Da8 DccD OtgO!|cD, \!a! aDC CaIm8, cXQOI!a\CD O! aUOt, aDC
ccCDCmc matgIDaIZa!IOF dO FO! COuD!` cmcmDct \!a\ !Ct maF Ia-
!IVc ctICaD8, aFC aFd 8QItI\uaI\ atc !WC 8ICc8 O \!c 8amc cOIF, WD1c
Ot !DO8c IVIDg \!c cFcDaD!mcD! O! mOdctIII\ aFC I8 QtIVa\c QtOQct\, a
cOmmOCI!y \!a\ gIVc8 Ou Wca\! aFC Qtc8\gc. ! 8DCuC aFC Dc uDIVct-
8aI\ !aKcF a8 QtIVa!c QtOQct\: ADC WDy 8DOud FdgcDOu8 QcOQc W!O
CccDd !Dc IFK Uc!WccF aFd aFd 8QIt!uaI! Dc 8ccD a8 atcadIC, tOmaF\Ic,
218 LhaQtct Six
out o! glacc, and out o! tImc Who Is rcgroducing colonIa!Ity of knowl-
cdgc and o! bcIng whcn such )udgmcnts arc pronounccd' 8cal!y, whcrc
do wc hnd thc warranty that thc hrst Is a modcrn or gostmodcrn cndorsc-
mcnt of truth wthout garcnIhcsIs and that thc sccond Is out o! hIstory, H
thc past, supcrscdcd JlInk about It. Icrc wc can brng cthIcs to thc !orc-
ground to rcmInd oursclvcs that Karl Marx studIcd thc logIc of cagItal to
makc not an cconomIc but an cthIca! claim about thc adulatIon oI moncy
and commodIty at thc cxgcnsc o! human li!c. WhIlc wc cou!d agrcc that
Marx was rIght, why should hIs bc thc onIy truth A non-ChrIstIan and a
non-Muslm cou!d agrcc wth many aspccts o! thc BIblc and thc Qur'an.
But why shou!d thcy bc takcn as thc only truth wIthout parcnthcsIs Or, In-
vcrscly, why to dcspIsc thcm bccausc thcy arc not sccular tcxts and do not
promotc thc scparatIo

n of "Church`' and thc Statc wthout consIdcrIng that

"Mosgucs arc not "Churchcs and that thc SIatc Is not a unIvcrsal !orm of
govcrnmcnt
Iuman dIgnIty Is somcthIng garalcl to yct dIstInct from human rIghts.
DIscoursc on human rIghts !ocuscs most!y on thc lcgal gucstIon oI rIght
whc thc Issuc of human dgnIty shIhs to thc human indIvIdua!, and rascs
thc gucstIon, "Who spcaks !or thc human In human rIghts Jlcrc Is no
InstItutIon o! "human dIgnIty watch that can rcstorc thc dIgnIty that has
bccn takcn away and contnucs to bc takcn away from bI!lIons oI gcoglc
n thc word. WhIlc human-rIghts actIvsts arc gcrformIng rcmarkablc hu-
manItarIan tasks dc!cndIng thc rIghts of athosc who arc abuscd, "dIgnIty
cannot bc dc!cndcd by nstItutIons and rcgulatIons and actors who havc not
sucrcd or arc not sucrIng thc conscgucnccs of "IndIgnIty, for to !ccl that
our dIgnIty has bccn takcn away Is to fccl that wc arc lcsscr humans. Jlc hg-
urc o! thc damncs Is morc than that o! somcom ogprcsscd or cxgloItcd-It
Is thc hgurc o! thc lcsscr human. Jlcrc Is thc Issuc o! scalc. Jlc young girl
In thc ChIapas markct, thc Muslm ntcl!cctual who rcbuts Wcstcrn clas-
sIncatIons, or thc ast AsIan who knows hc or shc has bccn classincd as
"yc!ow (whcthcr hc or shc Is gcasant or hIgh mIdd!c class In ShanghaI).
(!n)dIgnIty Is a fcclIng grovokcd by hc who controls knowlcdgc and Is In a
gosItIon to class and rank gcoplc In thc chan of humanIty. Ithc colo-
nIal matrix o! powcr such classIhcatIons arc bcstowcd on bodIcs, In a com-
bInatIon of racIsm and gatrIarchy. 8acIal c!assIhcatIons rcsgond to a modcl
of IumanIty whIch Is at oncc modclcd on thc magc o! ChrIstIan and uro-
Z88lIS\8S CDIClI8 VCNDDlIDH l1
pcan Man In rclatIon to non-urogcan. Jnd gatrarc1al cassmcatIon Is bc-
stowcd on bodIcs rankcd JrcIation to malc hctcroscxuaI\y. AIar as such
classmcatIons arc inscrIbcd n a naturalIzcd ordcr of knowlcdgc, thc colonIa!
and gatrIarchal word Is thc wound oI indIgnIty that cngcndcrcd dccolonIal
thImg and thc dccolonIal optons. Jlc ZapatIstas' thcorctIcal rcvolutIon
Is such in rclatIon grccIscly to thc Wcstcrn mgcrIa! ordcr o! knowlcdgc Ihat
was foundcd and opcratcd on thc colonIalIty of knowlcdgc and o! bcIng.
JhcorcIIcal rcvolutIon mcans hcrc a potcnt movc toward dccolonIalIty of
knowlcdgc and oI bcng, and ogcnIng toward thc dccolonIa! opton-thc
radIca! ZagatIstas' dcparIurc from thc rcorIcntaIIon oI thc Lch.
LOuDC JI8D88\OD 8U DC Z8Q8\888 ^8II8\VC
O !DC DCOIC\C8 1CVOu\OD
Lct us follow Subcomandantc Marcos's narratIvc o! hIs cncountcr wIth !d
Man AntonIo, an cncountcr In whIch 8a!acl GuIl!cn, thc MarxIst urban
Intcl!cctua!, bcgan thc proccss oI bccomIng Subcomandantc Marcos, thc
doublc translator. Jlc translator, on thc onc hand, oI loca! dIscourscs to
thc McxIcan natIon and thc world bcyond McxIco, and, on thc othcr hand,
thc translator oI Marxsm to thc local gopu!atIon-a doublc translator tha\
dIsplaccd thc modcl Implantcd by mIssIonarIcs at thc bcgInnIng of thc co-
lonIal world. MIssIonarIcs, whcthcr translatIng Irom Sgansh to ,huat!
or Qucchua, or vIcc vcrsa, ncvcr put thcmsclvcs aI rIsk. !t was clcar that
a!though translatIon could go !rom SganIsh to Iahuat! and vcc vcrsa,
translatIon was IdcologIcally always unI-dIrcctIonal. !nsIcad, translatIon
as conccIvcd and

gracIIccd by Subcomandantc Marcos was at rIsk and bI-
dIrcctIona!. 8a!acl GuI!lcn bccamc Subcomandantc Marcos at thc momcnt
n whIch hc acccptcd thc Iact that !ndIgcnous thinkcrs and polItIcal lcad-
crs would usc hm In thc samc way hc thought hc would usc thcm. Ic
rcalzcd that hIs MarxIst cosmology nccdcd to bc InIccIcd by !ndIgcnous
cosmology. Jlat IndIgcnous lcadcrs had thcIr own cquIvalcnt oI what Marx
rcgrcscntcd Ior 8aIacl GuIllcn and thc urban Intc!cctua!s who wcnt to
thc Lacandon Iorcst In thc :8os with thc hogc oI propagatIng thc Marx-
Ist rcvoIutIon. Jlc thcorctIcal rcvolutIon Is hcrc alrcady at work: thc rolc
oI thc mIssIonary (oI any mIssIonary, whcthcr ChrIstan, !slamIc, lIbcral,
Marxst) who acts In thc namc oI thc truIh to convcrt thc mIsguIdcd has
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as "othcr, Ihat "naIurc' Is somcthIng outsIdc "us, and to dcvcIop an Idca
o! jusIIcc and cguaJIIy by dcIcndIng thc "IncIusIon o! thc oIhcr JhInking
Irom To|oIabaI thcrc is no "othcr that nccds to bc incJudcd, sincc thcrc Is
no ob|cct but onJy InIcracIIng sub|ccts. And, o! coursc, in Mayan Ianguagcs
Ihcrc Is no conccpt sImJar to Ihc uropcan "nation-sIatc that is prcsup-
poscd In IcgaI and poIIIica! thcorics abouI "incIusIon' and citIzcnshIp. Hcrc
is whcrc bordcr cpIstcmoIogy comcs to thc rcscuc In rc-InscrIbIng Majan
catcgorIcs oI thoughIs in thc prcscnt to buJd pIurIvcrsaJ and dccoIonIaI m-
Iurcs. I am not suggcsting that Mayan Ianguagcs w!I rcpIacc uropcan Ian-
guagcs, Ior that would mcan doIng whaI uropcans dId (I! at a possIbIc),
buI In rcvcrsc. ! am sayIng that Ihcy havc Io cocxisI, In conhIcIIvc and Icnsc
rcIaIIons, ncccssarIy, bccausc o! hvc hundrcd ycars o! powcr dIncrcntiaJ.
Jlc cycIc, durIng whIch Mayan Ianguagcs wcrc takcn as InIcrIor Io uro-
pcan Ianguagcs, is coming to an cnd, and Mayan schoIars and intclIcctuaIs
know it." n thc oIhcr hand, SpanIsh and oIhcr uropcan Ianguagcs havc
bccn thcrc and Ihcy wurcmaIn, but no Iongcr as thc masIcrs Ianguagc.
Wc arc now In a positIon to bcItcr undcrsIand what thc young gIrIs dIc-
Ium, "Jlc ZapaIIstas rcturncd human dIgniIy to us,' may mcan, and cr-
haps wc could makc an cdort to undcrstand thc dIctum !rom a Mayan pcr-
spcctIvc. Jlc dIctum Is, Indccd, a dccoIoniaJ cthicaI cIaim that ImpIngcs
on thc Zapatstas rcworkng oI thc idca oI "dcmocracy (c.g., dccoIonizIng
dcmocracy).
Sounds sIrangc, docsnI it !t Is Ikc brIngIng back alI thosc bcIIcIs that
havc bccn discardcd In thc namc oI "rcason,' o! scIcncc and knowIcdgc,
Irom bacon, DcscarIcs, and KanI to ArIsIotJc, untII Ioday. Indccd, how can
onc conccIvc dcmocracy bcyond Ihc !oundaIIon oI Ihc "poIItIcaI propcr
(scc bcIow Ior a dIscussIon oI IhIs conccpt) In Grcccc, rchcarscd and rccast
by thc phJosophcrs oI Ihc urocan nIIghtcnmcnI, Kant among thcm
Iow can onc ImagInc "dcmocracy Irom a Jo|oIabaI pcrspcctivc, a pcr-
spcctivc that has bccn and conIInucs Io bc cnacIcd by thc ZapatisIas But
thIs Is prccIscIy whaI IndIgcnous natIons In boIIvIa and cuador arc cIaim-
Ing. JlcIr cIaIms havc Iorccd Important changcs In thc constItutIon o! both
countrics. CcrtaInIy, thcrc is no trcatisc on govcrnmcnI writIcn by thc Za-
paIIstas, not arc thcrc IcgaIlphIIosophIca! spcculatIons about cosmopoIItan-
Ism and univcrsa! pcacc, as thcrc wcrc In Gcrmany, Irancc, and ngIand
ancr thc rcIIgious war and thc Fcacc o! Wcstpha!Ia. But thcrc is a princIpIc
Z8Q8\IS13S DCC1c\IC8l CVCU\ICD llj
among thc ZapatisIas, a prIncIplc \hat comcs Irom AmcrIndIan wIsdom and
Is cngraIncd both In thc nIcrsubjcc\Ivc strucIurc oI Ianguagc and thc cor-
rcspondIng conccption oI sociaI rcIations. JlIs principIc rcads In SpanIsh.
"Mandar obcdccicndo, whIch couId bc \ransIatcd inIo ngIish as "Jo ru!c
and obcy aI thc samc tImc Jhc poIIIIca! prIncIpIc Is aIso ingrancd n Ihc
!ogc o! Mayan Ianguagcs. IasI but not Icast, thc gucstIon Is no\ Io choosc
whcthcr or not thc transIormaIIon o! thc currcnt sIa\c in boIivia and c-
uador (by thc rc-InscriptIon o! indIgcnous Iaws and socio-cconomic orga-
nIzaIIon) Is prc!crabIc to thc ZapaIIstas dccIsIon \o walk thc road paralIcI
to thc Mcxcan staIcs. Jlcy (cuador, boIivia, ChIapas) arc a dccoIoniaI
opIIons, a!though dIdcrcnt vcrsIons o! I\. Prctcnding lhaI onc Is prc!crabIc
to thc oIhcr wouId bc too "modcrn and would pIacc us on thc road to truIh
Ithout parcnIhcsis, which Is not a dccoIonIaI option.
Jhcrc is a IctIcr sIgncd by thc zN, datcd z Icbruary 1QQ, Iha\ was
scnt to alI Mcxicans and journa!IsIs In Mcxico and across thc wor!d. Jhc
IitJc o! thc IctIcr was "Mandar obcdccIcndo IcI mc guotc Iwo paragraphs
Irom that IcItcr.
Whcn thc ZJUwas onIy a shadcw crccping lc\wccn lhc`Iog and darkncss
o lhc mountain, whcn t!c wcrds ]usticc, rccdom and dcmocracy wcrc ]ust
wcrds, mcrcIy a drcam lhat cIdcrs c our ccmmunitics, lhc rcaI custodians
c! \hc words o cur anccstcrs, had givcn us at lhc momcnt Ihcy givc way \o
night, whcn hatrcd and dcat! wcrc lcginnlng to grow in our hcarIs, whcn
I!crc was onIy dcspair. Whcn lhc timcs lurncd lack ovcr lhcir own scIvcs,
wit! no way cut . . . \!c aulhcnlIc mcn talkcd, lhc accIcss, lhc cncs who wali
thc night, lhcsc who arc mountain, sc lhcy said.
It is lhc wIl c good mcn and wcmcn tc scarch and tc nd Ihc lcst way
tc gcvcrn and scI-govcrn, what is gccd or mcst is good or alI. bu\ not tc
silcncc thc vciccs o lhc cw, rathcr cr lhcm to rcmain in lhcir pIacc, hcp-
ing that mind and hcart wil! comc togc\!cr U lhc wII o Ihc most and lhc
inspiraIicn o lhc !cw, lhus thc naticns composcd c rca! mcn and womcn
grcvn inward and grcvn lig, sc lhat lhcrc ccuId \c nc cxtcrio: crcc ca-
palIc c! brcaking t!cm cr o dcvIaIing lhcir stcps toward dicrcnt roads . . . .
In lhis way our strcnglh was \orn in \hc mcuntain, whc:c Ihc ruIcr olcys,
whcn shc cr hc is unqucstiona\Ic, and t!c onc whc olcys ccmmand wilh thc
ccmmcn !cart c lhc gcnuinc mcn and womcn. Anothcr word camc !rom ar
2jC Cbagtcr 5x
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whichisthccascIorthcCrcolcand(nco)!lbcralStaIcoIBolivia.Iaradoxi
ca!ly, nco-libcral and Marxist intc!Icctuals in Bo!ivia a!ikc, as wcl! as Ihc
NGO5, kccgworkinto "brcakug (with bad or oodintcntions) asocia
oranizatior thaI thcy scclcadin to a dcmocratic or socialist statc. Jnc
dccolonialogtion (thc lcacicsoIthc BandunConIcrcncc) is not sccn or
considcrcd bycithcr lcacics, !lbcral or Marxist. nly Iurogcan !cacics,
dcmocracyand socialism, arc grcscnt.Jhc"golitica!grogcrhcrc shalbc
idcntincdasthc"dicrcnccIhatthcAymaragcoglcwcrcab!ctomaintain
Iornvc hundrcd ycars-a dm crcnccthattodayis makin amovc Iorward
withIhc Zagatistas ugrisin, garalclcdby indicnous movcmcnts in Ic-
uador, Colombia, GuaIcmala, andoIhcr statcs oIMcxico. Jhc Zagatistas'
thcotcticalrcvo!ution

isthccgistcmicIramcthatindicnouscommuniIics
wcrc unab!c to nnd in cithcr thc !ibctal otthcMarxist Iurogcan lcacics
roundcdinancicntGrcccc.
Indcrthcsccircumstanccs,!crscxg!otc"dcmoctacy a!lt|lcbitIurthcr.
AnctthcZagatistas,thc"oriinal mcaninoIdcmocracy(!tomits Grcck
roots to its Iurogcan Inlihtcnmcnt rchcarsa!) is no!oncr "oriinal or
"authcnIic,thatistosay,it lost its oriinalityand authcnticity. !ngara!Ic!
Iashion thc ayl!utoday also losI its oriinalityand authcnticity. Butthcy
bothgcrsist,"thcIotmsIatc and"thc!ormayl!u`Iurfhcrmorc,thccon-
ccgt did not travcl Irom Grcccc to InlihtcnmcnI Iurogcto Ihc Sganish
colonics.JhcwordisgartoIthcdctou(sccchagtcr;) thathistorytookin
thcchronoloical!incIromGrcccctoIurogc:thccolonialdctour.Jhus,thc
idca oIdcmocracyin cnlihtcncdIutogc was inttoduccd!ookintoward
thcIast (Grcccc) andwiththcbacktowatdthcVcst(Iurogcancolonicsin
SouthAmcricaandthcCaribbcan).Jhcword,thcn,docsn'tbc!onanymorc
to any communityorciviIizationthaIowns thc riht!orits imgosition or
cxgortation,buIissharcdbyal!IhoscgcoglcaroundthcwotIdwhocarc!or
cguityandsocialjusticc,garticularlythoscwho havc bccnand sti!l arcvic-
tims oIIn|usticcs andincguitics. Howcvcr, thc bc!lcIrcmainsthatdcmoc-
racyisaGrcckInvcntion,rchcarscddurinthcInlihtcnmcnt,modiLcdby
itssocialistvctsion,thatVcsIcrnmodcrnityholdsthcgrogcttyrihts,and
thatitshal!bccxgortcda!lovcrthcglanct.isbclicvcdandasscrtcdthat
"dcmocracy shallbcbui!taccordintothatconccgtuallzation.Jogucstion
thismacro-natrativcoI"dcmocracy(wtittcnIromthcgcrsgcctivcoIVcst-
crncivilizatlon andmodcrnity)andtoogcnncwavcnucstoimaincdcm-
ZaQa\\stas DcOtctica! VcVo!u\On 2jj
ocraticIuturcs is grccisclywhatthc Zaga\istas' thcorcticalrcvolution has
achicvcd. Andthcyhavc achicvcdthisbygostula\in anothcrbcinnin,
tncbcinninoImcmodcrn|colonialworldandthcmakino!thccolonial
dicrcncc. Jhc Zagatistas thcorctical rcvolution idcntincd anothcrIoun-
dation (!ikc Grcccc Ior Vcstcrn civillzation ot thc Ioran Ior thc Is!amic
world) Iotbuildinmacto-narrativcsIromthcgcrsgcctivc oIcolonialit;:
"Mandarobcdccicndoisagrincig!croundcdwlthinanintcrsubjcctivc
structutc oI thc Jojolabal lanuac, alanuac in which nciIhcr "naturc
northcothcr canbc conccgIualizcdasobjccts. r bcttcryct,alanuac
inwhich thcrc is not, bccausc it is unIhinkablc, "naturc and "othcrs as
wcl!asnaturc asothcr. SomcJojolabalthinkcrsorintc!lcctua!s, aswcI!as
ancicntGtccksorcihtccnth-ccnturyIurogcanghilosoghcrs,havc ascnsc
oIsocial oranizationIor thc commonood. IdonotwanttoidcalizcJo-
jolabalsdcmocraticconccgtionoI"to ru!c and obcyat thc samctimc. But
!do notwant to idcalizcorromanticizc Grcckand Iurogcan conccgts o!
``dcmocracy" and"socia!ism cithcr-two notionsthatbccamcabstracIuni-
vcrsalandcomganions o!thcglanctarycxgansion oIcagi\alism. Ido bc-
!icvc, howcvcr, thatthctc arcgcoglc("non-libcra!honcstcog!c, as ]ohn
Rawlswould!ikctosay)allovcrthcg!anctwhocancntcrtainadialoucoI
cgualswith!ibcralnotionso!dcmocracyandMarxistnotionsoIsociallsm.``
Amonthoscgcog!carcthcZagatistas-IndianslIkcMayorAnaMariaand
Comandantc Jacho, or mcstizos !ikc Subcomandantc Marcos-whohavc
bccnmakingo!iticalandcthica!claimstoundcdinncwcgistcmo!oical
grinciglcs dcrivcd Irom a doublc translation. Jlat is, Mayan cosmoloy
into Marxism,andMarxistcosmo!oyintoMayan.
Vcarcbackto doublctranslation,which isstilldimculttoundctstand,
cvcn byan cnlihtcncd Ircnch scholar !Ikc Yvon Ic Bot, who was Iotal!y
suggortivcoIthcZagatlstasandcomg!ctclyblindtothccolonia!dicrcncc.
Ic Botintcrvicwcd thclcadcrsoIthc Zagatistas' ugrisin (MayorMoiscs,
Comandantc Jacho, Subcomandantc Marcos), but did not Icc! com!ort-
ablc with thc conccgt oI"dcmocracy introduccd in thc lcttct sincd by
thczN thatIguotcdat!cnthand commcntcd on.IcBotocrcdinthc
introduction to thc sctics oIintcrvicws a dcnnition oI"dcmocracy that
SubcomandantcMarcos hadgublishcdinIa )ornada Dcccmbcr().
IorIc Bot, this is a"bcttcr dcnnition oIdcmocracy, lcssgoctic,gcrhags
morcsimglisticbutmorcsatisIactoty [slc!].' Andhcrcitis.
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0UUCt, OI D C|O0O0 0Dd bQ0DI8h, 08 D IDC C08C O! DC Z0Q0I808 CC-
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HinRc!ammcr!s, G!issanIs, and Inc ZapaIisIas cxpcticnccs o Ibc co!onia!
diHcrcncc. dwc!in in Inc bordcrs, inbabiIin Inc nousc o modcrniI|co-
!onia!iIy-Ibc sma! scnza!a ncxI Io Inc casa tandc, o!own GibctIo
!rctcs IiI!c ot nis c!assic booR on Ibc bisIor o s!aVcr and Aticans in
brazi!. ' II is a!so in Ibc cxgcricncc o Ibc co!onia! didcrcncc on wnicb tn-
riguc Iussc! bascd nis cInic o !ibcraIion (or wbom Inc ZagaIisIas as wc! as
Ibc Naa-Quicnc ac!iVsI ViobcrIa Ncncb arc paradimaIic cxamp!cs).
J1is is a bricn o Ibc dcco!onia! opIions IncorcIica! sccnario. II opcns
ug ncw aVcnucs or concciV: dcco!onia! dcmocra!iclsociaisI gro|ccIs,
dcco!onia! sub|ccIs InaI rc-apgrogriaIc Incir sIo!cn diniIy and rc!ocaIc
numan tinIs as Ibcir own dcco!onia! gto|cc! Io rc!catn diniIy, sIcmmin
rom Inc inIcrioriIy o!oca! nisIorics Img!cmcn!in !oba! dcsins. JnaI is
Io sa, numan tinIs was noI a gro|ccI InaI cmcrcd in bo!iVia ot tIbiopia
buIrom Inc rinIs o Ibc pcog!c in Inc sixIccnIn ccnIur Io Inc \niVctsa!
Occ!araIion o Iuman VinIs, : Iq8iI was a!was an imgctia! pro|ccI
sIcmm: rom Inc mora! imgctia! sccIor.
JC ZaQalI8a8 JCOI0lIC8 10VOu!IOD:
CCO!ODI8 LQ!IOD8, LODDuD8 u!uIC8
Wi!n Ibcsc cauIions in mind, !cIs cxg!orc Ibc ZagaIisIas IncorcIica! dis-
coursc in rc!aIion Io wnaI Iannab AtcndI (:q) and Giorio Aambcn
(:) idcnIicd as Ibc urc o Inc rcucc and inVcsIiaIc wbaI nc!p Ibc
dcco!onia! ogIIon can odcr Io criIica! and disscnIin turogcan Vcws o a
grob!cm InaI is c!oscr Io Incm (Inc urc o Inc tcucc) Inan, sa, Io Cnina
or Inc Catibbcan socicIics. n Inc otnct band, i Ibc rcucc is a !oba!
grob!cm, iIs so!uIion ma noI bc uniVcrsa. Jncrc atc so man !oba! ptob-
!cms InaI Ibc atc noI, naIura!! so, on Ibc tutopcan (mcanin, WcsIctn tu-
rogcan) radar. J1c rcucc, Aambcn sIaIcs, is pcrnags tnc on IninRab!c
urc ot Ibc pcog!c o our !imc and Inc on! caIcot in wbicn onc ma
scc Iodaa! !casI unI Inc proccss o disso!uIion o Inc naIion-sIaIc and iIs
soVcrcinIy nas acnicVcd m comg!cIion-Inc orms and !miIs o a cominy
o|ltlca| communlty'' Hc ocs on Io sucsI, I is cVcn possib!c tnaI, uwc
wanI Io bc cgua! Io Inc abso!uIc! ncw IasRs abcad, wc w naVc Io abandon
dccidcd!, wiIbouI tcsctVc, Ibc undamcnta! conccgIs Inroun wnIcn wc
naVc so at rcgrcscnIcd Inc sub|ccIs o Ibc po!iIica! Nan, Ibc CiIizcn and iIs
tinIs, buI aso Inc soVcrcin, gcop!c, Inc workcr, and so orn.'
ZaQat\s\as co:c\\ca1 VcVoIut\on }j]
II sccms obVious tbaI Inc ctisis o Ibc naIion-statc brins IocInct Ibc
ctisis o its major sjmboIs. Jhat is, tbc compiciIy bctwccn ciIizcn, man, and
1uman rinIs. Lnc o tbc conscqucnccs o Ibc crisis is tbat Ibc conditions
o cIizcnsbip and Inc conccgts o Nan and o buman tibts can no !onct
oc Iakcn or tanIcd. Jbc Vct conccpt o tinIs o Ibc pcog!c in Ibc sx-
IccnIb ccnIut, toundcd In a tcnaissancc man IbaI was stI! Vaid In Inc
cibIccnIb ccnIur, btoubI to IbI Ibc nccd or IntctnaIiona! conViVIaiIy.
1c ciIizcn and Ibc otcinct bccamc ccnIra! urcs o Ibc naIion-staIc (onc
in, Inc oInct out) undcr wbicn turogc oranizcd itsc as turopc, oVctcom-
in iIs gasI as WcsIcrn CbrIstcndom. J1c utc o Ibc rcucc apgcars In
turogc, Indccd, a|ct Inc tst sjmpIom o tnc btcakdown o Inc naIion-
sIaIc and, o coursc, o iIs maIn urc, Inc ciIzcn. J1c rst agpcatancc o
Inc tcucc as a mass gbcnomcnon, sas Aambcn, IooR pacc aI Ibc cnd o
tnc !itsI Wotd WatInc rsI crisis o turogcan WcsIctn counItics in tcaI
parI motiVaIcd b Incir parIiIion and agptoptiaIion o tnc g!ancI, at tnaI
poinI Arica. Hc urIbcr cabotatcs on Inc atumcnI inItoduccd b Iannab
ArcndI in ncr book on toIa!iIatianism, gatIicuar in tnc cnagIcr IiIcd
Jnc Iccinc o Iation-SIaIc and Ibc tnd o Ibc VibI| o Nan.'' J1csc
nisIorica tccrcnccs a!ows Aambcn Io makc a sIton IncorcIica moVc
and ptoposc tnaI Ibc tcucc sboud bc considcrcd ot wnaI bc is, namc!,
noIbIn !css Inan a !ImiI-conccpI InaI a! oncc btins a tadIca! ctisis to Inc
ptIncig!cs o tnc naIion-sIaIc and ccats Ibc wa ot a rcncwa! o caIcorics
tnaI can no !onct bc dcacd."
A ncw cbagtct was opcncd up, sbort ahct Ibc ZapatisIa uprisin and
!bc IorIb Amctican !rcc Jradc ArccmcnI (Iq), b Inc sIton caims in
Bo!iVia and tcuador tnaI wctc a!rcad inscribcd in Inc ncw consIiIutions
in boIb counItics, Ioward tnc consttuction o gurInationa statcs. Jbis is a
radica! cbanc In poIIica! Ibcot, a sn| in Ibc cogoitics o known maI
unVcis Inc acI IbaI Ibc modctn naIion-sIaIc [crcaIcd in tutopc) transatcd
InIo Inc co!onics [BoIVia or India) as modctn!co!onia! staIcs. Jbc mod-
crn!coonia sIatc in mosI o tnc word bas Inis pccuiariIy. InaI !oca c!iIcs,
rcgrcscntin onc naIon o Inc samc anuac, tc!iions, and conVicIions,
Iakc contro o Ibc sIaIc and matinaIzc oIbcr naIions spcakIn oIbct Ian-
acs and no!din oInct bcIc ssIcms. Jbc caim ot gurinaIiona! staIcs
.adc ccar Ibat Ibc modctn naIion-staIc is mono-nationa!.' Atcnd\ and
Aambcn atc acin ctucia issucs in turopc, and iI is bccomin agparc-I
in Ibc niIcd SIaIcs wbcrc iI is cstimaIcd InaI b 2OjO gcop!c o co!or W
LUaQIct oD
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oIcapitaIism, coIoniaIbccauschcis"ycIIow HiswasaIrcadyadcwcstcrn-
iznstancc.AsIsaidinchaptcrI, IamnotsayinthaIdcwcstcrnizationis
tobcpromotcd. Isaytatit|ustis.!naworIdordcrmanacdnowbytc
G8, iIcouIdbcsaidoIhm that'>c tcnothin. . . wc arcaII,aainstothcrs
whostandonIyIortcirparticuIarpriviIccdIntcrcst.
Zizckmakcs asimilarmovc wcnhc insists "ontc potcntiaI odcm-
ocraticpoIitization as thctrucuropcanIcacyIrom ancicnt Grcccc on-
wards' But tcrc is a rcmarkabIc dihcrcncc bctwccn ZizckandIcc, oI
coursc.Zizckproposcsarcturnto"hispastinvicwoIatransIormativcIu-
turc,whilcIccputstcacccntonprcscrvin"his pastandto rc-Inscribn
itintoIhcuturc ina"dcwcstcrnizin Iashion.Insum,ZizckisproposIn
rcwcstcrnizaIionIromtcLchwhilcLccisproposIndcwcstcrnizationrom
ZaQal\s\as cOtctca\ 1cVCIulICD 2}
tc Rit. Jlc dihcrcncc is that Zizckis opcratIn on thc dlvcrsc bomo-
cncit oIWcstcrn cosmoIoy (wic hIs wththc dvcrsc pro|ccts oIrc-
Ycstcrnization), whiIc Lcc asto dca!withtc rc-inscription oa non-
wcstcrn past into a uturc tat carrics tcIraccs othc Wcstcrn prcscnt.
LcchastodcaIwthracismInscribcdInbothImpcriaIand coIoniaIdihcr-
cnccs,Zzckhas not (andpcrapshc is not cvcn awarc oIthcm),orcis
"onthis sidc''oItcIcncc,ontcsidcoIthcumanitas.Howcvcr,wouIdnt
it bc possibIc to imanc atransIormativcuturc Iromthc vcrypast that
Icc proposcsto prcscrvc Accordin toZizcks arumcnt,this wou!d noI
bc possibIc bccausc tc poIiticaI propcr has bccn copoIitica!ly IInkcdto
Grcccc andappropriatcd as "turopcan Icacy Andtc onIyprorcssivc
possibIcrc-InscriptionwouIdbctatothctraditionoImodcrnitycxtcndcd
tothc rc-inscriptionoIN!adimirLcnin.Iow, LcnnandIccmaybccIoscr
tocachothcrtanoncwouIdimancathrstsiht.Icnintookinhishands
tc projcctoIWcstcmizationinitiatcdbyFctcr and CathcrIncthc Grcats,
ccrIain!ywithadihcrcntcontcnt(sociaIism),butwithasimIIarIoic.Wat
Lcc has introduccd, and hcrc caII dcwcstcrnization, is to brcak out with
thcmonocuIturcs oIthcmindaccordintowich thcuturc oItcworId
rcstsonGrcckIcacics(tc"tructuropcanIcacy''IorZiz~k)appropriatcd
cithcrbythcRihtorthcIch.
As thcastutc rcadcrmayhavcmaincd,itisnotmyintcntionIo advo-
catcIorIcc`spositionovcrZzcks. Rathcr,Iamtryinto showhowmuc
Zizck's andIccs positions arccntanIcd.Zizckhas hisownIocaIhistorics
(is past, is tradition) and rcIcrcnccs to ancor is arumcnt (ancicnt
Grcck thouht, and Iatcr Lcnin). Ior Lcc, ncitcr Grcck phIIosophy nor
Lcnin is oImuc rcIcvancc, onc docs not scc wy tcy shouId bc. Con-
Iucius is cIoscto Lccs homc. Jc rcoricntation oItcLchdocsn't trow
away Marxsm bccausc, ontcway, Marxsm cncountcrcd StaIin So, onc
souIdnotdismissthcIcitimacyoIdcwcstcrnizinoptionswhcnrcwcst-
crnizationandthcrcoricntationothcIcharc compctinIorIhcirrihtto
ruIcthcworIdbascdonGrcckIcacics.
JlcZapatistas'dictum"Bccauscwcarca!cguaI,wcavcthcrihItothc
dihcrcncc opcnsanoIhcrvcnuctothinkaboutthccthicaIandtcoIiticaI
propcrinimaininpossibIc Iuturcs, and it brins us backto dccoIoniz-
inthcimpcria!human (dchncdbycommonaIiticswthtcimpcriaIHu-
man rathcr thanby dihcrcnccs wth coIoniaI anIhropos). Jc riht to bc

24 LhayIctoJX
didcrcnt Ihc ZapaIistas arc caiming is thc didcrcncc cIaimcd by Ihc po-
IiIicaI socicty, whc mcuador and boIiva simar cIaims havc bccn ar-
ticuatcd in thc indigcnous cnorIs Io rcoricnI Ihc mono-naIionaI into a
pIurinaIional statc. To movc "didcrcncc at Ihc Icvc oI thc sIaIc mcans aso
Io inIroducc thc distinction bcIwccn civ and poIiIica socicty` At thc
IcvcI oI Ihc civ socicty wc cncountcr rc!orm and diaogic ncgotiaIion, as
Zizck himscI! w havc it. At Ihc Icvc o! thc poIiIicaI socicty wc cncounIcr
struggIc and dcmands Ior participation in managcriaI trans!ormaIion, as
thc ZapatisIas and !ndians poIiticaI pro|ccI havc it. Jhc ZapatisIas goaI is
noI Io takc conIroI o! thc sIaIc (Ikc in thc Cuban IcvoIuIion), not cvcn Io
conIcnd !or ccctions (hcncc, thc divcrgcncc bcIwccn Zapatismo and thc
Movimicnto al Sociaismo, Icad by vo Moracs in boIiva), but to partici-
patc in opcning up Ihc spacc Ior thc poIiticaI socicty. And wc can ccrtanIy
agrcc wIh Zizcks dchniIion o! Ihc poIiIica, aIhough not .cccssary in iIs
gcopoIiIics. Jhat is, ancicnt Grcccc and thc uropcan Icgacy! is prcciscIy
aI Ihc IcvcI o! Ihc poIiIicaI socicty that Ihc sccond ZapatisIas dicIum, "Jo
ruIc and to obcy at thc samc timc, is thc ncccssary coroIIary oI Ihc hrst
("Jhc right to bc didcrcnI bccausc wc arc aII cguaI).
Jhcrc arc, Ihcn, two issucs that nccd Io bc cIarihcd. Jhc hrsI issuc is
Ihc conccpIion oI thc "poIiIicaI propcr in Ioca hisIorics whcrc impcriaI
didcrcnccs prcdominatc. Jhat mcans, sIatcs Iikc Iussia or China in Ihc
sphcrc oI intcrnationaI rcIations and oI Ihc conscgucnccs oI gIoba racism.
Jhc impcriaI didcrcncc is thc connccIor o! "didcrcnccs bcIwccn impcria
counIrics U thc Wcst whcrc thc conccption oI thc poIitica propcr origi-
natcd and civiIizations IhaI coudnI bc coIonizcd (Iikc thc Iussian Tzaratc
convcrIcd into Iussian mpirc and Ihcn Sovict lnion) or thc Chincsc Oy-
nastics. Jhcsc civizations wcrc not coIonizcd Iikc A!rica or Amcrica, but
thcy bccamc inIcrior in Ihc cycs oI thc Wcst-thc hrst Ior havng a CyriIic
aIphabct, rthodox Christianity, and SIavic cthnicity, thc sccond !or bcing
ycIIow and dwcIIing in a milIcnarian mcory oIdcr than Grcccc and indc-
pcndcnt o! iI. II is basicaIIy a "'orth Atlantic Icgacy, para!cI to Ihc history
oI capitaIism unIiI Ihc cnd o! Ihc twcnticth ccnIury (i.c., bc!orc capiIaIism
bcgan Io Iocatc itscII in Asia, and no Iongcr using Asia as a sourcc o! natura
rcsourccs and a pIacc Io coIonizc Irom aIar). is mthis paricuar IocaI his-
tory that Zizcks argumcnt sha! bc undcrstood. OcwcstcrnizaIion opcratcs
in thc sphcrc o! impcriaI didcrcnccs (whcrc intcrnationa rcIaIions maItcr
most and Ihc cconomy and thc sIatc havc ccntraI roIcs) .
ZaQaIIs\as cCtcIIca1cVCuIICn 2A
Jhc sccond issuc is thc conccpIion oI Ihc poIiIica mIhc IocaI hisIorics
o! thc coIoniaI dincrcnccs. Jhc "poIitica propcr in thc conhctivc makng
o! thc coIoniaI didcrcncc docsnt havc iIs origin in Grcccc. r uit docs, it is
in thc discoursc oI thc coIonizcrs who groundcd thcscIvcs in thc Grcco-
Ioman tradiIion Io |ustify coIonization. Jhc "poIitica propcr in Ihc coIo-
niaI dincrcncc appcars "!or thc hrsI Iimc (! am using Zizcks cxprcssions
in guoIation marks) in Ihc Caribbcan, in /huac, and in Tawantinsuyu.
At IhaI momcnt, "wc-Ihc nothing wcrc thosc Ich ouI o! Ihc !ramc o! Grcck
and Christian-uropcan Icgacy, and thosc who had to hgurc out how to
dcaI wIh a poIiticaI ordcr that was bcing imposcd on thcir own conccpIion
oI Ihc organizaIion oI thc socia. 'aIuraIIy, Ior "wc-thc noIhing, Grcccc
may vcry wc bc thc cradIc oI uropcan Icgacy, but IhaI "wc docs not havc
much to do with iI. brichy, "wc-thc nothing wcrc Ihosc who wcrc spokcn
oI by "good Spanish humanists (Iikc baroIomc dc Ias Casas and Irancisco
dc ViIoria), but whosc voiccs wcrc supprcsscd by Ihc coIonia didcrcncc
buiI on Ihc Grcck and ChrisIian-uropcan traditions. Ior cxampIc, Guaman
Ioma dc AyaIa, mJawanIinsuyu, who wroIc a poIiticaI trcatisc titIcd Nueva
coronica ouen yooierno ('cw Chronicc and Good Govcrnmcnt), which
was wriItcn bcIwccn th+ cnd oI Ihc sIxIccnth ccntury and Ihc bcginning
o! Ihc scvcntccnth, buI prinIcd Ior thc hrst timc m ]6. Ior Aymaras
and Qucchuas intcIIccIuas and poIiIica hgurcs, Grcck Ihinkcrs do noI
havc much Io oncr Io thc consIiIuIion buIIding oI a pIurinationaI statc. buI
Guaman Ioma docs. Jhc "poIiticaI propcr Ior a dccoIonia Ihinkcr has its
IounIain not mGrcccc but in thc anti-coIonia and dccoIoniaI (mthis casc
Guaman Foma) rcsponscs to thc impcriaI dcsigns o! Grcck Icgacics in thc
pcns and minds oI Spanish mcn o!IcItcrs.
Jhcrc is, thcn, Ior dccoIoniaI Ihinkcrs in Amcrica a Icgacy simiar Io Ihc
Icgacics that uropcan thinkcrs hnd mGrcccc. bvousIy, Ccntra or ast-
crn Asian intccctuaIs W h:\d thcir own Icgacics Io cngagc thc "poIiIicaI
propcr lnIcss, howcvcr, wc assumc IhaI onIy thc Grccks arc thc sourccs o!
Ihc poIiticaI propcr. is aIso wIhin thc Icgacy o! poIiticaI struggIcs !ramcd
by thc coIonia didcrcncc Ihat nriguc DusscI was abIc to postuIaIc a dis-
tincIion bcIwccn cthics oI discoursc an

cthics o! Ibcration. Jhc pro|ccI
oI cIhics o! discoursc (AppIc, Habcrmas) mcans incIusion and rc!orm,
in DusscIs words. is diaIogic ncgoIiation and dcpoIitizaIion, in Zizcks
words. thics oI IibcraIion is trans!ormaIion groundcd in a phiosophi-
caI discoursc Ihat gucsIions thc !act IhaI mIhc poIitics oI incIusion and
zO LhaQ!ctoD
tCCO_DIIOD D8 I8 CU uDQuC8\IODCC I8 \DC VCt\ Q8CC ID 8DC ItOUWDICD
IDCu8IOD I8 DID_ QtOQC8C. J1O8C WDO Q!OQO8C IDCu8IOD CC DO tCHCC\
CtI\IC8] CD \D I8C \D8\ \DC8C WDO 8tC WCCOUCC O D :ICuCCC U8] DO!
DCCC888t:] W8D C Q8] \D _8U _CDCtOu8] OHCtCC D] DO8C WDC OQD
DCIt 8tU8 O D IDCu8ICD OI D CIHCtCDC. J1I8 I8 lDC I88u 8 8\8KC, ID U}
uDCCt88DC:I_, ID C |W8D `W8 ID8I8CDCC OD \DC 88\CtD 8DC YC8CtD
W8] CI COID_ D:I_8. YC U8] DO 8_tCC WID DC W8] ID WDICD CC !t8UC8
DC I88uC, Du WC 8DOuC DO OVCtCOK \D8\ Dt I8 8D I88uC ID WDICD D IU
QCtI8 CIHtCDC8 [C._., OC8] CIHtCDC8 WID:I C8QI\8I8 888; ]C8CtC8]
CIHCtCDC8 DC\WCD Y8lCtD CIVII78IOD8 8DC CIYII78\IOD8 D8 COuCD D
CCCDI7CC) 8DC CCODI8 CICtCDCC8 [C._., Ct8CC :I t8\IOD O CIVJI78ICD8
8DC QCQC \D8 WCtC COODI7C) COU \O_ClDt ID Vt] ID\Ct8\ID_ W8]8.
J1C Z8Q8\I888 \DCt
_
IC8 tCVCu\IOD U8] QtOVC C DC OI D C88CDC O _C\
Ou\ CI \DC VICIOu8 CItC 8C8U:I_ I!CU \DC OC8 DI8Ot] OI u!CQC, CI\DCt
D] tC8CDID_ D8CK \O [tCK C_8CI8 Ot !O lDC 8DCt\ DI8\Ot] OI DC utOQ8D
QO8-DI_D\CDUD\ [C._., tC\C8\8D\ C\DIC8, WDIDC88, 8DC 8CCu8tI78IOD).
LO8ID_ 10D8tK8
J1C Z8Q8\I888 DCOt\IC8 tVCu\IOD 8DC I!8 CDIC8 8DC QOIIC8 COD
8QuCDC8 8u__8! D8 !DC \IU D88 COU C CCK 8tCuDC, DC]ODC utO
Q8D C_8CI8 [[tC Ot lD DI_D\CDUD), 88 8DCD 8u__C8CC ID \DC
QI_t8QD \O \DI8 CD8Qt. DC]ODC tCWC8!tDI78IOD 8DC \D tCOtID\8\IOD OI
\D utOQ8D CU, DCtC I8 8D CDI! WOtC C OOK IOt `DC QOIIC8 QtOQt
WDCD DC QCI\IC8 tCQuItC8 u8 O CC8 WI\D \D OD_-88\ID_ Qt8DCC C!
utCCCD\tI8U, ID I8 utCQ8D 8DC \.O. _uI8C. ut\DCtUOtC, I I8 1O\ CD]
\D D_ut8 OI utOQC8D t!u_CC8 8DC DC COC8u8 D8\ CCDCCtD u8. J1C
DCD-utOQC8D C8UDC8, tC8QCDCID_ C Y8CtDI28\IOD 8DC tCWC8tDI78
IOD, 8tC 88O OI CODCtD. J1C] 8tC CCDC8\ID_ CCWC8CtDI7ID_ 8DC CCCCO
DI8 QtC|C8, DC tC-ID8CtIQICD OI DC 8QItIu8 ID!O 8DC C8IU8, 8DC DC
QtCC88 OI CCCOCDI7ID_ 8C8\DCIC8 8DC tCI_IOD D] IDCt8\ID_ 8QI!I\u8Iy 8DC
8uD]CIVIy.
1D DWCCD DC8C !t8|CCtI8 8DC CQ\IODS, CCOODI8 CUOCt8C]/8OCI8
I8U DCCCUC8 8 CODDCC\Ot 8DC DO OD_Ct DC IDt8 UOC CI CCUOCt8C]/
8CCI8I8U U8D8_CC D] tCWC8\CtDI7:I_ 8_CDCI8 Ot 8OCI8I8 !uut8 U8D8_C
D] DC tOtICD\8ICD OIDC CU. !COODI8 CCUCCt8C]/8OCI8I8U I8 \D 8IC
OI 8\tu__C IOt CODtO 8DC COUID8ICD, OD DC CD D8DC, 8DC IOt IDt8IOD
7ee\\s\as `\core\\ce\ ?evo\ut\o\ 21
CD D ODCt. DC D_ut OI \DC CCODJ2C [IDCI_CDOu8 QOQ, D8CK 88VC8 u
\DC 8D\IC ID DC 8:XCCDD CDut], 1DCI8D8 uDCCt DtI\I8D tuC), \DC O_IC
OI CCODI8Iy CQCt8\ID_ WIlDCu\ COODIC8 [LDID8 uDCt DtII8D 8DC !.O.
tC_u8IOD8 8Ut D LQIuU Y8t, ID :8q8),8DC DC D_utC OI D IUUI_t8D
!tCU OC8 COCDI8 DI8OtIC8 UOVID_ \OW8tC OC8 UC\tCQCI\8D DI8CtIC8
8D8 DC 8CCCC O DC 8Q8\I8 8CCD8tIO CI Q8DC8t] \t8D8IOtU8ICD8, WDCtC
CWC8tDI78\IOD 8DC CCOCDI8Iy Ut_C 88 OQ\IOD8 \O tCW8tDI78ICD
!D8\, IOt !DIt Ut XI8\DC, t8D8!CtU tWC8tDI28\IOD IDC 8DODCt CQ
\ICD 8DC DC CD_Ct 8CCD 88 lDC OD] tO8C \O DC !uutC.
8U DO\ 88]ID_ CI COut8C D8 \DC `CDC O! utOQC8D C_8C] D88 8ttIVCC.
LD D CODt8t], tCW8tDI78\IOD CCD8I8\8 ID lD COt\ \O tC-JD8CtIDC utO
QC8D UOCCtDIy8 CWD \t8CIIOD IDO DC !u\utC. JC It8U D I88uC ID \tU8
CI `DC 8DC `DW D_:IDID_ WCuC JF\Q] !CU8IDID_ WIlDID YC8\CtD UO
CCtDIy8 It8UC O! UIDC 8DC U8ID\8IDID_ !D uDI-ID8t CODCCQICD OI DI8
CtIC8 CD8D_C8 8DC DuU8D QtO_t88[ICD). DO, I I8 DO \DC `CDC CI YC8CtD
CCUCCt8C] \D8\ D88 8ttIVC, Du D \IUC O! I8 tC_ICD8I78\IOD. J1C !t8UC
ID WDIO `CCUOCt8C] D88 DCD ID\tCCuCC D] DC Z8Q8\I888 D88 CQCDCC
uQ DC DCCC O OOK 8 DC Uu\IQIC8IOD O! IDtOCKID_ |I8!OtI8 8DC DCIt
CCttC8QODCID_ C_8CI8, DKC D] DC COCDI8Iy CI QOWCt 8DC DC COODI8
CICtCDCC. DC8C WDC 8tC IU8_IDID_ CCUCCt8IC !u\utC8 ID 8ID 1UtIC8
[DC Z8Q8I888, \D COD8IuICD8 O! DCIVI8 8DC Cu8COt) Ot ID DCI8 [LD8
\Ct]) C8D D8tC] \8K 8tICu8] DC JDVI8\IOD \O `ID8I8 OD D QCD\I8 CI
CCUOCt8IC QOII78ICD 88 D \tu utOQ8D C_8C] !tOU 8DCICD [tCCCC
ODW8tC8." DC8C KJDC8 OI C8IU8 D8VC DCCD U8C D] tI_D-WID_ QCIICI8D8
WDO !C\ DC CI8COU!Ot C! t8QIC CCUC_t8QDIC \!8D8IOtU8ICD8 WDD ID
Cu8\tI8 `CCVCCQUD\ DC_8D \O UCt_ ID lDC D!8 D8I O! DC WCDI\D
CDut]. OWCVCt, 8uCD C8IU8 CCuC OD] D _Iu8\C WIlDID \DC `QtOQCt
DI8Ct] OIlD DCt\D \8D\IC, ItOU 8DCICD\ [tCCCC \O DC UCCtD \DI!C
O8C8, 8DC DC `8IDCC O! DC t8.
DC tCD\] IDII8\C C8IV0 CC 8 1I_D8 b8DI8 CODIDuC8 DC WOtK OI
DC Z8Q8\I8\88 \DOt!IC8 tCVOu\IOD 8DC I8 \DC CCD88D\ tUIDCCt D8\ !DCO
tI8 8t WDt ]Ou C8D D!1C \DCU; 8DC DOW ]Ou C8D DDC DCU 8 OVt D
WOtC, DO\ ]u8 ID utCQ Ot DC \DI\CC O88. D CItDC I8 \D8\ \DCC
tI8 8 OVCt D WOtC, Ot Ut_:I_ !tCU `UIDCtIIC8 ID YC8CtD utOQ
8DC \DC !DICC O8\C8, I\Q] DOtCt DIDKID_, 8DC IOt DOtCCt DIDKt8 DC
tCICtCDCC QOID\ I8 DO OD_Ct [tCCCC Ct bOU; Ct I! I I8, IKC ID DC C88C OI
Wu8u8, I\ I8 OD] D8! OIDC 8Ot].
L1V1 b1N1I
CosmooIIIan LocaIIsms
V6|C0ml 0 L0| 00| d| dC | m6||d| l!!6|6C65
LX5I0I85B ( DuI CDu0IIy 5 mmIuIE WE5IEI0 0I8ID0 0 0EC D 0E
E0ICP0 WIP 0UI _0CC-yEI0C IPED50|PC EXEIE0C0 0I0EI ID DE DE ID
DE C8EC HD5DPy . . . .
H5 5 WH8I lBE0 Dy DI0Iy 0C IEEIBK0, IIEI IH80 0UI I080
IEEIHKI5 PU0CIEC y5 D IEJII8ID0 D N8IX5 C85 WPCH 8IE D 0DI u5E
ID 0yD0E. 1PD5 0CVCu5 WPD H8VE DEE0 5UCCE55ul PIC 80C P58 PV
0EEI 80 ID IEC LUlD|0 HlD5D|P5 0C DIEI IE0. 1Ey WEIE 80lE ID EI
ID KBDW IHEI 5DCEIE5, 0C 00 |IDD5E 0EW 5DluID!5, 085C uD IEI EX5I0
CuIuI8, P5I0IC8 80C 5DCl I5DuCE5, !C CIEIE 8 0EW Du0C8ID0. WE 5E IPI
IPEy PVE DECDBE 5uCCE55J ID0.
ALl D hAR'P, 1P N55D D I rIEE1P0KEl 0I uC0 U| IHE oDCEIy
LLb!VLL7> o 7 LL^L O YC8CtL 8CDO8t8DIQ
WDC\DCt Ot DC 8CDO8t8 WDO CL_8_C D CO8UOQCI8D I88UC8 8tC
D8IVC8 O DC YC8\C1L [ CQI8\CUIC) WCtC. C QCD CI CtI_ID8\IOL
CI `CO8UOQCI8DI8D D C\DCt WCtC8I8 DC YC8, 8\DOU_D I\8
tCuC8 C! CI8QCt8IOL CLCCuLCtCC Q8t\I88D8 DC]CLC YC8CtL DI8-
Ct] CI IdC88 8LC QCIIC8 CCD8C8. D] DI8 mC8D \D8\ I\ I8 LC\
8 COLCCtL8\ C88\ LO O \DC CC_tCC WDICD I\ I8 IL DC YC8\CtL
WOtC~C! LDILC8C DCCC\U88 8DC 8CDO8t8 IL LDID8, t8L, /:D-
D8WC, DOIV\8, Ct !2DCKI88D, ICt CX8UQC. LC WDCL\DC] 8tC, \DC]
8tC 8KCL uQ D] CC8 DCCC\U88 CCKIL_ \OW8tC DC YC8 t8DCt
\D8L C DC I88UC8 CI DCIt OWL OC8 DI8CtIC8, O WDICD YC8CtD
IDCtVCLICL8 8tC Q8t. LC8DCQO8LI8U I8 8 CCLCCtL C YC8CtD
8CDC8t8DIQ, \DCu_D LO LCCC888t] C YC8\CtL 8CDO8t8. CtC
\CsDCC1\iCCa\sDs j
I8 LO ODC-C-OLC tC8ICL8DI[ DC\WCCD DO\D. L DC _CD8 dI8\tIDU\ICL C
8CDC8t] 8Ld IDCCC\u8 8DO), DC _COQOIIC8 C KLOWIL_, ULCCt8\8DCL_,
8LC KLCWCC_C tuL Q8t8C \C C\DCt _CCQOI\IC8 8[DCtC8, 88], ID \DC U8L-
8_CDCL\ 8DC COLtC C 8uDOtIy, CCOLOD], 8DC ILOtU8\ICL.
LosmopoIi!anismand [Oc)LoIoniaIi!y
8QQtC8CD DC I88UC 88 8ODCDID_ \D8\ C u[CD DC WDCL CC8ID_ WID
\DC guC8IOD CI COODI8Iy, 8DC DOW \O _C OU C I. bC \D8 uDC88 CLC 8C-
CCQ\8 D8 YC8\CtL 8CDC8t8DI[ I8 _OD8 [Ot ULIVCt88) 8DC DCtCIOtC \D8\
CC8DCQOI8L8D I8 \tU] 8 _OD8 [Ct ULIVCt88) CCLCCtL ILCCQCDCCL O
\DC IL8IuICL8 8LC DCIVICU8 loci enunciationis, 8 CLC-C-CDC tC8\OD8DIQ
DCWCCL CO8UOQCI8D [tC]CC\8 [Ot V8IOD8) 8LC DC _OD8 [Ot ULIVCt88)
COC8 LO\ [8LC C8DLC\) CD8L. DC DI8 UC8D8 D8\ DCCCC DCtC 8tC [8CC8,
CC8\IOL8, DCCC8, QtO|CC8 O 8DOt 8LC OD_ tC8CD IL WDICD CC8DC[OI\8D-
I8U I8 DO 8\ 8 8 CODCCtL. LDC!] 8DCL_ DCU 8tC DO8C WDC CL_8_C D CC-
COCLI8 8LC CCWC8\CtLI2\L_ [tCjCC\8. 1Ot, uODC I8 WDCtC ODC COC8 8LC CLC
CCC8 D] CL_8_L_ IL CCWC8\CtLI2IL_ 8DC CCCOCLI8 QtO|CC8, WD8\ WOUC
OLC _8D D] ]uUQIL_ OD\O DC YC8CtL CO8UCQCI8D D8DCW8_CD' _UIC
DC OQQO8I\C, CLC U8] CC D8 CO8UOQCI8D [tC]CC\8 tuL ILCCCC CCuLCt
\O dCWC8CtDI2ID_ 8LC CCCOCL8 CLC8 8LC \D8\ CC8DC[OI\8LI8D 8IU8
C Ct88C DC CIHCtCLCC8 \D8\ CCWC8CtDI28\ICL 8DC CCCCODI8I8D DCCC \O
CVCtCOUC \D8\ CO8UC[O\8L t82Ct tyD_ C UOC DC [8LC 8CCCtdID_ C
DC 8uD]CC\Vy, CC8ItC8, CCU!Ot, 88I8I8CICL, 8DC 8CCutIy O DO8C WDC
CDDt8CC, DCOtI2 8DC QU8D CO8UC[CI\8DI8U. Du\ DC I82Ot DOW D88 C
COL|CL 8LC \O CtO88 \WC CDCtDOU8 UCUL8lL8: DC :DQCtI8 8LC COCDI8
CIHCtCLCC8 CL WDICD CCWC8CtDI2IL_ 8DC CCCCOLI8 [tC|CC8 8tC D88CC 8DC
tOD WDCtC \DC] DCUtI8D. CtC I8 8 QUC8\IOL O! CI_LIy IL DC C]C8 O DC8C
WDC, 8 DC OQ O DC DCUL8lL, COK 8 DC CC8DC[O\8L 8tU] U8tCDIL_
COWL DC V8C]. LL] D8 DI8 \UC, \DC CDd OIDC UCVIC 18] LO CL_Ct DC
\DC C888IC8 CLCIL_ O 1O]WCOC `YC8CtD8 OIDC _CdCL 8_C, DC \tIUU-
QD8 U8tCD C DC tODICt.
IOW, I\ I8 :DQCt\8L\ C 8C DC CtD8 D WDICD CCWC8CtLI28\IOL 8LC CC-
COCLI8I28\IOL 8DCUC DC uLCCt8CCC D U] 8t_uUCL\. 8U LO [tC[C8ID_
8 CODQC\I\IOD ItCU WDICD 8 WILDCt W CDCt_C 88 DC _CD8 C8CCt. JD8\
8CCL8tIO I8 8 UOCCtL CLC, [CtD8[8 [O8\UCCCtD; [CtD8Q8 \DI8 8ID CCuC DC
2jq L3Q!0I ocV0D
8tDu\CO O OCWC8CtD28\OD, 8DCu_D 8 DO CC8t\O DCWDCDCtD8
OQOD

8C8ID8 8tC!Ot_OD8C8OCt8DQCt!Ot8D88DCCdO8tDuCDC!dC-
C8OD-D8KD_DDC!u\utC. D88, WOudIKCO\DDKD8C8dD8dCW-
C8CtD28CD 8 DOVD_ \OW8td 8 QCCCD\tCWOtd OtdCt. D O\DCt WOtO8,
O DC CXCD\ D8OCWC8CtD28CD 8D dCDIOD 8DCD-t8D8D[tO|CC,
8DOD88CdOD \DC !8C\D8\ D \DC Q88\DVC DuDdtCOC8t8YC8CtDD[Ct8
Du!OD_ 8DdD8D8_CDCDCD8D_Cd D8DO8 !tOD\:C C \:C [bQ8D, 1C-
8DO, LD_8Dd 8DO 1t8DCC, DC !DCd b8\C8), \ OCC8D

\ !C\CW DCCC888t!
D8 \D8 \tCDd W CODDuC 8Dd D8 DC DCX utD W DC LDDu8. DC
dHCtCDCC 8 \D8 WDC D \DC 8uCCC88OD8 O!YC8\CtD DQCt8 DC_CDOD
8DO OODD8OD 8CD8D_D_ C!D8DO8 \OOK Q8CC `WDI DC WD\C !8D
O!LutO-DCtC8 LDDC8C 8tC `C\OW [8CC CD8[Ct ) 8Dd OC DO\ DCOD_
C DC !8DI. DCtC 8 8 dVIdC DCtC D8[[CdDDC U1[C18 CQ8\CDC 8Dd
CCCD8 dHCtCDCC; D8 8, \DC DC O! _OD8 t8C8D \D8 OVIdC8 YC8\CtD
LDt88D88DOWDC!tOD L88CtD DC8\DOD-LDt88D8 8DdC\CW. D8\
8 DCDOuDd8tD8D8DCOU8D_DCQ8C!!OtCC8D\O 8[OCCDtC
8DO C8Q\88WOtd, t8\DCt D8D DC DC 88DCKIDO C!WCtd OtdCt WC D8O
!Ot DVCDuDOtCdC8t8,W!DDCCDOCtCDCC\D8\DCDCWDC_CDOD w
DCD`CCWD8Dd8 D8C8d C!`WD\CD8DO8.
ut\DCtDOtC, WDCtC 8 \DC KDCWII_ 8uD|CC WDODtD_8 8DOu\ CO8DO-
QC8D 88uC8OC8Cd: LCC8 DC Ct 8DCDCCD_\ODtCCCODDCD8: 8 \D88
DCCC888tCCDOCDC!CC8DCQO\8D8D8Dd!Ot DCD_CO8DOQC8D:YDC
8 CCDCCtDCd WD CC8DC[O8D8D, WDCtC 8Dd WD: 8 CO8DO[C\8D8D
8DDOV!Ou8 Du8DC88 Ct 8_CD8QtO|CC: 88DC CD8CtvID_8DddC8CtDI_
CO8DOQO8D 88uC8 !tCD 8 DOD-CO8DOQO8D[Ct8[CCVC, Ct8 8DC8 CC8-
DOQO8D DCt8C!WDC 8CDQ8 C 8dV8DCC \DCQtC|CC\ Ot DCtVCDC D \DC
dCD8C\OW8tdCO8DCQO\8D!u\utC8: bDCC8DDOuDCCODDCCD8D
8t_uDCD\8 QtCDCC CCDDuD8 !uutC8, DC QuC8OD 8: YCudDCD CCD-
DuD8!u\utC8DCCCD[8\DC,8Ddu8O,CWD8\CXICD,WDCuttCDCC8DC-
QO\8D OC88:,Ot DC. tC!, DCWWCuO CO8DOQC8D8D 8Dd CODDu-
D88D [D \DC 8CD8C W OC8CtDC D DC 8|CtWCtO, D88CO CD DO_CDCu8
CODCCQ8O!DCCCDDuD8) DCt8C\:
D!8C, DC_CC[C\C8D8_D8tDCut8DCODDCCtD88DO[tOCC88C8
O!_OD828OD88C8ID\O \DC DODC_CDC C!\DC [8DC!tOD8DCVC
CCCDODC8, [O\C8, 8DOCuut8. D\D8 8CD8C_OD88D 8OuDO8VCt
8D8t\O CO8DOQC8DdC88. DCODOIHCtCDCC8\D8\DC!OtDCt8Dtu-
\CsmCQCII\aniCcaI\sms 2]]
\8C8Q888DdDODOCCDtC,WD!CDC8\Ct8,88 LO888 LOu2D88Qu\8
\, `_OD828CD [Ct _OD88D) WID 8 _COO !8CC. WCud 8dd D8\WDC
looalism 8 \DC CtD\O dC8_D8C \DC DCO-DCt8 [tO|CC\, cosmoolitanism
8 \DC CtD D8 D8DC8 DODC8 DCt8[tC|CC8.' bO D8 OCCCOD8 CC8DC-
QO\8D8D8DH8DC_CC_t8QDO!tC88CD!D_8DO88K8,WIDDDC QtDCQC8
O! DC OCCOCD8 O[CD, WDCDCt CO8DC[O\8D8D C8D DC QtC8CtVCd Ct
8D8DOODCd: 8 QutVCt88 CO8DO[C\8D8DQC88DC:JC8, !!WC8tC8 CD-
_8_CODD8[tO|CC,8CCCQ\D8CC8DC[O\8D8DC8DDCCC8.LC8DO[O-
\8DOC88D8 8DCXDCtOD, DdCCO;8DOXDOtCDD8\uDVCI8DCuDVCt-
88QtCCD8C8C!uDVCt88 CO8DC[O\8D8DD88I_C 8Ct. CWWCD8VC8
[CCD88D: univcrsum 8 8l8\D CQuV8CD\\O LtCCK cosmoolis.
LO8DOQO1I!8D\8D 8DU LOD88D
JDC CtD cosmoolitanism 8, D8\C8d, CD[CCd DCtC O|CDD8D DC\ 88 8
COuD\CtC _OD828\OD, 8DOu_DDO\DCCC888t!DDC 8CD8CO!_OD828-
OD!tODDCOW. LOD8l8\OD!tODDCOW!UVOKC8, t8\DCt,DC tC8C\OD8 C
_OD828\CD!tOD\DO8C QC[u8\OD88DO_CC-D8OtC8@C88O!\DCQ8DC
\D8\ 8uCt \DC COD8CQuCDCC8 O!DC _OD8 CCCDOD. JDCtC 8tC, DCD, OC8
D8CtC8 \D8\ [8D 8DO [tC|CC _OD8 OC8_D8 8DO ODCt8 D8\D8VC O VC
WI\D DCD. LO8DC[O\8D8D 8 DC C88 8_DCO \O C\DCt 8OC O!_OD8-
28\IOD, 8DOu_D DC CtD D[C8 8_CD8QtC|CC\. YD8\ C[CD8 dOC8 CO8-
DOQO8D8DCHCtV!8-8-V8_OD88D8DO_OD828\CD !tCDDCOW:
LC\8 888uDC \D8\ _OD88D 8 8 8C\ C!DCO-DCt8 OC8_D8 [DOW D DC
[tCCC88 O!tCWC8\C|D28OD) \O D8D8_C\DCWOtd, WDC CO8DOQO\8D8D
8 8 8C\ C!QtO|CC\8 D8\ WCtK CW8tOQ8DC8t CODVIV8\. 1D \DC DdC8,
DC WI[tC!Ct DC _CDCt8 CXQtC88CD `V!VII DCD

[8CCDDOD \t8D88CD
O! KCDW8 `8uD8K K8W88 Ot D8t8 `8uD8K K8D8Du D8\ CDCO_-
C8\ WOud DC8D 8ODC\DD_ KC `C VC D [CD\udC Ot, [8t8QDt88I_
DC CX[tC88CD8, `V:I_ D !u C88 8DOD8tDCDWI\D 8CD8D8Du). buCD
8 DOtZOD O!!!C 8 8CD \C C8[\88\ 8CCCC8, I WDCD CODQC\CD 8Dd
[Ct8OD8 8uCCC88CCODCDC8\ 8DO QOC8\ 88 WC 88 D \DC WOt\d O!
CD\Ct8lDDCD\ 8DO 8[Ot 8 CDCOut8_Cd, CCCDt8\CO, 8Dd tCW8tdCd. D \DC
DOC8D CuutC, `\O VCID8tDOD 8 8 QtC|CC\ dCDKI_ !tOD CODQC-
\OD 8DO 8uCCC88. 1 8 DOCCO 8 CODVIV8 QtO|CC \OW8tO DODC8[88-
D88Cd 8OCCC8. D ODCt WCtd8, \DC8C QtO|CC8 WOtK \C CDD8\C !CtD8 O!
2 L|aQIctocVcF
COUQIIOL D8 QtOUO\ _IL_ 8D8O O! OI OuOOIL_ OL8 LI_DDOI8.`
DO 8uCD QIIDCIQ!8 OL!] QtOUO\ CO8DOQO!I8LI8U O! \D H.\8. D H.\
\8 8t \DO8 WDO H\ C8QI\8!I8 8LO LO-!IDt8! d8I_L8, WDI0D O! COut8 B1
DO uDIVt88, DuI, QO8tu8d 88 8uCD, !8V Ou O! D 0O8UO-QO!I8 8!1 \DO8
WDO 8t LO\ :I\I8O IL `HIL_. Od8], IL \D \DId o8\8 D Id8 \)8l
D 8uIVIV8! O! D HI8 I8 `L8ut8l!] COLDCd WID CODQ\I\IOD I8 DIL_
COD8d. LL C8L \DILK O! 8utV!V8! O! COUUUDII8, t8DI \D8I O! \D H\-
8\. ! IO8 O! D `CODDOL _OOd I8 tutD:I_ O !IDI8! DILKID_. OW-
Vt, Dt I8 8I1! 8 D8tIIt D8 QtVD8 D d8CDUL\ O!`COLOU] DOU
`C8QI8!I8U, 8LO WDI! D IO8 O! \D `8utV!V8! O! D H.|8 I8 COD\8\O,
`C8QI8!I8U I8 8D 88 DC888t]. D] 8O dO:I_, D !I!K D\WL C8QI8!I8U
8DO 8uIVIV8! O! \D H.|8 I8 DIL_ t88d.
! Ht8 _!OD8! OsI_L O! D UOdILCO!ODI8! WOt!d W88 LDtI8I8LI\y,
8 C8u8 8Id 8 COL8gUDC O! D IDCOtQOt8\IOL O! D UIIC88 ILO D
_!OD8! VI8IOL O! 8I LIDI8 LDtI8I8Lu8. QICdO D CIVI1ZIL_ UI88IOD,
\D ID\L O CIVI!IZ D WOt!d uLOI D UOO! O! D DOdtD 1utOQ8L
D8\IOD-888. LDtI8\I8I _OD8! d8I_D8 WI Q8I O! \D LUtOQ8I L8!8-
88DC, 8DO D] Wt COL8Iu\IV O! UOdILI] 8DO O! I8 d8IKt 8Id, CO-
!OLI8!I]. D _!OD8! d8I_D O! D 8CU!8I CIVI!IZID_ UI88IOD W88 Q8t O! D
1utOQ8D 1D!I_DLUL 8Dd O! 8 LW CODH._ut8IOL O! UOOtDI\]CO!O-
DI8!I]. ! CO8UOQO!I8D QIO]C COIt8QODO!L_ \O LDtI8I8LI\]8 _!OD8!
d8I_D W88 D8ID!] 8t\ICU!8\O D] t8DCI8CO d `I!OtI8, 8\ \D lLIVt8I]
O! o8!8U8LC8, WD:! D CIVI!IZID_ _!OD8! d8I_D W88 U8!L!] 8tICu!8d D]
UU8Iu! 8L, 8\ D lLIVt8I] O! CDI_8DI_.
D ODt WOtd8, CO8UOQO!I\8D QIO]C\8, 8!DI\ WID 8I_DIDC8D dIHtDC8,
D8V DL 8 WOtK OutID_ DO\D UOUL8 O! DOOtDI]CO!OLI8!I]. ! HI8
W88 8 I!I_IOU8 QIO]C\, \D 8CODd W88 8CU!8I. JD CO!ODIZ8\IOD O! \D
UIIC88 ID D 8:XLD 8Id D 8VLD\D CDutI8, 8LO O! !tIC8 8LO
8I8 ID D LILDD 8DO \D 8t!] \WLID CDutI8, COD8O!IO8\d 8L
Id8 O! D Y8. 8 _OQO!IIC8! IU8_ D8 XDIDI8 CDtOLO!O_C8! QtIOOIZ8-
!IOD. JDt OVI!8QQID_ U8CtOD8It8IV8 UI_ !tOU DI8 ID8_. L \D
Ht8\ D8tt8IV, D Y8 OII_:I88 UQOt8!!] IL \IC 8IO UOV8 LOt\D-
W8 O! D OI\It8L8D \O D lOtD !8LIC. L \D 80ODO L8tt8IV,
D Y8\ (ID \D 8QCIHC 8L8 D8V _IVL O D WOtO ID U] 8t_uUD\) I8
dH.LO D] \D UOOtD WOt!d D8\ OtI_ID8O WID D D8I888LC 8LO WID
D XQ8D8IOL O! C8QI8!I8U DtOU_D \D !8DIC COUUICI8! CItCUI\. D D
Cosmogou\m \ocsms l]
\DIIO L8\I8\IV, Y8\IL UOOID)\[ I8 !OC8\O IL lOI\DID 1UIOg, WD1
\\ \cats \c o\s\\ic\\Vc \taocma\Y o\\c rn1\g\cnmcn\ ano \c Y1nc\
VVO!u\IOD. YD)1 \D |I8\ L8II8\1V UgD88I/8 \D _O_t8gD1C81 V811
`N8\ 88 \D YWOtd O\ \\8 1OO!O_\C81 !O1UZ\\OI, \D 8COD ano \D)td
Im\D Y8\ DOt 8\IOL_!] WI\D UOO1DI]. LO!ODI8!I] 88 \D COD8\)UIV
[8Ld O8tKt) 8IO O! UOOtLI\] Dt_8 DOU \D8 !8II \WO L8II8\IV8,
YDICD CO8UOQO!!\8LI8U 8DO CO!ODI8!I\] 8I L8L_!O. CO8DQO!I8LI8D D-
COU8 8 K] COLCQ O! UOOtDI\] \O DIO CO!OLI8!I\]. D] \D!8 OO LO D8D
D8\ I I8 IDQtOQt O COLCIV 8DO 8D8!Z CO8UOQO!I\8L QIO]08 D]ODd
\D8 Q8I\I8. ] QOID I8 \O D8K XQ!ICI D _O8!8 8DO COLOI\IOD8
UDOt WDICD `CO8DOQO!I8D QIO]C8 COu!d D 88!d \O D8V DD ID Q!8C
D!OI oo. Y88 D XQ8D8IOD O! D 8!8UIC C8!IQD8 O! \D DD888IO
O[L88\] 8 CO8DOQO!I8L OI _!OD8! QtO]0: LI Wt IIC\u8!8 8OV8DIL_
D8 _O8!8: Lt I8 CO8UOQO!I\8LI8U 8D IDVLIOL O Y8tD UOOILI] 8DO
\DI!Ot \D DII_Dt 8Id \D8 OD8CUt8 CO!OLI8!I\]:
U \DI!OI 8Iu8\ID_ UOdtD CO8UOQO!I8D QtO]C\8 DQOI8l!] 8ILC
;oo WIDIL D 8COQ O! D DOOtDCO!OLI8! WOt!d8Ld 8Q8I8!] IL \D
LOIDW8 O!II8D8L 8Ld D lOtD !8L\IC. IL O\DI NOIO8, W)\DID \D
LDtI8I8DoCU!8I Y8\. YDI! I I8 QO88ID! \O ID8_IL 8 DI8\OIIC8! L8II8\IV
D8, !u _!8, D_IL8 WID \D OII_:I8 O! \D 8gIII, I\ I8 8!8O QO88ID! O
! 8OtI8 W!\D dIHID\ D_IDLIL_8, WDICD I8 DO !88 8IDII8I \D8L O QIO-
C!8ID \D D_IDLID_ WI\D \D OtI_ID O! DuU8DI] OI O Y8tD CIV:!I/8\IOL.
JD CIUCI8! QOIL I8 DO WDL D D_IDLIL_ I8 !OC8O, DU WD] 8LO !IOU
WDt 8DO !Ot WDOU 8 D_IDLIL_ I8 8UCD: D8 I8. WD8 8t \D _O-DI8OtI08!
8Ld IdO!O_!C8! !OJU8IOL8 \D8 8D8Q \D !t8U O! 8UCD U8CIOD8It8IV8:
l8It8\IV8 O! CO8UOQO!I\8L OtIL8IOL COu!O D I\DI U8D8_tI8! (WD8
C8l! _!OD8! O8I_L888 ID LDtI8I8LI\], DIDL\D-CL\UI IUQtI8!I8U, OI
!8-\WLI\D-CLuI] DO-!IDI8! _!OD8!IZ8\IOD) Ot U8DCIQ8\OI (WD8
C8! CO8UOQO!I8DI8U88 ID O `I!OtI8, 8L\, Ot 8tX, !8VID_ 88Id \D
O!HtLC8 ID 8CD O! D8 QtO]C8), VD uD 8I OD!IVIOU8 O \D 88]JD_
O! D QOQ! \D8 8I 8UQQO8O O D U8DCIQ8O. JD Dd !OI 8 CtI\IC8!
CO8UOQO!I8DI8U 8II88 !tOU \D 8DOtCOUID_8 O! DO\D. J `CII\IC8! I8 IO
DOu_D. 8DOu!O D OCO!ODI8!.
YIDIL D H.V U8]OI I8]C\OII8 O! _!OD8! UUt8 \D8\ O8CIID !D \D
:I\tOOUC\IOD, 8!1 O! \D X8ID_ CO8UOQO!I8D QtO]C8 8t IL80tIDd 8gU8t!]
IL \D I8]CtOI] O! tDWd Y8\tLIZ8IOL 8Dd IL \D 1OtID\8IOL O! \D
Chatcr ocVP
Lcn. Jlcrc Is no cosmopoIIlan pro|ccl (as yct) slcmmIng Irom dcwcstcrn-
IzIng or dccoIonIzIng tra|cctorIcs. Jlc qucslIon Is, wouId cosmopoIIlanIsm
bc a pro|cct tlal dcwcslcrnIzcrs and dccoIonIaIs wouId cngagc In and pro-
motc Wlal wouId bc tlc gaIns lo join a pro|ccl lhal in Its impcrIaIIty aims
al cIImIaling or absorbIng dIhcrcnccs So thcn, wc arc cnlcrIg Ilo tlc
luzzy lcrraIn wlcrc cosmopoIIlanIsm willoul parcnthcsIs and cosmopoII-
tanIsms In pIuraI and In parcntlcsIs mcct. n olhcr words, cosmopoIilanIsm
Is cIthcr a Wcstcrn projccl, and as sucl part oI rcwcstcrnzalIon, or a pro|cct
In wlIcl aII wII parlIcIpatc, In whIcl cvcry cosmo-poIIs (IocaI lIslorIcs)
wilI |oIn as a pro|ccl In whIcl tlc pIurIvcrsaI w bc llc unIvcrsaIIy agrccd-
upon goaI, llal Is cosmopoIItan IocaIism.
LO8uOQO\!8D\8u, D!CID8\OD8 8W, 8DU 1_D8
In :ooo I pubIIslcd an arlIcIc In Puollc Culture lIlIcd "Jhc Many-accs oI
CosmopoIIs. 8ordcr JlInking and CrIlIcaI CosmopoIIlanIsm' Jlc slart-
Ing poInl was to brazcn oul "cosmopoIItanIsm'' wilh "gIobaI\zalIon.' or,
indccd, Is nol gIobaIIzatIon cosmopoIIlan And, in rcvcrsc, Is nol cosmo-
poIItanIsm gIobaI by dcnnItIon Il appcars lhcn, and In rclrospcct, lhat loo-
allzatlon was a tcrm Inlroduccd In tlc vocabuIary oI poIIlIcaI llcory and
poIIlIcaI cconomy whcn markcls wcrc dcrcguIatcd and probl was cquatcd
wIlh growll. n lhc 8os "gIobaIIzatIon rcpIaccd "dcvcIopmcnt,' wlIcl
lad Invadcd llc bcId oI poIIlIcaI llcory and poIIlIcaI cconomIcs nom o
lo ;, approxImalcIy. 8ul oncc tlc lhcorIcs oI MiIton rIcdman bcgan lo
lakc loId, In lhc Ialc ;os, and wcrc IslIlulIonaIIzcd by RonaId Rcagan
and Margarct Jhalclcr I tlc 8os, looallzatlon cac to bc tlc rlctorIcaI
lcrm uscd to dcscrIbc ImpcrIaI dcsIgns In lhc rcmakIng oI gIobaI coIonIaI
Ity. GIobaI coIonIaIIty, llc darkcr sIdc oI gIobaIIzalIon, cxpIaIns lhc Ircqucnl
conccrn lhat durIng tlc Iasl quarlcr oI llc lwcnlIclh ccnlury, gIobaIizalIon
mcant aIso llc cxpansIon oI tlc povcrty Iinc and tlc growig dIvidc bc-
twccn lhc lavcs and lavc-nots.
Jlus, I was asking myscII, whal Is lhc pIacc oI cosmopoIItanIsm In lhc
drcary sccnarIo at tlc cnd oI tlc twcnlIctl ccntury My rcsponsc, al lhc
limc oI wrIlng lhc arlIcIc (Iatc os) and Ils pubIIcalon (mId-:ooo),
slarlcd Irom rancIsco dc VItorIas Ioundalon oI IntcrnalIonaI Iaw and
Irom ImmanucI Kanl's cosmopoIItan IdcaIs (and by cxlcnsIon wIll nIIgll-
!OsDO]C\:|aD ICca\8Us ?
cnmcnl, cIcar cosmopoIi\an ambI\Ions) cocxistIng wilh hIs nolorIous racis\
undcrpInning, racIsl princIpIcs wcrc aIrcady al work In dc VIlorIa's sub\cr-
tugcs lo manIpuIatc thc rIglts oI llc IndIans In IntcrnatIonaI Iaw and lhc
rIglls oI thc nalIons (Ius gcn\ium, scc bcIow and claplcr :). So, tlc qucslion
was, low couId cosmopo\ItanIsm bc possIbIc wlcn tlc dcsIgncr oI thc pro]-
ccl had a lIcrarclIcaI vIcw oI lumanIty around tlc pIancl Il so happcncd
tlal cosmopoIItanIsm was, wIIIIngIy or nol, a pro]ccl oI Wcslcrn cxpansIon-
Ism (tlat today las bccn updalcd as gIobaIIsm), wlosc ImpIcmcntatIon was
carrIcd on lhrougl tlc "cIvilIzIng mIssIon ralhcr lhan by tlc Ircc markcl in
cconomIcs and dcmocracy in poIIlIcs. n thal rcgard, Kanl's cosmopoIIlan
IdcaIs wcrc as ImpcrIaI as Ialc twcnlIctl ccntury's marcl lhrough Ircc-lradc,
miIilary bascs, and "sprcadIng dcmocracy'
Oncc rcaclcd llIs concIusIon, I scl myscII lo cxpIorc tlc Issuc In lwo
dIrcctIons. onc hIslorIcaI and llc olhcr cocvaI will partIcuIar "Iaccs oI
cosmopoIilan projccls. IslorIcaIIy, I rcaIIzcd tlal Kanl's cosmopoIIlanIsm
was cocvaI wIlh llc ccIaratIon oI lhc Rglts oI Man and oI lhc CIlIzcn (llc
ccIaralIon). Wlilc cosmopoIItanIsm was a worId (or gIobaI) projccl, llc
ccIaralIon was a conccrn wIll wlat wouId bc llc modcrn (and uropcan)
nalon-slalcs. U docsnl lakc loo much corl lo concIudc lhat lhc ccIara-
tIon in rancc, and by cx|cnsIon llc IormatIon oI llc modcrn nalIon-stalc
in IngIand and Gcrmany, wouId bccomc-drcctIy or IndircctIy-naluraIly
bondcd lo cosmopoIIlan pro|ccls. ow comc II tlc ccIaralIon In uropc
wcrc to warranty tlc cIvil sccurIty oI Man (Icl's say, oI human bcIngs) and
llal tlc cIviI sccurIty oI Man was lIcd to cItIzcnslIp, llcn tlc ccIaralIon
workcd In lwo compIcmcnlary dIrcclIons. Onc was clronoIogIcaI, as llc
ccIaralIon was ncccssary lo sccurc tlc IiIc oI llc cItIzcns undcr tlc sccu-
Iar ruIc oI govcrnmcntaIIty wIllIn thc lIslory oI uropc ItscII Jlc ollcr
was gcograplIcaI, as llc ccIaratIon wouId bccomc thc mcasurIng slIck by
wlIcl to judgc socIaI bchavior llal, accordng to Wcslcrn slandards, was
uncIviIIzcd and, lhcrcIorc, vIoIatcd llc rIglls oI Man oulsIdc uropc. Jhc
siIcnt assumplon was lhal tlcrc was no vioIalIon oI thc rIglls oI cItIzcns,
bccausc tlcrc was no sucl socIaI roIc oulsIdc !uropc. Jlus, llc cIviIizing
mIssIon and cosmopoIIlanIsm appcarcd lo bc llc undcrIying pro)cct oI
sccuIar Wcstcrn cxpansIon.
Scplcmbcr 1 :oo, was a wakc-up caII nol only Ior gIobaIIsm, bul Ior
cosmopoIItanIsm as wcII. was pcrlaps llc brsl gIobaI cvcnl llal pul a laIl
2O LhuQ!ct5cVcn
U !D Ct8D8 O!8L8D CO8DOQU!8D8D, Du! 88O tV8C D DQt8
uDdtQLDD_ U! !D 8L!8L V8UL 8LC _8C].
D] :d LO8DOQOI8DI8D DCCODC 8 Du22WOId
ID ID 1ggos::OU1 OIV8:OD8 8Dd 8 COuI
Cosmoolitanism W88 8 Du22WOtC D D 8 1yyC8 8LC COLDuC O D H
D Dt8 CC8C U! !D !WL!]-Dt8 CD!uP]. YD] 8uCD WC8Qt8C D!t8! D
CO8DOQO8L8D: 8 !Out D8D DUV8UL8.
J1 Dt8 DUV8UL W88 ID WC8Qt8d D8 O! `D8!OL8 \DLKD_.
!8OD88D W88 WD8! CO8DOQO8L8D W88 !P]L_ !O OVCOD. LtO88-
Cu!ut8 8DC Q8D8t C8U_u8 Wt 8t_uC 88 W8]8 OW8tC !D !uut,
L88C U!8QL_ C C!DC 8DC LCO8 !D DOtCt8 U!ADC D8UD8. DD-
_t8OL COL!!DuC C D 8ut_ U! CU8DUQO!8L8D. )8OL88!8 88W D-
D_8UL 88 8 QtUDD, CO8DOQO8L8 88W 88 8D OQDD_ !UW8tC _UD8
!u!u!8.
JD 8CULd DOUV8!OL W88 D Ld U DuC 8t_uDD!8 D8!, DOVL_
8W8] !POD L8UL88D, CC LC! !8 D D D8DC8 O! DO-Dt8 8LC CU-
DODC _UD828!OL. JD8! _OD8 WCtC W88 LU! WD8 CO8DCQO!8D8 Kd
U 8uQQOt 8! D Ld U! D !WLD CLut]. J1u8, OL O! !D 8!t8DC8 O!
CO8DUQO!8L DDKL_, CUL!POLD_ _UD828OD, W88 C8u_D D D!WL
DUL8! Dt88D OQQO8C O DO-Dt8 _OD828!OL 8DC 8 tDOV8!C
^8tX8D D8I 88W LW _OD8 Q8]t8 DV!C O DDK CU8DUQO8L8D D-
]OLC D LtL8UL8 QPO!8t8D tVUu!OL.
T DIC DOV8UL, t8d U D Dt8 !WO, W88 IO DOV 8W8] !tOD
CU8C 8DC DUDU Cuut8 COLCQUD8 C! CD!] 8uQQCtD_ 88 C8_D8
!U CULtU D QOQu8UL D] CDt8D_ DuCuut88D. T !D8 V,
CO8DOQO8L8D !UCu8C OL D LCVCu8: D Qt8OL W88 DVC !O 8
Dt8! 88 8L OQD C!2L U! D WOtC, DDUC]L_ 8Vt8 `CL8. I
8 WOtC, W88 8 Dt8 CULCQOL O! CU8DOQO8L8D, DOtL L D LD-
LD CLut], 8LC DOW t8D88Id DO 8D C8 O! !XD 8LC UQL Cu-
ut8 CZL8DQ.
J1 !Uut!D DOV8UL, CODQ8D WD Du 88U C8DC !tOU D 8C-
ULd, W88 D _8 QtUQO88 Qu\ID_ OL !D 8_LC8 `CU8DUQO!8L8D !tOD
DOW, WDCD W88 VLu8] CUDLCC WD !D 8_LC8 U! !D YOtC bC-
C8 UtuD.
LCsmCQCII!an1Cca1\sms 2l
8 DDDC DO8 DOV8OL8 8 8\Ct] D8\ D88 DO! DcL \OC. L D8
uL\Od 8Ct] Dt 8 OD 8IUQ 8DC OL CCut D8\ D8V LO DD 8CCUuL\C
!Ut. TLC WDL ]Cu DLK 8DOu !, D 8\Ot] O! D C8 L LtC D88 DL
t8!tCd U TDD8 8LC bQ8t!8. !O DuCD 8 88C 8DUu! ^8CCOL8. D
88DC8tC D8!OtC8 t8|COP] U! D WUtC cosmo-olis _O8 DUD LtC !U
L_8Dt_: !D LtKS DtOCuCC D WUtC LU !Dt VOC8Du8t], 8D
tV8DQC I 8DC Qu !O _UOC u8 D !D _DLD CDuP].* 1UWVt,
!D CO8DUQU!8D L CO8D! _U CtC!] !tOD LtC !O L_8Dt_. J1
\t8jC!Ot] !OUK 8 CUut DtOu_D D T8D!C, D !D 8X!L!D CDut], 8DC
8 DtUu_D D8 CUut D8 _U! C 8L: DUD D T8DC, LO! !tUD
LtC. !8 8.
Orois W88 D 8D WO!C QuV8L !O !D LtK WUC cosmos. YDDt
D D8DD_ W88 8tC\\] QuV8D, 8V D t88tCD !Ot 8LODt OQ-
QCt!uL]. YD8! 8 DQOt8L !O LUC, DUWVt, 8 D8! orois W88 8 WUtC
D D VOC8Du8P] U! DQt8 OD. J1u8, QtD8Q8 orois CC LO! !8L88!
D 8tC8C8D cosmos CULCVC WDL LtC W88 L D C82C QtUC
O! CDCCt8!C Ot_8D28!OL O! D olis. 1tD8Q8 orois, D 8D, !t8L88!C
cosmo-olis, WDCD D\It C8CtD8 D Dt_LC U! ^8CCOD8 [!D D8t-
D8t8D8 !U D DUtD O! TDD8 8DC bQ8t!8) O! TX8DCt !D Lt8! ,6:
B.c.) 8 D DODD D tuC UVt t88D CV28!OL 8LC !8 CUDLuD
8LC X!DCC D8 CUD!tU DO 8 V88 QOtOL O! !D KLOWL WUtC. J1u8, cos-
moolis uLCt X8DCt D Lt8 CU8D. C8CtD D Q8CDC CDOCt8!C
LtC O! TDD8 8LC bQ8t!8, Du D8 U! ^8CCUD8 8DC \D COLQutL_
8LC D8t] 8CDD8t8UL. J1 !8C 8, DL, D8! D UD8L 8L orois
8DC uroe Wt !D,QuV8L8 O! cosmos 8DC olls. bU cosmos 8LC orois 8t
Dt!Ut CCDCQ8 t8C U TX8DCt8 CUDDuU 8DC !O !D UD8L LD-
QP: imerium 8 8 8D WUtC, DO 8 t88D Ot LtK OL.
J18 8 LU! ] !D CCut, Du 8 8DOtCu!. Dt 8 8L LCu8 8DC
8CDU8t] t8CUD L LtD8L] U! t8CL_ LtD8D tOO8 C LtC. OD
8 D !D t8CUL DDt8CC D] 8!L COuD!t8 8LC 88U D] LL_8DC. OD
D8S DD C8DC D] DQt8 Y8!tL COuDt8 K bQ8L, t8LC, 8DC
LL_8DC. LtD8L] W88 LC UL U! DD. J18 888t!OL8 8t uLCt88LC-
8D. OD 8 !D Cy C8DC D] L8DUC LDt8!8D8, WDO 8 !Dt tOUI8
D UD 8LC L 8!L 8D_u8_8, t8Dt D8D D TDL8 8DC D LtK 8L-
_u8_. JD C!Out CUD8, 88 DD!OLC, DOu_D D T8L!C. O 8!8t
WD, 1tO ^8tt CfL_Dt8 (;:6), 8L !88D D8L O!!t8 8! D
l2 CbaIcrScVcn
IOj8 COuI\ OI|88O0!8 8DC 0tC!D8DC O! L88:10, WtO\0 8 !8DOu8 t0QOI\, Dc
Oroc Novo |LD D0 0W YOIC), OD D0 001] QIOC088 O! 0XQOI8\IOD8, !IOD
(: O :o 8QQIOX!D80]. j D0 ID0 O! 8D8 I0V8DQ0C CO8DOQOI8, D0
W88 88O 0D_a_0C !D 0C\UI!D_ OD _0O_I8QDj |800 CD8Q0I ). DOU_D D0
U80d D0 WOtC cosmo-o|is D0 W88 C0I\8!Dj !8D1!8I W!D D0 Orois Univcr-
sa|is O! 0\tO rQI8DO, CIIC8 :( |800 D._. ().
! 8D CIC DO KDOW \D!8 V0I8IOD, D0 C0I\8!D] W88 !8D!8I W!D D0 W0!-
KDOWD 2Icattum Oroi: Tcrratum, Oj rOt8D8D LI0!U8, QtD\0C D ;o.
O!C0 D0 U80 O! D0 WOtC tbcatrum. `D08\IUD I8 D0 \I8D88!OD O! \D0
LI00K WOtC tbcatton |8 Q8C0 O! VI0W!D_), ID D0 88D0 !8D!] 88 tbcotia
|COD0DQ8!OD, 8Q0Cu8IOD, OOK!D_ 8\), !IOD WD!CD !8 C0IIV0C tbcotcin |O
COD8!C0t, 8Q0Cu80, OK 8) 8DC tbcoros |8Q0C8OI) 8DC tbcotcm |8Q0Cu8-
l!OD, QtOQO8!!OD O O0 QIOV0d). ^010 tbco- WOtO8 8DC W0I0 CODC0Dt8\0C
!D 8\!D tbco-|oy, 8DC tbco-|o 80 \D0 88_0 !Ot D0 buotis O! D0 Z0tO QOD\
|800 CD8QCt ). OIC0t _DO8I8 OI OOIC0t 0Q!80DOO_j 0D0I_0C Qt0C!80]
!D COD!IOD8\!OD W!D D0 0QI80DOO_y D! \D0 Z0IO QO!D. OW, 8 0X!8\-
!D_ CO8DOQO!\8D QIO|0C8 800D O t08\ OD \D0 buotis O! D0 Z0IO QOD! 8DC
O C0O80 WI\DOu\ QU08!OD!I_ D0 V0I] IDQ0I!8 0QI80D!C !OuDC8!OD8 O!
CO8DOQOI\8D C8!D8.
bO, D0D, W0 D8V0 DI00 DOD0D8 O 8K0 D\O COD8!C0I8!OD: D0 LI00K,
D0 bOD8D, 8DC D0 r\8D!C. \ W88 O88!C8j \D0 0D0I_0DC0 O! D0 2Icatrum
Otois Tctturum D8 I08] 8D8Q0C D0 COUt8 V:8!OD8 O! 8DC 8DO!l!OD8
!OI 8 CO8DOQO!8D WOtC. D0 WOtC W88 Lt00K, Ou D0 WOIC W88 `QO8-
80880d O] D0 LUIOQ0 OI ID08I _OO8 DIDY!D_, D L8I bCDDI\8 8CCOUD
|800 CD8Q0I8 1 8DC :). W88 88O 8\ D0 DOD0D !D WD!CD \D0 b0D8I888DC0
Q0I!Od O! !DQ0t!8 0XQ8D8!OD, 0C Oj bQ8D 8DC OIu_8, W88 CO8D_ \D8\
:DQ0I!8 DOC0ID!j 8Dd WOIC 08C0t8DIQ W88 CD8D_D_ D8DC8. LD8D_ID_
D8DC8 !D \WO 80D808: IIOD bQ8!D 8DC OIU_8 O lD_8DC, t8DC0, 8DC L0I-
D8D]. rDC D\0tD8j, D lUIOQ0, DOD8ICD!08 8DC D0 Q8Q8Cj W0I0 _!VID_
W8j \O D0 0U0I_D_ OOUt_0O!8!0 8DC 8 OI8V0 D0W WOIC, WD!CD 8D W88
CODC0QU8!Z!D_ lDtOu_D D8Dj O! DI8 WII\!D_8, DCUd!D_ 7bc Contcst o] tbc
Fucu|tics.
OW0V0I, 8Dl8 DO!OD O! CO8DOQO!8 COD08 O D0 !Ot0 DOI0 C08Ij
!D DI8 0CuI08 OD Antbroo|oy om a Ptamatic Point o] Vicw |QUD!8D0C
OW8tC D0 0DC O! DI8 I!0) 8DC !D D!8 Gcotaby |800 CD8Q0I ). D Antbto-
o|oy ]tom a Ptamatic Point o] Vicw 8D !DIOCUC0C CO8DOQOI8D!8D
LOsmCQCIIlaF 1OCalIsms 2)
ID \D0 80C!OD C0VO\0C \O !D0 CD8I8C0I8 O! D0 8Q0CI08. D0 CD8I8C\0I8 O!
D0 8Q0CI08, ID t08\!OD O DI8 CO8DOQO\I\8D Id088 8DC !C088, 8DOuC D0 UD-
d0I8\OOC !D I08!OD O WO Qt0C0C!D_ 80C\IOD8: `\D0 CD8I8C\0t O! D0 D8-
1!DD8 8DC \D0 `CD8I8C\0t8 O! I8C08. D0 CD8I8C\0t8 O! \D0 D8IOD8 8t0 !D!0C
\O 8:X 1UIOQ08D D8!OD8. t8DC0, 1D_8DC, 8DC L0ID8D] !D \D0 DI8\ IOuDC;
18y, bQ8!D, 8DC OIU_8 D D0 80CODC IOUDC. 8D 8II!V08 8\ !D0 !IOD!0t O!
`D8l!OD8 8DC CO808 DI8 80Cl!OD Oj 8I088D_ !8 ID!\8 `b!DC0 bU88!8 D88 DO
j0 C0V0OQ0C C0DDI\0 CD8t8C\0I!8\IC8 !IOD I\8 D8\Ut8 QO\0D!8; 8!DC0 O-
8DC D88 DO OD_0t 8D] CD8I8C0tI8!C8; 8Dd 8!DC0 \D0 D8\IOD88 OI LutOQ08D
UIK0] D0V0t D8V0 D8C 8 CD8I8C\0t, DOI w 0V0I 8|8!D WD8 !8 D0C0888I]
!OI 8 C0D.D!0 D8!OD8 CD8I8C\0t, D0 C08Ct!Ql!OD O!!D080 D8\IOD8 CD8I8C0I8
D8] QtOQ0Ij O0 Q8880C OV01 D0I0."
OW jOU O0_!D \O 800 \D8\ 8 CO8DOQOI\8D V:8!OD O880C OD D!8 _0O_I8QD]
8DC OD I8C!8\ uDC0IQ!DDID_8 I8 DC00d 8 QtOO0D8\IC, II8Kj, 8DC C8D_0tOU8
QIOQO8I\IOD. OI D8 I088OD, C0W08\0tDIZ!D_ 8DC C0COOD!8 QtO]0C\8 D-
D0C!8\0] QU OD D0 8O0 \D0 QU08l!OD O! !DQ0t!8 8DC COOD!8 CIH0I0DC08.
LV0ICODID_ DQ0tI8 8DC COODI8 CI0I0DC08, 88 I 8I_u0C D CD8Q0t I, !8
DC00C 8 OuIC0D !Ot CUtI0D CO8DOQOI\8D QIO|0C8. r 8\0K0 !8 D0 QU08!OD
O! DUD8D I!_D8. r8 !8t 88 DuD8D-II_D8 OQ0t8!OD8 D 8 WOIC ID WD!CD
\D0 OQU8\IOD !8 I8C!8] I8DK0C, DuD8D t!_D\8 WI D0C0888I!j 8DC D8u-
t8] !OCu8 OD \DC `DO8\ V8U8D0 80C\Ot O! D0 QOQu8!OD. DU8, Y080tD
CO8DOQO!8D QtOQO888, !IOD \D0 L0| 8DC !IOD \D0 I_D, w O0 8W8]8
CODHOD0C W!D D0 I8C!8 C888!DC8\IOD !D WD!CD \D0 V0t] 0DuDC!8\!OD O!
CO8DOQOI\8D QIO]0C8 !8 0DO0CC0C. !\ I8 D \D!8 80D80 D8\ D0 C0COOD!8
8DC C0W080IDIZ!D_ Q0I8Q0C\IV0 |C8D r8!8D8 !DDK:) O0_!D8 !IOD \D0 V0Ij
8\tUCuI0 O! t8CI8D OD WD!CD !D0ID8l!OD8 8W W88 !OUDC0C |0._., d0 N!O-
tI8, LtOl!U8).
U\ COOD!8 8DC !DQ0II8 CH0t0DC08 | 0QI80D!C 8DC OD\OO_IC8, 88 8I-
_U0C Qt0V:OU8j) 8I0 OD] Q8t O! D0 QtOO0D CO8DOQO!8D!8D WOuC !8C0
OC8]. rDO\D0t 88Q0C I8 \D8 !D \D0 88D0 W8] !D8\ DUCD O! D0 WOIC 8\OQQ0C
!OOWID_ \D0 C:I0C!V0 O! \D0 YOIC 8DK, \D0 YOIC I8C0 Lt_8D!Z8!OD8
OD8 0V0OQD0D OUDd8 t0_!8\0t \D0 IDCt0880 O! Y080ID !8:Ut08. D
\D0 b0V0DD OD8 bOuDd, LDD8 8DC DC!8 |OD0C !OtC08 8DC I0u80C \O O0
OC WD8 \O dO W!D CO8DOQO!8D `H00 I8C0. YD8, IDC00C, WOuC D0 \D0
8CV8D\8_08 O! CO8DOQOI\8DI8D ]OU 8I0 0D_8_0C, !OI 0X8DQ0, !D WOIK-
ID_ \OW8IC `OUt DOd0ID!j, 88 LD8\0t|00 D88 8t_u0C, OI !D C0COODIZ!D_
r;:iiii ::,:! :::!`!: :::.-:H ii:, ii`ij,`i`i
!iiii iii}`i,', ''i:Ii.i `(!::::i .Ii!! I!';. !.:: iH:i'I! I'iIII'i`'i I!i, ii,ii,:: i!:!':::::i::. :.'::,;:...::_:.
l CbaQcr bcvcn
KDOWC_, 88 8I_uC Oj L!DC8 . bD!\D Ot OuD\ODC|!, 88 0XQOt0C H
CD8QI j: tOm \D!8 Q0t8QC\!V0, CO8mOQO8D!8H ODC 8_aID OOK8 V0ty
DuCD !K 8 Y08ID, !D1Cu8j _08t0C QtO|C, 8D !DtD8 C0O80, W!!h
DO OO D8Dj !OOWt8 !D dO QtC0D OI \D0 DOD-LuIOQ8D CO8DO8.
L08 _0\ O8CK O 8D\ O !utD0t 0uC!C80 \D080 !88U8. 8K:D_ OD0 DOt
80Q, 8D DOV8 \O D0 `CD8I8C0I8 O! t8C8, :L 8 8DOI\ 8C\!OD :L WD!CD
`D8ut \8K8 \D0 Q8C OI `D8IOD8 DC !D D Qt0V!Ou8 80C\!OD. 8D\ C-
!D!8 \D Qu08!OD OI I8C08 Dj IOCu8!L_ D8\08C OD `D0 CDaI8C\t O! 8Q-
C!8. DC !D D!8 80C!OD \D0 CD8I8C0I O! \D0 8Q0C!8 `DUD8D |OI D I8C
8D!D88) C8tV08 CO80 8Ctu!Dj. LO8mOQO!\8D!8D COH08 :L\O L0 Q!CuI0
!D !D 80C!OD `8!D 08\ut8 O! \D0 8CI!Q!OD O! \D uD8D bQC!8
LD8I8C\t. rDC D0I0 !8 DOW 8D DVI8!OD8 CO8DOQO!8D!8D.
JD0 Dum8D I8C0 8KcD COcC!V0j |88 \L0 0L\!t0 Lu0D 8Q0C!c8) !8 8 _tc8\
DumOcI O! QcOpc !V:D_ succ088!Vcj aDd 8:mUaDcOu8j. JLcj caDDO Oc
WLOu\ Qc8c0m cO-cX!8cDcc, aDd jc \L0j caDDO 8VO!d COL\!DuOu8 d!8-
8_IccmcD WL OD0 aDODcr. LODscQu0Dj, !L0j !cc d08UDcd Oj D8utc !O
dcVcOQ, DIOu_D mu!u8! cOmQu8!OD aLd 8W8 Wt!|cL Oj Dcm, !D!O 8 cO8-
mOQO!0D 8Oc:cy (cO8mOQO:0D!8mu8) WL!CL !8 cOD88Lj \Ltc8\D0C Oj
d!88cD8!OD bu _cLcI0j QIO_I088!D_ OW8Id 8 CO8!!OD. 1hc co:moolitun
socict i: in it:cl} un unrcuchuolc idcu, bu ! !8 DO 8 cOD8\!\u!Vc Qt!DC!Qc
|WL!cD !8 cXQcc0D O! Qc8c0 8m!d8\ D0 mO8 V!_OrOu8 8C!OD8 0DC Ic8c!OD8
O! m0D). It i: onl u rcgulutivc rincilc dcmunding thut wc icld gcncrou:l to
thc co:mooltmn :octcg u: thc :tin o[ thc humun rucc; aDd D!8 DO\ WDOu
rc88OD8Oc _IOuLd !OI 8uQQO8!!OD D8\ D0tc !8 8 D8!uIa !Lc!D8!OD H \L!s
d!Icc!!OD.
OD D !C8 8DC D DOt!ZOD O! 8 CO8HOQO!\8D 8OC!j 8t0 QIC!C80C,
Dj 8D\, OD COD8!Ct8OD8 |XQOI0C D Hj QtVIOu8 8D8j8!8 O! D!8 Gcora-
h) D8\ D0 088O!8D0C OW00D It0COD 8DC 8W, D WO Q!VO8 Ot Q!8I8
O! 8Dj C!V! _!88\!OD: `! 8u\DOt!j !8 COHD!DC W!\D !tCOD 8DC 8W, D
QI!DC!Q08 O! !t00COD 8Dd 8W 8I0 0D8ut0C W!D 8uCC88. OW, CO8HOQO!-
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8uDOt!j W!\D !I00COH 8DC 8W !D Q8C0 r !8 COD8!C0I0C D0 !C08 O! 8OC!8
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UDCtj!D_ 8D8 !C08 0DVI88_!D_ O! 8 _OD8 OIC0I D cODC0!V0C 88 CO8-
DOQO!8D. 0 N!!Ot!8 W88 COD\I!OU\!D_ O 8D8Q0 D0 COOD!8 H8\tX !D \D0
8QD0I0 O! !D0ID8!OD8 8W; 8D O D0 QI!DC!Q08 O! 8OC!8 OI_8D!Z8!OD.
OD W0I WOIK!D_ Ou\ CO8DOQO!\8D!8D !D D0 D8D8_0HD\ O! D0 8QD0I0
OI 8UDOt!j.
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JD0t !8 8\: 8DO\D0I 88Q0C !D \D!8 8C0DaI!O W0 8D8 Ot!D_ O D0 !OI0_tOUDd
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OW W0 COH 8CK O b\QD0D OUH!D |800 !D\tOCUC!OD) HOD 8 d!t-
0D 8D_0. D D!8 8DCH8IK DOOK Cosmoolis. 1tc Hiddcn Acnda o] Aoder-
nit, OuH!D DIOu_D\ D0 !C08 OI 8 CO8DO-QO!8 !DO D0W !_D\-co:mo-olis
88 8 8!_D!DC8D 88Q0C O! D0 D!CC0D 8_DC8 O! DOCID!j. YDj \D0 D!CCD
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!aI HOD D0!D_ 8 LUtOQ08D _OC0D 8_ \D8 QIODQ0C \D0 8CVD O! 8C!0DC0
8DC QD!O8OQDj, W88 8 DOH0D\ O! 0CODOH!C CI!8!8 DaIK0C Dj D C0C8j O!
D0 bQ8D!8D 0HQ!t0 8DC !D0 8O8DC0 O! 8 D0W !DQ0t!8 0I8. O8DC W88 0D-
|Oj!L_ 8 HOD0D O! COHm0IC!8 _Otj, Du Y08cID LDt!8\!8D8 W0t0 K:!L_
2 L8Q!0I oV0D
8CD C\DIIDDJD:I\]8I8 Y8I. D 8CODd88QCUDdt1DdD]Cu
DID, QICD[dD] DI8 8t]I8dID_ C!ICD d CD\8:_D8 ssais, :8 D
DUD8DI8\IC 8\I3DdC\D D3I888DC D8\ COWd 8Dd t8D Q8t8 O )
8dVD O!DCdID 8CIDC 8Dd D 8CU8I[D:O8C[DI8 O!L81O, 18CCD,
8Dd8C8I8.JDDUD8DI8\:C\I8d1\IOD, ID:\:8\ddUtID_D1utC[8D-
D8I888DC,DIOK8W8] !tOD \D DOC_IC88DdQ:8DOC_IC8 CCDIO C!
D CDUICD 8DdD Q8[8C], 8DdQIQ8td \D _IOuDd CI D 8CU8t QD:-
C8C[D]C!D 1DI_DDDD\. D8\, ID 8Du\8D, :8 D DIddD8_Dd8O
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DUWID 8CO8DCQO:8D8_:V8 8CCDQtDD8:V 8CCOUD\ODWOtd, 8O
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DOV\]C!\D D:ddD 8_Dd8 ODOd)I\[. L!DDID8II8D C:VII28:OD8
ID DDd8, D DC88 Wt D 88 8Dd D 88: DIt8 W88 DOdd CD
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8IC8]D 8XDOdID8DdIDQtI8 1UtC[8D D8ICD8: LID8D], 1D_8Dd,
I3DC, 5[8ID, 8], 8DdOtU_8,WID 1C3Dd:D\tI_DuD),\DIDQt:8
Qu8ICDW88 DC\IDD[ICUt O!8\8DI8\IOD8 8DCD_ 8CVII_D D8:CD8
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t8tCDIC8 OI_8DI78\IOD O!8CD D8:CD-8\8\ (olis) 8D8 !OCW \D DOd
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OD]8 D8DD8IC8 `8W8 WD:CD WI D8UI I\8 8\8DII[ CI 8C CD_ 88 :\
Q888 LOdO D8:D8IDI\, W88 8 8CC:8]tVCU\IOD8I] Id8: DC\D CO8DC8
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8D\dDII8\8DII[.8tCD]88:6o, [OQWCItIdD8\\)YCIdW88
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5DOI] 3Ht D8 |D] ;;6), D Id8 W88 8QQId \O \D CODCD], 8Dd
DDI\COK, 8Dd LCdW88tQ8CdD] \D 5\8\: \DIDVI8IDD8Dd D8-
DIQu8d D] \D 8\8\, W88 8U[[C8d \C 8CuI !I 8Dd QI:V8\ IDII8\IY8.
JDU8 I\W88 DC\\D IC C!\D 88 C Iu\D CODOD], DU\\OD8K8uI
2/C LLaQc: 5cVcn
that thc cconomy ru!cd itscI!. 1!c invisib!c hand was Ihc ivisibIc hand o!
Ihc statc, as Arrighi has rcccnt!y and convincig!y argucd.' 1!is idca !asIcd
unti! Ihc taI! o! zoo8, whcn YaI! SIrcct cxp!odcd, bIowing o Ihc hngcrs ot
Ihc invisib!c hands and dcpriving Ihcm o! gIaying Ihc strigs and guiding
thc marioncttcs.
DIOUUC\D_ CCOOD\8 LO8DOQO\!8D UC88
It cosmopoIltan idca!s arc mainIaincd n and tor Ihc twcnty-hrst ccntury,
cosmopoIiIanism shaI! bc accountabIc !or iIs crmcs: thc vcry !oundation
o! cosmopoIitanism, as cnvisioncd by Kant and cxpIaincd by JouImln, was
comp!iciIous with mctormaIion o! uropcan imgcria! gowcts and o! uro-
pcan cxpansion in Amcrica, Aica, and Asia, as wc!l as with thc contiu-
ation ot uropc in thc Unitcd Statcs, as IcgcI was anticigaIing.' Jo man-
Iain cosmogoIitan idcaIs, wc (aI! Ihosc who cngagc in Ihis procct) nccd
to dcco!onizc cosmogo!itanism, which mcans movg Ioward a dccoIonia!
cosmopoIitan ordcr no Iongcr modcIcd on thc Iaw o! naturc discovctcd by
scicncc, but om various modc!s o! convivia!ity that Ycstcrn cosmogoI-
tanism supprcsscd. CosmogoIiIanism cannot bc a tog-down g!oba! ordcr,
nor can it bc thc priviIcgc ot "trcgucnI travcIcrs` and tri-conticnta! sub-
ccIs. CosmopoIitanism shaI! bc thought out in rcIaIion to a hcIcrogcnous
historico-structutaI conccpIion ot history and socicty (as wc saw i chap-
tcr ) and worId ordcr, rathcr Ihan in a uni!incar natrativc ot history and a
hicrarchicaI organization ot socicty. OccoIonia! cosmopoIitansm shaI! bc
"thc bccoming o! a p!urivcrsaI worId ordcr` bui!t on and dwc!ling in thc
gIoba! bordcrs ot modcrnlty/coIonia!ity. Iwhat toI!ows I cxpIain Ihis idca.
lW procccd by taking a stcp back !rom thc scvcntccnth ccnIury, whctc
JouImin Icarncd that "modcrnity` pIanIcd iIs sccd during Ihc Icnaissancc
and whcrc hc discovcrcd humanism as modctnitys hiddcn agcnda bcyond
thc cc!cbration ot scicncc and sccuIar phi!osophy. And ! wiII takc a stcg
!orward, Ioward thc !ormation ot thc Unitcd SIatcs and thc Iranstormation
o! uropcan cosmogoIitan idcaIs, DIhc carIy IwcnIicth ccntury, whcn mas-
sivc immigration !tom uropc agiIaIcd Ihc guicI watcrs ot two ccnturics o!
piIgrims pro-ctcaIion, IaIivc Amcrican rcprcssion, and cns!avcd -tican
cxgIoitaIion.
AbouI onc hundrcd and Ihitty ycars bctorc !mmanucI Kant pronounccd
his Iccturc on anthropo!ogy trom a pragmatic point o! vicw (:;;z-;), thc
!D8DDQD\I\8V 1OC8iSD8 2}1
nccd ot inIcrnationa! Iaw cmcrgcd in thc consciousncss ot Ycstcrn Chris-
tians. Yhi!c i utogc thc Counci! ot Jrcnt was scI|ing thc stagc tor a
b!oody sccnatio that wou!d consumc Ycstcrn Christian utogc untiI thc
Icacc ot YcstghaIia (6(8), cnding Ihc Jhirty Ycars Yar, which had gig-
gybackcd on thc cighIy-ycar war bctwccn Span and thc IcthcrIands, !cga!
thco!ogians at thc UnivcrsiIy o! Sa!amanca wcrc sIarIing Ihcit Iong jout-
ncy to soIvc two intcttcIaIcd prob!cms. Io what cxcnI Indians i Ihc Ncw
YotId wctc Iuman, and to what cxtcnt, as a conscgucncc, thcy had prop-
crIy righIs. !or CasIIians !and was a maI|cr ot propctIy rights, whiIc tot thc
Inca and AzIcc civi!izaIions, as wcI! as oIhcr cxstig communitics in thc
Caribbcan, ncithcr propcrty nor righI was a known conccgt. 1!is was cvcn
!css gctmanc to Iand. !and was !or Ihcm and sIiII is thc sourcc ot Iitc, and
noI a commodiIy. Irancisco dc ViIotia and his to!Iowcrs wcrc contronting,
durng thc sccond haI! o! thc sixtccnIh ccntury, issucs o! a hisIory paraI!cI
Io and inIcrtwncd with thc inIcrna! history ot uropc that Kant uamcd in
Icrms o! nation-statc and nationaI characIcrs. Jhis doubIc history, its impc-
ria! and coIonia! sidc, wcrc ccrIainIy aI work in thc scvcnIccnIh ccntury, but
as Joulmln has cIcgantIy narratcd in Ihc hrst chagtcr o! his book, on!y Ihc
brighI sidc o! mgcria! uropcan hisIory was IransmiI|cd to his gcncration,
n ng!and, n thc ios and (os.
!n rctrosgcct, anoIhcr asgccI o! thc story that has not bccn Io!d dcscrvcs
Io bc brought to !ighI. Grcck cosmoo/is has many morc siml!aritics Io
Qucchua-Aymara words Ilkc Pacba or cvcn Tawantinsuyu than Io Kants
cosmo-o/is. Jawantinsuyu was noI on!y Ihc otganizaIion o! thc Incanatc,
but-as I usI mcmioncd-iI was modcIcd on thcir knowIcdgc ot Pacba
(which, trans!atcd into Grcck, wouId bc "cosmos` and inIo Iatin wouId bc
"orbis`), a mallcabIc word Ihat coI!apscs spacc and Iimc, cncrgy and Iitc.
And that is a grob!cm, tcaI!y. !maginc, as a thought cxgcrimcnt, Ihat KanI
rc!icd on Jawantinsuyu Io imaginc a gIoba! and sociaI organizaIion ot thc
human spccics, much Ikc Guaman Ioma dc Aya!a did cxactIy zo ycars
bc!orc KanI, whcn hc !ad out his Nueva coronica y ouen ooierno and
proposcd to Ihi!ip !!I an organization ot "1!c Indics ot thc Icw YotId.
1!c otganizaIion ot Ihc htst impcria!/co!onia! socicIy sicc Ihc sxtccnIh
ccntury was mcant to so!vc a cosmo-go!itica! prob!cm ot a particuIar kind.
Ihc !ormaIion o! modcrn/coIonia! intcr-staIc rc!ations and inncr-staIc so-
cia! organization (sIabi!iIy and hicrarchy). 1!c tact that uropcans man-
agcd and controI!cd know!cdgc docsnI mcan Ihat in tcrms o! thc !uturc and
z;z CIaterSeven
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0\8I] 8D!DtCQC8, IDC!udID_ !uIOQC8D DUD8DI!88. J1u8, OCCOCDI8! CO8DC
QO!I\8DI8U QtCQO8C8 8 dOuD!0 d0Q8t!UIC, 8 t8d)C8! 8DIH ID DC _COQO!)\IC8 O!
KDCW:I_ 8Dd DCID_. J10t0 8IC \WO 8C0D8IIO8 D WDICD O0CO!ODI8! cO8DC
QO1!8DI8D CCud D0 DCu_D! Ou! 8DO 8C!0d CD.
J10 HI8\ 8C0D8IIO DC_ID8 W)\D D0 !t8D8OID8\IOD O! \DC UCDOC0D\IIC
[8DO UD8!0I8) YC8!CID WOIO !IOD 8!XC0D\D-C0D!u1] C8!8D!8DD0D! O!
\D0 CO!ODI8 U8\tIX C! QOW0t \O zooo. 1D D8\ Q0tICO CUCt_0O \D0 CO!ODI8!
D8!IIX O! QOW0t !D8! W88 Ct08\0O, COD8OIO8!0O, 8u_D0D\CO, 8DO COD\IO0d
D] YC8\CtD IUQ0tI8!8D [OQ8ID, !D_8DO, 8Dd DC !DI\0O b!8!08, D88IC8!!]).
OIDC0 zooo, 8QQtOXD8\0], !DC CO!ODI8! D8\tX C! QOWCt D88 D0CD uDd0I
24 LhuQIC\ 5CVCn
disputc(chaptcr).Vc havcbccnwitncssinthctransIormationoIamono-
ccntricworIdintoapo!y-ccntriconcthatsharcsthcsamctypcoIcconomy,
acagitaIistcconomy.Howcvcr,poIy-ccntrcicyagpcarsatIhcIcvc!oIcontroI
oIgo!iticaIauthorty,contro!oIknowIcdc,andcontroIoIsubjcctivty(c..,
cndcr, scxua!ity, rcIiiosty, ctc.).Atthcmomcntnwhich!wrotcths,thc
o;o wcrc mcctininVashntontothcVaI! Strcctdisastcr. Howcvcr,
whiIcthc ozoarccdonmanygonts rcardnthccconomy,thcrcwasno
gucstion that Chinaand thcIntcd Statcs, !ndia and brazi!, SaudiAraba
andGcrmany, andoIhcrnatonsIacnoacross coIoniaI!incswouIdhavc
contcntionsn othcr arcnas, Irompo!iticaIto cgistcmc andrc!iious. Iur-
thcrmorc, countrcs Iikc !ran and Vcnczuc!a, cconomcaI!ygowcrm and
cagta!ist,wcrcnotgartoIthcGzogrccscIybccausc contcntons arcgIaycd
outnthc domainoI

ontroI!inauthorcy, sub|cctvity, andknowIcdc.

Sccond, a go!yccntric cagita!ist wor!d is not, oI coursc, a dccoIona!
worId: aworId that has disgcnscdwiIhthc co!oniaI matrix oIpowcrand
withthc coIoniaI andimpcriaIdicrcnccs rcuIatinthcnc!doIIorccs in
thc modcrnlcoIoniaI worId. I am not sayin that a go!yccntrc cagita!ist
worIdisbcttcrthanamonoccntriconc.!amjustdcscribinthcgo!yccntrc
cagitaIstwor!dthatcxststoday, !ikctornot.Dcco!oniaIcosmogo!tanism
s not so much (yct) thouht out and acIvatcd inthc sghcrc oIthc statc
(gcrhagswithcxccptonsIikc)voMoraIcsinBo!ivia),butinthcdomainoI
whatIarthaChattcr|ccdcntncsas"poIitica!socicty.Jhatis,thcsphcrc
oIthc "cviI soccty, conccivcd by HccI in thc IramcworkoIIbcraI cos-
mogoItanismandthcsccuIarordcroIsoccty, hasbccncxgandcd,mainIy
nthctwcntcth ccntury, bythcirruption and dsrupton oIthc "go!tca!
socicty,gartoIwhichis dcscribcdas "soca!movcmcnts. Dcco!ona!cos-
mopoIIansm shal bcg!accd n thc sphcrc oIpoIticaI sociccy, aIthouh
notncccssari!ythccntircsghcrcoIgo!iticaIsociccywou!d cndorscdccoIo-
niaIogtons.nccaain,wcarcdcaInwiththcdomainoIthcg!urvcrsa!
andtruthngarcnthcss. DccoIona!cosmogoItangro|ccts,as !amaru-
nhcrc, arc contcndinwiththc sghcrc oIco!ona!ty, that s, withnthc
IormationandtransIormatonoIthcco!ona!matrixoIpowcrasdcscribcd
abovc.
!nanycvcnt,whatcvcrthccncaIoyoIthouhtsandIccIins,dccoIoniaI
cosmogoIitansmcmcrcs Iromthcbordcrs,ncxtcriorcy, nthcrca!moI
co!onia!dcrcncc, whiIccosmogoIitanism,initsdcrcntvcrsions (rbis
LosmoQo\taLocasms 28j
Chrstianus,!oba!ism) wasconcoctcdandcnactcdn andIrom thc mct-
rogoIitan ccntcrs. Actors qaIi, cnactin, and advancin dcco!ona!
gro]cctswould most!ikeIycomcIrom cthcrthc"damncs dc!atcrrc,\hc
wrctchcdoIthc carth, inIanonscxgrcssion, ornom actors who, notbc-
Ionintothcdamncs,havc]oncdthccauscandshI|cdthcircoraghyoI
rcasoninIrom imgcra!icytodcco!ona!ity. Jlc marins arc g!accs,hsto-
rics, andgcop!cwho,notbcinatonccChristansandsccu!arIurogcans,
wcrcIorccdtodcaIwiththccncroachmcntoIthcrmodcrncy.
Somc OccoIoniaIOcntations
IIcosmogoIitanismisaVcstcrnconccrnwithtwoIaccs-thcimgcra!Iacc
oI!oba!ismandthcVcstcrnizationoIthcworId(dcVIoria,Grotius,Iant)
andthcintcrna!crtguc oIVcstcrnizationinthcgasttwodccadcs(IIrch
bcck, AnthonyAggah)-andu, n sgtcoIit, wc wouId!ikc to maintain
cosmogoItan idca!s, thcn dccoIonaI cosmopoItanism sha!bcaconccrn
oIaI! gartcs invo!vcd, cach Ioca! historyand ntcrcst, and sha!I shn or
movcbcyondthosctwoVcstcrnIaccs.
Vhat could bc "bcyond thc two Vcstcrn Iaccs oIthc cosmogo!is !s
thcrc any rca! gossbi!icy oIthinkn and gro]cctn Iuturcs wthout IoI-
Iowinthcb!ucgrint oIIobaIsmoroIVcstcrncritca!cosmogo!itanism
"Human' intcrcsts donot stcmnomthcbibanorIrom Godscrcation
oIthcwor!d, butIromthc mgcraI andmodcrnlco!oniaIworId ordcr, on
thc axis oIco!onia! and imgcra! dicrcnccs. Jhus, scho!ars, ntcI!cctuaIs,
and activists inthc non-Iurogcan wor!d havc thcr own conccrns, and
thcirownconccrnshavcbccncxgrcsscd(aIthouhnoncoIthcmhasmadc
thc "brcakin ncws) aroud "indcgcndcnt thouht, rathcr than around
cosmogoItanism. So, thcn, rcspondin to thc gucston oIcosmogoIitan
!oca!sm and dcco!onaI Iu\urcs wouId invo!vc,Prst, IoI!owin ug on thc
dcmands and nccds bcn cxgrcsscd around thc wor!d, rathcrthan pro-
]cctnIuroccntcrcd dc
_
ands andnccds aroundthcwor!d.Ictstakc thc
Io!Iowinthrcccascsascxamg!cs,tohcshoutandtobct|crundcrstandthc
pontoImyarumcnt.
Jlcnrst casc comcsIrom")x|ractions andRcnncmcntoICul\uraIRc-
sourccsoncoIthcnncstandmostrcvcaInIcc\urcsAShariaticvcrdc-
!ivcrcd. (wasPrst dc!ivcrcd in thc ;os: howcvcr, twas notgubIishcd
lb LUaQItoCvCD
untiI 8, in thc voumc Aan and Is/am.) In that Iccturc, which is a combi-
nation o! schoIatshig, intcIcctua gazc, and goIitica dircction, hc statcd,
U I8 IDQO88IOC \O 0CDICVC CCODODIC IDUCQCDUCDCc wilhout D8VID_ 0CDICVCU
8QItI\U0 IDUCQCDUCDCC, 8DU VICC VCt88. DC8C rwo 0tC ID\ctUC[CDUCD\ as wcl
as CODQIDCD\0Ij CODUI\IOD8. !D OtUCt \O D8VC 0D IIUC[cDUCD\ CD0t8C\Ct II
lhc D0\CtI0, 8OCI0, 0DU CCODODIC 8QDctc, WC DU8\ UCVCOQ an IDUCQCDUCDI
COD8CIOu8DC88 DCOtC \DC YC8\ 8DU VICC VCt88. YD0\ 8DOUU WC UO, 0DU ID
WD0\ W0q! YC must know \D8\ \Dc OC8\ \C0CDCt Ot IC_8IDII_ and WtC8\ID_
ODC8 IIUcQCDUCDCC 0DU D0\IOD0 CD8t8C\Ct jtcmcmbct 0D\ on D8\IOD0
CD0I8C\Ct8| I8 rhc CHCDj (Ot CDCDIC8) WDO tODOCU u8 o OUI IIUCQcnUcncC
8DU D0\IOD0 CD0I0C\Ct. DCtCOtC, WC DU8\ UCVCOQ COD8CIOU8DC88 O DOW
\DC YC8\ D88 UCQtIVCU u8 O! out CU\UI0 8DU 8QItI\u0 tC8OutCC8 and con-
8CgUCD\q \t8IDCU 8 _CDCI0\IOD O! 88ICIDCt8 WDO D8VC O8\ IDC C8Q8DIIIj O
U\IZID_ IDCIt tICD IIC88UtC O \DOU_D\, C\DIC8, 8QItI\, 0DU cuIrurc. In IC0I\j WC
D8VC bCCODC C8\I0D_CU tOD \DC8C tC8OUrCC8. YC DU8\ 8C0tCD Iot lhc 8\CQ8
\D0\ IDC YC8\ D08 I0KCD, 08 wcII as rhc mclhods, 0DU lhc 8\t0\8_CD8 I\ D08
U8CU \O 8uCCCCU 0DU tC0CD I\8 _O08 ID \DC L88\, \O 8UCD 8D cxtcnt ID8\ 8DC has
0CCu8CU \DC _t0DU 08\, rhc OtI_ID, Ct8UC, 8DU rhc OUD\8ID OYC8\CtD man's
CIVIIZ8\IOD 8DU CU\uIC, o 88V0_CIj, O0CK0IUDC58, 8DU COttuQ\IOD8. LDCC
WC 8\uUj 0DU hDU IDC \t0CK8 IDtOU_D WDICD \DC YC8\ D88 CD\CtCU OUI 0DU8,
WC C0D IDCD tC\r0CC IDCD 0DU tC\UtD \O \DC OtI_ID.`
WcII, this sccms to bc a grovocation to cosmogoitan gro|ccts. Atc not
cosmogoIitans against this kind o! vision And docs not cosmogoitan-
ism scck to gct out o! grcciscy this kind o!"nationa and "IocaI thin!ing
about origins, whcn lhc origin is not Grcccc But noticc tvo asgccts ot this
gatagtagh. Jhc rst onc is thc dccoIoniaI conccgt ot tc goliticaI. Ior CarI
Schmit| tc goIiticaI was dcncd n tcrms ot!oc-!ricndrcIations. But Schmitt
was mainIy tinking with Wcstcrn urogc in mind at tat timc. Hc was not
yct into 2Ie Nomos o] tbe artb (scc chagtct z) and ttacing thc history o!
imgcriaI intcrnationaI rcIations. And whcn hc did, thc utogcan sccnc in
which hc totmuatcd thc conccgt ot thc goIiticaI had vaniscd. GIobaI Iin-
cat tin!ing and doing crcatcd a didcrcnt sccnatio, wcrcn thc goiticaI
was dcncd in tc struggIc bctwccn imgcriaI dcsigns and IocaI istotics.
Shariatis wotk is a casc in goint. Hc docs not dcc tc goiticaI in tctms o!
!ocs and !ticnds, toIowng Schmit|s !otmuIa, but takcs tc dccoIonia arcna
Cosmoo\\an \ocausms z8;
into account. Jc go!itica is no !ongct dcncd bctwccn tocs and !ticnds
within uroccnttism itsc!, but tathcr in thc tctten whctc utoccntric idc-
aIs movc towatd it, uninvitcd. Jhc goIiticaI is ocatcd in anothct rcam, in
anothct sgacc o! thc gcogoitics o! knowIcdgc. thc goIitica bccomcs dcco-
IoniaI, tot it as to dca with tc dccoIonization ot thc go!itica as dcncd
by tc controntation bctwccn !ocs and tricnds in thc tcttitory o! Wcstcrn
imgcriaI urogc. It cannot bc subsumcd undct Schmitts conccgt o! thc go-
iticaI, it sttctccs it, and, bccausc it is motc cagacious, aggIics to any situ-
ation atound tc gIobc-bcyond thc Ioca istoty o! Gcrmany. Jctc!orc,
Scmit| and Shariati bot grovidc IocaI dcnitions ot tc goitica, undcr
dissimiat conditions, to soIvc dissimiar ocaI gtobIcms. Schmit| was !ac-
ing tc conuontation bctwccn Wcstcrn utogcan cmgircs and his sttuggc
with ibctalism. Sariati was tacing thc controntation ot thc Wcstcrn imgc-
tiaI gowcts (whosc gtobIcms Schmitt was trying to soIvc) in Itan and trlng
to sovc tc grobIcm ot utogcan intcttctcncc (c.g., Cccidcntalism). Jhctc
is no rcason tot onc to bc univcrsa and tc othct not, tot imgctiaI modct-
nity gocs togcthcr with coIoniaIity. Jhc grobcm !or Schmitt was Wcstctn
utogc, thc gtobIcm tot Shariati was cooniaIity in Iran. Jctc is no rcason
to givc thc griority to Scmit| to bc univcrsa (uncss onc dctcnds imgcria
utogcan idcaIs) and Shariati to bc Ioca. Jhat distnction is onc o! tc basic
gIats o! tc coIoniaity o! knowIcdgc that cnds ug, morc oncn than not, n
cgistcmic racism. Scmit| was dcaIing wit tc goiticaI in Gcrmany, whiIc
Shatiati was dcaIing with tc golitica at thc |unction otItanian istory and
Wcstctn urogcan ntcrvcntions. Jhus, ctiticaI Wcstcrn cosmogoitanism
may not bow togto|ccts o! cosmogolitan ocalism, thcir tcgtcscntativcs
btng to thc tabIc scnsibitics, conccgtua tooIs, dcmands, and nccds tat
can no Iongcr bc satiscd with tccognition and conccssions that wouId
mctcIy maintain tc onc-sidcd cosmogolitan vision. In otcr words, a
onc-way cosmogolitanism is a Ioca conccrn o! Wcstcrn scoarsig, as I
said, and it is out ot gacc tc gtctcnsc is to ugdatc Kant to tc imgcrial
nccds ot tc Wcst in thc twcnty-tst ccntury. I! cosmogoIitan idcas sha!I bc
maintancd, tcy sall bc dccoIonia. Jhctc!otc, dccooniaI cosmogoitanism
woud bc a ccntraI issuc in cithcr thc disgutc ovcr contto o! ot dcinking
uom thc coIonia mattix o! gowct tat I dcsctibcd in chagtct 1.
Jhc sccond cxamgIc I wouId gut !otward is tat ot Ioyd Bcst, intto-
duccd in cagtct ztrom a didcrcnt angIc. Athough onc o! thc towcring
2 LhuQ!ctocVcF
H_uIC8 O! L8tIDD08D DOU_D, D8\UI8q, IIC I8 XDOWD O!DD ID U8:I8\t08U
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QICuI0 U8q D8V0 DCCD QtOVOKCC D] DC I\0CCu8 QIODC O! DOD bD8II8I
8DC DC8; DOD uIC, K0 IIC78CD0, IItCV0I0D 8DC QIOVOC8\IVC. I8 8a10 O u8-
8uUC D8 \DC IUu_ID8tq IDCIOCUOI CO08 DO XDOW WDO bDuIIuI 8DC D08
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WID DC WOIK O! U0D WDO QUI\C C_:\IU8Cq !u WIDI DC C80_Otq O! `II-
tCVCt0D\ 8DC QtOVOCuIVC \DIDK0I8. IuuI8q, D0tC 8I0 8OUC CODDCCIOD8
DC\WCCD bD8IIu\I 8DC L08, 8DC II078CD0CDICH], D8 D0q WCI0 d00Qq
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Osmo]o!\ta !Oca\sms 28g
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DIghIgh8 o! oLc o! hI8 UO8\ UcUotuDc uchIcVcUcD8, The Wretched o[ the
!urth.`'
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LD0 DOIc cX8DQ!c: !DI8 ODc 8DOU !Dc Y080ID Id08 D8 !D0 LDII080~
!JK0 \D0 bu88I8D8CO DO\ D8V0 Dc H00dOD \O !08V0 !Dc:I COUDI]. JD0 8t-
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8D0CdOc, L8I0t \O!d7:8OQII_ \D8 LOD_I088 D8d Q8880C 8 !8W, :I 1Q,Q0I-
DI\:D_ DOtD8 I8d0 t0!8\IOD8 WI!D COuI\t:08 \D8 8OWcC !I00 cD:_t8!OD.
|LD0 O! \D0 _O88 O! !D0 !8W, 8CCOICJI_ O L8tcI, W88 O Qu\ QIc88uI0 OD Dc
bOV:0 lD:OD !O 8OW !t0c cDI_I8IOD O! |cW8. 1QQ8IcD!], L8IcI W88 DO
:D0t080d JD !D0 0DI_I8:OD O! DOD-|0W8 HOD \Dc bOVI0 lD:OD.) 7I8OQ:D_,
WDO D8C !I80DcC C8I0!u!!], Ic8QODC0d: `1OW D8D] LDII080 WOUd ]Ou !:Y0
Dc O 8!OWO 0DI_I80 \O \D0 lDJ0C b8\08: LD0 DJ!IOD: cD DI:OD: 1
DUDCIcd DI!!IOD: YOU C8D D8Vc 88 D8D] 88 ]OU W8D. W8DDuD8D: 8I_uc8
\D8 LD:D8 `88VcC !Dc lDI\cC b\8\c8 !tOD 8 D888IV0 LD:D08c DI_I8:OD. ]
8CO_:I_ 8Dd 8d8Q!ID_ 8 !I00-D8IK0 0CODOD], LDID8 COUC Ctc8\c CODdI-
IOD8 ID WD:CD QcO_!0 WOUC DO W8D O 0DI_I8\0. JD0 QuICD !IIc O! !Dc
8I_UF0D W88 !D8 .FFcIIC8 D8C c0CIV0!] !:D0I80C DuDCt0d8 O! D:JOD8
O! LDID08c, cV0D DOu_D !D0] WcI0 8\J! QctC0IV0C \O D0 0CDI:C8] Dc!C C8Q-
:V0 D]Dc LLV [LODDUDI8\ 8ty O!LDID8|.'
0!8 DOW UO O !D0 CcCO!ODI8 OQIOD.
OccoonizingOcvcIopmcnt
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1D8ty8 bcD !OCU8c8 OD !Ic0COD :D Ic!8:OD \O !OOd 8DC 8t_uc8 D8\ !D0
QIOD!0D C8DDO\ D0 QIOQ0t] 8CCIc880C D] CODC0DI8II_ OD !OOd OUQu
OD!]. 0 I0CO_DI208 D:8 88 OD!] one O! Dc V8I:8D!c8, 8!D0I 8D :DQOI!8D
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OD0, 8:IC0 !D0 QIICc COD8uD0t8 D8V0 \O Q8] :8 8cC\cC D] \Dc 8I2c O! \Dc !OOC
Ou\Qu. ID:8 CODcX, Dc :88u0 t8:80d D]bcD \D8\ WOUd !IK0 \O CODCcD-
I8\c OD I8 \Dc !O1OWJD_: `uI\D0IDOIc, WD0D W0 COD8IC0I !OOC QIOD!cD8 8\
!Dc _OD8 !cVc! (t8\DcI D8D 8\ D0 D8DOD8! Ot !OC8! !0Vc!), !Dctc :8 ODV:OU8y
DO OQQOt!uD:y O! ettin ]ood {om cutside` tbe economy OI \D080 t088OD8,
Dc OHcD-8JI0d !08I D8 !OOC QtOduCIOD Q0t Dc8d I8 !8II_ :D \Dc WOI!C
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L8DDt:C_c) D88 8 C!cIcD VIcW O! CcVc!OQD0D\. 18DI8 I8Dd] OQ0D0d DJ8
c888] `JDc c8UJ! U\uI0 O! OV0Iy: OQu!8I 1CODODIC8 88 8]CDO!O_:-
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!D8! I W:! IcDOV0 8! QOV0ty !OI0V0t !tOD 8! COIDct8 O! Dc WOtC, DOW :c8
8D8\0Icd. \ I8 8uIQtI8JD_ \D8! 8O D8D] Q0OQ!0 D0!I0V0d :! !Ot 8O D8D] ]c8I8
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UDQI0C0CtD\0d QtO8Q0t:y CutII_ \Dc !88\ HV0 dcC8d08, 8uCD 88 !D0 lDI!cd
b808 O! F0IJC8, D8V0 DO\ DccD 8D!c O cXIc c:\DcI QOV0ty Ot C08:\u:OD
DOD WJD:I \D0!t DOtC0I8."
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D:y O! _0\:D_ !OOC !IOD Ou\8IC0 Dc cCODOD YD8 cCODOD]: bcD :8 DO
Qu08\IODII_ `C8Q:\8!:8 cCODOD]. ] `C8Q:\8:8D D08D !D8 WD:CD D8D]
D8Vc DccD Cc8Q0I80 \O 88Vc D] Ic-:D8_IIID_ I8 !u\uIc 8H0I !D0 d0D8Cc O!
\D0 Y8 b\tcc! CO18Q8c 8DC I8 _!OD8! COD80QucDCc8. 1OD_ \D080 :D08, \D0
Financia/ Times CODQ:!cC 8I!IC!08 ID 8 D0W8Q8Qct 8uQQ!cDcD, QUD:8D0d OD
12 W8] 2OOQ, \I\!0d `Dc 1u!Utc O! L8QI8D8D: JDc 1I_ 0D80. D0 I88uc
I8 I0Vc8DD_ OD 1)8D] COuI\8. IO\DJD_ 0QuIV8cD\ W88 QUD:8D0d 8DOu !Dc
`!OOd CtI8I8, 8JDC0 D0 !OOC CI:8:8 CIC DO 0Dd8D_ct \Dc !!!0 O! C8Q:8I8D
(OD] D0 !IV08 O! DI!IOD8 O! Q0OQ!c :V:D_ uDd0I OI |u8\ 8DOVc D0 QOV0Iy
!IDc). DU8, `88VID_ C8QI8I8D D08D8 !Dc QIc8cIV8!IOD O! \Dc :D8:u:OD D]
DO80 WDO DcDcH !IOD D0 :D8\I!U\IOD 8DC WDO Dc:cVc Ot Qt00Dd !D8\ 88V-
:D_ C8QI\8J8D wD0 DcD0HCI8! !OI 8, D] I08U\1D_, 8DOD_ O!Dct D:D_8, :D
\D0 0DC O! QOV0Iy, O!COtIuQIOD 8Dd JDDOI8:y O _c 8D08C, O! Dc w O
8CCuDU80 8DC Dc CODQcIIV0 :D OtCcI O 8UCC00d, dI8Ic_8tCID_ \D0 COD-
8cQu0DC08. uI\DcIDOI0, OD 1j W8], Dc Financia/ Times QUD:8D0CII \D0
88Dc 8ct:c8, `D0 1u\uIc O! L8QI8!I8D 8D OQ-0d D] c2cK 18CcIOWJC2,
8 !OtDct O:8D d0Quy QtIF0 DII:80I 8DC _OV0IDOt O! Dc 8:OD8!
18DK O! O!8DC. D0 OQ-0d D88 8 _I08 OQcDm_: `LD] D0 tu!ct8 O! LuD8,
jC HtWOI
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C8QI8!I8U \8KC8 CtU8 8Dd CVOVC8 OVCt \IUC. DC QuC8ICD8 O 88K, \DCD,
8tC YD8 C8QI\8!I8U! 8Dd OC8 DC QtC8CD CLI8I8 8DCC DCW !I_D\ OD \DI8
I88uC! DC 8CCIOWCZ CODC!uCC8, 8HCI QCDCCII_ DC8C wO QuC8ICD8,
8DC CCDD.LUI_ DI8 OWD IDuIICD, D8 DCtC I8 DC 8!CtD8IVC O C8QI8I8U;
`]D8UIC, CD\tCQtCDCuLI8 C8QI8!I8D D88 DCW8C8]8 DC 8CIICu8 CXCtD8!
CDCDIC8. \ C8D CD] DC WC8KCDCd !LCU WIDI. JDI8 8DODd DC tC_8tdCC
88 8 C8!! C 8CICDCL DC8C WDO DC!ICVC D8\ IdIVICu88 QLO8QCtI] 8DC
CI_DI] 8tC DC8 CD8utCC uDCCL IUICC _CVCLDUCD.'` L8QI8I8U, ID 8 Du-
8DC!, I8 DC DC_CUCDIC 8LuCutC, QDI!O8CQD], 8DC V8!uC C! CCCDOD] ID DC
Q88 DVC DuDCtCd ]C88; DI8 dOC8D UC8D D8\ I\ I8 DC OD] OQ\IOD OI \DC
DC8. 1 I8 OD] DC DC8 Ct DC CD!] OQIOD !OI \DO8C WDO D8VC DuI! I, DCDCD
UCD I, 8DC \DCtC!OLC 8LC IDCLC8\CC I U8ID\8IDID_ I. u, 88 l D8VC DCCD
8L_uID_, DCtC 8tC U8D] CDCICC8 Ct D8D8_ID_ C8QI8!I8\ CCCDCD] DC]CDC
DC \.o. 8DC DC U.JCC8] WC 8IC WIDC88ID_ CCWC8CLDIZ8\IOD |LDID8, oI-
_8QOIC, lDCCDC8I8, I8ZI!); Ct `8CCI8I8U O DC wCD]-D.t8 CCD\uL] |NCDC-
ZuC8), `C8QI8!I8UC 8DCIO-8D8ZODICC |O!IV:8). LD DC ODCt D8DC DCLC
8tC _LOWID_ C!8IU8 O! WOLKID_ dCCO!CDI8!!] \OW8td DODC8QI8!I8 CCCDODIC
!uuIC.
I8DC]8 WCLC8 8tC 8 C8!! Ct `dI_DI] 8DC `QIC8QCLI] t8DCt \D8D CL
CCVCCQUCD 8DC _tOW\D. YD8 u ]Ou CC DO\ W8D DC CCODCU] C! _LOW\D,
CL CO DCI W8D\ DC CCDDC!O_] \D8\ UOdCLDI] 8Dd C8QI\8!I8D DtOu_D C
u8! JDI8 I8 8 COUDCD QuC8\IOD WDCD DC8C 8t_uUCD\8 8tC 8CV8DCCd. DC
COuDCt QuC8ICD8 8tC. YD] 8DOu!C `_ICWID 8DC CCVC!OQUCD DC DC _O8!8
O! DC CCODOU] I! `8uCCC88 8Dd dCUI8ICD WCtC DO\ wO C! I\8 D8ID CIIV-
Ct8! JDC WCt!C DCCC8 8 WC!-OI_8DIZCC CCODCU], DO CDC D88CC OD _8ID8
|WDICD DIID_8 COttuQ\IOD), Ot \D8 Qu8 QCt8CD8! 8Dd ID8IuICD8! IDCIC88
|8DC \DC QCt8CD U8D8_ID_ DO8C ID8\I\u\IOD8) 8DC8d O QCCQ!C. YD] CO WC
DCCC `_ICW\U 8DC CCVC!CQUCD IWC KDCW \D8 DC DC8uIC8 \D8\ \DC tDC\O-
tIC O! DCCCIDI] QICDC\C8 DICC 8DC CI8DI88 DC `_tCWID 8Dd dCVC!CQUCD\
C! QCVCt]! 8 !Ot DC 8CCCDC QuC8IOD, ]C8, 8D !Ct `CCDDO!C_IC8! IDC-
V8\IOD8, Du DC 8 DC CXQCD8C C! DILC YOIC LC_IOD8 \D8\ Q8] DC CO88
C! \t8D8D8ICD8! DIDID_ |WDICD QtCVICC D8\uL8! tC8CuICC8 Ct DC \CCDDC-
C_IC8! IDCu8t]) \D8 8tC QOI8ODI_ DC tIVCI8 8Dd CXD8u8\ID_ \DC 8O D8\
8LC DC `8CuLCC8 O IC OI CD\ILC QOQu!8\IOD8!'' CWCVCt ]Ou !CCK 8\ I,
ID8ID_ iUvD o L_DID_ ![ }C>
`CCVCOQDCD\ I8 8 C8QI\8I8\ mI88IOD; 88 8DCD, I\ WOu!C DDCCIUIDC WD8CVCt
QOQu8ICD 8DC WD8\CVCt tC_IOD \D8\ I8 D8CC88 !OI 8DCD 8 UI88ICD. DC CD8-
CD_C I8 C \DIDK ID CCODOUIC \CIU8 \D8\ 8tC 88\I8!8CCL] !O: :V\D_, I8\DCt
D8D ID CCCDODIC \CtU8 \D8 IDCtC88C CODtO CVCL D8D8_CUCD 8DC \D8
88I8I QCt8OD8 DCCC8 \DtOu_D DC 8CCuUu!8\IOD O! WC8\D D] 0D] DC8D8.
DC UC8D8 C DC CDC C! 8CCuUu!8\IOD CD8D_C, Du\ 8CCuUD8ICD tCD8I8
DC DCLIZOD O! CCVCOQUCD; 8DC DC\ Ct C:8tIDDICD, O! CCDt8C. LtOWID,
88 WC KDCW I, DCDCD.8 QCID8Q8 CDC D!:OD O! DC 8DO8\ 8CVCD DICD
QCOQC OD DC Q8DC\ |88 O :oo). JDC DCDCDCI8tIC8, DCWCVCt, dO DO\ DCDCD\
CQu8!]. DC] 8LC Ct_8DIZCd ID CODCCD\tIC CItC!C8. DC 8U8C8\ CItCC, ID \DC
QLIV\C_CC CCDCt, CODQtI8C8 QCtD8Q8 QCICCD C! DC O8 QOQu8ICD, 0DC
DC CuCtUO8\ CIIC!C, C! WCtKCI8 8DC CCD8DUCt8, COD8I8\8 O! QCtD8Q8 1L QCt-
CCD\ C! \DC O8 QCQu!8\IOD.
8U DO CQu8\ID_ bC))8 OD8CtV8ICD 8Qu8LC] WID \D8\ O! 8CCtOWICZ.
JDCtC 8tC dIUCICDCC8, CCt\8D!j. 8CCtOWICZ I8 CODCCtDCC W:\D QLC8QCII],
WDC oCD I8 CODCCIDCC WI\D 8CV:D_ QtCDCU8 O! DuD_CI, IDu8\ICC, 8DC ID-
CQu8!I]. bCD DCICVC8 \D8\ C8QI8I8\ dCVC!OQUCD I8 DC W8] C !ICCCCU.
CVC!CQUCD\, Ct bCD, dOC8)) UC8D QtO8QCII] ID \DC W8] I\ COC8 !OI 8CC-
tOWICZ. 8CCLCWCZ I8 8!8O 8D ID\CtC8ID_ CX8DQC O! \DC QCL8u88IVC CtCC C!
CODVCt8ICD. C8QI8I8U D88 O D.DC DO CD] CODVCt\8 ID 88CLD DICQC 8DC
ODCt Q8I\8 O! \DC WCIC, Du CCDVCL8 WDO \8KC 8D 8CIVC tCC ID CCCDCI_
C8QI8!!8U. JDC QCIIC8 O! CODVCL8IOD 8QQ!IC8 88 WC! C UI!IOD8 C! WOIK-
Ct8 |CUQO]CC8) ID \DC D))8DCI8 0DC \CCDDCO_IC8! 8CC\Ot |8DC, C COu:8C,
uDIVCL8I] QtO!C88CL8) WDC CC!CDC \DC CICCC O! `IDDOV8ICD 8DC D8ID8ID
D8 C8QI\8:8U _tOUC\C8 `IDDCV8\IOD. DI8 I8 8DODCI 8L_uUCD D8 CO!C-
DIZC8 DC DuU8D DCD \OW8td CLC8IVI], 8Dd C888 I\ ID CtU8 O! `C8QI8-
I8D 8DC IDDCV8\:OD \D8\ I8, I 8 !OIUu8 D8\ Q8L8C8 `CCVCOQDCD\ 8DC
!ICCCCU.
D 18ID DCtIC8 8Dd \DC L8tIDDC8D 8Dd CDCL Q8I8 C! \DC WCJC, `CC-
VCOQUCD D88 DCCD 8 KDC O! CLDCIDCD 8IDCC QtCCC\8 C UOdCtDIZ8IOD
8DC CCVCOQUCD DC_8D 8I|CI DC bCCODd YCLC Y8t. `CQCDCCDC] \DCCL]
CDCt_CC QtCCI8C] 88 8 CODC88ICD C! \DC IDQC88ID:I] C! DC DC\IOD O! CC-
VC!CQID_ DDCCtCCVCOQCC CCuDtIC8 O CO8C \DC _8Q8 DCwCCD 1IL8 YCtC
8DC JDIIC.' 1tOU DC QCt8QCCIVC O! \DO8C WDO 8IC 8 \DC ICCCIV\D_ CDC O!
C8QI\8:8D, DCtC 8IC \WC 88_C8 C !OCu8 CD ID DC Q88\ 8D ]C8I8. DC Dt8\
88_C, D8\ O! UCCCtDIZ8IOD 0DC CCVCOQUCD, WCDDC dCWD ID \DC _OD8
jO 1Uc\WCtd
CtI8I8 O :68, u8DCtID_ ID D D0 C! \D WC8t 8|8\ 8D0 \DC DC_DD1I_
O DC DC-IDCt8 QtOCC8 D8 88tC0 ID ID\C 8Rt DC 81 O b8V80Ot
1CDdC, !I ,{. JD 8CCCD0 88_C, DCO-IDt8 0CVCQDCD 88 _CD8\8D,
8\8ICd ID D 8os0D0 CD00 W1\D DC CC8Q8C C! Y8 btC|, O !CDt8
C\Ot8, O! CDD8D DtCDt8, 8D0 C \D `tIuDQD O D C8QI8I8 D8tKC\
CCCDOD].
MCWCVt, 8 \utDID_ QOID~8 CODCCQ\u8 8CD8KuI\OOK Q8CC WI\D \DC
8tD8\\OD C! ID0I_CDCu8 QCIIC8 8CCIC] 8D0 I8 t8D8QID_ O Y8\CtD QO
IIC8 \DCt] 8D0 QOI\IC8 CODCD]. |CtC 8t V8tIOU8 X0UQ8 O DI8 !I
\DC Q88 DIt\] ]C8t8 D8\ D8V DCD CXQt88C0 D] 0IHCtCD\ ID0I_CDOu8 Ct_8
DIZ8\IOD8, IDCud\D_ \D D0I_DCu8 80t8 bU I C D 1DCtIC88, DC
IOD0t8ICD C!DdI_CDOu8 8\IOD8I\IC8 O! CU80Ot (CON Ai), 1D8W8]
Y88I \DIVt8I], 88C ID 1Cu80Ct, C., DOWVt, DC :UQ8C\ D88 DD 8CD1Vd
QtID0t:1] DtOU_D V8tIOU8 0C8t8IOD8, 0I8COut88, CQCD \CI8, 8D0 IDCt
VICW8 W1D V0 Ct8C8. CtC tCCCD\], DC :UQ8C C D0I_DCU8 CODCCQ\8
O `C 1V \D uD88, \O IV ID QCDIU0C (sumak kawsaj suma kamaa)
D88 D V\t\UC C t-0ItCCD_ 8 QtCV\Cu8] 8tX\88OCI8I8DCCO_] O 1D
Ct8ICD, 0Dd CtI!IQu\D_ 0VCQDD 8D0 UtDID_ I \DC 8 t80\C8 CCCODI8
OQ\ICD.' D tCVCu\IOD I8 DO 0DDCuDC0 Ct DX\ WCCK. MCWCVCt, I| I8 8D
uDdDI8DC 8D0 uD8\OQQ8D 0CCOCDI8 CQI8\0D\C, QCIIC8, CCCDODIC, 0D0
\DIC8 D8tCD \O \D U\ut. 1D0 tCDDDCt, I\ I8 DC 8D 8D8\t8C\ uDIVCt88
d8ID] C CVICCD 8 XI8\ID_ ODC8. I8 ODC OQCD, D 0CCCDI8 CQ
ICD, WI\D D8D] 8VDUC8.
|u8\ DD\\ODC0 WD8\ I8 C810 sumak kawasy ID [U\CDu8 Ct suma
kamaa ID 1D8t8. DI8 I8 8 C8C_Ot] C DCu_D ID 1D08D QD:1O8OQD]
\D8\ D88 D80 8 8\C8t C8tt ID D 88 0CC80, ODC \D8 8CCCCt80 WDCD
I\ W88 IDCu0C0 \D \D 88 ICD8Iu\IOD O 1Cu80Ct. D88 DD 8KCD Cu\
C CCD\X\ D] DC NGO8 8D0 D] DC D, DC OD1] ID 8D 1DCtIC8 Du\ 88C
ID D \DIC0 b\8C8 8D0 utCQC. NGO8 8C I\ 88 8 DCW C8CD] WOt0 O tC
Q8CC dVOQDCD\, 8D0 D H 8CC8 I 88 8 u8U WOt0 C CODIU \DC
CtIIQuC8 C! 0VCOQDD\. 1D \D DC8D\ID, D0I_DOu8 VOIC8 8t DO8\
C \D IDC R Ou! O !D dCD8\. D DC Q8_8 \D8 CCW, IDD0 C 8t
\ICu8 8 dCCOCDI8 \8K D8\ OD D ODC D8D0 0\88DC8 I8C !tOD NGO5
0Dd \D H, 8D0 OD DC O\Dt \O 800t88 DOD-IdI_CDOu8 t80Ct8 [8DCC
IDdI_CDCU8 QCQC 0O DO\ DCC0 C t80 8DOu bUU8K 8W88] \O KDOW WD8\
I\ I8). I0 \ DC D C8t. 0C DO IDCD0 \O DC `tCQt8CDD_ ID0I_CDCu8
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8C!IV\88 0D0 \DIKCt8, Dt8\ C! 01\ 1CC8u8 DC 0C DC\ DCC0 \O 1C tCQt8CD\C0,
8D0 8CCCD0, DCC8u8C Ct \D8\ tC88OD 1 8VCI0 88 DuCD 88 C8D DC CCDCCQ
O! `tCQtC8D\8\\CD, WDICD I8 8W88 8tC80 8 CCDCQ\ C! DC IDCtIC C
DO0tDI].
buD0K K8W88] COu0 D D|Ct \t8D880 88 `\O \VC ID D8tDCD. buCD 8
t8D88IOD 0O8D IDC\U0C \D I0C8 O! `D8UtC, WD\C buD0K 8W88 !DQ\C8
IV ID D8tDOD]W1\D 8CD8D8D8. D Y8CtD CO8DOC_], `D8\ut I8 Cu\8I0C
`DuD8D. D 1D0C8D CIV:28ICD8 8uCD 8CQ0t8\\OD 0CC8D OD\8D. C `IVC ID
uIC88 [V\V\t CD QDIU0) COu0 DC 0DC\DCt t8D88OD. C 1V WC [DuD
V\VII) I8 8D 8QQtOX1D8\ \t8D88\\OD \D8\ D88 D 80V8D!8_C O! 1CID_ UD0t
8!OO0 D] DCD1]U8t8, [UCDu8, OI [uICDu8 8QC8Kt8, 8DOu_D I\ D88 \DC
0I880V8D!8_ O! DID_ 8QQtCQtI8\C0 D QtCCC\8 O! ICW8\CtDI28IOD [8QCD
C8], D] \DC DCt-1DCtIC0D 1VCOQDCD D8DK 8D0 \DC YCt0 D8DK) 88 8
DW 8C \OI 0VCCQDCD\ID D VCC8Du0t O! D `D8QQIDC88 CCCDCD.
b!DCD X8DQ8t8, a1D8t8 8CCIOC_I8\, CCuD\tC0 8UCD 8QQtCQtI8ICD8 8D0
uDCOUQ8 8uD8 K0U8n8 [ID \D 1D8t8 8D_u8_) !tOD `0VCCQDD\.
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j1 Ane:word
Iygc ot cconomy, Ihc g!anIaIion cconomy oI Ihc Caribbcan. YaI Bcst caIIs
Ior is a rc-sIrucIuring oI Ihc sociaI sccnccs thaI Iakcs aI! lhc wor!d's gogu!a-
tlons as sociaI actors. And lc cxgcrcntiaI bascs Ior such rc-structurng atc
worId hisIor:cs in Ihc gasl hvc hundrcd ycars. Jlc Carbbcan has onc such
history.
IcvilI Iaid ouI Iour stagcs oI gIanIaton cconomy. thc garrson cconomy,
bctwccn Ihc gcriod oI BrIsh scl|Icmcnt and thc initaIion oI sugar g!anta-
tions, lhc gurc g!antalion cconomy (sugat and sIavcry), Ihc modihcd g!an-
tation cconomy (sugar and hcc !abor wit domcsIic agricu!Iurc), and, thc
gIantaIon cconomy IurIhcr modihcd (organizcd !abor with ndusIra!iza-
ton). Jls !ast sIatc was rcgardcd as, in Ihcir words, tc anI-modcI thaI
brcaks away Irom t
'
Ihrcc grcvious statcs oI thc coIonaI modcI. !t was
conccvcd as a dcco!oniaI cconomy. Howcvcr, Ihc iniliaI work did not takc
o as gIanncd. Onc oI thc rcasons, IcvilI surmiscd Iorty ycars !alcr, was thc
bcginning oI Ihc nco-IibcraI countcr-rcvoIution. "an dcoIogicaI countcr-
rcvoIuIon in cconomics has trivaIlzcd acadcmc cconomcs by c!cvating
markcI-drivcn bchavior ovcr a!I othcr asgccts oI human and sociaI moIiva-
Ions (). But IcvilI was aItcady acknowIcdgng, in zooz, IhaI "tc rising
gcrccgtion oI Ihc IaiIurc oI goIiccs bascd on nco-!ibcra! markct Iundamcn-
taIism . . . is crcating a back!as agansI `gIobaIzation' in thc inIcI!cctuaI
arcna (). Now tc timc as arrvcd, Icvitt suggcstcd n zooz, to rc-in-
scrbc thc rccctons on gIanIation cconomy nto Ihc grcscnt and toward
tc IuIurc. Jlc ncw starting goint was ghrascd n tis gucstion. "Arc wc
on tc cusg oI a rcncwa! oI ndcgcndcnl thougI and Catibbcan Irccdom,
or arc wc mcrc!y indu!gng n a scIf-congraIuIaIory rIua! conccrning thc
originaIity oI work donc thirty ycars ago, which has givcn risc ncithcr Io
scrious crtquc nor nnovaIivc ntcIIccIuaI dcvcIogmcnI`'
AItough rcwcsIcrnzation is vcry attcntvc to cach and cvcry gro|cct
that wouId undcrminc its continung marc, dccoIonia! ogtions arc ogcn-
ng ug at a rcmarkabIc ratc. IcIs movc now Irom Ihc Carbbcan gIanIaton
cconomy and indcgcndcnt tougt Io tc Andcan communa! dccoIoniaI
gro|ccts. BuI hrst, it s hcIgIuI to rcmcmbcr bcsIs and Icvitts disIinction
oI trcc ]gcs oI cconomcs in tc Amcrcas. "HintcrIands oI congucst cor-
rcsgond Io tc casc oI Andcan Amcrica. Hntcr!ands oI scIt!cmcnt corrc-
sgond to thc ngIish and Ircnch coIonics oI North ^mcrica. HintcrIands
oI cxg!oitalion arc mosI cIcatIy cxcmg!ihcd by thc Caribbcan gIanIation
C!os!n \own and pcnin \p )!
cconomy.' Jhis is a uscIuI distincIion Ior Iuturc cxgIorations oI Ic com-
g!cxty oI tc coIonia! maIrix oI gowcr, as wcII as Ior magining dircctions
Ihat dcco!oniaI ogIions may IoIIow. I Iurn now to dcco!oniaI Iinkng in
tc Andcs.
lnFa|lCulat:h0 LOnmuhalahd\h0 00COlOhal
J Jb 1 L bL3, 1 bb 1 L^
Yhcn vo MoraIcs was cIcctcd grcsidcnI oI BoIivIa, in Dcccmbcr zoo,
Mauricc Icmoinc, an cdiIora! cicI (rcdcctcur cn chc_ at Lc .cndc di/c-
mutiquc, wroIc an cnIusiastic arIic!c in wich hc ccIcbratcd that "!a Bo-
Iivic Indicnc rc|oins la gaucc IaIinc (Ic Indian boIvian is |oning tc
IaIin Icn).' Jhc siIuation was indccd not on!y thc contrary, buI it was aIso
idIy IormuIatcd. I was, nsIcad, tc "Iatin IcI| tat was |oining a movc-
mcnI Icad by Bo!ivIan Indians. Jhc "gaucc IaInc'' (Icad by CrcoIcs and
mcstzos, tat is, by boIivian witcs) and Ic "Indan dccoIonaI wcrc two
totaIIy dcrcnt gro|ccts wiI a common cncmy: Ihc Ioca! gro-nco!ibcraI
cIitc thal had bccn ruIing thc country sincc Ihc mid-8os, whcn GonzIo
Snccz dc Iosada was sccrctary oI cconomy and |cmc Sacs onc oI is
advisors.
Yhat Mauricc Icmoinc ca!Icd Ihc "Iatin gaucc, which by now is Ic
most visibIc in Iatin ^mcrca, is grOundcd in a gcncaIogy oI tought oI u-
rogcan grovcnancc, roughIy, Marxism-Icnnsm (scc chagtcr :). Jhcr "rcc-
ognition
'
' oI and a!Ianccs with Ihc indigcnous struggIcs cad in Ic samc
dircction, howcvcr, Ihcy IoIIow dcrcnt gats and comc hom dcrcnI cx-
gcricnccs and gcnca!ogics oI lhougI, wit rcgard to thcr socctaI vIsions.
Jlc commons-cIcr tc mgcriaI scnsc oI Ihc British CommonwcaIth,
or in thc IibcraI dlcmma IormuIatcd by Garrct Hardn in is inucntiaI ar-
ticIc, Jhc Jragcdy oI thc Commons (68), or yct in Ihc MarxisI-oricntcd
vcrson tat was dcbatcd n a rcccnt worksog at birkbcck Collcgc on "Jlc
Idca oI Communsn
'
' (Match zoo)-arc aII bascd on uro-Amcrican his-
tory, cxgcrcnccs, and modcs oI cxIstcncc. Jlc communaI is somcIing
cIsc. It comcs not on!y Irom sociaI organizations bcIorc hg cvi!izatons
in Jawantinsuyu and Anuac (bagtzcd Indias Occdcnta!cs by tc Sgan-
iards, and IaIcr dubbcd Amcrca by non-Sganis urogcans), but Irom hvc
hundrcd ycars oI cxgcricncc cocxisIing undcr SganIsh co!oniaI ruIc and un-
dcr naIion-statcs ahcr ndcgcndcncc, during Ic nincIccnIh ccntury. IIkc
]zo A!tcrword
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I8 _!OD8! 8DC I8 DO _tOuDdCd ID D8\IOD8! UCUOtIC8 8DC D8IOD8 ID\CtC88.
Du8, WDCD !8ID 8CIOu Q!8CC8 DC LDIDC8C Lu!ut8! CVO!uIOD DCXI
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tIaI arc aIcn Io Vcstcrn idcoIogica! discourscs taI supporI capIaIsm and
taI, conscqucncc, makc Ihc gucsIon oI tc "common morc a conccrn
oI Ihc uropcan Icn tan an ast Asan issuc. Bcyond dcwcsIcrnzation,
Ihcrc s tc Chncsc Icn whosc vocabuIary, at tc momcnt, docsnt incIudc
thc commons. !t sccms rathcr Ihat tc rcoricnIaton o! Ihc Icn gocs in
thc dircction oI puIting prcssurc on Ihc sIatc "to sccurc thc instiIuIonaI
bascs Ior guaranIccng !rcc compctition and Iar cxchangc, and thc mcans
cmpIoycd hcrc must cIudc thc powcr oI thc socicty, tc sIatcs, and tc
IocaIIcs to !urthcr thc dcmocraIzation oI thc intcrnationa! cconomc
ordcr itscII AddtonaIIy, "Chincsc ntccctua!s arc now cngagcd in ds-
cussons o! tc gucstion oI gIoba!izaIon n conIrasI to Vcstcrn mcdias
dscusson o! Chincsc

nationa!lsm JIcrc arc aIso othcr trajccIorics taI
arc Iooking Ior trans!ormaIvc roads to Ihc IuIurc, through dcmpcriaIza-
ton and dccoIonization, Ior whom "tc common is, paradoxcaIIy, quitc
uncommon.`
nc can surmisc IhaI simi!ar concIusions couId bc appIicd to Maurcc
Icmoincs dctum taI thc !ndians oI BoIvia |oincd thc Iatin Icn. JIs was
obvousIy a dicIum thaI madc scnsc to tc uropcan Ich. IoncthcIcss, I
wouId !urthcr surmsc tat cvcn thc BoIivan Ich kncw (aIthoug t may
havc rcmaincd siIcnt) that Ihat was noI mc- casc, cIcr in BoIivia or Ior
Ihc !ndians. You can imaginc that bcIonging to thc popuIaIion oI uropcan
dcsccnt n BoIivia, and Ihus IlkcIy bcing o! "tc IaIn Icn, s not tc samc
as bcng Aymara or Qucchua or Ciguitano, !or wom thc idca and cxpcr-
cnccs o! tc communaI arc mcaningfu!, whIc tosc o! thc commons or tc
Ircnch comune arc a!icn. JIus, uthc dca oI tc commons is mcanngfu! !or
tc uropcan Icn, as wc as Ior tc BoIvan Ich, tc dca o!Ihc communa!
is mcanng!uI Ior dccoIona! !ndian pro|ccIs. So what do wc do
I scc two ways to start undoing thc IogicaI puzzIc.
Jc hrst wouId bc a HcgcIian soIuIion, a synIhcsis. JIc crIicaI mcda tc-
orist, OougIas Kcncr, proposcd a synthcss bctwccn thc Iramrt SchooIs
Icgacy in criticaI thcory and Ihc phuosopy oI IbcraIion. Hc noIcd tat
Ihcy provdc compIcmcntary pcrspcctivcs on Ibcration. Ior Ihc pi!osopIy
o! IibcraIion, raciaI and patriarca! opprcssion was a cruciaI issuc, whIc
it was ncgIcctcd by crIca! thcory. Hc notcd tat criticaI Icory tcnds Io
bc cIhnoccnIrc, and that it Iocuscs on Ibcration within VcsIcrn capIa!st
soccIics.
Cosng Iown and pcn\ng \p 323
Sccond, and conscqucnt!y, Kcncr gocs on Io suggcsI, onc obvous way
to artcuIatc thc dihcrcncc wouId bc Io indicaIc that critca! thcory pro|ccIs
a "IrsI VorId` pcrspccIvc, whIc phuosopIyoIIibcraIon pro|ccts a "JIird
VorId` pcrspcctivc. But c is not happy wit pursuing tis avcnuc, bccausc
such a gcncraIzation obscurcs tc Iact, c says, taI tcrc arc dihcrcnccs
wtin thc IrsI Vor!d and wthin thc Jird VorId taI may occIudc "in-
tcrna!` Iorms oI domination. Morcovcr, hc statcs, sincc wc a!! Ivc n onc
wor!d, wc do not want Io |ust undcrIinc dihcrcnccs, but nccd aIso Io poinI
ouI commona!itics.
Vhat arc tc probIcms wIh this argumcnI CcrtanIy, commonaIitics
shouId bc kcpt in !ocus, and tc !acI Ihat thcrc arc intcrna! Iorms oI dom-
inaIion witin tc Irst VorId and wthn Ihc Jird VorId is aIso cIcar.
Howcvcr, waI shouId bc kcpI in mind aIso is Ihat ncthcr crtca! thcory
nor pi!osophy oI IibcraIon "rcprcscnt, or stand Ior, thc Irst VorId and
thc JIrd VorId rcspcctivcIy. VhaI is cruca! and undcniab!c is that cach
tcory cmcrgcd in critica! rcsponsc Io a partcuIar Iorm oI domnaton, Io-
ca! hisIorics, scnsibItcs, and gcncaIogcs oI tougt n thc IrsI VorId and
thc Jird VorId. Two Iorms oI nativsm, you wish, onc an intcrna! crIc
Io uroccnIrsm and tc othcr cmcrgg Irom thc cxtcrority: thc margins
that uroccnIrism nccdcd in ordcr Io scI uropc aI Ihc ccntcr. In that rc-
gard, Ihcy havc muc in common, but Ihcy cannot bc subsumcd nto cach
othcr, nor souId tcy bc.
Vhy-ancr aII-aim Ior a synthcsis and noI !or a worId in which many
wor!ds ( ts casc, thcorcticaI worIds) wouId cocxst and work IogcIhcr in
Ihcir rcspcctivc iDIcus !s it ncccssary Io makc onc out o! tw IurIcr-
morc, givcn thc hstorca! powcr dhcrcntiaI in thc sIructurc o! knowIcdgc,
a synIhcsis wouId prioritizc criIicaI Ihcory, wIh phiosophy oI Iibcration
as a runncr up in Ihc JIrd Vor!d. !I racism was oI tc csscncc Ior phi-
Iosopy oI Iibcration, iI was bccausc phIosophy o! Iibcration rcaIzcd that
racism opcratcs a!so in tc domain oI knowIcdgc, noI onIy down tcrc n
socicty. IhiIosophy oI Iibcraton, in othcr words, madc an carIy sIatcmcnt
abouI thc !act that knowIcdgc is gcopoIiIica! and Ihat knowIcdgc has bccn
rankcd, hlcrarchca!Iy, in rcIation Io rcgons o! Ihc wor!d (Irom dcvcIopcd
Io undcrdcvcIopcd) and Io impcra! Ianguagcs (Grcck and IaIn bchind
thc sx man modcrn and mpcria! uropcan Ianguagcs: !ta!ian, Spansh,
and Iortugucsc, Irom tc Rcnassancc, Gcrman, ngIsh, and Ircnch, ancr
]24 Ahcrvord
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\I8D8 Ct C ^CC8 8DO ^OID8 !Ot 88D. 18CD 8u]U W88 Ot_8DI2d 8tOUDd
8 _tOuQ O! 8]lu8, 8DO 8CD _tOuQ C! 8]U8 Wt Ct_8DI2O ID 8 8t_t 8tuC-
ut C8lO 8 marka. 18CD 8]lu ID 8CD 8u]U DCD_8 \O 8 D8tK8, 8Dd 8CD
D8tK8 I8 8ODIDI8td D] 8 ^8lKu, WDC ID utD t[Ot8 \C \D [u-^8!KU,
WDC I8 D IUlt ! 8CD 8U]u.
CW ID8_ID ID 88D 8tuCut ID 8CD C! D !OUt 8u]U8. OW 8t D]
!\tt8O: 18CD 8]lu C! 8 _IVD 8U]u I8 dDDd D] 8 IttICt] D8\ ID-
CluO8 DO |u8 8 [IC C! 8Dd Du D CO8]8D C! WDICD \D 8Dd I8 CB
CCDQCDD. D ItIOt] I8 DO [tIV8 QtOQtl], I\ I8 DC QIC[tl] 8 8l,
Du ID bome !Ot a C! DO8 IVID_ ID 8DO !tOD D8 ttI\OtI8I]. DD-
Dt, W 8t DO, ID \DI8 C88, ID 8 C8[I8lI8\ CODCDIC Ot_8BI28ICD, DOt 8D
88]ID_ D8 \DI8 8It8D_DD\ I8 Id8. 8D 88]ID_ \D8 I\ W88, 8DO 8I I8,
DOI 8Dd DOt OICu Od8] C I_DCt D8I \D OCCODI8 I8 8B OQ\IOD,
8Dd VD DOI OICu 8l C dI8CtdI DI8 ID C! tUCIOD 8BO _D8O_]
C! IDCu_D 88 DOD-DOOtD, WD\Dt ]OuI 8t_uDD8 8t ID8QItO D] IDt8
C8QI8lI8D Ct D] 8\8 8OCI8I8D. `"
D !8C I8 \D8\ UCD DdI8D dCOCDI8 Qt8QCIV8, D QtCDD I8 DO
C8[I8lI8D OD], Du 8l8C LCCIdD8lI8D, WDICD IDClud8 DOID C8[I\8I8D
8Dd ^8tXI8D. D DOI8D 8O1 IK 8u8\O ID8_8 :o6-() D8d C8t
D dI8IIDC\IOD DWD WD8 D C8ld `8 tVCuCICD DOI8 8BO D `LCD-
DuDI8 ^8DI!8C. ^8tX, 8CCCtdID_ lO ID8_8, COD!tODd ID DCuI_OI8I
26 ARcrword
rom Inc gctsgccIiVcs and InIcrcs!s o Ihc wotkIn c!ass and grogoscd a
cass sIru!c wiIhIn ccidcnIa! ciV!IzaIion, whI!c Ihc Indian rcVo!uIion
was a tcVouIion aaInsI WcsIcrn cIVizaIIon, Inc!udIn Inc Lch, wnicn
orIInaIcd In Inc WcsI. `'
In a nutshc!: Narxism dcncs IIsc as an ogIIon in Inc sIru!c aaInsI
cagIIa!Ism, Inc dccoonIa ogIion dcncs iIsc as an ogIIon or dc!Inkin
rom WcsIcrnIzaIion, In Inc gasI, and Dom rcwcsIctnIzaIIon boIh : Inc
gtcscnI and Ioward Inc uIurc. II woud naVc bccn dImcu!I ot Natx, Lab-
rIoa, or GramscI Io contonI and dcink rom WcsIctnIzaIIon, or Inc
wcrc in Ihc mids! o II. t aI casI, IncIt gro|ccI woud noI naVc had Ihc
samc mo!IVaIIons as dcIDRIn nom non-turogcan nIsIorIcs cnIancd
wiIn WcsIcrn dominaIIon. !ot tutogcan IhInRcrs Inc nccd Io dccoonIzc
or dcwcsIcrnIzc was
_
oI IhcIt gtioriI. buI ot Gandni In IndIa, ShatIaII in
ran, Ianon In NatIInIguc-Irancc-A!ctIa, and KcInaa In boiVIa, iI was
obVious InaI Ihc grocIatIan rcVouIIon was a ar cr rom wnaI was in-
Icndcd and InaI Inctc wcrc oIncr utcnI nccds bcond Inc ccntra! issucs
addrcsscd b Inc sItuc o Inc turogcan Ich conrontIn ibcra!Ism,
indusIria! cagiIaism, and a nuc wotkIn cass. Jnc goInI is noI IhaI Inc
Iormct sna! suggan! Inc aIIct. J1c goInI is InaI Ihcrc is no rcason ot Ihc
!aIIcr Io subsumc Inc ormcr. Narxism ocuscd on cass sItuc, dccoo-
nIaism on Inc tacism IhaI |usIicd Ihc cxg!oIIaIIon o abor In tutogcan
coonics. Narxism and dccoonIaiI atc Iwo dIctcnI acndas InaI coud
ncVcrInccss wotk in coaboraIIon I boIh wcrc Io undctsIand IhcIr own
!ImIIs and goIcnIIas. buI uInc issucs arc casI b Ihc Lch in sucn a wa
InaI Inc boIVIan Indians |oincd Inc IaIin Lch, Inc co!aboraIion ma noI
work, and indccd, iI is noI workIn. I Inc sIIuaIIon Is dcscrIbcd as InaI
undcr tVo Nora!cs, Ihc LaI: Ich joIncd IndIanism, wc ma bc coscr
Io a sinIcanI snIh In Ihc cotagn o undcrsIandIn wnaI dcco!onIa!iI
mcans.
Iow suggosc Iha! on a iVcn motnin ou gick ug a ncwsgagcr in tn-
and, !rancc, IIa, or Sga:n, ot cxamg!c, and ou rcad somcInin !Ikc Inis
ncad!Inc. J1c Iroccss o IoIIIca! 1ctrIIoria! KcconsIiIuIion aI Inc Con-
|uncIion o Ihc Asamb!ca ConsIiIucn!c in boiVIa J1cn ou sIarI rcadin,
and Ihc arIicc sIaIcs,
In Nay and ]unc o 2OO2IndIgcnous auInorItIcs romu//u: and mcrku: or-
ganIzcd a marcn IhaI asIcd morc Inan InIrIy days In ordcr Io prcss boVIan
Cosng Don ad gcnng \g )2}
socIcIy on Ihc nccd or a boVian ConsII\u\Iona Asscmoy to rcwrI\c Ihc
cxsong consIIIuIon . . . . Irom \!c pcrsgccIiVc o ndIgcnous cadcts and
communIIIcs, IhIs was pa:1 o a ong sIruggc IhaI HIIs prcscnI IotmsIartcd
In 18O,wncn a ncw orm o poIIcs, IdcntIty in poItIcs, madc II gossIoc
or IndIcnous oranIzaIIons Io organzc Ihcmscvcs, Io makc cams, and Io
tc-InscrIbc Inc c//u H Inc gtcscnI and uIurc oranIzaIIon o boIVia. Ior
!ndIan gcop!c, Inc c}//u otms o c, cxgcrIcnccs, poIIca! and IcrrItoria
oranzaIIon, and thc hogc o pro|ccIn a uIurc o co!ccIIvc and communa
oranIzaIIon. `
CcrIaIn, Inc gtobab!II o tcadin somcIhIn kc IhaI in a tutogcan
ncwsgagct Is mInIma!. Lc .ondc dij/omctiguc ma noI bc cact to gub!Ish
II. buI imainIn InaI somconc In turogc wou!d makc Inis arIic!c acccssib!c
Io Inc audIcncc o gtorcssIVc InIc!cctua!s, Inc tcacIIon coud bc cIIhcr a
dismissIVc sm!c ot cna: Inc arIic!c and scrIous askIn. whaI Na-
mani Condoti (Ihc Amara inIc!ccIua! who wtotc Ihc atIIcc) Is atuIn
aggcars Io bc a nicc idca, can II bc Img!cmcnIcd, and how: I do noI naVc
Inc answcts or sucn comg!cx gucsIions, buI I do naVc somc idcas on how
Io sIatI IninkIn abouI Ihcm. IcIs sIarI wiIn Ihrcc.
IIrsI, IaIzI Iaco madc an ImgorIanI disc!aimct in his gtogosa towatd a
communa ssIcm as an atctnaIiVc Io Ihc !Ibcta! ssIcm. !ItsI o a , Ihc tc-
consIIIuIIon o a!us and markas, is a Iask IhaI Is aso bcin gutsucd b Ihc
naIIona oranizaIIon Conscjo Iacona dc A!us Narkas dc! Qu!asuu
cOuAmAq).`` HaVIn a!rcad dc1cd c//u and mcrkc, wc can add now
Ihc mcan: o Qu//csuu (boIVia Is Inc IctrItot o Inc gcog!c o tutogcan
dcsccnI, Qu!asuju Ihc IcrriIot o Amara and Quccnua gogu!aIIon). As
ou tcmcmbcr, awan!Insuu was dIVidcd inIo our suus (Cnincnasuu,
Qu!asuu, IunIIsuu, and AnIIsuu). Jnc arca InaI Is Ioda boiVIa was
buiI as a naIion
_
sIaIc on Iog o Ihc IcrriIot oIncas Qu!asuu and on Iog
o Ihc SganIsh coonia! otanizaIIon o Ihc NIcctoaI o Ictu InaI LrsI
ctascd Inc Qu!asuu. !rom a modcrn cntonooica! gcrsgccIiVc, 1awanI-
Insuu was rc!caIcd Io Inc gasI, Io a nisIor Ina! sIoggcd wiIh Inc arrIVa!
o Inc Sganiatds; Inc adVcnI o Inc Kcgubic o boiVIa, in Inc nInctccnIn
ccnIur, sugctscdcd coonia!Ism and, o coursc, Inc oranizaIion o1awanI-
Insuu. buI Dom Ihc ndIan cxgcricncc and gcrsgccIIVc, IhaI was ncVcr Inc
casc. Jnc tcconsIIIuIIon o Ihc a!us and markas o Qu!asuu is unda-
mcnIa Io undcrsIandin whaI a g!urinaIiona sIaIc ma mcan. And tnc
]2 Ancrword
dC8 O 8 Q!utD8\\OD8! 88C 8 0!tC8C] D8CtDCC D \DC DCW COD8u\CD O!
O!\V\8 8DC LCu8dOt. DC \dC8 8 DO CODD_ tCU \DC |8CCU\D8, OU88C8U,
Ct w8O. 1 \8 CODD_ !tCU DC 8UQ!C CX\8CDCC 8Dd DCUOtC8 O! D1!\CD8 O!
Dd8D8 WDO 8tC DO CCDVDCCC D8 !DC] C8D !\VC \DC CX8CDCC 8DC DCUO-
C8 O! U!OD8 O !UtCQC8D8 8DC DCI dC8CCDC8D8 D !DC DdC8, WDC\DCI
tOD \DC CH Ot tOU \DC b_D. O UC 8UIC, ]OU C8D D11C DC8D8 WDC |CD
DC CD Ot \DC b_D, UU \D8\ dOC8D dCD] \DC 8C \D8\ DC tCCt_8D\Z8-
OD C! DC QU!88u]u 8 8D DC8D QtO|CC 8DC DO 8 !CH8 CDC. JDCtCCtC,
\DC ICCOD8\\U\OD C! 8]!u8 8DC U8tK88 \8 DC |U81 Ct 1DC8D8, DU !Ot 8!
C!\V8D8.
bCCODC, dOC8 DC8D D8 DC CCUUUD0! 8 8 QtOQC80! 8UQ!] \O tCQ!8CC
\DC C!V8D !\UCt8!-[DCO)CO!CD\8 88C !OUDdCd aDCt \DC DCCQCDdCDCC
tCU bQ8D 8DC D8 88!CC UD \OC8] bUCD 8 tCU\C WOUd DO\ !C8C O 8
Q!utD8\\OD0! 88C. \ WOU!d tC8u! \D 8D 1DC\8D D8\\OD8! 88C, D8C8C O!
8 LICO!C-DC8ZO D8\CD8! 8\8\C, CtC\D_ 1DC\8D !C8dCt8 8Dd COUUUD C
CWtC DC CCD8uCD. DCtC 8C \DdCCC C\DCt Ct_8D\Z8OD8 C!8\UD_ DC
_D O DCtVCDC D \DC COD8\IuOD O 8 Q!UI\D8CD8! 8\8\C, DU\ \DC QO\D
aD t]D_ O U8KC \8 D8\ DC DC8D CCUUUD0! 8]8CU 8DC DC CC8 O
dCCO!CDZ\D_ DC 8C\U8 8\8C, CdUC8\\OD, 8DC CCODOD] 8tC DO\ _tOUDdCC D
DC _CDC8!O_] C \DCu_D\ 8DC UCUOtC8 C!1DC LUIOQC8D CH 8Dd \8 cXQ8D-
8\CD CI 8dCQ!CD D DCD-LutOQC8D tC_\OD8.
JDIC, DC dC8 C! 8 CCDUuD8 8]8\CU 88 8D 0!\CtD8!\VC \O DC [DCO )!UCt8!
8]8\CD \D8 CUCt_Cd HCD DC UCUCt\C8 8DC !\VCC CXQCtCDCC8, Cd8], O
DC\8D CCDUUL\C8 8DOUC DO DC tCCUCCC C O!V\8 OD!], DU 8DOU!C D8VC
8 _!OU8! 8COQC. I!CD8! 8COQC CCC8D UC8D \D8 DC `8]!!U 8]8CU 8DOU!C DC
CXQOtCC !:YC CDCt QtCV\OU8 UOCC!8 [LD\88D, !UCt0!, w8X8\), DU! D8 \\
\8 8D DV8OD \O Ot_8DZC 8DC tC-\D8CtUC CCUUUD0! 8]8\CU8, 8! CVCt DC
WCtd, !D8 D8VC UCCD Ct88Cd 8DC C\8U8D\!CC U] \DC DCtC88\D_ CXQ8D8OD
C! C8Q8!8\ CCODOU], WD\CD DC LUtOQC8D CH W88 UD8D!C \O 8CQ. ! 8]!!U8
8Dd D8tK88 !OtU \DC 8D_u!8t UCUOt] 8DC Ct_8D\Z8OD O COUDUDC8 D
DC DdC8, \DC UCUOt\C8 C! CCDUuD8 Ct_8DZ8\\OD8 0!! 8tOULC \DC _!CUC
D8\ QtCC8\C 8DC 8utV\VCd !DC 8CVCD O C8Q8!8D 8tC WD8 U8KC QO88D!C
DC \dC8 O 8 COUDUD0! 8]8CU \D8 8 DO\ U8QQCC D 8dV8DCC U] 8 C\8!\\8t-
8D CCO!O_], C 8D] KDC Ot CO!C. LDCC 8_8D, D8 Z8Q8888 CC\UU `
WOtd D WD\CD U8D] WOtd8 COCX\8 U8] UC 8 WCI!C O! CCDUuD8 8]8\CU8
D 8 Q!utVC88! 8Dd DC\ uD\VCt88! WCt!C CtdCt.
C!osng Oovn and cnng \ 3?
0||VP|5d\y, 0|C6| 10KP, dPC L05000\dP L0Cd5m
D D8 DOOK OD t8D8D D\C\CCu88, wCDtZ8C OtOU|Ctd C8D_u8DCC
DC\WCCD `LtCD\88U D tCVCt8C 8DC `I8\V\8U." D DC Dt8 C88C, 8UD|CC\8
WDO DCC8UC LtCD8 OD|CC8 D YC8\CD KDOW!Cd_C tC8QCDCCd D] U0K\D_
DC YC8\ DC O\DCt. ] 8C CO\D_, Lt\CD88U D tCVCt8C 8CCCQ\8 DC tU!C8
O \DC _aDC 8DC 8\CDQ8 O CD8D_C DC COD\CDDO\ \DC \CU8C! DC
CODVCt88\\CD. 8\V\8U, \D OtCu|CtC\8 CCDCCQ\U8Z8\\OD, \8 8OUC\DD_ C!-
!CICD. DC CID nutivism DCtC D8] 8UtQt\8C UCUDCt8 C! DC CO8UOQO!8D
C!UD. C8 Dt8\ tC8d, 8DC DCD CCUUCD\.
I8V8U 8aLd8 D \hC 8aUc c!a\OL O LtcDa!8U L tCVc8c 88 IuOCcL-
t8U COC8 O LtcDa!8U OQct. !OD Ia\V8U 8LC IUOCcLt8U tOVCc
aL OLO!O_ca! aLC c8cUO!O_Ca! umDtC!!8 ULCc WhCh DcCOUc8 QO8-
8D!c O dcVc!OQ a \hcOt] Ol h8\Ot] aLd a QO!!Ca! Q!alOm. Yctca8 1utO-
CcLt8U COc8 adVOCac 8UCh CCa8 a8 hc uDgucLc88 aLC 8ucrOt] O! hc
Vc8\ aLd 8 uLcgUVOCa! UaD!C8 dc8\Dy, IaV8U ChaUOL8 hc Cau8c Ol
aDaLCODD_, 8uDVcD_, aLC cVct8D_ hc8c 8aUc Uc8-LaaVc8 aDC U88-
ct cOCC8. Nctivi:m Y oorn o[ thc lcmentuolc circum:tcncc o[ colonicli:m
cnd thc conizin milicu o[ the o:t-World Wcr !crio o[ dccolonizction.
tcQtC8cL8 8 cuIuta! cLcX OL hc Qat Ol UaL] JhC YOC L\c!cCu-
a!8 !OU bOuDc88 P8a O DC LaDDcaL ca_ct \O a88ct Dct LCW!] !OuLC
CcLc8.
DC tC8dCt U8] 8U8QCC D8 WC 8tC DCIC CCD!ICD\\D_ 8DO\DCt C88CD\8-
8\ QtCQO88. DC \D\CtC8D_ 88QCC\ C! DC QtOQO88 \8 D8 8D2 8DOD
8QQC8t8, Ot 8D ]8D8D DC!CC\U8, 88 8 Q8t8d_D C! D8\V8U. CICu|Ct0
COC8D OCt 8D] 8QCCDC tCCtCDCC C QUC\8!CD 88 C WD] 8DOD WOU!C
CXCDQ!! D8\V8U, DU 8U8QCC D8 DC D88 D UDC 88\CUCD\8 !:YC \D8
ODC.
aU caC] O CODCCdC Da OD Dc Q!aLc O! !8cIua! DcD_ hc Qa8 cX8\CLCC O!
8L 2cc CV2aOL dOc8 LO\ CDaL_c 8Lyh:L_ Vc] UUch D hc Cc O! hc
wcXc8L QCa8aL O! Oda] . . . . !u h88 DCCL tCU8Kcd 8cVCta! Uc8 ha
\h8 Q888OL8c 8c8tch !O a LaODa! Cuutc WhCh cX8cd Dc!OC hc CO!OLa!
ca UDC8 8 !c_m8c tC8sOD L DC aDXc] 8hacC D] La\Vc Dc!!cCua!8 O
8hLK aWa] !tOU Da\ Vc8\cD CU!Iuc L WhCh hc] a8K DcD_ 8W0mQcd.
bccau8c Dcy ca!2c Dc] ac D CaL_ct O!!O8L_ Dct !Vc8 aLC hu8 DCCOUL_
!O8\ O hc cC!c, Dc8c UcL, hODcadcC aLd Wh aL_ct L \hct hCat8,
jjO Ancrvord
rcIcntIessIydctcrmneto rcncwconractonccmorcvirhrhcoIdestandmost
re-coIonaIsrngsotIitcoftheircoIc.
LcIs Ihcn transIaIc "natvIsm' nIo "IocaIsm'' and bc cIcarIhaIIocaIs
havc bccn con-formcdbythc tormatIon and Iranstormaton otthc coIo-
naImatrIxotpowcr. !ocaIs arc noI ncccssariIynauvcs, aIIhough naIvcs
can bc IocaI, Ioo. Somc naIvcs, though, prctcr to bc cosmopoIIan. Im-
mIgranIs arc IocaIs In thc pIacc Io whch thcy havc mIgratcd, andthcy
wcrc aIso IocaIs n Ihc pIacc from whch Ihcy cmIgratcd. NatIvcs whcrc
mIgrants arrVc arc as IocaI as ImmgranIs IhcmscIvcs.Jhc poit s, thcn,
that IocaIsm-In Ihc scnsc dcscrIbcd by 8oroujcrd-cmcrgcs bccausc
ofIhc advcnI otapowcrIuI Intc!lccIuaI and poIItIcaI cIItc i thc coIonIcs,
IInkcdtoEuropcIhoughcducauon. !ocaIIsmsIhusahstorcaIphcnom-
cnon otthc 1hIrdYorId, whch i cascs Iikc Ihosc ofSharI'aIIand 8cn-
nab, dscusscdnprcvIous chaptcrs, brngsnconvcrsaIIonwth boIhIs-
Iam and1hIrd YorId dccoIonzatIon. LocaIsm, crosscd andcon-formcd
by hIsIorIcaI torccs (In IhIs casc, Pcrsa, IsIam, Ihc YcsIcrn crcaton of
thcMIddIc Eastasarcgon,whchIhcnbccamc partofIhcJhIrdYorId),
Ihcn cmcrgcs as a pIurIvcrsaI rcsponsc andconhonIation wth unIvcrsaI
EuroccnIrIsm.
EuroccnIrIsm, InIhcIasIanaIysIs,IsYcsIcrnIocaIIsm (orpcrhaps"na-
tvsm'Is agoodnamcforEuroccnIrsm)wthagIobaIdcsgnthatbccamc
synonyouswIhunvcrsaIsm.1hus,Kant'scosmopoIItanIsmandItsIcgacy
proposcthcunvcrsaIIzatonotYcstcrnnaIVsm/IocaIIsm.AdthcMarxst
!cR,forbct|crorworsc, bcIongs IothatworId.JhIsIsachaIIcngc for cos-
mopoIIIanIsm. OnIhcoIhcr hand, non-Ycstcrn IocaIsm s pIuraI, sIncc
thcrcarcmanymuIIpIcmcmorcsandcoIonIaIwoundsicIcdbyracsm,
waysotIIfc,Ianguagcs,bcIIcfs,cxpcrcnccsconnccIcdIothcYcsI,buIaIIhc
samcImc notsubsumabIcto I. LocaIIsm (whIchshouIdnotbcconIuscd
wth"naIonaIfundamcnIaIsms" or"natIvIsmfrom thcRght) shouIdbc
pIurvcrsaI and thcrctorc dccoIonIaI. SIncc IocaIIsm orIgiaIcd "from Ihc
IamcnIabIc cIrcumsIancc ofcoIonIaIIsm''-or, bcI|cryct, hom thcIogc of
coIonIaIIIycommonto dhcrcnIYcsIcrnImpcrIaI/coIonaIcxpansons(by
SpaIn,Irancc,EngIand) andItsImpcraIsurrogaIcsahcrthcsIxIccnIhccn-
Iury(mpcraIRussa,SoVcIUnIon,[apan)-aIradcmarkofIocaIIsmsthc
dccoIonIaIIhrcadthatconnccIsandmakcsofpIurvcrsaIIyagIobaIpro|cct.
Yhy,bccauscYcsIcrnImpcraIsurrogatcsbccamcsurrogaIcsbyrcproduc-
LUSIH_ Downand\[CD)H_ \[ 1
igIhcIogIcofcoIonaIIIyand,bythcsamctokcn (ofbcngsccond-hand
impcraIstatcs)bccamcsccond-cIasscmprcs.JhcIrdcsInyvarIcd:RussIa
mutaIcdInIothcSovct\nonIhathna!lyco!lapscd.1ndJapanbynows
Iurnig Ioward dcwcstcrnzaIon and s cndig Its sccond-cIass sIatus n
rcIatIonIoYcsIcrncmpIrcs.OccoIonIaI IocaIIsmthcrcforcIsgIobaI, or,
Ifyou wIsh, cosmopoIIcaI. Jhus wc arrvc aI thc paradoxIcaI concIusIon
IhaIucosmopoIIansmIs IobcprcscrvcdInhumanIIy's goaIsIowardthc
Iuturc, ItshouIdbcnIhcformof"cosmopoIIanIocaIsm-anoxymoron,
nodoubt,buIthcKanIanprojccIofoncIocaIsmbccomigthcunvcrsaIs
untcnabIctoday.CosmopoIItanIocaIsm(whchIsdccoIonaIIycrIcaIcos-
mopoIIansm) Is anothcr cxprcssonforpIurvcrsaIIIyas agIobaIprojccI.
JhcKantIanIcgacyshouIdbcrcduccdtoIspropcrIocaIIsmandstrppcd
of Is mpcrIaI/gIobaI prctcnsons. Rccognzng Ihc "dca' docsnt mcan
acccptIngItsmpIcmcnIaIon. CosmopoIItansmcan onIyworkfthcrc s
nomastcr-gIobaIdcsgn,butagIobaI agrccmcnIiwhchno oncwIIruIc
wIhouIbcIngruIcd. 1hsconstIuIcsaIoughcaIIfor thoscwhobcIIcvcIhaI
IhcIr parIy, rcIgon, ordcoIogysnthcbcsIiIcrcst ofaII andhasIobc
ImposcdIoachIcvc unvcrsaIpcacc andwc!l-bcIng.It's atough buIrcaIIs-
IIcca!lnowthaIIhcgIobaIpoItcaIsocIcIysgrowig donts fccI, IIs
awarcIhaIthccraofbcigruIcdandobcying, orbcIngrcprcsscdfor dIs-
obcyng,IsrcachngItsIImIts.
LQCDD_ !Q
Iurn now Io 1nIbaI QuIjano, who ispircd Ihc cpsIcmc and poIItI-
caI projccImodcrnIy/coIonaIIy/dccoIonaIIIy spcchcaIIyIo a powcrfuI
op-cdhc pubIshcd InAmcrica Iatina cn Aovimicnto, n Icbruary:oo.
QuI|anoargucsIhaIthcgIobaIhnancIaIcrss,whchconcdcswIhgIobaI
warmIngandthcmarchIowarddcath, snoI|ustanothcr crss ofapIIaI-
stcycIIcaIscIf-ad|ustmcnI. 1hcrc s somcIhIngradIcaIIydIhcrcnt,QuIjano
argucs, n ths crss, Ihcrc Is ancw and Important cIcmcnt IhaI cmcrgcd
from aII ofthIs: hopc. Jhc tItIc ofhIs opcnIng conIrbuIontoIhc spccaI
Issuc s tItIcd ``A Othcr HsIorcaI HorIzon' (Otro horIzontc dc scntdo
hsIrco).
Despucsdc,oo osprotabIcmcntccsIarimcravczenIahstoradc cste
atrn odereneIcuaI comcnzamos no soIamentcaescrarunIcturo,
jj2 1HCrvUId
a Irabajat por csc Iuturo, pucs cstamos dc cIcrIa mancra comcnzando csc
Iuturo, cstamos convIvIcndo con c! IuIuro guc ncccsitamos, porguc o cs-
tamos comcnzando a haccr ahora. Ista idca no cs una mcra imagcn . . . no
cs cn csc scnIIdo csIco una utopa, ago guc no ticnc !ugat cn c univcrso.
IsIo Iicnc Iugar CD c univcrso, para quc csto tcnga scntIdo no so como
Imagcn sino como Icnmcno, como una tcndcncIa rca! y ncccsarIa dc csta
rcaIdad.
It is probaby thc hrst tImc In thc hIsIory oI thc "patrn coonIa! dc podcr
(coonia matrIx oI powcr) that wc aI! arc noI ony hopcIu Ioward Ihc Iuturc,
wc atc aso working toward Ihat Iuturc, and wc arc bcgInnIng Io buId Ihat
Iuturc, wc 8rC 8\ InIs vcry momcnI buidng It. Jhis is LCl a sImpc Imagc . . .
ncithcr is an utopIa,

In Ihc cassIca scnsc oI thc word. JhIs Is happcnIng In
thc panct and In IhaI scnsc iI Is not an magc but a phcnomcnon that mani-
IcsIs iIsct as 8 rca tcndcncy oI a historica ncccssIty
`D C!DCt D!8\CI!C8 DCt!ZCD !8 8\ WCIK, DCC8u8C DC _tCW!D_ CCCOCD!8
8W8tCDC88 CDCt_C8 !tCD DC I8C\ D8! !Ct m8D], !Ct ;o QCICCD\ C! !DC WCIC8
QCQu8\!CD, DCtC !8 8 guC8!!CD CI 8utV:V8. J1C] DC CD_Ct DCQC !D8! LCC
Ct !DC b\8!C Ct DC LCtQCt8!!CD8 W DCQ !DCm !C !VC \DC!t !VC8, !CI DC]
tCa!ZC DC! CD] \D8! LCC !8 8D8CD!, Du! !D8! !DC b!8!C 8DC !DC LCtQCt8!!CD8
8tC DC! CD !DC!I sidc, D8! `CCVCCQmCD\ (ap8t\!Cu8t ICtD C! \DC tDC!Ct!C
CI DCCCtD!]), t8DCt D8D C8C:D_ !C !tCCCCD, C8C8 !C CCCD!8!]: QCVCt],
CD8aVCmCD\, \DC K:!D_ CI`D8uIC !D I8VCt C!`CCmmCC!!!C8. Ot [u:8DC,
!DC D!8!Ct!C8 DCt!ZCD !D8! wc arc !V!D_ !D DCW, !D8! WC [8 `WC) 8tC Q8t\
CI, !8 CCD8!!!0!CC DC! CD] CI C:8CCut8C8 8DC \DCCt!C8, Du! C! \DC Ct_8D!Z8-
!CD 8DC IC-Ct_aD!Z8!!CD C! CCmmuD!!!C8, C! _CD8 DC\WCtK8 !D8! _CDCt8!C
8!tuC\utC8 C! _CVCID8DCC, 8DC CI CCCDCm!C m8D8_CDCD\. D!8 !8 8DCDCt
W8] C! CC8Ct!D!D_ !DC CmCt_!D_ _CD8 QC:\!C8 8CC!C] 8DC \DC m8\CI!8:Z8-
!!CD C! CCCCCD!8 CQ\!CD8 C8C!D_ DC W8] \C DCDC8Q!\8!8! _CD8 !u\utC8.
WCD! DC 8D Ca8] t!CC, Du\ !! !8 8 I!CC mC! DCQC 8DC CtC8!!V:]CtC8!!V!]
DC\!V8!CC DC\ D] CCmQC\1\1CD, Du! D] CVC 8DC !DC W !C !VC !D 8C8ICD CI
\DC ccmmunc/.
0! !DC 88! WCIC 8D8 _C !C !D8 8C8t!, 8 QtCm!DCD! 8V]CI, QC!\!C!8D,
8DC aC!!V:8! !ICD 8D !DC:_CDCu8 CCmmuD!] !D LCu8CCI. ` CI WCtC8 CCmC
IICDa WCCKCD_ 8CD!D8t !D DC 8umDCt 8CDCC CI_8D!ZCC D] !DC !D1VCI8!-
C8C LCmQu!CD8C CC W8Ct!C !D |u]2CC.`' 8C8t!, WDC W88 \DC CD] DC:8D
Cosing Iovn md gcning \g
8DC WCm8D 8! \DC 8Cm!D8I, DC_8D DCt QtC8CD\8\!CD D] COD!tCD!!Dg DOD-
DC!8D uDCCI8\aDC!D_ C! DC:8D D8\!CD8.
In cstos IImos tIcmpos sc naba dc a "cmcrgcncIa Indgcna. Dc unos scrcs
anc!ados cn os muscos para c gusto coonia dc muchos, hcmos pasado a
scr unos actorcs quc cs provocamos mIcdo, InccrtIdumbrcs o dcsconhanza.
Y c: quc no :c cccoc dc rocc:cr c:umir lc rc:cncic "vi:iolc Jc lo: inJio:
(cn cl :cntido individucl) lc dc :u: ucolo: (cn cl :cntido colcctivo) crc com-
crtir lc con:truccion cccucicn dc un roccto comn rclccioncdo con c:c:
luri-tnico: quc lo: ucolc: criincrio: :ccmo: rcconociJo: como ortcJorc:
dc un cn:cmicnto, dc unc ]lo:o}c, dc uno: vclorc: dc unc culturc olticc
JjcrcncicJc.

1D Ihc past ycars tnc "IndIgcnous cmcrgcncc has bccomc a topIc oI many
convcrsaIions. 1D Ihosc convcrsaIIons wc havc movcd trom pcopc anchorcd
!D Ihc muscums (accordIng Io Ihc coonia! prcIcrcnccs O! many) \O bcIng
socia actors who provokc Icat, unccrtaInty, and mIsIrust. Jhc probcm Is Ihat
thc prcscncc oI thc Indians (in thc IndivIdua scnsc oI thc word) and Ihc pco-
pc (In thc coI!cctIvc scnsc) has not bccn yct cntIrcy proccsscd and assumcd.
JhcrcIorc, Indians arc not ycI acccptcd !D buIdIng comm&n jstaIc] projccIs
In purI-cthnIc countrIcs. Is not yct acccptcd that "pucbos origInarios bc
rccognIzcd as carrIcrs O! 8 dincrcnI sysIcm ot Ihought, pniosophy, vaucs,
a.d poItIca cuturc.
8C8t:8 CQCD:I_ 8\8\CmCD! tC8CD8\C8, CuC], W!\D \DC QD!C8CQD!C8 QCt-
8QCC!!VC C! !DC W8Ct! 8D!DICQCC_!8! LDC8 uD!W8! bm!\D, !D CW ZC88DC
[8CC CD8Q!Ct ), 8D CCt!8:D] W!D D8\ C!8!Z! 8CC, WDC D!DK8 QC:\!C8]
IICm DC D!8!Ct] aDC CXQCt!CDCC8 C! !DC:_CDCu8 D8!!CD8 80DCIC!D8!CC !C
bQ8D!8D CCCD!8!8m 8DC !DCD !C \DC LtCCC-mC8\!7C !CC8 CI CDC D8\!CD~CDC
8!8\C, !D8!C8C C! D!DKD_ QC!!!C8] !ICm !DC D!8!Ot] 8DC CXQCI!CDCC8 CI
LuICQC8D D8!!CD8 !D8! 8uDCtC!D8CC D8D] QCCQC 8ICuDC !DC _CDC. DC
!D!!!8\!VC8 8DC !DC DCCC888t] WCtK !C C:8QCD8C W!!D !DC C_!C C! CCCD!8!\]
C8D D8tC] CD] CCmC IICm 8C\CI8 CmDCCCCC !D 1uICQC8D D!8!Ct], 88 I8D!Z
8DCD m8CC CC8t !D D!8 CCD8!C W:!D |C8D-8u b8ItC. 8DCD \D8DKCC
b8ItC ICt 8C|!D_ 8D 8_CDC8 !CI D8CK QCCQC, !CI \C1:D_ \DCD WD8! !C CC
!D CICCI !C !DCt8!C \DCm8CVC8. CIC !8 WDCIC !DC LC!| CODC8 \C_C\DCt
W!!D !DC !_D\: WD1C \DC !_D! [WD!\C, !DCI8, 8DC CCD8CtV8!!VC) uDCCt-
\8KC8 8 m!88!CD \C C!V:!7C 8DC CCVCCQ, \DC LC!| [WD!\C 88C) !8 888um!D_ DC
33( ARcrword
8aVOt8 U88OL OBOW!O !bcratc !tOU !Bc OQQtc88OL O!CaQ!a8U.'!
!BcUOUcn!WDcL!BccL!IIcWOtd8Qat!1CQa!Lg,!Dctc8nOOngcttOOm
!Ot 8aVOt8O!!BcoIhcr, 8nCc!BcO!Bct8!DcU8cVc8arc dOLg!BcWOtR!BaI
L!Bca8! ana88 W OcOcncLCaOt!Bc8aVOt8O!aJKLd8, 8cCu!at(QO-
!1!CaaLdcconomc) aLdtcgOu8.
JLaaCatgOc8 OL!Oadd!Ba!In 8uCBCtCuU8!aLCc8 (!Bctc88!aLCcO!
!Bc!tcOc-mc8!ZOQOQu!a!1On),`LdgcLOu8 QO1!CaQat!CQa!OL . . . s a
!uLdaUcL!a!OO!Ot cQ8!cUCdcCOOLZa!1OnWDCB 8LO!DngO!Bct!BaL
!Dc tc-n8CtQ!OLO!aLCc8!taKnOWcdgc8aLd!8LCu8OnL!DcdnaUC
O! CVI1Za!Ona CO-cX8!cLCc L !Bct cXcCu!OL O QuOC UaLagcUcL!
[gc8!OL QOCa| . aCat !DcL cXQaIn8 !Dc`Cu!!ura COdc8 O!LdgcLOu8
na!On8, !Ba! 8, !Bc QO!Ca and cCOnOUC QDI!O8OQDc8 !Da! gudc !Dct
!1VLg, tncr !BOugB!8, aLd !Bct am8 In !Dc COL8!tuC!OL OQutLa!OLa!
8!a!c8n!BcLdc8LanttcVct8OcQtOCc88 O!dcCOOLZLgQO1!CacCOn-
OUc8!Ba!8u8!aLCaQ!a8!QtaC!Cc8aLdQO!Ca!!BcOtc8!Da!8uQQOr!!Bc
(ncO)bcra! sIaIc. 1hc ph!osophca (cQ8!cUC aLd QO!1!Ca), Ca!cgOtCa
apparatus !Ba!8u8Qcnd8 !BcC!aU8, Lccd8, aLdam8OLdgcLOu8 La!OL8,
s summarzcd OaCata8!OOW8:
1 Ycchci, whch mcans thc wi:dom to

orcnI pcop!c O mcans O pro-
grams and proposas. (Notcc thaI shc s not ca!!ng Ior cxpcrtsc, but Ior
wsdom.)
l Bic:inc, whch mcans to know (conoccr), s ncccssary to undcrstand Ihc
compcxiIy oI human gcograpny and wth that knowcdgc to promotc and
support harmony and convva!Iy.
j L:hci, whch mcans to know cnd oc colc to cxccutc (:cocr o odcr cccutcr)
n ordcr Io avod mprovIsaIon.
( !cctc-!cctc, whcn mcans !O cncct dcmocrcc, rcaIonshps buI!t among
cqua!s, and coI1ccIvc partcpaton n soca! admnstraton.
Nu:kui, whch mcans utoic n Ihc scnsc ot a hsIorca! horzon, rathcr
Ihan a hcIon or magnaton. l! 8 a vson conccvcd n shorI and !OLg
Icrms n ordcr Io avod mmcdacy and ac!Lg guIdcd O rcacuons and
mprovsaton.
JBu8, QOWct uLdct8!OOd L !Bc8c !ctU8 aLd L !B8 COdLCa!OL 8 LO!
a UOdc !O Oc cXcCu!cd, Ou! !Bc 8gLQO8! O!QtOCc88c8 In QctUaLcL! COL-
8!tuC!OL. YnaI s a!8!aKc, ^na aCat OO8ctVc8, `8 !Dc tcOtmua!OL O!
C\osn on and enin \p
!Dc QO!Ca Cu!utc, !Dc tcOtmu!a!OL O! !Bc Vct QO!1Ca dOLg. JBu8
!Dc COL!tOu!OL o[idcntit (CO!cC!Vc cn!!c8) in o/itic: is ncccssur und
innovutivc.' ldcL!! L QO!C8 8 a LcCc88at COttcC!Vc a8O O!!Bc dca
!Ba!!tad!OLa!QO!1!CaQat!c8 (In1CuadOt,!Dc\L!cdo!a!c8,1taLCc,c!C.)
tcQtc8cn!o/itic: without idcnti( OcCau8c!DcDcOng!O!DcuLVct8a!aLd
Lcu!taUOdctn!BcOtO!Dc8!a!c.bu!! 8O BaQQcncd!Da!!DcOtc8 O!!Dc
8!a!c, WBc!Bct In ImQcta! COuL!tc8 Ot L !Bc: Otmct COOLc8, and !Bc
QO!CaQar!c8!OtUcdatOund!DcQtnCQc8OYc8!ctLQO!Ca!!DcOtc8,
Wctc LO! LVcL\cd, dcOa!cd, Ot dccLdcd O 1Ldan8, Ot!tCan8, or LB-
ncsc, Ot ltanaL8. 1L O!Dct WOtd8, !Dc OccaLd !Dc !u8OL !Da!QO!Ca
Qat!c8 atc cUQ!O!dcn!! COttc8QOLd8 V!B !Bc gcLcta Yc8!ctL QtL-
CQcO!OOcC!V!V!DOu!QatcL!Dc88,!Da!8, OO|cC!VI!V!BOu!dcL!I!
(8cc Lgrcz, Qagc).
1La, ndgcnOu8 cmQOWctmcL! !DtOugB dcL!! InQO!C8 tc8!8 L
!OutgcnctaQDI!O8OQBCa!QtnCQc8.
1 !roortionulity-olidcrig. Jhs prncpc proposcs and motvatcs potca
acIons and thnkng Utavor oI thosc wno havc !css.
z Comlcmcntcrit. Jhs prncpc ponts toward thc tg! oI ato partc-
patc n thc maKLgoI what soccIy nccds, not just as wagcd abor or OcLg
ch out bccausc thcrc arcnt jobs. It s thc prncp!c oI convcrgcncc and
convIva!ty n Ihc narmony oI Iwo contradctory tcrms.
j Bccirocity. ^nothcr cxprcsson Ior rccprocIy s lc minc. rghts md tc-
sponsbIcs nom whch no onc s cxcmpI, I mpcs to rcccvc and to
gvc.
Corrc:ondcncc. Jhs prncpc ponts to thc nccd to sharc rcsponsbtcs.
utng!Dcda8nWBCD1Wa8Ln18DIng!DcaHctWOtd,8cVcta 8!8ctVc8
Wctc d8!tOu!IngncV8 aOOu!, andQc!!OL8 !Ot, COLdcmLLg!DcKJLgO!
lndaL8 In !Bc ctuVan UaZOL, n !Bc nOt!D O!!Dc COuL!t. 1hc cVcn!8
8!at!cd n !Bc catmOtLLgO |uLc :oo, WDcL !Dc 8\a!c tcCCOn^a-
COLa dc LQctaCOnc8 18QcCa!c8 aI!aCKcd V!DOu! WatLng a gtOuQ O!
!Out!BOu8and ctuVaL IndgcLOu8 C!ZcL8 O!WaLuL OtgL. JBc DFC-
!OL O!!Dc`OtCc8 OOtdctWa8!OunOOCK!DcBgDWa!Da!!DcWaL|un
ctuVan C!ZcL8 Bad OOCKcd IO aVOd Ocng d8QO88c88cd O!Bct and8
O !Bc gOVctnUcn! O !an LatCa, WDCB QrOQO8cd !O aOW OL !DO8c
aLd8`cdc8atO!O dc Indu8!ta8 cX!taC!Va8 (!BcdcVcOQmcn!O!Indu8!t
336 ARctWOtd
CX!I8C!D_ D8UI8 IC8OUICC8, 8UCD 88 O, DDCI88, 8DC OOUC). JDC U8-
2ODI8D UOVCUCD! W88 8 QC8CC!U 8DC D888VC CVCD! dC!CDCD_ DUD8D
t_D\8 8DC !DC Q8I!CIQ8D!8 CIII\Otj, WDCD D8C !Ot CCD!UIIC8 QtOVdCd !DCII
W8j O! !C 8Dd 8UO8I8!CDCC.
VCD\8 O! \D8 KIC D8VC OCCD COUUOD, Q8I!CU8tj :I \DC Q88! 8IX|
jC8I8. 8UIC \D8\ WDCD D8I|8 bCD WIO!C Dcvc/omcnt M Irccdom,
DC CC DO\ !DIDK O! CCVCOQUCD! 88 _O:I_ D8DC ID D8Dd W!D CXQIOQI8\IOD
8DC KID_, !DCCC888Ij, t8\DCI !D8D WI\D !ICCCOU. JDC 8!|!udC O!tC8IdCD!
18D !8tC8 I8 COD8I8!CD! W\D \DC KIDd O! 8UO|CC\IVy !D8! CD8I8C!CIIZC8
C8Q!88! CU!UIC: 8 8\8!C QOI\IC8 !D8! QIIV11C_C8 `dCVCOQUCD\ 8\ !DC CO8!
O! !DC IVC8 O! C!ZCD8, WDO 8tC |U8! _U!j O! CX8\ID_. 1D 8QI\C O! !DC D88-
88CC, !DC D8\OIC8 QIOCC88 :II\I8!CC Dj \DC QO!C8 8OCICy I8 IIICVCt8IOC;
OI 88 _U|8DO 8!8!C8, ID8\8DCC8 O! \DC _OO8 QtOCC88 COuC DC 8DC 8tC CC
!C8!CC DCtC 8DC \DCtC, OI QCtD8Q8 !C OD !DC Q8DC! 8 CX!D_UI8DCC DC!O:C,
OU !DC CCCOOD8 U8tCD O! !DC _OD8 QO!C8 8OCC| D88 IC8CDCd !DC
QOID! O! DO IC!UtD.

e
^Lb
:C!8CC
1 An n!aI cxQIOta!On O !hs ssuc can Uc IOund n LIOUaIza!On and
!hc VcIOca!On O Lan_ua_cs and CuI!utcs, n LocclHi:tcric:/ClobclDc-
:ign:: Coloniclit, 3ubcltcrKnowlcdgccndcrdcr1!inking(tncc!On:
\rncc!On \nVcIs|y tcss, zooo),chaQ!ct ).
2 JtOu!IO!, \Out 1tVdcncc dcs subcc!VI!cs.
_ A chtOncIc O !hc WOtk dOnc has bccn ad Ou! n !hc dOcumcn!cd cOI-
Icc!On Uy 1Ous!On, NaZatc_Os, and 5!uat!, 1!c Dccihcrmcnt c]n-
cicntNcc Writing.
q LOc, rcckingthcNccCodc.
Nan_aUcta \n_cr, Knowlcdgc cndIolitic:,1O.
N_nOIO, 5cmOss y unVctsOs dc scn!IdO; N_nOIO, La scmOss
cOIOnaI.
] N_nOIO, Lat!as, ctncas y rcIacOncs dc1 dcscuUtmcn!O y 1a cOn-
Qus!a, N_nOIO, 1I mc!a!cX|O hs!OtO_tcO y Ia hs!OtO_taa nd-
ana. L!hcI at!cIcs hOm lhs QctOd can Uc Ound aIsO a! !hc Diclnct
Wcbs!c, h!|Q:I Ida!nc!.untOa.cs.
8 Qua
_
O, LOIOnaIdad y mOdctndad-tacOnaIdad. An tn_Ish !tans-
Ia!On can Uc Ound n Culturcl3tudic:l1, nOs. z-3(zoo)): :68-)8.
j AnZaIda, crdcrlcnd/LcIrontcrc.
1O N_nOIO

LcOQOI!cs O fnOWIcd_c and lhc COIOnaI Lhctcncc. Jhc
at!cIc cOn!tbu!cd !O shaQc an ns!a!Ia!On n lhc Lcn!tO AndaIuZ dc
At!c LOn!cmQOtancO, Ccoolticc: dc lc nimccion/Cccclitic: o] thc
nimction. 1! Was !IansIa!cd and Qtn!cd n !hc ca!aIO_uc O !hc samc
!!Ic (5cVIIc: Lcn!rO AndaIuZ dc At!c LOn!cmQOrancO and COnsccta
dc LuI!ura, zoo)), \3-3p.
11 tscObat and N_nOIO, ClobclizctioncndthcDccolcnicl.
i2 Jhctc atc cXccQ!Ons, aIWays. 5cc Ot ns!ancc La!Ouchc, 1!cWc:tcrnizc-
tiono]thcWorld.
]]8 Iotcs to !rcfacc
1j Scc Mgno!o and J!ostanova, "Jhc Iogc o! Co!ona!ty and :hc LImts o!lostco!o
na!ty", Mgno!o, "Introducton: Co!ona!ty o! ovcr and Dc-co!ona! Jhn1ng.`
1u Gordon, Lxi:tcnticA]riccnc.
: Jhc tcrm vas ntroduccd j:hc Co!omban dcco!ona! thn1cr AdoI!o A!ban
Achntc to capturc A!ro-Co!omban communtcs n Co!omba !rom thc cghtccnth
to :hc tvcntc:h ccnrcs. A!ban Achntc argucd that :hcIi thinking and doIng
vcrc not vays of rcsstancc but o! rccxstanccs. Scc A!bn Achintc, Ticmc: dc
7cngc}Gucmin.
16 n Guaman !oma dc Aya!as and tto bah Cugoano's dcco!ona! thn1ng scc M
gno!o, "La opcn dc-co!onaI: Dcsprcndmicnto y apcrtura: \n mancsto y un
caso,' TcbulcKc:c(:oo8). :(-8:.
:; Scc chaptcr z, "I Am Yhcrc I Do," In ths book !or my commcnts on Ma!ck Banabb
and AI Shar'at, and my commcnts on Adhc!kcbr Khatb n Mgno!o, !ccclHi:tc-
ric:/ClcbclDc:ign:.
18 Dussc!, "Yor!d Systcm and Jransmodcrnty`'
1 n hov and vhcn Marx acgurcd that ncknamc (bcIng hmscIi a ]cv), scc Scgc!,
1crx:Fctc,;. Intcrcstng!y cnough, :hc nIcknamc pckcd up bo:h A!rcan Arabc
and B!ack A!rcan dcnticatons (c.g,, blcckcmccr:, an adjcctvc uscd by Shakc
spcarc, o! vhom Marx vas an avd rcadcr).
zo IcInaga, Lcrcvclucion!ndic,]8:
:1 or a hstorcaI and crtca! s1 ary o! thc dvidc bctvccn Indanismo and Marx-
smo n o!va, scc Lncras, "|! dcscncucntro dc dos razoncs rcvo!ucanaras.
zz Ramcma, "Shar`ats Audcncc and Dscoursc at thc \nvcrsty o!Mashhad."
z Boroujcrd, '1! Shar`ati
2q Mgno!o, "GcopolItcs o! Knov!cdgc and thc Co!ona! Dcrcncc", Mgno!o, Tic
!dccc]!ctinmcricc.
z Scc thc vcbstc !or thc Iatn Amcrcan Ccntcr, \nvcrsty o! Aarhus, http:!!vwv
.!acuaau.d1, and LaIIbrcradc!au.com, http:! !vvv.!aIibrcradc!au.com.
z6 Migno!o, TicIdcc c]!ctinmcricc,Mgno!o, "DclInkmg. Jhc Ihctorc o! Modcr
nty, thc Logc o! Co!onaIity, and :hc Grd ar o! Dcco!ona!ty.
z; ! morc rcccnt vntagc s crnndcz-sco's vcry important artc!c ``^yIIu. Dc
co!ona! Crtca! JhInking and an (thcr) Autonomy.'
:8 Jrans!atcd as Dussc!, Twcnt Tic:c: cn Fclitic:.Jhs man!csto, n my vcv, !o!Iovs
up on thc !nc o! Guaman !oma dc AyaIa and t|o bah Cugoano, vhch I dscuss
hcrc and c!scvhcrc. Scc a!so Mgno!o, "E! pcnsamcnto dcsco!onIa!`'
z Scc :hc program dcscrpton !or thc Doctorado cn Estudios Cu!tura!cs IatInoamcr
canos, ava!ab!c at thc \nvcrsdad AndIna Smn BolIvar vcbstc, http.!!
.uasb.cdu.cc.
jO Escobar': "Yor!ds and Knov!cdgcs :hcrvIsc" vas orgnaI!y publIshcd In zoo].
j1 nc o! thc coIIaborativc artc!cs vas Ya!tcr D. Mgno!o and MadIna J!ostanova,
"JhcorzIng !rom thc Bordcrs. ShnIng to Gco- and ody-o!tcs o! Knov!cdgc.
Lurcccn]curnclc]Sccicl Ticcr, no. : (:oo6): :o-z:.
Iotcs to In\roduct\on
z !or gcncraI ntormation about thc Acadmc dc !a Latnt, scc ts vcbstc at http:! l
.a!atcombr. Jhc prc-pu\lIcatIon ot "tcxts o! rc!crcncc.' a!so ava\ab!c at thc
vcbstc, contans 8thc papcrs prcscntcd n a gvcn contcrcncc.
InttoductIon
1 Jhc hrst pub!caton n |ng!sh o! thc vork donc by thc coIIcctvc sncc :8 ap
pcars In CulturclStudic: ::, no. : (zoo;), a spcca! ssuc on "G!obalIzaton and :hc
Dc-co!ona! pton`'
z Whcn I usc thc vord ccitcli:m, I mcan t n Max Ycbcr's scnsc: "Jhc sprt o!
capta!ism s hcrc uscd n ths spccmc scnsc, t s thc :iritc]mcdcrnccitcli:m. . .
Ycstcrn |uropcan and Amcrcan captahsm" (TtcIrctc:tcntLthiccndthcSiritc]
Ccitcli:m,:-:).
j Mgno!o, "Cosmopo!tansm and thc Dc-Co!onIa! pton.'
Armstrong, I:lcm,:A:, cmphass addcd.
Ibd
6 YI!ams, Ccitcli:mcndSlcvcr,]:.
; Dagcnas, "Jhc ostco!ona! Laura.
8 `1yit, thc indgcnous namcs !or thc s!ands vhcrc Aravaks and Janos dvc!!cd,
vas rcspccthIIy rcInvcstcd by ]can-]acqucs DcssaIIncs vhcn hc rcbaptizcd "Hs
pano!a' vIth thc namc o!/yIt.
ttobah Cugoano, Ticught:cndScntimcnt:cnthcLvilc]Sl
_
vcr,;z.
1o Scc Grccr, Mgno!o, and QuI!gan, KcrccdingthclcckLcgcnd.
1: Scc my commcntary In Acosta, Icturclcnd1crclHi:tcrc] thc!ndic:,(:-:8
1z or cxamp!c, scc Castc!Is, TtcIi:c c]thcIctwcrkSccict.
1 Mgno!o, "(Fc:t) Occidcntcli:m, (Ic:t) Cclcniclit, cnd (Fc:t) Subcltcrnit}, M-
gno!o, !cccl Hi:tcric:/Clcbcl Dc:ign:, Mgno!o, "Dclinking Li:tcmclcg. Jhc
!ast appcarcd in Kccrtikulccic,an art projcct o! thc group Icartiku!acja (Marna
Grznc, Stas KIcndcnst, Scbasqan Lcban, and Janja !asson).
1q Rosc, TicFclit
j
c:c]!gc !t:cg.
1 Schmtt, FcliticclTtcclcg}.
:6 At thc momcnt o! going ovcr thc copycdtcd vcrson o! ths manuscrpt thc Icy
Educatva Av!no Sinani y |!zardo !rcz vas approvcd In Bo!via. It s ccar!y
statcd and c!arcd on scvcra! occasons that ths s a dcco!ona! !av !or a p!urna
tona! statc, cyt.fcy|.umss.cdu.bo!dowIoad!arcI!bo!ctn!niicva_!cy_ASE]pd!.
1; Contrary to thc purposc o! :hc Lcy |ducatva mcntoncd abovc (notc :6), Davos
\nvcrsty and In gcncra! thc corporatc unvcrsty arc thc cIcar cxamp!c o! rcvcst
crnzaton o! cducaton and thc rcproducton o! thc CMP. Scc, Mgno!o, "Jhc cnd
ot thc \nvcrsty . . . ,' http:! !pub!cunIvcrsty.org.zo)o!!:]!thc-cnd-o!-thc
unvcrsty-as-vc-knov-t.
18 Gros!guc!, "Jransmodcrnty, ordcr Jhn1ng and G!oba! Co!onIa!ty.
1 Ibd.
33

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2O Ltcct, N:gLOC,aLd[u:gaL,KcrccdingthclcckLcgcnd.
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22 Lgh:c,Imcricli:m,SovcrcigntcndthcNckingo]!ntcrcticncl!cw.
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Noon Ccddc::c:, FJCc, cncnc:, ccchc: cndc:c:, JO8!aDCVa, CcndcrLi:cm-
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DCI|O 8JDO\|O, Luroc(in 1!cor}).O1 DOtC dC\8J$, 1CV8DdCt 8Ud^J_DOO, Cd$.,
1!cGlobclSouth.
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LOOI OI Yc88OD, 8Dd^I_DOO, `JDc 8IKcI bIdc OI !Dc DI_D\cDDcD\. f LcCOO-
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dc::cicncc:humcinc:ctlccn:cc occidcntclc.
1C J\Dc], Introduction to thc Humcn 3cicncc:. ocCOHd8I] DIDIO_J8QDIc8 8DOuDd.
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21 DId., 7]1.
](8 ^otcs to Lbaptcr our
zz Ibid., z;{-;(.
z Ibd., z;.
z Ga!arsoro and Ngnoo, "Crtca Stcw. tpistcnc Osobcdicncc and tbc Occoo-
na Cption` bttp:l lcrtcastcw.orgl:p=:].
z Inda Jubwai Smitb, Dc-colonizingNcthoJologic:,z.
z6 Gandbis pbosopbica and potca postons arc compcx and somctmcs contra-
dctory. Cn tbc onc band, bc nas bccn crtgucd by anant Guna n Domincncc
withoutHcgcmon!or bs ntocrancc toward tbc subatcrns. Cn tbc otbcr band, bc
contnucs to bc consdcrcd a cadng dccoona tbnkcr by Asbis ^andy n"Look-
ng n tbc Nirror o! tbc tast, and n !arta Cbattcrjccs "Nodcrnty and IndIan
!atonasm InaIy, during my wcck as visitng scboar at Yarvck lnvcrsity
(^ovcmbcr zoIo), aza Saccd, !romtnc awschoo, urgcd mc to tbnk morc about
Gandbis conccpt o! Sctcgrchc, a conccpt tnat Saccd tbougbt was aIrcady a pro-
posa !or cpstcmc d;obcdicncc. \ wI tbnk morc about it, atbougb I a:cady baVc
tbc ntuton tbat bc is rigbt.
z; Sbva, 1!cNonoculturc: o]thcNind. An intcrvicw on tbc topic can bc !ound n
Sbva, "Nonocuturcs o!tnc ^lind.
z8 Nignoo, "OcInkng. Jnc bctorc o! Nodcrnity, tbc Iogic o! Cooniaity and tnc
Grammar o!Occoonaty.
z Nignoo, "Jbc Occoonia Cpton and tbc Ncanng o! Idcntity n PoItics`
c osc, 1!cFolitic:o]LgcIt:c(j.
: Ibid., I]I, ;z.
Cnaptcr Iour j (Dc)Coona!ty at Iargc
: Scc brown, "Ii!cs Nystcrous Cocks Scc aso brown, Hastngs, and Pamcr, 1!c
iologicclClock, and tbc wondcrlu crtca summary ocrcd by Antbony Avcn,
Lmirc:o]Timc.
z I assumc cooniaity as a constitutivc componcnt o! modcrnty, and not as a dc-
rivatvc onc. Jnus, tbc cxprcssons "modcrntylcoonaity` and "modcrnlcoonia
word-systcm you w Lnd tnrougbout tbc cbaptcr. Jbc bstorica pont ot rc!cr-
cncc is tbc cmcrgcncc ot tbc Atantc commcrca crcut, n tbc sixtccntb ccntury,
tbat conncctcd tbc Ncdtcrrancan wtb tbc AtIantic, on tbc onc band, and crcatcd
tnc condtons !or tbc transIormaton o! turopc !rom a margna to a bcgcmonc
pacc. Cn Iuropc bc!orc tbc sixtccntb ccntury scc Abu-Lugbod, c]orc Luroccn
Hcgcmon, on tbc cmcrgcncc o! tbc Atantic circut, scc Qujano and Yacrstcn,
`mcrcanity as a Conccpt, or tbc Amcrcas n tbc Nodcrn Yord-Systcm \or tbc
conccpt o! coonaty or powcr, scc Quijano, "Coonadad dc podcr, cutura y
conocmicnto cn Amcrica Latna. or modcrnitylcoona1ty andmodcrnlcoonia
word-systcm, scc Nignoo, LocclHi:toric:/ClobclDc:ign:.
Kant, "Idca o! a \nivcrsa Hstory !rom a Cosmopo1tan ont o! Ncw; Jn:y,
"Icturc, cndHcrLcw:c:Aliccblcto thcHcinc::o]Ncn`'
abian, Timccnd thcOthcr.
Cwcn Hugbcs, Introduction
!otcs to Cbaptcr \our ]A
6 "Jnnking tbougnt usuay amounts to wtbdrawing into a dimcnsioncss pacc n
wbcb tbc dca o! tbougbt aonc pcrsists. but tbougnt inrcaty spaccs tsc! out nto
tbc word. It inlorms tbc maginary o! pcopcs, tbc: varcd poctics, wbicb t tbcn
trans!orms, mcaning, n tbcm ts rsk bccomcs rcaIzcd` ( Gssant, Ioctic:o]Kclc-
tion, I). Jnnk o! tbc coonaty o! powcr and tbc coona dcrcncc wbcn you rcad
"tbougbt in rcaity spaccs tscI1 out nto tbc word, andyou wII bavc a dcscrption
o! tbc "maginary o! tbc modcrnl coonia word`
/ Hcgc, 1!cIhilo:oho]Hi:tor.
8 "Hstory s a bgby hnctiona !antasyo! tbc Ycst, orgnating at prcciscy tbc tmc
wbcn t aonc `madc t!c bistory o! tbc Yord. UHcgc rccgatcd A!rican pcopcs to
tbc anstorca, Amcrndian pcopcs to tbc prcbistorica, inordcr to rcscrvc History
!or turopcan pcopc cxcusVcy, it s not bccausc tncsc Aican or Amcrcan pcopc
'bavc cntcrcd History tbat wc can concudc today tbat sucb a bcrarcbca conccp-
ton o! tbc 'marcb o! bstory s no ongcr rccvant ( Gissant, CcribbccnDi:cour:c,
6A).
Scc Ngnoo, 1!cOcrkcr3idco]thcKcnci::cncc.
:o Lattau, Nocuis dc: :cuvcgc: cmcriccin:, comcrec: cur mocur: dc: rcmicr:
tcm:.
:: Lyc, Frincilc:o]Ccolog.
1z Augustinc, Con]c::ionc:.
: Hay, Luroc,II-Iz.
: Ngnoo, 1!cDcrkcrSidco]thcKcnci::cncc,z6-8I.
: Lovcjoy, 1!cCrcctChcino]cing.
16 Iarrss, "cmcmbcrng tbc uturc, Anticpating tbc Past
i; NacCormack, "Jmc, Spacc, and Xtua Action.
:8 Nignoo, 1!cDcrkcrSidc,cbaptcrs ( and .
: bouyssc-Cassagnc and Harris, "acna.` Scc aso `ampara Huaracni, "la soccdad
Aymara.
zo Cn lacbakut as tncory o! abrupt cbangcs ("tcoria dc vucco), scc Kusch, !cn-
:cmicnto inJgcnc

cn:cmicntooulcr.Cn "nku, scc bouyssc-Cassagnc and

Harrs, "acba`
z: Scc Ngnoo, 1!c Dcrkcr SiJc o] thc Kcnci::cncc, cbaptcr , "Jbc Novcabc
Ccntcr.
zz \coria, "Jnnkng nJmc and Spacc.
z Ibid., 6{.
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z CbmapabIn, Kclccionc:originclc:dc ChclcoAmcgucmcccn.
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nia dcrcncc, scc Nicr, "Jrans!ormations o! Jmc and Spacc.

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: iu880, `L!DIC8 b0D80 OI lD0 1gg 8]8 0D0IOD D LDI8Q88; 0 Ol, lsucc
Zuuti:tu,bj.
_z f_8DD0D, TtcbcccmingCcmmunit,6-j.
18DOD,!ccuIcirc:,Nc:quc:lcnchc:,08Q. lD0D!tOduClIOD.
r IDQOIl8Dl lD0OI0!C8 COD!Du!y OI lD0 0V0Dl8 lD8l D8V0 D00D!8KD_ Q800 ID
bOulD 1T0tIC8 ID lD0 Q88l !wO CCC8d08, D WDCD 80I08 OI0V0Dl8 lD0 8Q8I8l88
D8V0Q8]0d8DIDQOIl8Dl IO0, I8 lD0 QuDIC8UODOILDIIgu0 u8808 Twcnt Ttc:c:
cn Fclitic:. iu880 DID_8 lO_0lD0I, D lD080 !W0D!y lD0808, lD0 d0COODI8 lI8|0C-
lOty OID8 OWD QDO8OQD] OID0I8lOD, DOW\DDKD_ QO\lIC8] IIODlD0 COD-
DD8IOD OI i0I!-O:I0Dl0d 8Dd d0COOD18-OII0Dl0d _OV0IDD0Dl8 lD8l D8V0 D00D
000l0d I bOu\DrD0IIC8 8DClD0 L8IIDD08D ID lD0 DI8l d0C8d0 OI!D0 lW0D!y-DI8l
C0D!ut].
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6 /IZ0K, `r0II8l 08IOtuIOC0D!I8D,gb.
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dI8Qul08 D0!w00D lD0 Y08l0tD OD8D LDQI0 |lOd8] lD0 su) 8Dd ]Z8DlIuT, \D0
L88l0tD OD8D DQII0 |!Od8] !D0 \Dl0d bl8l08)800H lO D0 8D 8IIt8ClV0 Dul
D8CK\V8td-OOKI_D0l8QDOI. D0I0 DOl D08`DCX! 0D8888DC0 D008u800V0t]-
DOd]I8 W8lCDD_ 8DO DOt0 !D8D|u8l !D0 1 8DdlD0 1DI!0d bl8l08 8I0 I08d]lO Q8].
DO80 8t0 lD0 lt8|0ClOII08 8Dd OQlOD8 uDC0ID0d ID 0D8Ql0I 1.
62 DId.
6_ /IZ0K, `70II8l 08 IOI`LuIOC0DlII8D,g.
6 Dd., 1OOg.
6j LD8II0I|00,`LDLIV 8DdOlC8 bOC0!yD O8l-0OODI8 0DOCt8C08.
66 ZIZ0K, `70III8l 08 IOt LuIOC0D!II8D, 1OO.
6] 1Ot u888, 800 O8l8DOV8, Gcndcri:tcmclcgic:. 1OI LDD8 8Dd L88l r8I8, 800
LDD_, cccming)cunc:c,8Dd LD0D, :icc:Ncthcd.
6B fdOIDO, Gucmcn!cmu dcAclc, I_DOO, `D0 i0COOD8 LQlIOD. 0l8CDD0Dl
8Dd LQ0DD_.
6g /Z0K, Pi0D8l 08 IOI LuIO00DlII8D,1OOb.
;o L00Dt8lOD OIlD0 DH00DlD]08IOI lD08Q8lI8l88 uQt8D_lOOKQ8C0 D0!w00DlD0'
0DdOI000DD0I 2OO,D N0XCO L!y, 8DdlD0D0_DD1D_ OI]8Du8I]2OOg,D b8D
LII8lOD8 d088L8888.D0 `CODuD1C8COD08 W0I0 I0QOIl0dDKcbcldc6j |ru_u8!
2OOg).1b-lj, uDd0I 8D0dIlOII8, `8d_D8 I8DI8 0OD8gu0 OltO DuDdO 8008la COD-
8lIu]0DdO. D \D0 88D0 I88u0, 8CODDuDIC8!IOD D]N01I8 8l8 8Dd 8lIICI8 L8-
d0t8W88 8uDll0d`i8 I8DI8 DO8 Du0V0, 8dI_DId8dDO8 _u8. b00 88C8DO 8Ddu-
OOZ, Kcbcldc j, QQ. 18Dd 2, D!IQ:III0V8l8t0D0d8.OI_I:C8l=16O.D0 C00DI8!IODOI
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|D8Q\0I bcVcH | Cosmopo!Ita Locaisms
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VCDDCt 2OO.
1 1QQJ8D8 Co:mcclitcni:mJ8 8 Q8I8dJ_D8\JC CX8DQC. mJ8 CO8DOQOJ\8D DdJVJdu8
D88 8 \DC _OOd QU8J\JC8 ]Ou DJ_D\ Dt:d JD 8 WC-DC8DJD_ LDtJ8\J8D WIID 8 VJ8JOD
OI 8 IIJCDd] WOId, IDOU_D W8DC U8C8 8CCU8I \CID8. W8DC 1D\DOD] PQQJ8D,
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dt8W \D0 dJ8\JDC\JOD \O JVC WCH, 88 J\ JDQJC8 \D8\ \DCIC J8 8 ZODC OIDO\ JVJD_ WC.
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dC8\D (]8K8 8Dd ]JW8) (C8 VJVJtCOD-VJVJt CD 8IDODJ8 ] CODQ0DCD\8IJCd8d JD\C_t8
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D \DC _88\ \DI0C OI IOUI ]C8I8, DOIC 8Q0CJDC8] 8CC LVO OI8C8 W88 0CC\Cd QIC8J
dCD\ 8Dd \DC COD8\JIU\JOD8 OIOJVJ8 8Dd LCU8dOI (UDdCI LOIIC8) CD\Ct0d \DC QIOCC88
OI DCU_ ICWIJI\CD, \DC CXQtC88JOD8 bucnvivir,5U8K 18W88], 8Dd 5U8 8D8H8
D8VC QtOJICI8\Cd OD LOO_C. P\DOU_D \DC CODCCQ\ J8 JDdJ_CDOU8, J\ J8 DO8\] DC8\JZO
8Dd DC8\J28 JD\CCCIU88 88 WC 88 LUIOQC8D8 WDO WIJ\0 8DOU\ J\. DdJ_CDOU8 JD\C
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dC QOd0I, D\IQ:\O\UD88]8I8C88. WOIdQIC88.COD2C1O O11 C-8UD8K -K8W88]
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8C\JVI8\ 8Dd _OJ\JCJ8D ODJC8 LDU]J, U DCt 0XQ8D8\JOD OI 5UD8K 18W88], 8DC UD-
dCIJDC8 \DC DC8DU_ OI `\O JVC JD D8IDOD] 8Dd U IuDC88, D\IQ:WWW.DJt8dOIJU
. Ot_ 8QJQ. QDQ 8I\JCC1.
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8Dd ID0 1DJ\0d 5\8\08. ]8Q8D D8] DC 8D 8DOD8] \Od8], DU\ J\ W88 DO\ \D0D, WD0D
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C\C8I] 8DOW8 ID8\ \D0t0 8IC IVO QIO]0C\8 W8KJD_ ID \DC 88DC dJI0C\J.D 8D+dW0\-
U_ JD dJH0I0D\, 8\DOu_D 0D\8D_Cd, OC8 DJ8\OtJC8: ID0 1UIOQ08-JQ0t8 OC8
DJ8\OIJC8 8Dd \D0 5OU\D, LCD\I8 D0IJC8D, 8Dd L8IJDDC8D OC8 DI8\Ot08. \ 8DOW8
88O \D8\ 8\DOU_D \D0 QOU\ OI OIJ_U8\JOD OI COODJ8JIy W88 \DC +DJId YOId, J\8
tOU\C8 OI dJ80t8JOD C8D DOVC \O \DC 1JI8\ YOId. 5CC 308D, `OW8td8 CCOODJZJD_
LDCOuD\0I8.
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D\IQ:WWW.8D8OU\088\IODOD].COD) L8D\JC 8Dd |ODC8, SunYctScn cnJ thcwck-
cningo[Chinc.
.
2C PdOIO 1D8D PCDJD\0, LOODDJ8D 8I\J8\, 8C\JVJ8\, JD\0JC8, 8Dd 8CDO8t, H\IO-
dUCCd \D0 CODCCQ\ JD 8 dOC\Ot8 dJ88CI\8\JOD QI080D\Cd 8\ \D0 1DJVCI8Jd8d PDdJD8
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CJODC8 _88\tODCDJC88, \CtIJ\OIJ8Jd8d ] I0-0XJ8\CDCJ8 8OCJO-CUIut8 0D COD.DJ
d8dC8 8HO-dC8C0DdJCD\08 dC O8 V808 U\0I8DdJDO8 dC 8\J8 [8ut dC LOODDI8) y
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8C
[
D: W.DJDU_88_t8D dC.DC\ DU08\t8 -_0D\C 8D 8D -8dOIO-8CDJD\C QtOO_O.
_8 Iotcs to Chagtcr Scvcn
z: Scc !or nstancc trnst and Martn, Icthinking!:lcmic3tudic:.Jhc book announccs
that thcrc was arcady a shIn-whcn thc "Crcntas but thcr arumcnts: In such
cascs, thcrc s no room !o: thc "Cccdcnta to g:ctcnd that knowcdc s hcrc and
thc obcct s thc:c. Cosmogotan ocaIsm takcs ug !:om brcakn away and shm-
In o! ths kInd.
22 Anhc, "Francsco dc Vtora and thc Coona CrIns o! Intcmatona Law. My
own takc on dc Vtora can bc !ound n "1hc Many-accs o! Cosmogos''
z Mnoo, "Jhc Many-Faccs o!Cosmgos.'
z Anhc, "Francsco dc Ytora and thc Coonal CrIns o! Intcmatona Law,' :oz,
cmghass addcd.
2j Hnkcammcrt, "Jhc Hddcn Acnda o! Modcrnty.
z6 Ibd., :o_, cmghass addcd.
z; Stccr, Globcli:m,:z.
z8 Chattcrcc, T:cFclitic:o]thcGovcrncd,_-8o.
z Shar'at, "xchanc d Rc:\cmcnt ot Cutura Rcsourccs, __. For a boraghy
o! Shar'at, scc Rahncma, n!:lcmicUtoicn.AIthouh thc dcbatc today s much
"advanccd (scc An-Ma'm, !:lcm cnd thc 3cculcr 3tutc), t s stii !ormuatcd n
nsttutona and ca tcrms. Jhc qucstIon o! "Human s bygasscd n thc dcbatcs
about rhts and aw. And t was thc "Human that was thc corc o!Shar'at's rccc-
tons and conccrns, and that s stII mss n most currcnt dcbatcs about Isam
dcmocracy, sha:'a, rcIon, and thc statc. I was rcccnty tod by Zahra Marano.
(Ya:wck lnvcrsty, z_ Novcmbcr zo:o) that Shar'at s dcspscd by thc ncw cn-
craton n Iran. It s not surgrsIn that most o! thq youn cncraton shouJd tcnd
to bc "modcrn (that s, to thnk accordIn to a hccmonc, mass mcda-groduccd
dca o! modcrnty). Jhc samc ghcnomcnon can bc !ound In Chna, and amon Ma-
tIvc Amcrcans and Ccntra Asan youth. 1hat s thc way t s. Rcwcstcrnzaton s
thc most vsbc o! al avaabc ogtons.
o Norman Gvan oHcrs ths gromc n hs scmbancc, "Ioyd Bcst: 1hc Grcat Conccg-
tuaIzcr, httg:llW .normanrvan.n!olIJoyd-bcst -a -rcat -conccgtuaIIscr.
: Sha:'at, Nun cnd!:lum,Prc!acc.
z Scc aso Bcst, "Indcgcndcncc and RcsgonsbJty.'
Bcst, "Indcgcndcnt Jhouht and CarIbbcan Frccdom, z. "Icw Yord :ctcrs to a
Carbbcan ntcIJcctua thnk tank, o! whIch Bcst was a kcy urc.
Mahbuban, T:cIcw:iunHcmi:hcrc, :__.
Scc Latour, ''Yhosc Cosmos, Yhch CosmogoItcs,' cmghass addcd.
6 Scc Ycha, "Dccoonz Knowcdcs and Practccs.'
; Iatour, "Yhosc Cosmos, Yhch Cosmogo!tcs, (6z.
8 Brucc Iawrcncc, "Comgctn Gcncaocs o! Musm CosmogoItanIsm,' an n-
tcrvcntcn at thc workshog "(Dc)Coona Cosmogo!tansm (Potca conomy,
Rcon and Intcrnatonal Kcatons), hcd at thc Ccntcr !or Goba Studcs and
thc Humantcs, Dukc lnvcrsty, z6-z8 cbruary zoo.
Notcs to Ancrword _
Iawrcncc and Cook, Nu:lim Ictwork:, trnst and Martn, Kcthinking Nu:lim
3tudic:.
o Yash, Intcrculturclidcd,c:tcdc,:ocicdcd.Scc aso thc ntcrvcw wth Yalsh by M-
noo, "DccoonIa JhnkIn and Don n thc Andcs'
Acrword
: Gordon, "anon and Dcvcogmcnt.
z )osc Avcndao, cadcr and actvIst o! ndcnous communtcs, gcrsona convcrsa-
ton, ;_ Agr zoo, my own transaton hom Sgansh.
MahbubanI, T:cIcw:icn Hcmi:hcrc, :_(. 1hcrc s howcvcr a sow awakcnn
o! thc "Ycstcm mnd rcvIcwIn thc grc-udmcnt about Chna and Asa. Scc, !or
cxamgc, thc rc!crcncc I madc to PhJg Stcghcnss og-cd n chaptcr :. It was rcgro-
duccd undcr a shty dicrcnt ttc cscwhcrc, 'n tncountcr wth Hstor 1hat
Hans ovcr thc Prcscnt, Iinuncicl Timc:, :_ Dcccmbcr zoo;. AIso scc thc rcccnt
artcc by )amcs Kync, "Ycst StI Mscasts :8 Irotcstors, Iincncicl Timc:,
( ]uic zoo, . AcknowcdIn that hc was onc o! thc con!uscd ournast dur-
n thc cvcnts, and wthout usm thc vocnt statc rcactons aanst grotcstcrs,
Kync dIsgc!s thc Ycstcrn myth that thc grotcstcrs wcrc dcmandn "dcmocracy.
Kync a:ucs that thc youth o! thc tImc had no scnsc o! Ycstcrn dcmocracy and
that thcy wcrc dcmandIn somcthIn sgccc, t was coscr to Mao's socasm
than to Ycstcrn dcmocracy.
Mahbuban, T:cIcw:iunHcmi:hcrc,:_(.
Ibd.
6 Ibd.
; Ibd., :;.
o Ibd., :_;.
Ibd.
:o Scn, Dcvclomcntu:Irccdcm, zo, cmghass addcd.
:: Mandy, "1hc Bcauti!u Futurc o! Povcrty,' (8z-8_.
:z Baccrowcz, "Jhs Has Not Bccn a Iurc aIurc o! Markcts, Iinuncicl Timc:, :_
Mayzoo, .
: Ibd.
: Cnc cxamgc, amon many, s ogcn-sky mnIn n ArcntIna. Scc "Arcntna: La
Roa sc mobJza.'
: Scc thc cassc accouit by scoba:, ncountcringDcvclom

nt.
:6 1hc conccgt was Incorgoratcd n thc ncw consttuton o! Ecuador. Uyou Gooc
"Sumak Kawsay, you Wbnd that many cntrcs havc apgcarcd thc past ycar or
so, mosty wrttcn by mcstIzos and mcstIzas n Latn Amcrca and by ntc!cctuas
o! thc turogcan Lch. I sccct two gcccs coscr to my a:umcnt: " Sumak Kawsay
como cxgrcsn dc a dcscoona!dad dc godcr, by thc Coomban ournaIIst and
actvst Jatana Roa Avcndao, and "Modcrndad, dcsarroIJo, ntcrcuJturadad y
O\8 \O 1I|IWOIU
ouD8K 8W88] O UD NIVII, QI8D\U O] ODIC8 LDu|I, 8 ICDU8 86\IVI8\ IIOU
\ |cU8UOII8D 1U82OD, 8\ !D D\ID8\IOD8 OIUUOD D\ICu\UI8I\y8DUV-
OQUD\, 1IIDI8, !OOUDI8, 2j 8]2OOy. iI8 8t\IC W88 8V88O OD\D WO uD\
UIU-2C1C. i OII_ID8 U08DID_ OI \D \IU I8UIC8] UIHI8 UOD !D QIIDCIQ8
UDUI]ID_ \D Y8\ID IU8 OI UVOQDD\.
1) OI HGO8 U8 OI ouD8K 8W88], 80 !D \DI\u I8\IOD8 W0OQ8_ D!\Q:
. uDV.Ot_DWD8\-W-UO\DD8\IC -8I88 Cu\uI-8QOt\8 UOc C8DU8D UO-8-8uD8K-
K8W88].D\U IOI \ iJ| \DI 8I QD\y OICX8UQ8 OD !D W0O, OU\ OD 8\8I!ID_
QOID\ WOUU D !D0 YOIU oOCI8 iOIuD, D\|Q:OO_8.OXI8D.OI_DOO_O-O1-
2-5UU8K-K8W88]-8U-WD8\-_O\-O8\-\I8D88\IOD-UVOQDD\; IOI 8D UUI_DOU8
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CI_u8OD, I8. Lmirc: 17cIi:ccndOcmi:co]thcriti:hWorldOrdcrcndthcLc:-
:cn:]orClobclFcwcr.LODdOD.|cD L8Dc, 2OO2.
CtD0Dd2L8CO, 8tCcO. `1]u. C-COOD8 LII\C8 DIDK|D_ 8Dd8D |L\DcI)u-
\ODOD]. ClobclizcticncndAutcncmOnlincCcmcndium.D\tQ:
._OD88u\ODOD].C8.
.!clcdclAllu:Fmcticcdccchcu:ticic i:kuu:ticic( ]u:ticicNccr
]u:ticicNcnor)cnccmunidcdc:cmcrc:.L882.IO]cC\O dc UVc8!I_8CIODc8 18\t8-
\C\IC88dc OIVI8,2OOO.
iOIC8C8DO, 1DIIQuC. Ncmor, Nth, cndTimcinNcxico:IrcmthcAztcc:toIndccn-
dcncc,\I8D8. DcI\ OIKWI\D\Dc888I8\8D0COI8\DI]D H. CIK.1u8\ID. \DIVcI8I\]
OIcX88 t88, 1yy.
iOuC8u\, ICDc. Lc:mct:ctlc:chc:c:.8tI8.L8ID8Id, 1.
I]Ic, LIDcI!C. Cc:c-grcndcc:cnzclc.VIOdc |8DItO.|O8cL]D_IC, 1yoo [1yjj].
L8DODdO, |O8cD8. D\tOduC\OD\O17cHi:cnicAtlcntic.oQcCI8 I88ucOIArizcnc
]curnclo]Hi:cnicCulturcl3tudic: |2OO1).1~11j.
L8IDdO,8tIO.`O81]D8I88]8\IcDcDcDOdOdc 8OCIcd8dCODuDI\8tI88u-
ID1IO_I8QD]
\ODDIC8. 882: P\LB |tO]CC\ODVc8\I_8CID 1Ct\DD\8 dc OV8), 2OO.
D\\Q. .QID.0CD.ODO\8._1Q'IdD=2o.
L8tC8 IDt8,PV8IO. Lcotcnciclcbcc:ccioncclcctivccidcntidcdc:indigcnc:
obrcrc:oulcrc:cnolivic.D\O\O_I8 ]_t8cD\8CIDdc8DO o\8DOD. uDO8
ItC8.tODC\COIDtC8,2OOo.
.1d8cDCuD\tO ddO8t8ZOD8 tVOu0I8D8II88. UdI8DI8DO]8IXI8DO.
crctcric1|lOO).-1.1cQI. IULTLbL, clJilo. in]o/doc:/clcc:c.d[, \I8D8. ID
Intcrncticncl]ourclo]3ocicli:tIcncwcl.D\tQ:IUK8.OI_.8uDOd2.
LIddcD8, r\DOD]. ccndLc] cndIight: TicIuturcc]IcdicclFolitic:.o\8DIOId.
o\8DIOId \DIVCI8I\]IC88,1.
LItV8D, OID8D. `LO]dC8\. 1LIC8\ LODCCQ\u8I2I. LII_._uDd.D Trinidcdcnd
Tcbcgc Icvicw,OVCDDCt 2OO. D\!_. WWW.\D\tVcW.COD. CcribbccnFoliticcl
Lconcm. ll LC\ODCt 2OO.D\tQ.WWW.\D\IVIcW.COD.
. `LOD_LIVC UdQcDdD\ DOu_D\. CcribbccnFoliticclLconcm.1LC\ODI
2O1O.D\tQ:WWW.DOID8D_IV8D.IDOW_-COD\CD\u_O8d82COODcW-WOId-
DOOK-8uDCDl.QdI.
--. `CWYOtd8Dd \8 LII\IC8. 17c Tioughto]Icw World: TicQuc:t]orDccolo-
nizction,j~2y.ID_8\OD.8DH8DdC,2O1O.
LI888D\, 1dOu8Id. CuribbccnOi:ccur:c:3clcctcdL::c:, \I8D8.WI\D 8DID\tOduC\IODD]
|. ICD8C 88D. LD8IO\!c8'Jc.\DVcI8I\]Ic88 OINII_IDI8, 1yoy.
.Foctic:o]Iclcticn,\I8D8. c\8]YID_. o\8DIOtd. o\8DIOId1DIVt8I\]I88,1yy/.
LOD2a2L888DOV8, 8DO. `188I82ODc8 dc Z8Q8\8DO ]8L\t8L8D_8H8 LT1
|2OO). 21~jOj.
LOOd], |8CK. Ccitcli:mcndNcdcrnit.L8DDtId_. OI\], 2OO.
LOtdOD, WI8H. Oi:cilincrOcccdcncc:Living17oughtin Tring Timc:.OudI.
8t8dI_D, lOO.
--.Lxi:tcnticA]ccnc. Undcr:tcndingA[iccnLxi:tcnticl17ought.LODdOD.
Ou!|Cd_C, 2OOO.
.8DOD

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|2OO). /1~yj
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mcn3cicncc:.LODdOD.HOu\cd_c, 1yy.
LOud, o!CQDD|8]. Timc:rrcw, Timc: Cclc:Nth cndNctchorinthcOi:ccvcro]
CcclogicclTimc.L8DDtId_c.i8IV8td1DVcI8I\]t88,1yo/.
LI8I!OD, r\DOD]. `LDIODOO_]8Dd \8 LI8COD\cD\8 IDHcD8I888D0 1utO_: DcNI6I8-
8I\ud8 OI8I8dI\IOD. Timc:Hi:toric:cndLthnclogic:, d. I8D LWDmu_18 8Dd
DOD881. I8u\D8DD, 1j~.rDIDOI.\DIVcI8I\]OIICDI_8D tc88, 1y.
LIcCt, 8t_8Ic\H.,Y8\cI L. I_DOO, 8Dd8uIcD _uII_8D, cd8.Icrccdingthc
lcckLcgcnd: 17cOi:courscc]Icligicu: cndIcciclOjg crcnccinthcIcnci::cncc
Lmirc:. LDIC8_O. LDIC8_O \DIVcI8I\]tc88, lOO).
LIc8D, 8ID. `I8D, VCt8 uDc 0ODDuD8u!c ID\CtD8\IOD8. !cmondcdilcmctiquc, 21
8]2O1O.
j/j
jyq IUIO_I8QD]
LIO8O_uC, 8DOH. `CVCOQDCH\8D, OCCID\y,8DCCQCDCCDC]DCOI]D18\D
DCIC8. ColoniclitctLcrgc.Lctinmcricccndthc!o:tcoloniclDcbctc,CC. 8DC
OI8D8, iHIQuC 1. u88C, 8HC L8tO8 . )8utC_uJ, jOy-jj. uID8D. UKC\HVCI-
8\] tC88, 2CC.
. `I8H8DOCCIHI\], OICCtDIDXIH_8HCLOD8LOOH8J|Lurozinc[2OO).
D\|Q..CutOZIDC.COD8I\1CC82OO-Oy-Cq-_tO8O_uC-CH.D\u.
LIOVO_uJ, oIU8Z8\Ou8.condLuroccntri:mcndncrch:Ncmoric:o[!ntcrnc-
tionclOrdcrcnd!n:titution:.CW3OIK. 8_I8VC,2OO.
. `DC, OC]8HCLu\! )CDCH\8 O8O8\COOH8uD8HI_D\8 I8COuI8C.
Dccolonizing!ntcrnctionclKclction:,CC. I8HWCH LIu CC)OHC8,1yy-y.1OHCOD.
OWD8D8DC\\CDCd, 2OC.
.Sovcrcign:, Quc:iSovcrcign:cnd[iccn:.Kccccnd3cq-Dctcrminctionin
!ntcrctionclLcw.IHHC8QO8. \HIVCI8\]OIHHC8O\8tC88, 1yyj.
LuC]D88, )Cu8ICO. `iVO vOI8C8ICDuCV8 88QIOQuC8\88 CC H\C_t8COHIC_OH8
OICD\8HCO88aUuCDVIVI. !criccic:2j [2j OVCDOCI 2OO).D\|Q.
.QCIQCC88.COD.
LuD8,8H8]\.Domincncc withoutHcgcmon:H:toicnd!owcrin Colonicl!ndic.
L8DDIC_C. 8IV8tC\HVCI8\]tC88,1yyy.
Lu8COI, LCOt_C8.Lc:originc:dc::cicncc:humuinc:ctlccn:ccoccidcntclc.8II8.
8]O\, 1yy.
8OCID88, )\JI_CH. `DC HCu8OH O\DC L\DCI. Studic:in!oliticcl J!coi, CC. L8t8D
. LIODID 8Dd 8UO 1CtCH,jj-jy. L8DUId_C. IC88,1jjj.
8ICIH,L8ttC\|.`DCI8_Cd]O \DCLODDOH8.3cinc12 (1y).12qj-q.
8WKH_, o\CQDCD.ric[Hi:toro[ Timc.IromthcigcngtolcckHolc:.OIOH\O.
8H\8D, 1j.
8], 1CH]8. Luroc: 1hcLmcrgcncco[cn!dcc.JCHDut_D. JCIDOut_D \HIVCI8\]
1IC88, 1y.
1C_C,LCOt_CYJ!c!hilo:oho[Hi:tor,\t8H8.). oDtCC.uH8O. 1IODC\DCu8,
1yy1 [122|.
1CIOIOH,)OD8H. J!cKi:co[3ociclJ!cor,\I8D8. oDC8LO_O.DDC8QOI8.1D1VCI-
8I\] OIHHC8O\8 tC88, 1yyj.
CHZC, itIC.,8HCICH\). o\CCC. Lthic:,uthorit} cndWcr.Ion-3tctcctor:cnd
thc)u:t Wcr Trcdition.CW3OIK. 18_I8VC8CD8H, 2OOy.
1CC, 8VIC. DcmocrcccndthcClobclOrdcr.IromthcNodcrn3tctctoCo:moolitcn
Covcrncncc.o\8HOIC. o\8DOIC\DIVCI8\]tC88, 1yyj.
HKC8DDCt\, I8DZ.Llmccdclcmcrcdor.LO8\8C8. D8\I\u\O CC i8!UCIO8
COO_ICO8,1yy.
.`DCICCCH 1O_ICOOCCtI\y. 1OCXC8HC\DCHVCI8OHOuD8H _D\8.
World:cndKnowlcdgc:Othcrwi:c,VO. , CO88Ct 1, 2OOq. D\|Q: .]DC.CUKC.CCu
WKO CO88ICI81.1COD\CD\8.QDQ.
.Llc:cltocl odcrmundicllcviolcncic:cgrcdcdclimcrio.o8D)O8cCC
LO8\8JC8.1CQ8t\8DCD\O )CuDcD1CO CC HVC8\I_8COHC8, 2OOj.
D1O_I8Q\
- .1hc!dcologccl Wccon:o[Dccth.J!cologcclCritiquco] Ccitcl:m,\t8D8.
1DIQ CIID8DWJ\D8OtCWOIC D] LOIDC C8\. 8t]KHO, .3.. LIDI8, 1y
[1jyq| .
OC_8OH,8I8h8L.o.KcthinkingWorldH:tor:L::c:onLuroc,I:lcmcndWorld
H:tor.OHCOH:L8DDtC_C1DIVCt8I\] IC88, 1yjj.
1OtKhCIDCI, 8X. `I8CI\1OH88DdLtI\IC8DCOI] [1jjy). CriticclJ!cor.Sclcctcd
L::c:,\I8H8.8\\DCW). LLOHHCC\ 8.,1-2qj.CW3OIK.LOD\IDuuD, 1yyy.
OtOWJ\Z, 8VIC. Unholllicncc.Kcdiccl!:lcmcndthcmcriccnLc[.88DIH_\OH.
C_HCI],2OOj.
ODH\OHC], 18u1D). `CC8Q\utD_. J!cSurrctitiou:Sccch:Ic8CHCCDC8HCcnd
thc!olitc:o[Othcrc::,:;;~+8;,CC.N3.uCIDDC, 2j-q. LhC8_O. \HVCJ8\y
OLhC8_O 1tC88,1yy2.
Ou8\OH, o\CQhCH, L8W8CO LDDCDI88Z8tC_O8,8DC8VJC o\D8t\,CC8.J!cDcci-
hcrmcnto[ncicntNcc Writing. LX8DOD8. \D1VCI8\]OLX8DOD8tC88,2OO1.
uI,8D_. `TH\CtNCW LOHCCIHH_OCCt\]. LODVCI88\OH V\DC8I]uH.
J!cLndo[Kcvolution:ChinccndthcLimit:o[Nodcrnit,1jy-.OHCOH. NCI8O,
2OOy.
DH\Ct, oDIICCD . `88DC COID8\8COut8C8JDt8D.tOQODCH\88HCIO8QCC\8.
Fc[ormi:tVoicc:in!:lcm.Ncdicting!:lcm cndNodcrnit,CC. oDICCD . uH\CI,
jj-yj. IDOHX, .3.. . ). oD8tQC, 2OO.
DH\D_\OD, o8DuC. J!cClc:h o[Civilzction:1hcDcbctc.CW3OJX. YYOt\OH,
1yyj
- . 1hcClc:ho[Civilizction:cndthcKcmckingo[WorldOrdcr.CW3OIK. oIDOD
8DCoCDu8\CI, 1yy.
HC_CDC8CC8cQuUQuC. `DCCCOOD1ZJ_o\tD__CDI8DCC.rD\CtNCW
WJ\D OuII8Ou\CC]8O] o8CCKXI,OVCDDCt 2OOj, D\|Q..IHd_cHC8-
ICQuDQuC.t! 8t\I6C. QDQjId _8I\ICC=yj.
HHCI8II\] LI8u,8DC.`LtOHOQO\JC8.\D8\COt8CCO8 I1\DO8 8OCI8C8.Ll {tturo
:u:cncmigo:. (dcn:cdclcc:crcnzcoliticc,1jj-j2.8tCCOD8. 8IdO8, 2OOy.
)CHDID_,IC)8DC8. J!cChri:ticn!mcginction:J!cologcndthcOrign:o[Kccc.
CW!8VCH.38C \HIVCI8I\yIC88,2O1O.
)CI8C, u8\D. Oricntcli:mcndLmirc.IorthCcucc:u:Nountcin!colc:cnJthc
Gcorgicn Irontici,+8;~+:;.OD\tC8. CL-_uCCn8 \HIVCI8\]1JC88,2OCj.
8C, 8D8V,Ircgmcnt:o[Lmirc. Ccitcl,Slcvci, cndIndicn!ndcnturcdLcborin
thcriti:hCcribbccn.DI8CCQDI8. \DIVCI8I\]O1CD8]V8D8JC88,1yy.
8D\, HDI8DDC.nthmolo_[om c!rcgmctic!ointo[Vcw,\I8D8. i. N8D C
I\|C. L8IDOHC8C. oOu\DCID1HO8\D1VCt8\yIC88,1yy [1)yj.
. `DCLOHHC\O\DC 8Cu\C8 (1yy).KcligioncndKctionclJ!colo_,CC.8HC
\t8D8. CH YOOC8HC LCOI_C LOV8DD1, 2jj-j2. L8DDtIC_C. L8DUId_C
1D1VCI8I\yIC88, 1yy.
.``hCLOH\C8\O86u\JC8. Kcnt.FoliticclWriting:,2HCCCD.,CC.8H8 C88.
L8DDIIC_C.L8DOIIC_C\HVCI8\]1tC88,1jj1.
j
7
j] IDIO_I8[h]
.Ccogrchic,\t8D8.wICDc0 LODCH-8IDI,w8X w8ICu22I, 8HdN8cII0bc-
IOu88I. 8tI8:1uDI0I,1jjj.
. `dc8 OI8HIV0I88 I8\OI] OD8 LO8DOQOI\8HOIH\ OINIcW |1]).
KcntonHi:tor},cd. CW8 YhI\c cCK,11-2.I0WAOIK. w8CDI8D, 1jj.
=-. Iccturc:onLogic, 0d.|.wICD80 AOuH_. L8DDIId_0. L8HDtId_C HIV0I8I\]
t088,2OO.
.Ob:crvcticn:cn thcIcclingc]thcccutjmlcndthcSublimc|1]),\I8D8.
]ODH.!Od\hW8I\. 0IKC0]: HIV0I8I\] OIL8IIOIDI8 tC88,1jC.
--. IoliticclWriting,Cd.. b.0I88. L8DDIId_00X\8 IH\h0I8\Ot] OIOI\IC8
DOu_D\. L8DDIId_0:L8DDIId_c HIVCI8I\] I088,1j/O.
` Ih}:i:chcCccgrchic.w8J2:!O\\DII0INOJDCI, 1C1-j.
00H0,LdW8Id. c}ondthcncrchicclSocict:Grotiu:, Cclonicli:mcndOrdcrin
WorldIolitic:.L8DDIId_0. L8DDtId_0DIVct8I\]I088,2OC2.
0H0t, Ou_88. `LtI\ICD0OI], O8\8\IuC\uI8I8D, 8Hd\D0DJO8OQD] OIID0t8-
\IOH.!llumincticn:|2CC1).D\\Q:WW^v.u\8.0du.
00H8H,CIH8Id. `LODDuHI8D1NI8DC 1\0ID8\IV0. T:cCucrdicn,1 w8ICD 2OOj.
1D8duH, DH. 1j]/. T:cNuqcddimch:n!ntroductiontcHi:tor},Cd.. ]. 8WOOd,
\t8H8. I8DZO8cH\D8, IH\IOduC\OH D]IuCc8WtCHC0. IIHC0\OH: tIHC0\OH
HIV0I8I\] tC88, 2OC.
t8H 8,i8I8_.HcwtoKunthcWcrld: ChcrtingthcCcur:cc]thcIcxt Kcnci::cncc.
I0WJOtK8HdODOu8C,2C11.
u8CD, OdO1O. mcriccrc[.ndc.ucHO81JI08. 8CDC\|C, 1j2.
.L:bczodcunccntroclogic[lc:o[cc mcj:cqnc.

uCHO8 1JIc8. L88\8D0d8, Ij].

.Gcoculturcdclhcmbrcmcriccnc. u0HO8 1JI08: !8t68L8DDCItO,1j].
. Indigcncu:cndIoulcrT:inkinginmcricc.1j]j, \I8H8. w8t8u_OH088Hd
|O8Du8IJCC. uID8D: uK0HIV0I8I\] t088,2C1C.
. Lc:cducciondclcbcrbcric:ncli:i:hcnticcdcuncontincntcmc:tizc.u0HO8
1II08. 8_8, 1jj.
~.Obrc:Comlctc:.O88tIO,1I_0H\H8: uHd8CICHO88,2CCC.
~.Icn:cmicntcindigcnc}cn:cmicntooulcr.u0DO81ItC8: 8CD0\|0, Ij]1.
t8D8. w8I8u_OHC88Hd]O8Du8tIC088!ndigcnou:cndIculcrT:cught:in
mcricc,QIOO_uc 8HdIH\IOduC\IOHD]Y8\0I .wI_HOO. uID8D: uK0DIV0I-
8I\] t088, 2O1O.
8C8u,LIH08\O.Lmcnciction(:).ODdOH.Nct8O,2CC].
8D\8u,]O8c[Dt8HQOI8.Nocur:dc::cuvcgc:cmcriccin:,comcrcc:cuxmocur:dc:
rcmicr:tcm:.8II8. L.-L.OCD0I08u, 1/2.
8DDJH_, !COI_0. `Dc LCC88IOHOI bQC8KIH_. T:cIlcc:urc:o]Lxilc,2j-C.OH-
dOH. 1I8OH8Hdu8D], 1j [1jO|.
8Hd0t, Ld_8IdO.Dc:crcl|c, cumccntri:mo}cccnomicoulcr:Nc:cllcdclcrcdigmc
ncc-libcrcl.L8I8C88: wI8IOHNu0V8H L8I88,2CC.
-. `LuIOCcH\I8D, wOd0IH1HOWCd_0 8Dd\Dc 8\uI8 LIdcIOIL8QI\8.
Iccntlcj, HO. 2|2CC2):2-.
l\og\a1\
. `H8 Q!OIuHd8 CtI8I8CIVIZ8\O!I8. ForoSociclNundic|,8K8I, 2O1I.D\\Q.
I8D2OI.OI_C8C8\8DO8-VV0HdO-uD8-QtODHd8 -CII8I8CIVJI28\OII8.
. `LII8I8 CIVJI28\OII8. 1 \ICDQO 808_O\8. .\CC8CQ8.O!_,w8!CD 2C11,
D\|Q: .ICd80Q8.OI_C8DDIO-CIVJ\28\OtIO-]-Du0H-VI!!CtI8I8-CIVJIZ8\OII8-0-
\I0DQO-80.
. `L8\8DO8VIVCHdO uH8 QtOIuDd8 CII8I8CIVJI28\O!I8. Trcn:nctoncl!n:ti-
tutc,1worldwidc]cllcw:hi o]:chclcrcctivi:t:,|8Hu8t]2O1O.D\\Q. .\HI.O!_
HOdCj22.
. `OW\DC w]\D OIDJDI\Cd !IOW\D 8 08\IO]IH_ \D0 8H0\. 1HID\0!70W
W\DICKuXOH. Trcn:nctionclIn:titutc.Awcrldwidc]c|lcw:hi:c]:chclcrcctiv-
i:t:,CCCDDCt 2OOj. D\|[: .\HI.O!_HOd0jj22.
8OwOH\08,1_u8\H.`0-COOHI8wOV08:I8H8-OC8\IH_ 1ItIC8H I88QOt8bQ8CC8.
CulturclStudic:21, DO8. 2-j |w8tc2CC/):jCj-j.
88C8HO, bCt_IOOdI\_u02,8Hd0IH8DCOJaHC2 wuHO2, 0d8.Fcbcldic], HO. |2OCj).
D\|Q:!ICVI8\8IcD0dI8.Ot_.
8\OuCD0, b0I_C. T:c Wc:tcrnizctiono]thc Wcrld: T:cSignccncc,ScoccndIimit:o]
thcDrvctcwcrd Globcl Unjjormit}, \!8H8. O80D8I]wOt:I8. LXIOId: OI\], 1jj.
8\OuI, :uHO. `YhO8CLO8DO8, YDICD LO8DOQOI\Ic8.LODD0H\8OH\DCC8CC
0ID8 OIl,HtICD 0CK. CcmmonKnowlcdgc1O, DO. j |2OO): 1.
0O\, JVOH, 0d. Ll:ucoZccti:tc.Lntrcvi:tc:ccnclSubcomcndcntcNcrco:, cl
Nc}orNci:e}clComcndcntcTccho, dclLcrcitc7ccti:tcdcLibcrccionIccicncl.
8:CCOH8. 8Z8 y |8H8,1jj].
CCu8H J0W, 8Hd 8ICCd Z8K8II8. `Lu\uI0 8 C8\ID]: 1LOHV0I88\IOH W\DC0
u8HJ0W. IorcignAgcir: /j, HO. 2 |w8ICD-1QIJ1jj). 1Oj-l.
CDK0I8dOII, L8IO8.Lo:hcmbrc:vcrdcdcrc:.Vocc:}tc:timcnio:tcolcbclc:.w0XICO
LI\]. bI_O NCIH\IuHO, 1jj.
0V8Hd0I, L8tOJH0, 8HdY8\CI wI_HOO, 0d8.`D0!OD8 bOu\D 8HdYOtd I8LI-
dCt. bQCCI8I88u0OIClcbclSouthj[|2OO/).
CY\\, 8II. `IODCVCOQD0D\ \O0O-IDCt818D.Yh8\ 8VC Y0 08IH0d8DOu\
0V0OQDCH\

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T:cCriticclTrcditiono]CcribbccnIoliticclLccnom}:T:cLcgcc}c]
Gcorccd]ord, 2C1-22. ID_8\OH: 8D 8Hd0, 1jj.
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bibo_tany
,cd.Oclinxing. Jhcctotic o|Nodctnity, thcIoico|Lolonilityandtc
Gtmmat o|Occolonility. CulturclStudic:z, nos. z-](zoo)).q-q.
."Oclnxintpistcmology.^nIntctvicw\vitNrinarz nckKccrtiku-
lccjjcq, no.(summcrzoo8).artI, t|p.llwww.rcattxulcia.orgl!qlt!Gl
dccolonialityq_t!G_min,html;pttII,,t|p.llwwwrca|kulci|.otgl!lt!l
dccolonility_t!G_min.html;pa|III,5,ht|p.llwww.tca1!laci|.otgl!5l
t!ldccoloni!Ity5_tNG_mign.html.
. Oc-linxing.lobaliztion, Oonuxotcand |hcColonIcs.Nccclc:tcrIntcr-
nctioncl :;, no.(zoo5).]-]8.
.Ousscls h1osophyo|Iibcttion.tthicsandthccopoliticso|tnowlcdgc.
1!inking[om thc Undcr:idco]Hi:tor:nriqucDu::cl\!hilo:oho]Libcrction,
cd.Iind^lcofand tduatdo Ncndict, z)-. bouldct.owman ndIi!||cbcld,
zooo.
."Jhctndo|thc\nivcrsitysYc tnowIt.YorldtpistcmcIoratowtd
LommunlIututcsncOccolonilHotizonso|Ii|c`NignoloonthcYcb, wcblog
cntty,)Nayzoo. ht|p.llwltcrmignolo.com. cpr. inCcmcign]orthcPublic
Univcr:it,Yatwicx, tnland. ht|p.llpublicunivctsity.or.ux/zool)lz]lthc-cnd-
o!-tc-univctsity-as-wc-xnow-it.cpr. in1!cAmcriccn-Stlc Univcr:itctLcrgc:
Trcn:lcnt:, Outo:t:, cndthc Clobclizctiono]Highcrducction,cd. |mcs Nc-
Ooulland KatrynKlcypas. Inham,Nd..owanandIittlchcld, |ortcomIng.
` tpistcmicOisobcdicnccandthcOccolon1alCgtion.^Nani|csto. Subcltcrn
Studic:cnd!ntcrdi:cilincrStudo]NcdiccndCommunicction,zIcbtuaryzoo8.
ht|p.llsubaltctnstudics.comlp=]
.IntcrvIcwwithImanclGl|lsoroht|p.llctiticalstcw.otglg=.
= "Ioscstudios cultutalcs. copolitic dclconocmicntoycxistcnciaslncccsi-
dadcsinstitutionlcs.Kcvi:tc!bcrccmcriccnc5, no.zo(zooo).qo-.
."tvoNotlcscnbolivi.itoa laizguictda o|itodcscolonialDcmocrc-
cic:cnDc:con[cnzc:Ln:co:cn:ocicdcdciviloliticccnmcriccLctinc,cd.|osc
dclCtuz,]-o5.Nontcvidco. Coscoroba,zoo5.
."Itom`tlOctcchodcGcntcs to`IaOigniddHumana.JhcZpatistas
Jhcorcticlcvolution.gctprcscntcdt"LompattivcLolonialism.tc-
Industrial Colonial Intctscctions n loblctsgcctivc. tcthirty-btstannul
con|ctcnccatthcCcntcr|orNcdicvalandcnissanccStudics,binhmton
\nivctsity, Statc\nivctsityo|!cw1otx, ]Cctobct-Novcmbct).
."copolitics o|Knowlcdcand thcLolonialOfcrcncc` SouthAtlcntic
Qucrtcrl o, no.(zooz).)-5.
."loblizationandthcGcopolitics o|Knowlcdc.Jhcolco|tcHumani-
tics in |hcLojotatc\nivctsity.Iccntlcq,no.(zoo]).)-,
."Human\ndctstandingand(Itn)^mcticanIntcrcsts.Jhcoli|icsand
Scnsibiliticso|co-HistoticlIocations.!octic:Todc5,no.().)-zz(.
`= 1!c!dcc o]Lctinmcricc.Iondon.blacc!|,zoo.Span.trans.Lcidccdc
mmiccLctinc.Ichcridccolonicllcociondccolonicl.Bucnos^itcs.Gcd1s,zoo5.
tibliogtghy
."Inttoduction.Loloni!Ityo| owct andOc-colonialJhinxin`Culturcl
Studic:z, nos.z-(zoo)).,-5).
. IocclHi:toric:/GlobclDc:ign:: Coloniclit, SubcltcrnKnowlcdgc: cndordcr
1!inking.tinccton.tinccton\nivctsitytcss, zooo.
. JcNany-Iaccs o|Losmogolis.BordcrJhinxIngandLriticlLosmopo!I-
tanism.!ublicCulturcz,no.(zooo).)z-q8.
."tlmctatcxtohistotioracoylah1storiogra|iaindiana.NodcrnLcngucgc:
Iotc:5 (8).8-qoz.
."!cbti inthcNcwYorld.Jcucstiono|thcIct|ct, thcLoloniztiono|
^mctndianIangucs,and |hcOiscontnuityo|thcLlassica|Jtdition,!Hommc
z, nos. zz-z((z).8-zo).
--.Cn thcLolonizationo|^mcrindianIangucs ndNcmotics.cnaissancc
Jcorics o|Ytitingnd tc\iscontinuityo|thcClssiclJtadition`Comcrctivc
Studic:inSocictcndHi:tor ]((z).]o-]o.
."Iopcindccolonil.\csptcndimicntoyapc1uta. \nmanincstoyun
cso` TcbulcKc:c(zoo8).zq]-8.
. "Iogcindcscolonil.\csgtcndimicntoyapcrtuta.\nmanincstoyun
caso.Lc:vcrticntc:mcriccnc:dclcn:cmicntoclrocctodc:-colonicl,)-zo8.
Nadrid.Jtma,zoo8.
."tlpcnsmicnto dcscolonial.Ocsgtcnd1micntoyapcrtura.\nmanIhcsto.
Jtans.tntigucOusscl.lgirodc: colonicl:Kc)cxionc:crcupcdivcr:idcdci:tcmicc
mu:clludclccitcli:moglobcl, cd. mnGtos|gucl and SantiagoLstto-Gmcz,
z-q5.Bogota.\nivctsidadLcnttly\nivctsidadontDcia|avctin,zoo;.
. (ost)Cccidcnta!Ism, (ost) LolonialItyand (ost) Subltctnity. Tc!rc-
Occuctiono]Io:tcoloniclStudic:, cd. lawzia^Ual-Khanand ta|ganaScsadti-
Ltooks, 85-8.Outhm.\uxc\nivctsityrcss,zooo.
- . "ost-ccidcntlcason.JcLtisiso|Cccidcntalismandthctmctcnc(y)c
o|botdctJhinkin.LocclHi:toric:/ClobclDc:ign:: Coloniclit, SubcltcrnKnowl-
cdgc: cndordcrTinking,-z5.tincc|on.tnccton\nivctsityrcss,zooo.
.Scmios.s, Lohctcnccand\nivcrscs o|Ncning` TcxtcndDi:cour:cCon-
ncctcdnc::, cd.Ntia-tlizbcthLontc,|nosctob, ndtmclSozct, q8]-o5.
^mstctdm.|ohnBcn|mins,8.
---."Iascmiosiscolonia|.Iadialccticacnttctcptcscntacioncs |tactutsyhctmc-
ncuicasglutitpicas.IoroHi:cnicoq(z).-z).
-. ScmIosisyunivctsos dcscntido.Icxi:), no.z(8]).z-]8
. Stocxs toYatch. Lolonia|OiHcrcncc, lanctaty`Nu|ticultuta|ismand
adica|lannng.!lurimondi.n!ntcrnctionclForum]orKc:ccrch cndDcbctcon
HumcnScttlcmcnt:z(zooo).)-].
.Jcoras!Itcratias o|dcllit|ctaturc.ucsonypatagucsirvcn Tcoric:
litcrcric:cnlccctuclidcd, cd.raciclacycs, q-;8. Nadrid.tlAgucto, 8.
---.Y'hoSpcks|orthc`HumaninHumanightsHumcnKight: inLctin
mcriccncnd!bcricnCulturc:.Hi:cnicI::uc:onIinc,no.(|aIl zoo).)-zq.
Bib!ography
http.llhspancssucs.umn.cdulassctslpdIlNIGII _HKIAIC.pdI.Icpr.n Hu-
mcnKight:[omcJ!irdWcrldIcr:cctivc:Critiquc,Hi:tcrcnd!ntcrnctionclLcw,
cd. )osc-NanucBarrcto.^cwcastc.CambrdgcSchoars,zo.
Ngnoo,VatcrO.,and1ostanoVa,Nadna.Lccrningto Unlccrn: TinkingDc-
colcnicllinurc:iccndLctin/omcricc.Athcns.ho\nVcrstyFrcss,Iorhcom-
ngzoz.
--.JhcIogcoICoonatyandthcImtsoIFostcoonaty` TcIo:t-colcnicl
cndthc Globcl,cd. IcVathKrshnaswamyand|ohn C. Hawcy, Io-z(. Nnncapo-
s.\nVcrstyoINnncsotaFrcss,zoo8.
. nFurtopcIcrmcncutcs,1rans-NodcrnJhnngandDccoonaFh-
osophy ncountcr::nIntcrnctioncl)ourncl ]orthc3tudo]Culturccnd3ccict
|zoop).p-z6.
. JhcorzngIromthcbordcrs.Sh!tngtoGco- andbody-FotcsoIKnow-
cdgcurcccn]ournc(o]3ociclTccr,no.z|zoo6).zo-zz.
Nhcsua,OcVonAbbott,andAngcaCaVcndcrVson,cds.!nJigcnizingthcccJcm.
Trcn:]orming3cholcr:hi cndLmowcringCcmmunitic:.Inco!L.\nVcrstyoI
^cbrasaFrcss,zoo(.
Ncr,ArthurG.1ransIormatonsoI1mcandSpacc.Caxaca,Ncxco, crca
Ioo-I/oo.Imcgc: o]Ncmor: OnKcmcmbcrngcnJKcrc:cntction,cd.S.Kuchcr
andY Ncion, (I-/.VashngIon.SmhsonanInsttutonFrcss,pp.
Nohamad,Nahathr.SpccchbyFrmcNnstcrNahathrNohamad.Frcscntcdat
hc1cnthIsamcSummtConIcrcncc, Futraaya, Naaysa,6ctobcrzoo.Ant-
OcIamatonIcaguc.http.l l .ad.org.
Nontcjo,Nctor.Ncc !ntcllcctuclKcnci::cncc:!Jcntit, Kcrc:cntctioncndLccdcr-
:hi.Austn. \nvcrstyoI1cxas Frcss,zoo.
Noracs,IVo. SpccchoIFrcsdcntNoracsbcIorchciGcncraAsscmbyon
Apr zznd, IntcmatonaNothcrLarthDay FcrmancntNssonoIthcFurna-
tonaStatcoIbovatothc\ntcd^atonsnIcw`orhttp.ll .worcrs
.orglzoolwordlcVo_moracs_oz.
NuozIamrcz,Gora.11T. x 1 cl [icgolcclcbrc.NcxcoCty.IcbcdIa!Ia
|ornada,zoo.
.J!cIirc cndthcWorJ:Hi:tor o]thc7ccti:tcNovcmcnt,cd.GrcgIug-
gcroandIancKarzcnbcrgcr,trans.IauraCarscnandA1c|androIcycs Aras. San
Irancsco:CtyIghts, zoo8.
Nurphy, Nrcn.NodcrntyAganstNodcrnty.Vang Hus CrtcaHstoryoICh-
ncscJhoughts.Nodcrn!ntcllcctuclHi:tor,no.|zoo6)./-6.
^andy, Ashs.Jhcbcaut!u IuturcoIFoVcrty. FopuarLconomcsasFsychoogca
DcIcnsc. nchcntmcnt:o]Nodcrniq:mirc,Iction, Globclizction,cd.Saurabh
Dubc, (8z-.Iondon.Ioutcdgc,zoop.
---.IoongnthcNrroroIthcIast. Tclking!ndic::hi:IcnJinConvcr:c-
ticnwithKcmin)chcnbcgloc,I8-.IcwDc!h.xIord\nVcrstyFrcss, zoo6.
. GandhandthcIndantIdcntty.!ndicKcvi:itcd:Convcr:ction:cnContcm-
bbography
orcr!ndic,cd.Iamon|ahanbcgoo,I-8.IcwDc!h.CxIord\nVcrstyFrcss,
zoo8.
Iagub a-Attas,Sycd.IrolcgomcnctothcNctch:ic:o]I:lcm.nxo:itiono]thc
Fundcmcntcllcmcnt:o]thcWorldVicwo]!:lcm.Kua\aIampur. \$IAC,1pp.
CGorman,Ldmundo.LcidccJcldc:cuurimicntoJcmcricc.NcxcoCty.\nVcrs-
dadAutnomadcNcxco, I.
. Lcinvcncicndcmcricc.Llunivcr:cli:mocnlcculturcocciJcntcl.Ncxco
Cty.Iondo dc Cu1turaLconmca,Ip8.
rtcus,Abraham. J!cctrumOrbi:Tcrrcrum.Ant\crp. GcsCoppcnsdcDcst,
I/o.
Csamu,Ishtan.`nthroposandHumantas.Jwo VcstcrnConccptsoI`Humanbc-
ngTrcn:lction,ioolitic:, ColcniclDg crcncc,cd.Iao Saaand)onSoomon,
zp-/(.HongKong.HongKong\nVcrsyFrcss,zoo6.
tto bahCugoano,|uobna.J!ought:cnd3cntimcnt:onthcvilo]3lcvci,cd.wthan
ntroductonandnotcsbyNnccntGarrctta. Iondon.Fcngun,Ippp [/86|.
wcnHughcs,Danc.Introducton Timc:Hi:toric:cnJLthnolcgic:,cd.Danc
wcnIughcsandJhomas.I.1rautmann,I-zo.Ann^bor.\nVcrsyoINch-
ganFrcss,pp.
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O!dCDOCt8Cj, 22~jq; dCWC8\CIDJ28-
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y;88DJC \DOu_D\ IDKCdWI\D, 1Oj
dCCOODJZJD_ KDOWCd_C 8DdDCJD_.
CDD8D18 dC8d8DddC8djJdC88 8Dd
\DC QUC8\ !OI JDdCQCDdCD\ \DOU_O\,
y~1C;u8CD, DC8\J2O COD8CJOu8DC88,
jj
jj 1DUcX
UCCOODJ2JD_KDOWCU_C8DUDCJD_(cont.)
8DUIDDJ_t8D\ COD8CJOu8DC88,1O-j;
DC8DJD_OI, j1~j,;tCDuJUJD_, 1Oj;
YyD\Ct, 18DOD8 8OCJO_CDJCQtJDCJQC,
8DUUCCOODJ88CJCD\J8, 1Oj~1j
DccolonizingNcthodologic:(oDJ\D),1j
UC_OD8JZ8\JOD,1,,j
UCJDQCtJ8IZ8\JOD, ~j,O
UC8 Lt8D_C, Ct\t8DU,22
UCDYJD_. CD8D_JD_\DC\CtD8OI\DC
CODVCt88\JOD, 122~2j,2O~,;UCCOO-
DJ8\DJDKJD_8DU,1jj,\DCCDuDCJ8\CU
V8. CDuDCJ8\JOD 8DU, 11j;CQJ8\CDJCUJ8-
ODcUJCDCC8DU, 1j~,JDUCQCDUCD\
\DOD_D\,\DCCODDDD8,8DU,j12~1j;
8D\8DU8DJHJD_\DC_CO_t8QDyOI
tC88OD,2O2~j;KDOWD_, 8CD8JD_,
8DUDDUCt8\8DCJD_, 12,~jj;DC8DD_
OI, 2Oj~; DOUCtDJ\y-\t8UJ\JODQ8Jt,
DDUOJD_, 18O. Scccl:oJDUCQCDUCD\
\DOu_D\
`LCJHYJD_. DC bDC\OtJCOIOUCtDJ\y,
\DC iO_JC OILOODJ8J\y, 8DU\DC
Lt8DD8tOILOODI8J\y (J_DOO),
XJ~XJJ
iCOtJ8,NJDC, t., 1j
CCDOCt8Cy: 8yu, 2jO-j2;LDJD8 8DU,
jjDj; UCCOODJ28\JODOI, j; UCCOO-
DJZJD_8DU, j2; UCWC8\CtDJZ8\JOD 8DU,
O;D8CtO-D8tt8\JVCOI, 2j2; tC_JOD8-
J28\JOD,\IDCOI, 2]1;888\8_CD O_JC OI
COODJ8J\y, 1;Z8Q8\J8\8 UCCOODI28-
\JODOI, 22~j; ZJ2CKODuJVCt88
CODCCQ\O|,2j~q
iCD_?J8OQJD_,jC2
DcOrbcIovo (D_DJCt8),22
CCQCDUCDCy, CQJ8\CDJC, 11j,12j~jO
UCQCDUCDCy\DCOty, 7 jO
LC8C8t\C8,bCDC,j1,jj~1O1
LCbOu88o8D\O8, O8VCD\ut8, qO~1, ,j
iC888JDC8,C8D-|8CQDC8,jjjD8
UCVCOQDCD\: `8\CtD8\JVC, XJJJ~XX;
C8QJ\8J8D8DU, jO2~j; UCCOODJ2JD_,
jO2~12;UCJDYD_8DU, j12~1j; CXQtO-
QtJ8\JOD8DUVIOCDCCItOD,jj,HCC-
UOD8DU, jOO,jO2~j;JDC8t\JDC 8DU,
1; tCWC8\CtDJZ8\JOD 8DUKDOWCU_C
Ot, j;88 8\8_C JD O_JC OICOODJ8J\y,
1;:umckkcw:c}8DU!cchcmcmc
8DU,jO~12
Dcvclcmcntc:Irccdcm (oCD), 2j~j,,
jO2-j, jj
UCWC8\CtDJZ8\JOD:1tCDDCtOD,j2Dj;
\DCCODDOD8DU, j21~22;\DCCOD-
DDD88DU,2j-jO2;CO8DOQOI\8D-
J8D8Dd, 2j, 2jO~j1;UCCOODJ8
OQ\JOD8 8Dd, 121, jjD2; JDLCu8UOt,
j; CQJ8\CDJCDCUJ8\JOD8, ~,, j;
DCCUOD8DU,2j8~jj;_COQOI\JC8OI
KDOWCU_C8DU,12O~21,DD\JD_\OD
8DC, ; DQCtJ8UJCtCDCC8DU,2;
|u88 1t8ZJ1 8DU, 2,j;OD|CC\VI\y
8DU,,j~,;tCWC8\CtDJZ8\JOD8DU,
j-j,, 1; oJD_8QOtC 8DU, 2~;88
tt8)CC\Oty, j, ~2
UJ8\DQIC8,DCtDCDCu\JC8, 1~2
LJ8W8t8, 8D\DJ8, j2D1
UJCtCDCC8,COODJ88DUDQCtJ8.
D_DJCOD8OVCtCJ_D\y8DU,2O~1;
`D8tD8tJ8D8 8DUQtDJ\JVC8, 1j,1,,
2OO~2O1; CDD8DJ8UC8UV8.UC8Cy
JUC888DU,1O~j;CO8DOQOJ\8DJ8D
8DU, 2j~, 2j; Cu\ut8tC8\JVJ8D
V8., 1O~1,221;UC]OCt8Cy8DU, 2jO;
UJVJ8JODOI, ~; CQJ8\CDJC8DUOD-
\OO_IC8, 8~j2;LutOQC8DDJOD 8DU,
2jj~O; JM8_JD8tyOI\DCDOUCtDCO-
ODJ8WOtU8y8\CD8DU, 12~j,8D\8
tCD8QQJD_OI, 1j,~jj;Dj\D OIDJ8\Oty,
Dj\D OI8CJCDCC,8Dd, 1,1~,2; D8\ut8
DJ8\Oty 8DU, 1j;QOJ\JC8QtOQCt8DU,
2~j; bOu\D OILutOQC8DU, 281; \DC
8DC, 1~, 18, 1,2~,j;Z8Q8\J8\88
8DU, 22j~2, 2jO; ZCtO QOJD\ 8DU, O
UJ_DJ\y. CO8DOQOJ\8DI8D 8DU, 2j,
2jO~j1;UCVCOQDCD\V8.,jO~j; 88
D8tKCtOICOODI8J\y, 21; :J_D\8V8.,
21, 218, 2j~jj; Z8Q8O8\88 8DU, 21-
1j, 228
iJ\DCy,YIDCD, ;,12
UJ8CJQJDC8, 12,1j~jO
UJ8COut8C, C\DJC8 OI, 2j,2j~jO
Di:cour:conNcthod(iC8C8t\C8),1OO~1O1
UJ8CD_8_JD_,1~1,, 2Oj.Scccl:cUC_
UJ8ODCCJCDCC, CQJ8\C]C, 122~2j,1j,1jj,
1j~
CIVCt88J\y,1,~,j,2j~j. Scccl:o
QutJVCt88J\y
UJVIDC8W, 2,,
LOD8LCVCOQDCD\ tODDU8,,,2j
UODDC COD8CJOU8DC88,1O,,11,1j~jO
COuDC 8\8Dd8tU8,jO1~2
dOuDCtt8D88tJOD,21j~2j,2jj
iOuZJD88,LO8\88,2]
iu1OJ8,Y. .,1O,,1j~jO
iu88C,DtJQuC, 2O8, 2j,2O,2j,
2j~O,jD
CCODODy. ID8\tOD_ ODYC8\CtDDI8-
\Oty8DU,~;Homocconcmicu:,22;
JDV)8JDCD8DU,2j~,O,22;ttJ8D_u8t
\8D\JCCCODODy8DUCDCt_CDCC OI
CODttO 8DC D8D8_CDCD\, ,~.3cccl:o
C8QJ\8J8D
Cu8UOt, jj, j, 228,2j,, jjH
C_O-QO\IC8OIO\OWCU_C:DJO-QOJ\JC8
8DU, 1;CDtODO-QOJ\JC8,1,; Cutut8
UJCtCDCC8 CJ8CODt8C 8DU, 11; UJ8\OQJ-
C8DCtDCDCu\JC8 8DU, 2; KDOWCU_C-
D8KJD_8DU, 12;tC8QOD8C8\O, 12~j;
8CCu8tt8CJ8D8DU, j;\DCC-QOJ\JC8
tCQ8CCUDy, )2CtO QOJD\8DU, 82
LUCD,b\u8t\, 11, 18
`CQD8D\8 JD\DCDCIJC88: (LOtODJ),
,
CDQ\y8J_DJDCt8, 2jO
`LDCOu\CtWJ\D!J8\Oty\D8\bC8OD8\C8
OU8y (o\CQDCD8), ~
CDCyCOQCUICKDOWCU_C8DU\JDC,1
DUCX
LDJ_D\CDDCD\. C8QJ\8J8D, CODMDDJ8D,
8DU, O; LD8\\Ct]CC OD 8D\, OuC8u\,
8DU, 1j2~jj;UCDOCt8Cy8DC, 2jO, 2j2;
8D_u8_C 8DU,\ ,1j, 12; `QtJDJ\JVC
8DU, JDVCD\JODOI,1,8; 8CCu8tCJVIIZ-
JD_ DJ88JOD8DU,2; \DC8DU, 1,8;
OuDJDOD,28
CDDDCJ8\JOD 8DU\DCCDuDCJ8\CU. UJ8\JDC-
\JODDC\\VCCD, 11j;8D\8DU, 1j, 2O1;
KDOWCU_C-D8KJD_8DU, 1O~; 8-
y8D8D_u8_C8 8DU, 22~2,;QtODODJ8
8y8\CD,1jO~j1;8CDJO\JC8QQ8t8\u8 OI,
12-2,. Scc cl:o_COQO1\JC8 OIKDOW-
CU_C 8DUKDOWJD_
CQJ8\CCC UJ8ODCUJCDCC,122~2j,1j, 1jj,
1j~
CQJ8\CDOO_y8DUKDOW_C:_CtJ8
8DU, ; tD8\tOD_ODYC8\CtDDJ8-
\Oty8DU, ;C8QJ\818D 8DC COD\tO
OI, j2-jj; COODJ8I\y,KDOWCU_C88
DIDC8DCD\878QCC\OI, 2O; COODJ-
8J\yOIKDOWCU_C, 18j; UCCOODJ8
CQJ8\CDJCQ8\IOtD,18~jO;UCCOODJ8
OQ\JOD8DU 8D8y8J8 OIKDOWCU_C-
COD8ttuC\JOD,3y UCCOODJZ8\JOD8DU,
UC bOD88 b8D\O88 CQJ8\CDOO_yOI
\DC 8Ou\D, ,j; UCWC8\CtDJZ8\IOD 8DU,
j~O; UJVCt8J\y 8DUKDOWCd_C-
COD8\tDC\JOD,/,CODJD8\JODOI
D8\utC8DU,1,;LutOCCD\tJ8D8DU,
1j~2O;IOuDU8\JODOICOODJ8J\yJD
\DCOO_y,),_CO-CQJ8\CDOO_y, 128~2j;
DC_CDODy, CQJ8\CDOO_JC8, 81;DJCt-
8tCDyOI,1j; JD\Ct-Cu\ut8 UJ8O_uC
8DU, ,O; `\D1UY, \DCtCIOtC 8D, 81,
jj~1O1; 8D\8 CX|CtD88DUJD\CtD8UJ-
DCD8JOD8,2O,; 8D\8 KDOWJD_8uD]CC\
8DUQ8CC OIKDOWD_, 188-;8D\8
I8\JOD8 V8. DJ8\OtJC8KDOWCU_C, 181;
KDOWCU_C 88 UOuDC-CU_CU8WOtU,
1j; KDOWD8DUKDOWCtJD\t8UJ\JOD8
V8. CtJ\JC8 \DCOIy,jH,DCUJ8\JOD8
OI\t8]CC\OtIC8, jj;]ODO\OQJCV8.

j
>
Indcx
cpstcmoogyandknowcdgc(cont.)
datopcabcrmcncutcs,6:-6z,Kc-
nassanccand,6,rcwcstcrnzatonand
knowcdgcIordcVcopmcnt, 6, Samct
onntcgratonoIknowcdgc,:o,
scnscsand,zo]-(,stuatcdknowcdgc,
:oo,::,:z, skn-coor cassbca-
tonand,(-(6,socogcncprncpc
and,::o-:(,tcrmcpstcmoogy and
coona!ty, :/z,zcropont,/-8:.
3cccl:obody-potcsoIknowcdgc,
dccoonzng knowcdgc andbcng,
gcopotcs oIknowcdgcandknow-
ng,IamwbcrcItbnII amwbcrc
Ido andthnk`
cquaty, Ntoraonnaturaawand, z/8
Irnst, CarY, /nz:
Iscobar,Arturo,X, :
LstcVa,GustaVo,]:]
ctbcs.otdscourscVs.oIbcraton,z(,
z(-o,trutbwtboutparcntbcssand,
z:8,Zapatstasanddgnty, z:/-:8
cugcncs,:(
Iuroccntrsm, :-zo,::o-::,z:,z8/, ]]o
Iuropcanmodcrnty. 3ccmodcrnty
Iuropcanstudcs.6o
Iuropcan\non, z]-(o
IxtractonsandIcncmcntoICutura
Icsourccs`(Sbarat),z8-86
Lzc,ImmanucCbuk\vdu,:8:,:6
Iaban,)obanncs,::-z
Ianon,Irantz.lcckSkin, WhitcNc:k:,
x-xiV,:o-:o,:z6-z/,:o,
body-potcsand,:],boroucrdon
natVismand,]z-]o, Cbcnon,,
ocatonand,x,onncwbumanty,
z, z, Sartrc and, , ontbcscnscs,
zo,Sbaratand,z88-8,_(n:_,
socogcncprncpc,:o-:z,:o,z(z,
J7c WrctchcJLcrth,z:
Icrguson,Ia!,:o(
Icrna\dcz-Csco,Narcco,z]:,o8
IcstVa dcaDgnaKaba,z:
Itzgcrad,Scott,::6-:/
IoodandIrccdom,]oz-]
IormuatngNodcrnJbougbtnAh-
canIanguagcs`(Vrcdu),:]:-]z
Ioucau1t,Ncbc,zo,:,:-(o,:((
Iramcs,:z(-z, :(:-(z
IranccandAgcra,;-8
Ira,Bcnamn,://
Irccdom.absoutcVs. rcatVc,z/, bcst
on,z8,dcwcstcrnzaton,tbccom-
muna, and,z6-]oz,Kantonaw,
autborty,and,z66-6/,Toumnon,
z6
IrccdomoItbougbt.Sccndcpcndcnt
tbougbt
Ircctradc, cosmopotan, z6]
Ircud,Sgmund,::o
Ircyrc,Gbcrto,z6
Ircdman,Nton, z8
Irom`LDcrccbodcGcntcsto`Ia
QgndadIumana'(Ngnoo), z:(-:
Iukuyama,Irancs, ]:
IuturcoCaptasm,Jhc`(Baccro-
wcz),o]-(
uturc tra|cctorcs.Scctra|cctorcsoI
gobauturcs
G8 (q/,66),xi, z(6,::, ]z:,]/n:/
Uzo,x,(/-48,z/(-/,z8(,]z:
Ccic,o-:o
Gandb,Nobandas,](8nz6
Garca,Aan,]]-6
GarcaIncra,Varo,(z-(_,]o(
gcndcrbcrarcby, :8
Ccogrch(Kant).3ccKants Ccogrch
gcopotcs oIknowcdgc and knowng.
cnthroo:anddcwcstcrnzatonVs.
dccoonatyand,::-zz,bo-potcs
Vs.body-po!tcsand,:]-(o,and
body-potcs,mutua!yrcnIorc-
ngndccoonatbnkng,x-xx,
Cbattcr|cconInda andIrcomoI
tbougbt,:z-(,conVcrsaton,cbang-
ngtbctcrmsoI, :zz-z,asdccoona
conccpt,::,dccoonzngcpstcmo-
ogyand, z,dscp!narydcnkng,
:z/-,cpstcmcdsobcdcnccand,
:, :(-((, cpstcmcmcdatons
and, 68,asbddcn,,Hountondand
VrcduontbcJbrccVord DV-
sonandAIrcanscboarsbp,:z8-z,
ngraincdndccoonatbnkng,
x-x,knowcdgc-makngand
cnuncaton,:(o-((,purnatona
statcsand,z/, Schmnsnomo:and,
z,scmotcapparatusoIcnuncaton,
:z(-z/,scnscsand,zo],sbRbom
cnuncatcdto cnuncaton,::,Smth
asNaor anthropoogstand,:]-8,
unVcrsa!tyoItbcpotcapropcrand,
z(. 3cccl:ogobancartbnngand
dccooniatbnkng
Gcopo!tcsoIKnowcdgcand tbc Coo-
naDRcrcncc (Ngnoo),/, :
Gcrmany,rootstraccdtoGrcccc,z6:
Gddcns,Antbony, :o(
Gssant, Ldouard, :z-],z],](8-(n6,
](n8
gobazaton (g|obasm).coonadcr
cnccs and, :6:,compcttonandspccd
promotcdby, :/8-/,cosmopotan-
smand, z(-8, z6o, z8:-8],dccoo-
nasccntaand,::(-:,dcbncd,z8:,
dcgobazaton,(:,/],gcopotcsoI
knowcdgcand,:]o,bumantyqucs-
ton,rrccVanccoI, z8z,modcrnty
narratVcandcoonatynarratVc, ,
unVcrsa!smVs.,z(,uscoItcrm,z8,
Vadcns dcgobazaton,(:
gobancartbnknganddccoona
tbnkng.coonaandmpcradiI-
tcrcnccs,cpstcmcand ontoogca,
Indcx
86-z,dccoonzngknowcdgcand
bcng,:-::,humcnitc:andcnthroo:
conccpts,8:-86,mpcraparttonng
andtbczcropont,;8,/8-8:,ntcror-
tyVs.cxtcrorty, :o(,rcdrawngtbc
bouscoknowcdgcatntcrscctonoI,
::-:/,spcctrumoImodcrntyIcoon-
atyand,//-/8
goodgoVcrnanccconccpt,z/6
Gordon,IcwsK.,x,,:o/, :]
Goud,Stcpbcn|ay, :6(-6, :/o-/:
Gramsc,Antono,xv
CrcctCct:b, J7c(Itzgcrad),::6-:/
Grcco-Chrstanandcnthmo:,8z-8]
Grcctboughtandcgacy.coon1z
matrXoIpowcr and, :::, co:mo-oli:,
z6:, z/:,dcmocracyand,z]o,z]z-]],
Ccic,o-:o,Gcrmanrootstraccd
to,z6:,Kciro:,:/],anguagc,:z6,:(],
Naccdona, z6:, Oiko:,z:,z/,z,
thcctron,:86,z6z,zcropontand,8o,
Zzckspotcapropcrand,zq]-(/,
z(
Grotus,Iugo,8/
growtnVs.dgntyandprospcrty, ]o(-
Grucso,Iba,]:]
Gudynas,Lduardo,:]
Guba,Kanabt,](8nz6
Gucn, IaIac (SubcomandantcNar-
cos),z:-z], z]]-], z(]
GIcn,Ictu!ab, 6(-6
Ha!1,Stuart,
barmony, rgntto,]::.Sccaso:umck
kcw:c
Hcrvcrd!ntcrnctionclKcvicw,:_o-]:,:]8
Iawkng, Stcphcn,on/
Iay, Dcnns,:(-
bcart,knowcdgcstartnghom,zo]
Hcgc,GcorgcV.1.::,:],:8,(n8
Icdcggcr,Nartn,:o8
IcnroIIaVarrc,:o:
/
!ndcx
hcrmcncufics, diafopicaI vs. monofopic,
6-6i
hcfcrarchy, 6
hicrarchics, , p, io-:, :68-6p
HinkcIammcrf, Iranz, i|-6, :|
hinfcrIands ot conqucsf, ot scffIcmcnf,
and oI cxpIoifafion, 8-p
hisfo:ico-sfrucfuraI nodcs, 6-i
hisfo:iographic nar:afivcs, X
hisfo:y: CIissanf on HcgcI and, |pn8,
Hawking's Aric]Hi:tcrc[Timc,
,on;, myh oI, ;-;i, fcIcoIogicaI,
,,; tinc Iinked fo, ,, ,6-,;, 6,
fruth in pa:cnfhcsis anc, 8-8:
HifIcr, AdoIt,
HoLand, p6-p;, ,;m
Hcmccccncmicu:,i8i
hopc, -i
Horkhcincr, Max, xiv, |6m
Horowifz, David, p
Hounfondji, PauIin }., :8-
Hugh, Diana, ,i
humcnitc:, 8-8, 8;, po-p, ip, 8,-86
hunanify, qucstIon ot: i::cIcvancc ot,
fo gIobaIIsm, i8i, SharI`ati on, i,
,8nip, Smifh on, 6; Wynfcr on
^o-Caribbcans and, p, Zapafisfas
and, i|-|
human spccics characfcrisfics, Kanf on,
:66
HumboIdf, AIcxandcr von, pp
humiIiafion and dignify, :p
Hunfingfon, SanucI ,|, 8,, |mo
"! am whcrc ! fhink`' /"! an whcrc ! do
and fhink`': as ancho: ot dccoIoniaI
cpisfcmoIogics, xvi; assuming fhc Ic-
gifimacy oI, p-pi, bcing, mcaning ot,
p-p|; Dcscarfcs vs., pp-o, cpisfcmic
frajccforics and, 8, humanify conccpf
and, :|; fhc whcre,' ;, zc:o poinf
and, 8o-8
!bn-Rushd, o
Lcidccdcldc:cubrimicntcdcAmcricc
(O`Corman), ip
idcnfify in poIifics, 6p-;o, ;, ,
idcntIfy poIifics, i|-||
idcographic vs. nomofhcfic scicnccs, i,
"idoIaf," 6,-66
imaginary oI fhc modc:n/coIoniaI wo:Id
sysfcm, fimc and, ,i-,, ;pn6
inmig:anf consciousncss, o8-p
inmigrafion, i6o, i;o, o
inpa:afivc mcfhod, io8, |n,i, ,in|6
inpcriaI dicrcnccs. 3ccdicrcnccs,
coIoniaI and impc:iaI
Incas: cosmoIogy, 68, 6p, finc and,
,6-,8, 66-;o. 3cccl:cTawanfinsuyu
incIusion, X
"Indcpcndcncc and RcsponsibIIify"
(Bcsf), oi-, ,-;
indcpcndcnf thoughf: Bcsf on, ipo;
Caribbcan pIanfafion cconomy and,
;-p; cosmopoIifanism and, i8,;
d_and, :-p, Hounfondji
and Wi:cdu on Ahica and, :8-:,
posfmodc:n fhinkcrs and nccd tor,
o,; Sha:i'afi and, i,i, i8,-86
"!ndcpcndcnf 1houghf and Ca:ibbcan
Frccdom" (Bcsf), i8p
India, |;, ,,, i-, p;
InmanIsmo vs. Ma:xismo in BoIivia, |i-
"!ndias OccidcnfaI/Amcrica,` 6,-66,p,
indigcnous, 5gu:c oI, :p
indigcnous pcopIcs. 3cc:ccgctcic:
cndlccc:, :uch c:Tawantinsuyu cr
Zapafisfas
!ndusfriaI RcvoIufion, :-, oo
Inncrarify, DanicI, ;;-;8
thc insfifutIonaI and fhc instIfufc, powcr
dic:cnfiaI bctwccn, p
!ntcr-A:icn3tudic:journaI, ,8-,p
infcr-cuIfuraIify and infcr-cpisfcmoIogy,
ip
infc:naI coIoniaIism, p,, ,-6, 6:
infcrnafionaI Iaw, ;p, i,8-6o, i;, i;6-8
InfcrnafionaI Mofhcr Earth Day, op
LcinvcnciondcAmcricc(O`Corman), :p
invIsibIc hand, i6p-;o, i8i
Iran, J, i8;, ,8nip
Iraq, oo
!sIam: cosmopoIifanIsm and, ip:-p; his-
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Carbbcan PhIIosophcaI 1ssocaIon n zoo6, tr
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nsIatcd nto Spansh n
zoo6andKorcannzoo), Ioca/ Histories/G/ooa/ Desins. Co/onia/ity, Suo-
a/tern Know/edes, and order Tinlin (zooo, IransIatcd nIo Spansh n
zoo]andPorIugucscnzoo{,nowbcngtransIaIcdnIoKorcan),Te Darler
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ncro!IhcKaIhcrncSngcrKovacsaward fromIhcModcrnLanguagc1s-
socaIon o!Amcrca, bcngtransIaIcdntoSpansh and Chincsc), Teoria
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terretacion de textos (86),andE/ementos ara una teoria de/
texto /iterario (:,8). In zo:o hc pubIshcd amonograph n Spansh, Des-
ooeciencia eistcmica: Betorica de/ /a modernidad, /oica de /a co/onia/idad y
ramatica de |a desco/onia/idad, transIaIcdnIorcnchandGcrman.Hc cd-
IcdCaita/ismo. E/ eurocentrismo y |a /osoa de |a /ioeracion en e/ deoate
inte/ectua/ contemorneo (8ucnos 1rcs: EdIconcs dcISgnos, zooo).!s
co-cdiIcdbooks incIudc, wIIhMargarcI V Grccr andMaurccn QulIgan,
Bereadin tbe /acl Ieend: Te Discourses o}Be/iious and Bacia/ Dier-
ence in tbe Benaissance Emires (zoo;), wIIhHcrbcrtoCaro,Ias vertientes
americanas de/ ensamiento y e/ royecto des-co/onia/ (zoo8),wIh1rturo
Escobar,G/ooa/izaton and tbe Deco/onia/ Otion (zoo),and,wIhEIIzabcIh
HII 8oonc, \ritin witbout \ords: A/ternative Iiteracies in Aesoamerica
and tbe Andcs Ou1c\nvcrsIyIrcss,().Hcsaco-cdtorofIhcscrcs
LaII1mcrca OIhcrwsc. In zoo hc was appoItcdIntcrnatonaI 8oard
Mcmbcr torIhc six-ycar pro|cct "Tmc, McmoryandRcprcscnIaIon" aI
SordcrIon UnvcrsIy i Swcdcn. Hc aIso scrvcs on Ihc nIcrnaIonaI ad-
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