Du lch sinh thi:

Hng dn cho nh lp k hoch v qun l

Tp 2
Bin son
Kreg Lindberg, Megan Epler Wood
David Engeldrum

HIP HI DU LCH SINH THI l mt t chc phi

li nhun v c cc hi vin quc t chuyn tm n
cc ngun ti nguyn v xy dng chuyn mn
m bo du lch l mt cng c c li cho bo tn v
pht trin bn vng. T chc ny phc v cc nh
iu hnh du lch, bo tn v cc nh qun l khu bo
tn thin nhin, cc quan chc chnh ph, ch nh tr
v hng dn vin du lch, cc nh nghin cu v t
vn, v cc lnh vc chuyn mn khc ang thc hin
cc d n du lch sinh thi trn th gii. Hip hi
ang son tho nhng phng php tt nht thc
hin cc nguyn tc du lch sinh thi bng cch cng
tc vi mng li ton cu ang ln ln bao gm cc
chuyn mn khc nhau lm vic mt cch tch cc
trong lnh vc du lch sinh thi.
T chc t ra cc mc tiu lu di sau y:

Thit lp cc chng trnh gio dc v tp

hun

Cung cp cc dch v thng tin

Thit lp cc tiu chun trong lnh vc du lch

sinh thi.

Xy dng mt mng li cc c quan v

chuyn mn.


Nghin cu v pht trin cc m hnh hin
trng ngh thut trong lnh vc du lch sinh thi.
Nu cn thm thng tin v cc d n ca Hip hi v
cc thnh vin, hy lin lc:
THE ECOTOURISM SOCIETY
P.O Box 755
North Bennington, VT 05257
in thoi: (802) 447- 2121/ Fax: (802) 447- 2122
Email: ecomail@ecotourism.org
Home page: http://www.ecotourism.org

DU LCH SINH THI

Hng dn cho cc nh lp k hoch v qun l
Bin son
Kreg Lindberg
Tr L Nghin Cu, Hip Hi Du Lch Sinh Thi
Megan Epler Wood
Ch tch Hip HOI Du Lch Sinh Thi
v
David Engeldrum
iu hnh bin tp, HVS Eco Services
Hip Hi Du Lch Sinh Thi
North Bennington, Vermont
cc mi trng xut bn 1 - 2000

1998, Hip Hi Du Lch Sinh Thi

Xut bn ln th nht
Tt c cc quyn li c bo m. Khng c
php copy bt k phn no ca cun sch ny di
bt k mt hnh thc no hoc bng bt c sch no
m khng c giy php ca nh xut bn: Hip
hi Du lch sinh thi, P.O. Box 755, North
Bennington, VT 05257
Th Vin Danh Mc Quc Hi th s 93- 701175
ISBN 0-9636331-3-9
Gim c xut bn: Nicole R. Otte
Thit k: Lori J. Johnson, Leslie Morris Noyes.
Thit k ba: Lori J. Johnson
Bin son bn tho: Lori J. Johnson

Xin c li cm n c bit ti T chcThm Him

Quc T (International Expeditions) gip trong
khu sn xut cui cng ca cun sch ny.
Cun sch DU LCH SINH THI: Hng dn cho
cn b quy hoch v qun l, tp II c dch t

nguyn bn ting Anh: ECOTOURISM: A GUIDE

FOR PLANNERs & MANAGERs, Volume II. Du
lch sinh thi l mt lnh vc cn mi m Vit
Nam, do vy vic tm kim cc thut ng, khi nim
chun trong cc ti liu tham kho ting Vit qa l
mt vic kh khn. Rt mong bn c lng th vi
nhng khim khuyt ca ngi dch. Khi bn c cn
gp , trao i v cc thut ng, khi nim c
dng trong ti liu dch ny, xin vui lng lin h vi
nhng ngi dch:
Nghim Phng Tuyn, a ch: Trung Tm Nghin
Cu Ti Nguyn v Mi trng, i hc Quc gia
H ni, 167 Bi th Xun, H Ni, Vit Nam, in
thoi: (84-4) 9 76 0 975, Fax: (84-4) 821 8934 ,
E-mail: tuyen @uplands.ac.vn

Ni dung

Li ta
Li m u
Hector
Lascurin

Ceballos-

CHNG 1
Th trng v C cu ca
Ngnh Du lch Sinh
thi
Megan Epler Wood
CHNG 2
Nhng Hng mi trong
Ngnh Du lch Sinh
thi
Simon McArthur
CHNG 3
M u v Lnh vc Din
gii cn cha y
Simon McArthur
CHNG 4
Cc kha cnh Kinh t
ca Du lch Sinh thi
Kreg Lindberg
CHNG 5
Hn ch trong Hoch
nh Quc gia, Mc
tiu v Bi hc

Xy dng Chin lc Du
lch Sinh thi Quc
gia ca c
Jill

Grant
Allcock
CHNG 6

Alison

Cc Nguyn tc Hoch
nh v Chin lc
trong cc Khu bo
tn
William
T.
Borrie,
Stephen F. McCool,
v George H. Stankey
CHNG 7
Qun l Tham quan Du
lch Sinh thi cc
Khu bo tn
Jeffrey L. Marion
Tracy A. Farrell
CHNG 8

a Du lch Sinh thi ln

tm cao hn
Mt ci nhn vo S tham

gia ca Khi t nhn

vi Cng ng a
phng
Costas Christ
CHNG 9
Nhng Phng php Tip
cn mi v Qun l
Du lch Sinh thi da
vo Cng ng
Bi hc t Ecuado
Andy Drumm
CHNG 10
Cc Nguyn tc Ch o
cho cc Chng trnh Du
lch Sinh thi da vo Cng
ng
Bi hc t Innxia
Keith W. Sproule v Ary
S. Suhandi
Du lch sinh thi:
Hng dn cho cc nh lp k hoch v qun l
 


Vn bn ting Vit c ra mt bn c l do
sng kin ca d n Du lch Bn vng, IUCN Vit
Nam cng vi h tr ti chnh trong dch thut ca
d n (the Vietnamese translation was initiated and
funded by IUCN Vietnams Sustainable Tourism
Project)

D n Tng cng Nng lc cho Cc c quan

Qun l Mi trng Vit Nam (SEMA/NEA) ti
tr tin bn quyn v tin in

D n Du lch Bn vng (IUCN) ti tr

tin dch

Li ta
Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi xut bn cun Du lch
Sinh thi: Hng dn cho cc nh Lp K hoch v
Qun l nm 1993 v c rt t thng tin tp trung vo
nhng kha cnh lm th no trong lnh vc quy
hoch v qun l du lch sinh thi. Mc d s
lng sch bo v hi ngh hi tho v du lch sinh
thi tip tc sinh si ny n mt cch nhanh chng
song rt t ti liu c th c coi l ngun ti liu tt
cho cc nh quy hoch, qun l, sinh vin v nhng
ngi hot ng trong ngnh ny. V vy Hip hi
Du lch Sinh thi cho xut bn tp 2 cun Du lch
Sinh thi: Hng dn cc nh Lp k hoch v Qun
l.
Chng ti mun nhn mnh rng cun sch ny
khng ch sa i v cp nht tp mt. M mc
ch ca chng ti cn l a ra nhng vn khng
c nhc n trong tp mt, v d nh vn din
gii (interpretation). Hn th na, chng ti cn c
mc ch nhn mnh chi tit v s nghim ngt ca
vn din gii. Mc d c mt s vn b lp
li song cng c s khc bit c bn. Chng ti hy
vng rng c hai tp sch s lm cho cc sinh vin v
cc nh gio dc trong ngnh quan tm. b
xung cho nhng thng tin trong chng ny, c gi

c th tm c cc n phm khc ca Hip hi Du

lch Sinh thi.
Cc lp c gi m chng ti mun hng ti rt a
dng, bao gm c nhng ngi theo hc cc kho bi
dng v o to trong trng i hc, nhng ngi
hot ng chuyn nghip trong ngnh du lch sinh
thi, cc nh quy hoch v qun l lm vic trong
lnh vc qun l vn quc gia v khu bo v, v cn
b ca cc c quan nh nc. Chng ti hy vng
rng cun sch ny c th s dng nhiu nc
trong cc giai on pht trin kinh t khc nhau v c
cc h sinh thi a dng. Chng ti nhn thy rng
khng th p ng mt cch hon ton y i vi
nhiu thnh phn nh vy, tuy nhin chng ti cm
thy rng cun sch ny s c gi tr i vi nhng
ngi hot ng chuyn nghip trong lnh vc du lch
sinh thi.
nh ngha v du lch sinh thi vn l mt vn cn
tranh lun - song chng ti khng c gng gii quyt
vn ny trong cun sch ny. Mc d cm t du
lch sinh thi c s dng trong cun sch ny
nhng chng ti cng nhn thy rng khng phi tt
c cc hot ng mang tn du lch sinh thi u ng
theo nh ngha m Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi v mt
s t chc khc a ra. Nh David Western nu
ra trong li m u ca tp mt, vn l cc tc

ng do du lch gy ra, v chng ti xut bn cun

sch ny khng phi chng thc cho mt hot
ng c th nh du lch sinh thi, m l c gng
khuyn khch nhng tc ng c li v lm gim s
gy hi ca ngnh du lch.
Tr mt s trng hp c ch thch, cc s liu v
tin bc u c tnh bng la M. T gi hi
oi theo ng la M c a ra nu s dng
n v tin t khc, song nhng t gi ch l
minh ha v c th chng thay i rt nhiu so vi
khi tc gi bt u vit.
Ging nh tp mt, chng ti la chn mt
nhm tc gi l chuyn gia trong lnh vc du lch sinh
thi. H c c s kin thc ng n trng v
hot ng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh nghin
cu khoa hc, du lch sinh thi, v c quan chnh
ph. Nhng quan im v kin m cc tc gi
a ra trong cun sch ny khng nht thit l quan
im v kin ca Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi.
Chng ti c bit cm n cc tc gi v nhng
ngi gp cho cun sch ny c tn sau y:
Jim
Birckhead
Deborah
McLaren

Rosemary
Black
Deborah Meadows Steketee
Elizabeth
Boo

Dave
Mihalic
Hector Ceballos-Lascurain Gianna Moscardo
Chris
Gakahu

Terry
Pratt
Troy
Hall
Jamie Resor
William
Hammit
Isaac Sindiga
Robert
Healy
Sheryl Spivack

Herb
Hiller
Derek Wade
Edward
Inskeep
Geoffrey Wall
Leslie
Jarvie
Will Weber
Gail
Lash
Rolf Wesche
Michael
Lockwood Sven
Wunder

Li ni u
Hctor Ceballo s - Lascurin
Nm nm tri qua k t khi xut bn tp mt cun
Du lch Sinh thi: Hng dn cc nh Lp K hoch
v Qun l. Trong thi gian ny c rt nhiu bc
pht trin trong lnh vc du lch, du lch sinh thi v
bo tn trn th gii. Quan trng nht l vic du lch
sinh thi khng cn ch tn ti nh mt khi nim
hay mt ti suy ngm. Ngc li, n tr
thnh mt thc t trn ton cu. MT VI NI,
N XUT hin khng thng xuyn v kh yu t,
t c bo ch ch ti. Song nhiu ni khc th
vn pht trin du lch sinh thi li rt c chnh
ph quan tm, thng xut hin trn cc bn tin chnh
hay cc qung co thng mi cng cng. Tuy vy,
nhiu ni sng kin ny khng c xc nh hay
nh ngha r rng, hoc thng b hiu nhm vi cc
hot ng khc. Mc d vy, rt t c nc no trn
th gii li khng c mt vi loi hnh pht trin du
lch sinh thi hoc li khng tho lun v vn ny.
Du lch sinh thi mang li nhiu li ch c th
trong lnh vc bo tn v pht trin bn vng.
Csta Rica v Vnxula, mt s ch trang tri chn
nui bo v nhiu din tch rng nhit i quan
trng, v do bo v rng m h bin nhng ni

thnh im du lch sinh thi hot ng tt, gip bo

v cc h sinh thi t nhin ng thi to ra cng n
vic lm mi cho dn a phng. Ecuao s dng
khon thu nhp t du lch sinh thi ti o Galpag
gip duy tr ton b mng li vn quc gia. Ti
Nam Phi, du lch sinh thi tr thnh mt bin php
hiu qu nng cao mc sng ca ngi da en
nng thn, nhng ngi da en ny ngy cng tham
gia nhiu vo cc hot ng du lch sinh thi. Chnh
ph Ba lan cng tch cc khuyn khch du lch sinh
thi v gn y thit lp mt s vng Thin nhinv-Du lch ca quc gia tng cng cng tc bo
v thin nhin v pht trin du lch quc gia. Ti C
V NIU-DI-LN, PHN ln cc hot ng du lch
u c th xp vo hng du lch sinh thi. y l
ngnh cng nghip c xp hng cao trong nn kinh
t ca c hai nc.
Vn vn cn tn ti mi khi tho lun v du lch
sinh thi l vic khi nim v du lch sinh thi vn
cha c tm hiu k, do thng b nhm ln vi
cc loi hnh pht trin du lch khc. Mt s t chc
rt c gng lm r s nhm ln ny bng cch s
dng khi nim du lch sinh thi nh mt cng c
thc hin bo tn v pht trin bn vng. nh ngha
ca Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi c ph bin rng
ri (du lch sinh thi l) du lch c trch nhim ti
cc im t nhin, (kt hp vi) bo v mi trng

v ci thin phc li ca ngi dn a phng

(Lindberg v Hawkins, 1993). Mt nh ngha ang
thnh hnh khc lin kt cc yu t vn ho v mi
trng mt cch c th hn l nh ngha do T chc
bo v thin nhin th gii (IUCN) a ra. nh
ngha ny cho rng du lch sinh thi l tham quan
v du lch c trch nhim vi mi trng ti cc im
t nhin khng b tn ph thng thc thin nhin
(v cc c im vn ho tn ti trong qu kh
hoc ang hin hnh), qua khuyn khch hot
ng bo v, hn ch nhng tc ng tiu cc do
khch tham quan gy ra, v to ra ch li cho nhng
ngi dn a phng tham gia tch cc (CeballosLascurin, 1996).
Mc d khi nim du lch sinh thi vn thng c
s dng tng t nh khi nim du lch bn vng,
song trn thc t, du lch sinh thi nm trong lnh vc
ln hn c du lch bn vng. V th k mi ang ti
gn nn tt c cc hot ng ca con ngi cn phi
tr nn bn vng - v du lch khng phi l mt ngoi
l. Du lch bn vng bao gm tt c cc loi hnh ca
du lch (d l loi hnh da trn cc ngun ti nguyn
thin nhin hay ti nguyn do con ngi to ra). Do
, du lch sinh thi cn c hiu l mt trong
nhng phm tr ca du lch bn vng. Mt bi bin
ln, mt sng bc tit kim nng lng bng cch
khng git khn tm hng ngy cho khch hoc gim

thiu tc ng mi trng bng cch s dng loi x

phng gy suy thoi ti nguyn sinh vt th khng
phi l im du lch sinh thi. Qua y, chng ta
khuyn khch ngnh du lch i chng c ng x thn
thin vi mi trng, hay ni cch khc, chng ta
khuyn khch ngnh du lch pht trin bn vng hn.
Khng nn coi du lch sinh thi l ngnh du lch
da vo thin nhin v ci mc ny c th s
dng trong tt c cc hot ng du lch c thc
hin ngoi thin nhin (v d trt tuyt, i xe p
leo ni, v bm vch leo ni). Nhng hot ng du
lch ny c th c m cng c th khng thuc loi
hot ng thn thin vi mi trng. Mt cch gi
khc thng b nhm vi du lch sinh thi l du
lch thm him. Loi hnh ny thng l cc hot
ng th thao c bp (thng bao gm s mo him
c nhn mt mc no ) cng din ra ngoi
thin nhin (v d leo ln nh hang). Nhng hot
ng ny c th c hoc c th khng thuc loi c
trch nhim i vi mi trng hay lm li cho dn
a phng. Do , du lch sinh thi ch nn c s
dng m t nhng hot ng du lch trong mi
trng thin nhin vi mt c im i km: l loi
hnh du lch thc s khuyn khch bo v v gip x
hi pht trin bn vng.

Trong vng nm nm qua, mt s NC NH

MEHIC, c, Malaixia v Ecuao xy dng c
chin lc v k hach du lch sinh thi quc gia.
Song khng phi tt c cc nc ny thc hin c
hiu qu k hoch ca mnh. Mt trong nhng tr
ngi chnh l thiu s quan tm lin tc ca chnh
ph. Cng trong nhng nm gn y, c nhiu nc
NH ECUAO, BRAXIN, c, Knia, Extnia,
Innexia v Vnxula thnh lp hip hi du lch
sinh thi quc gia khuyn khch p dng v pht
trin du lch sinh thi.
Du lch ni chung tng vt trong vng bn nm qua.
Theo t chc Du lch Th gii (1996), gia nm 1991
v 1995 du lch quc t tng t 450 triu n 567
triu ngi. Thu nhp ca du lch quc t (khng k
khon thu t giao thng i li) tng 7,2% trong
khong thi gian t 1994 n 1995, khong 372 t
la. Khon thu t giao thng i li c tnh t ti 60
t la trong nm 1995. y cng l khon thu ln
t du lch, chim hn 8% trong th phn xut khu
ca th gii v chim mt phn ba trong cc loi dch
v thng mi th gii. Khch du lch quc t tng
gp i t nm 1990 n nm 2010, s ln ti 1,018
t vo nm 2010.
Trong khi du lch quc t tng r rt, vic nh gi
nh hng du lch sinh thi vn kh khn do thiu s

liu thng k ng tin cy. D nhin l vn nh

gi tc ng ca du lch sinh thi c lin quan ti vic
nh ngha v du lch sinh thi khng c p dng
rng ri. Hin nay khng c sng kin no trong vic
thu thp cc thng tin v du lch sinh thi. Nhng con
s thng k chi tit v ng tin cy rt cn xc
nh nhng tc ng mang tnh kinh t do du lch
sinh thi gy ra trn th gii. Tuy vy, hin nay cng
c mt vi s liu th v c tp hp li trong
nhng nm gn y. Trong mt nghin cu s b,
Fillion (1992) c tnh rng du lch thin nhin
ng gp ti 223 t la trong thu nhp ca nhiu
quc gia. Mt phn thu nhp ny thu c t hot
ng quan st chim, y l mt loi hnh hot ng
ch yu ca ngnh du lch sinh thi. Gn y nht,
ngi ta c lng tng s du khch Bc M
tham gia quan st chim l 65 triu (Miller, 1995).
Trong s ny, c hn 24 triu ngi tham gia quan
st chim t nht mt nm mt ln (Gray, 1996).
Ngoi nhng kh khn trong thu thp nhng s liu
ng tin cy, mt vn ln khc na l cng ng
a phng khng tham gia c nhanh chng v
d dng nh mong i. Cn phi c nhiu n lc hn
na tt c cc cp gip dn a phng c k
nng tham gia cc hot ng du lch sinh thi. Trn
th gii ngy cng c nhiu chng trnh o to. Hy

vng rng trong t nm ti chng ta s c thy kt

qu c th.
iu ng khch l l rt nhiu ngi quan tm n
thit k v pht trin khu ngh sinh thi. iu ny th
hin xu hng tch khi cc cuc tho lun tin
ti nhng hot ng c th. Cc khu ngh ny c cc
iu kin vt cht phc v cho du lch sinh thi.
Nhng ti liu quan trng gn y vi ch khu
ngh sinh thi bao gm Nguyn tc Hng dn Thit
k Bn vng (Dch v Vn Quc gia, 1993), Sch
tra cu v Cc khu ngh Sinh thi (Hawkins v cng
s, 1995), v Hng dn v Cc khu ngh Sinh thi
(Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi, ang in).
Du lch sinh thi tri qua thi k s sinh v th u.
N ang bt u bc sang thi k trng thnh. Hy
vng rng nhng nm ti y ngnh du lch sinh thi
s khng nh c s chn mui v hiu qu.
TI LIU THAM KHO

Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism,

and Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
DeKadt, E. 1990. Making the Alternative
Sustainable: Lessons from Development for

Tourism, Institute for Development Studies at the

University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
(The) Ecotourism Society. Ecolodge Guidelines, The
Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vermont.
In press.
Filion, EL., J.P Foley, A.J. jacquemot. 1992. "The
Economics of Global Ecotourism," paper
presented at the IV World Congress on National
Parks and Protected Areas, Caracas, Venezuela.
Gray, P 1996. "The Birdman of America: Roger Tory
Peterson, 1908-1996," Time. August 12.
Hawkins, D.E., M. Epler Wood, S. Bittman. 1995.
The Ecolodge Sourcebook for Planners and
Developers, The Ecotourism Society, North
Bennington, Vermont.
Lindberg, K., D.E. Hawkins. 1993. Ecotourism: A
Guidefor Planners and Managers, Volume 1, The
Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vermont.
Miller, L. 1995. "Have Binoculars, Will Travel: In
Pursuit of Rarities, Bird-Watchers Boost
Tourism," Wall Street Journal, December 15.

U.S. National Park Service. 1993. Guiding Principles

of Sustainable Design, United States Department
of the Interior.
World Tourism Organization. 1996. Yearbook of
Tourism Statistics, World Tourism Organization,
Madrid, Spain.
Chng 1
Th trng v C cu
ca ngnh Du lch Sinh thi
Paul F. J. Eagles v Bryan R. Higgins
nh ngha, Cu trc, v C cu Th trng
Cm t du lch sinh thi m t rng ri hin
tng i li, t kiu i b thoi mi vo cui tun n
thm khu bo tn thin nhin a phng ti kiu i
safari c ngi h tng Chu Phi. Mc d c
nhiu tc gi cp n nh ngha v du lch sinh
thi (Bandy, 1996; Blamey, 1995; Dann, 1996;
McLaren, 1998; Orams, 1995; v Wight, 1993), song
vn c nhiu nh ngha cng tn ti v vn c s
khng thng nht c bn gia cc tc gi. Chng
ny s dng nh ngha do Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi
a ra v tp trung vo du lch sinh thi quc t.

Nhng xu hng xut hin trong cc ti liu v vn

bn v du lch sinh thi. Th nht, hu ht cc n
phm v ch ny s dng c s l lun ca khoa
hc x hi v khoa hc t nhin phn tch. Rt
t nghin cu tp trung vo vn kinh doang hay
vn cung v cu ca loi hnh du lch ny. t c
s quan tm mt cch c h thng n kha cnh ton
cu ca ngnh du lch thin nhin cng nh ti vic
ngnh kinh doanh mi ny to nn bn sc, cch
thc t chc, v nh hng ti du lch sinh thi nh
th no (Higgins, 1996). Nhng nghin cu v
nhn khu hc v ng c ca khch du lch sinh thi
thng ch hn ch ti mt s im du lch sinh
thi c bit hoc ch tm hiu cc th trng c
th. Tuy vy, c mt trng hp ngoi l l cng
trnh nghin cu v nhu cu th trng c tin
hnh ti cc thnh ph ln ca M v Ca-na-a
(Wight, 1996). Mc d cc nh phn tch (bnh
lun) nhn thy nhng khc bit quan trng gia
th trng trong tng nhm dn tc v th trng ca
c quc gia (Blangy v Hanneberg, 1995; Jepson,
1994) song vn t ch trng ti vic tin hnh mt
phn tch mang tnh ton cu v khch du lch hay
cc a im du lch sinh thi. Nghin cu th
trng mi ch bt u khm ph ngnh du lch
sinh thi, v vy chng ny u tin s phc tho s
lc nhng xu hng ang ni ln v sau s phn
tch ngha ca th trng. Cng trnh nghin cu

in hnh Kenya v Costa Rica c s dng

minh ha.
Chng ny phn tch nhu cu th trng v c cu
ca ngnh du lch sinh thi. Nghin cu v nhu cu
th trng du lch thng thm d tnh cht ca cc
loi khch du lch khc nhau, hay nhng nhm c
kh nng tr thnh du khch thng qua phn tch cc
phm tr nhn khu hc (nh tui, thu nhp, gii tnh
hay ni c tr), ng c du lch, cc hot ng v a
hnh a thch. Do chnh ph cc nc thiu quan
tm v do cc ngun thng tin du lch khng ch
thu thp nhng thng tin c th nhn dng khch du
lch sinh thi nn hu ht cc nghin cu trong lnh
vc ny da trn c s iu tra kho st, tho lun
ca cc nhm i tng chnh, quan st hnh vi ng
x v s dng cc bin php c lin quan thu thp
thng tin ch yu. Nghin cu ca Eagles (1996)
v ng c ca khch du lch sinh thi c trch dn
rng ri song cha c ai lp li nghin cu ny.
Nghin cu gn y ca Akama v khch du lch sinh
thi so snh gi tr mi trng ca ngi phng
Ty v ca ngi nng dn chu Phi. Cng trnh
nghin cu su v cc cng ty du lch sinh thi l
cng trnh ca Sirakaya. Cng trnh ny pht trin
v th nghim mt c s l lun nhm gii thch
quan im ca cc cng ty du lch sinh thi i vi
nhng hng dn c a ra. C rt nhiu ti

liu v ng c du lch ca nhng ngi tham gia

hot ng gi tr ngoi tr, v c th nhng ti liu
s c ch cho vic tm hiu khch du lch sinh thi.
Song nhn chung, cc nghin cu vn cha quan tm
y ti quan im mi trng ca cc cng ty du
lch sinh thi.
Ch ln th hai ca chng nyl xc nh cc
loi hnh kinh doanh ca du lch sinh thi, kich c,
a im, c tnh v s lin kt gia cc nh doanh
nghip v xem chng nh mt phng php tm
hiu c cu kinh doanh ca ngnh du lch sinh thi.
iv nh vi nhng nghin cu v nhu cu th
trng, c t ngun thng tin th cp v cc cng ty
du lch. Do , hu ht cc nghin cu v ngnh
cng nghip sinh thi s bao gm c vic thu thp
thng tin s cp v s c nhiu nh ngha cng nh
s s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau.
Cc yu t ca nhu cu th trng
Phn tch Nhu cu v Th trng Du lch Sinh thi
Mc d mt s nghin cu trnh by s liu v c
tnh ca khch du lch sinh thi, vn c hng lot vn
gy kh d cho vic tho lun cc hnh thc du
lch sinh thi trn th gii. Mt l, cc c quan ca
nh nc c trch nhim thu thp thng tin v du lch
thng t ch n cc thng tin v nhng loi hnh

c bit. Hai l, rt nhiu nghin cu thc hin

nh gi nh lng v du lch sinh thi khng s
dng phng php rigorous. Ba l, t c nghin
cu v th trng c tin hnh vi cng chi
tit, mc d cc nh phn tch cho rng c s khc
bit r rt trong hnh vi ng x du lch gia cc quc
gia. Mt s nghin cu hin c bao gm: kho
st cc cng ty du lch sinh thi c tr s ti M
(Higgins, 1996), m t tm tt cc cng ty du lch
Anh (Holden, 1996), v kho st cc cng ty c tr
s ti Bc M (Crossley v Lee, 1994; Yee, 1992).
Bn l, mc d cc cng ty du lch qun l cc t
kho st khch hng v t thu nghin cu nhu cu
v th trng song kt qu ca cc t kho st ny
khng cng b cng khai. Rt nhiu cu hi quan
trng v c im v m t tm tt v khch hng
trong lnh vc ny ca ngnh du lch vn cha c cu
tr li.
C s khc bit r rt v l thuyt gia nhng du
khch c lp t thu xp hnh trnh ca mnh vi
nhng du khch i theo chng trnh. C rt t
nghin cu v cc du khch c lp. Ch c mt
ngoi l l nghin cu ca Zurick (1995) v nh
hng ca du khch c lp khi n thm nhng
vng ho lnh cch bit vi vn ha phng Ty.
Drumm (1995), Wesche (1996) v Epler Wood
(1998) nghin cu chi tit cc loi hnh c trng

ca du lch thin nhin v th trng ph ca du lch

sinh thi. Nghin cu ca Drumm ti vng
Amazon thuc Ecuao xc nh v phn tch
ngnh du lch t nhin vi 5 yu t cu thnh, bao
gm du lch ba l, khu ngh hng thng thng, cm
tri mo him, khu ngh ngoi thin nhin hng cao
cp v dch v a phng. NG xc nh
c nhng khc bit c bn trong nhng tc ng
v kinh t, sinh thi v vn ho-x hi ca nhng yu
t c trng . Wesche (1996) nghin cu loi
hnh du lch sinh thi bn a c kim sot ti khhu
vc Amazon ca Ecuao. NG KT LUN
RNG LA chn c c (duy nht) ny l kt qu
ca mt mng li ngy cng phc tp gn lin cc
nhm a phng, cc cn gty du lch t nhn v cc
t chc phi chnh ph. Nghin cu ca Epler
Wood (1998) phn tch cng tc quy hoch, nhu
cu th trng v ngn sch ti tr ca loi hnh du
lch sinh thi da vo cng ng ti Ecuao. Kt
qu quan trng ca nhng nghin cu sng to ny
chi ra rng cn phi quan tm mt cch c h thng
ti vic nghin cu khch hng c lp v ti cc
cng ty da vo cng ng.
iu tra v nhu cu th trng du lch sinh thi tp
trung vo cc hot ng a thch, ng c du lch, m
t v dn s v cc ngun thng tin ca khch
hng. Mc d c nhiu nghin cu ban u tp

trung vo tnh khoa hc song c mt ngoi l l cng

trnh nh gi nhu cu th trng do nhm t vn
HLA v nhm t vn ARA (1995) tin hnh theo yu
cu ca mt nhm bao gm cc t chc chnh ph v
t nhn Canada. Cng trnh nghin cu c cht
lng cao ny s dng phng php iu tra khch
hng qua in thoi, th tn, v thng qua cc hot
ng thng mi phn tch tim nng ca th
trng du lch sinh thi Alberta v British
Columbia. S quan tm ch trng ti phng php
iu tra trong cng trnh nghin cu ny cho khu
vc t nhn thy mt v d xut sc v nghin cu
nhu cu ca th trng. GN Y, BAN
NGHIN CU DU LCH c bt u xut bn
cc cng trnh nghn cu v tm c, c im nhn
khu hc, v cc hnh thi c du lch trong th trng
du lch ca nc ny. Cng vic ny c o ch
y l ln u tin mt t chc du lch quc gia
miu t s lc ngnh du lch sinh thi quc gia
(Eagles, 1996; Hatch, 1997).
Cu trc ca ngnh du lch sinh thi
Cc doanh nghip du lch sinh thi
Vic xc nh cc loi hnh doanh nghip trong
ngnh du lch sinh thi l rt quan trng. Mt thnh
phn then cht ca ngnh ny l nhng doanh nghip
t chc du lch ra nc ngoi, nhng doanh nghip

ny t chc cc tuyn du lch v bn v trn gi trc

tip cho khch du lch. Mc d phn ln nhng doanh
nghip lm dch v t chc ny l ca t nhn, mt
s kh ng trong s li l cc t chc mi trng
phi li nhun t chc cc chuyn du lch sinh thi cho
cc thnh vin ca h. Mt s doanh nghip t chc
du lch ra nc ngoi hot ng nh ngi bn s,
giao li khch cho cc hng i l du lch v nhng
doanh nghip t chc du lch ra nc ngoi khc.
Nhng doanh nghip t chc du lch trong nc hot
ng ti nc s ti, ni khch n tham quan, nhng
doanh nghip ny t chc dch v du lch trong phm
vi nc h, thng l nhng dch v ti ch nh
b tr n, v gii tr cho khch.
Do s pht trin v qui m v s phc tp trong
ngnh du lch sinh thi, cc doanh nghip h tr v t
vn du lch sinh thi cng tr nn a dng hn. C
th hnh dung c bc tranh hin ti v phm vi v
tnh cht ca cc doanh nghip t chc dch v t vn
du lch sinh thi bng cch xem danh b cc thnh
vin quc t ca Hi du lch sinh thi (The
Ecotourism Society, 1997). Quyn danh b ny chia
cc loi doanh nghip nh sau: Doanh nghip t chc
du lch trong nc, doanh nghip t chc du lch ra
nc ngoi, cc hng ai l du lch bn l dch v,
khch sn/nh tr v khu cm tri, khu c bo v,
kin trc s/kin trc s phong cnh, nh cung cp

sn phm rau qu ti, nh xy dng/pht trin, ngn

hng/ti chnh, nh t vn, ngi hng dn du
lch/phin dch, ngi lo quan h i ngoi/tip th,
k thut s dng nng lng ti to c, dch v du
lch trn sng nc, v nghin cu tip th.
S a dng trong qui m, a im v nh hng ca
cc doanh nghip du lch sinh thi lm cho vic tm
hiu cu trc doanh nghip trong ngnh du lch sinh
thi cng kh khn hn. Nhiu loi doanh nghip
khc nhau h tr cho cc doanh nghip bn l dch v
du lch sinh thi. C th k ra mt s nhng doanh
nghip h tr nh cc cng ty lo quan h tuyn
truyn i ngoi, cc cng ty kin trc v kin trc
phong cnh, cc cng ty u t, cc cng ty tip th
v cc cng ty k thut.
Cc nh t chc du lch thin nhin ra nc ngoi
Ngy cng c nhiu doanh nghip t chc du lch
thin nhin ra nc ngoi. Biu 1.1, biu th
thi gian mt cch phi tuyn tnh trn trc ngang, cho
thy kt qu iu tra nm 1994 ti 83 doanh nghip t
chc du lch ra nc ngoi M (Higgins, 1996).
C th thy rng mng ny ca ngnh du lch ny cn
rt non tr, bng chng l nm 1970 mi ch c 9
doanh nghip kiu ny hot ng. Tuy s lng v
qui m ca nhng doanh nghip t chc du lch ra
nc ngoi ngy cng tng, mi ch c rt t cng

trnh nghin cu v tnh cht v t chc ca nhng

doanh nghip ny tr mt nghin cu chi tit ca
Sorenson v mt cng ty t chc du lch c tnh cht
thm him (1991), mt iu tra ca Rymer v cc
doanh nghip t chc du lch ra nc ngoi (1992),
v iu tra th trng cho cc doanh nghip Bc M
t chc du lch ra nc ngoi do Higgins (1996) v
Yee (1992) tin hnh.
Cc doanh nghip t chc du lch sinh thi ra nc
ngoi thng c tr s ti th trng gc (thng l
cc nc pht trin) v nhng doanh nghip ny to
nn mi lin h thit yu gia khch du lch sinh thi
v cc vng du lch c cnh sc thin nhin hp dn.
Mc d ngy cng c nhiu hng hng khng v cng
ty du lch ni chung t chc nhng tua du lch thin
nhin thm bn cnh nhng tua du lch thng thng
ca h, chng ny ch tp trung vo cc tua du lch
thin nhin do cc nhm chuyn t chc du lch thin
nhin tin hnh v tip th.
Do tng s lng khch du lch sinh thi m nhng
doanh nghip t chc du lch ra nc ngoi ca M
phc v ln ti hn 100.000 mt nm, cc im du
lch, nc v khu vc m h n c nh hng su
sc ti cu trc du lch sinh thi ton cu (Biu
1.2) (Higgins, 1996).
Biu 1.1

Nm
S cc nh t chc dch v du lch

S PHT TRIN V S LNG NGHIP CC

DOANH
DU LCH thin nhin M
Ch yu cc tua du lch sinh thi ca M tp trung
vo ty bn cu v c bit l Trung M. Ngoi ra,
trong khi ch c 9 doanh nghip a trn 25%
khch ti nhng ni ngoi ty bn cu, th c 13
doanh nghip ch t chc cc chuyn tham quan ti
mt khu vc nht nh. Nh vy, trong khi c
tng i t doanh nghip mang tnh cht ton cu
trong vic t chc dch v du lch, hu ht cc doanh

nghip li c t chc vt ra ngoi qui m ca cc

quc gia n l. Sau ht, phn b khu vc ca cc
chuyn du lch sinh thi rt khc vi dng chy ca
khch du lch M thng thng, trong cc chuyn
tham quan ti chu u, M-hi-c, v vng Ca-rib chim t l rt ln.
Nghin cu cha xc nh r s lng khch lin h
trc tip vi doanh nghip t chc du lch ti nc s
ti hoc chi nhnh a phng ca cng ty du lch
sinh thi nc ngoi, nhng khch ny thng
c gi l khch t do hay c lp (FITs), cng
cha c s so snh gia th phn c lp ny vi s
khch du lch thin nhin phi da vo cc doanh
nghip t chc du lch ra nc ngoi. Nh vy, qui
m, chn dung v hnh vi ca hai mng th phn
dng nh khc nhau ny hin ti vn cha c bit
r. C l l hu ht khch du lch theo cc chuyn du
lch thin nhin trn gi tha thun trc tip vi
cc doanh nghip t chc du lch ra nc ngoi v
khng thng qua cc hot ng bn l chng hn nh
cc hng i l du lch. V kt qu l cc doanh
nghip t chc du lch ra nc ngoi ng vai tr
then cht trong vic nh hnh s la chn ni n v
nh hng ti nhng tc ng kinh t ca du lch
thin nhin. Hot ng nghip v ca h c th bao
gm: trc tip tip th cho cc tuyn my bay v bn
v, tha thun vi cc doanh nghip t chc du lch

ti ch cc nc khc, hnh thnh cc cng c tip

th, v qun l vic bn dch v du lch.
Nhng t chc phi li nhun chim mt phn kh ln
trong s cc n v t chc du lch ra nc ngoi.
Higgins (1996) thy rng 17% khch hng ca nhng
doanh nghip c iu tra i du lch theo cc
chuyn i do cc t chc phi li nhun tin hnh.
Nh vy nhng t chc phi li nhun ny t chcmt
s lng ng k nhng chuyn du lch sinh thi. V
mt a l, nghin cu v cc n v M t chc
dch v du lch cho thy 42% ca cc chuyn du lch
sinh thi phi li nhun c t chc trong phm nc
M. Khuynh hng hng ni ca cc tua du lch
sinh thi do cc t chc phi li nhun tin hnh rt
khc so vi khuynh hng hng ngoi ca cc
doanh nghip t nhn t chcdch v du lch, 93%
cac tua du lch do cc doanh nghip t nhn ny t
chc c tin hnh nc ngoi (Higgins, 1996).
V c hn mt t cc t chc phi li nhun phc v
hn 20.000 khch du lch sinh thi (Higgins, 1996),
r rng l mng cc t chc ny cn phi c ch
nghin cu nhiu hn na.
Biu 1.2
T L PHN TRM khch du lch M ti mt s
vng ca th gii

(Da vo cc nh t chc dch v du lch c iu

tra)

S lng khch ca cc n v t chc du lch M

c iu tra, t l 25, nhiu ln n 15.000, trung
bnh l 1.674 khch mt nm (Higgins, 1996). Trong
khi nghin cu ny cho thy rt nhiu doanh nghip
t chc du lich nh cho di 1.000 khch mt nm,
n cng vch ra mt im quan trng l mt s t
doanh nghip ln c trn 10.000 khch mt nm,
chng t mt th phn ng k l do mt s t doanh
nghip nm gi. Thc t l, nm doanh nghip ln
nht trong nhgin cu ny t chc dch v cho gn
50.000 khch du lch, hay 40% th trng; 35 cng ty
ln nht, mi cng ty c t 1000 khch tr ln nm
90% th trng. S phn chia th trng rt khng

u ny gia cc doanh nghip t chc du lch ra

nc ngoi cng to ra mt thch thc ln cho cc
doanh nghip mi trong lnh vc ny. iu ny cng
to nn tnh trng tp trung khch du lch sinh thi
cng nh nhng tc ng mi trng v kinh t do
h gy nn.

Cc nh t chc dch v du lch thin nhin ti

ch
Cc nh t chc dch v du lch thin nhin ti ch
thng c tr s ti nc ch nh, thng ti cc
thnh ph ln nht. H trc ht chuyn t chc dch
v du lch trong phm vi mt nc, nhng cng c
th hot ng vi nc. Cc nh t chc dch v du
lch ti ch t chc cc tuyn i bng phng tin
giao thng b, mc c gi thu ch , cung cp ngi
hng dn v phin dch cho cc chuyn du lch thin
nhin. H bn dch v cho cc i l du lch, cc nh
t chc dch v du lch thin nhin ra nc ngoi v
khch du lch thin nhin (h bn dch v trc tip
cho cc khch ny). Mi c rt t nghin cu v thnh
phn ny ca ngnh du lch sinh thi. Ch c hai
ngoi l l mt nh gi rt lu v cu trc v nhu
cu pht trin ca ngnh du lch thin nhin trong
phm vi -cu-a-o (Wilson, 1987) v mt nghin

cu gn y hn v sn phm, th trng v tim

nng kinh doanh Ca-na-a (Tourism Ca-na-a,
1995).
Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca cc nh t
chc dch v du lch thin nhin ti ch l hnh thc
s hu, trong gm c: cc vn phng chi nhnh
xuyn quc gia, cc chi nhnh c quyn xuyn quc
gia, chi nhnh ca cc nh t chc dch v du lch
thin nhin ra nc ngoi, cc cng ty nc ngoi
thuc s hu ca ngoi kiu, lin doanh, chi nhnh
ca cc cng ty quc gia ln, cc n v c lp
thuc s hu trong nc, v cc hp tc x. Mi mt
loi hnh s hu khc nhau ny ko theo mt lot cc
quan h nht nh vi nhng c ng khc trong
ngnh ny. Chng hn nh cc chi nhnh c quyn
v cc chi nhnh ca cc cng ty xuyn quc gia c
nhng mi lin h tip th c bit vi dng khch du
lch thin nhin t cc nc cng nghip pht trin v
tp trung vo cc ti sn m h s hu nc ch
nh. Cng nh vy, cc nh t chc dch v du lch
thin nhin ti ch ln thng c nhng nh tr ring
ca h v h tp trung khch ti nhng im ny.
Mc d s qun l, li ch v tc ng ca nhng
hnh thc s hu ring bit ny rt khc nhau, nhng
hnh thc ring bit trong t chc kinh doanh hoc
tc ng ca nhng hnh thc ln tnh cht ca du

lch sinh thi cha c ch ti mt cch c h

thng.
Cc doanh nghip dch v du lch thin nhin
a phng
Cc doanh nghip dch v du lch thin nhin a
phng c th gm chi nhnh a phng ca cng ty
du lch, cc khu bo tn thin nhin t nhn, khch
sn, nh hng, tim ru, dch v giao thng, ngi
bn hng lu nim, hng dn vin v nhng ngi
cung cp dch v gii tr. Nhng nghin cu v cc
chi nhnh ca cng ty du lch a phng hin c:
mt cng trnh iu tra v vic lp k hoch, thit k
kh thi, ti chnh, v tiu chun cng nh nhng
hng dn cn bn cho nhng chi nhnh
ny(Hawkins v cc tc gi khc, 1995); v mt
nh gi chi tit v tm chi nhnh ng k ti vng
A-ma-zn ca Bra-xin (Wallace v Pierce, 1996).
Cng trnh nghin cu ln nht v cc khu bo tn
thin nhin t nhn iu tra 93 khu chu M La
tinh v chu Phi (Alderman, 1990). Mt cng trnh
nghin cu ln khc nh gi 23 d n thc hin theo
mt phng thc tip cn mi gi l cc d n kt
hp bo tn v pht trin (Wells v Brandon, 1993).
Khi xem xt s pht trin kinh t a phng,
bo co ny kt lun rng phn ln s tin khch
thm quan tiu vo vic i li, n, v v vo ca

cng vin u c thu trc tip vo kho bc trung

ng hoc vo cc qu ca cc cng ty t nhn m
cc qu ny u c hng ch min gim.
Nghin cu ny kt lun rng rt him khi c phn
thu nhp no ti c tay ngi dn a phng
(Wells v Brandon, 1993). Mt s nghin cu c
th xem xt nhng tc ng v mt kinh doanh ca
du lch thin nhin i vi nhng a phng nht
nh bao gm: mt nh gi v ngnh du lch v pht
trin kinh doanh a phng sau khi hnh thnh mt
cng vin quc gia Tortuguero, Costa Rica
(Place,1991;1995); mt phn tch v s pht trin
kinh doanh cng vi du lch thin nhin Galapagos
v Monteverde (Honey, 1994); v mt nghin cu
xem xt tc ng ca vic khch tham quan c voi
xm i vi cc doanh nghip a phng Baja
California, (Dedina v Young, 1995). Cng nh
nhng doanh nghip t chc du lch thin nhin khc,
nhng doanh nghip a phng ny cng rt a dng
v hnh thc s hu. Chng hn nh mt chi nhnh
cng ty du lch sinh thi c th thuc s hu mt
cng ty xuyn quc gia, mt doanh nghip t chc du
lch sinh thi ra nc ngoi, mt doanh nghip t
chc du lch sinh thi ti ch ln hoc thuc v mt
gia nh a phng. Mi c rt t nghin cu thc t
v c tnh cht h thng v mc cng nh nh
hng ca nhng mi lin h s hu ny.

Nhng nghin cu c th
v phn tch th trng du lch sinh thi
Phn tch th trng du lch sinh thi
Hnh 1.3
M HNH NH gi th trng
Mi trng kinh doanh
Kt hp th trng
Hot ng du lch sinh thi
Kenya v Costa Rica c ngnh du
lch rt pht trin - ngnh ny l ngun thu nhp quan
trng v sng gi ca cc nc ny. hai nc ny
ngnh du lch l kt qu ca s hp tc thnh cng
gia hai khu vc nh nc v t nhn. Kinh nghim
ca nhng nc ny c th tr thnh nhng ch dn
hu ch cho s pht trin v hot ng ca cc th
trng du lch sinh thi quc gia (Eagles v cc tc
gi khc, 1992).
Hnh 1.3 cho thy mt m hnh nh gi mt th
trng du lch. Yu t trung tm ca m hnh ny l
s phi hp trong th trng ca gi c, qung co,
sn phm v a im, nhng vn nu to nn nn
tng ca sn phm du lch. Gi c ca sn phm lun

lun l im quan trng trong quyt nh ca khch

hng. Mc qung co cng nh hng ti s
mong i ca khch hng. Sn phm - chuyn i - b
nh hng bi rt nhiu nhn t, trong c nguyn
tc hot ng ca nhng doanh nghip v cc c
quan nh nc tham gia vo qu trnh ny. a im
rt quan trng trong du lch sinh thi bi v tnh cht
ca a im du lch nh hng rt ln ti kt qu
chuyn i. Hai thnh t, mi trng kinh doanh bn
ngoi v vic thc hin chuyn du lch sinh thi cng
nh hng ti mi kt hp trong th trng ny.
Thnh t th nht, mi trng kinh doanh bao gm
nhng nhn t c tnh cht ngoi cnh i vi ngi
t chc du lch, chng hn nh nhu cu ca th trng
(nhng cng ty c th phn ln hn trong th trng
c th nh hng ti nhu cu thng qua vic qung
co), nhng dch v hin c sn, hay l iu kin
chnh tri v kinh t bn ngoi. Rt nhiu hng cung
cp dch v cho khch - mt s dch v ny do cc
doanh nghip t chc du lch sinh thi iu hnh,
mc d rt nhiu dch v l do cc hng khc cung
cp - chng hn nh cc cng ty vn ti. Cc iu
kin ngoi cnh bao gm thi gian v thng tin c
c, s tin cn phi chi, bi cnh chnh tr nc
, v mt iu kin ngoi cnh quan trng na l
mc cnh tranh c c sn phm du lch .
Mt nc c nhng kh nng nht nh, chng hn

nh kinh nghim qun l, nhng kh nng ny ph

thuc vo ngun v nhn lc c c trong nc.
Thnh t th hai l vic iu hnh chuyn du lch
sinh thi. Vic cung cp du lch sinh thi cho khch
do doanh nghip t chc du lch iu hnh v l yu
t b cc nguyn tc qun l kinh doanh tiu chun
nh hng nhiu nht trong du lch sinh thi. Thng
thng, sau khi tin hnh chuyn i th ngi ta phn
tch cc d liu nh gi ci tin ton b sn
phm. Khung nh gi th trng ny c s dng
m t ngnh du lch sinh thi ca c Kenya v
Costa Rica.
Th trng du lch sinh thi Kenya

Nm 1994, ngnh du lch l ngun xut khu ln nht

ca Kenya, ng gp 35% thu nhp ngoi t v 11%
tng sn phm quc dn ca nc ny (KK
Consulting, 1996). Ngnh du lch thin nhin ny tp
trung ch yu vo cc khu vn ng vt khoang d
v b bin n dng ca Kenya. Nm 1996, cc
cng vin quc gia v khu bo tn vui chi (c din
tch 35.037km2), chim 6% din tch nc ny
(World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1997).
Ngoi ra Kenya c 50 khu bo tn vui chi ca t
nhn vi tng tch 12.211km2, chim 2,1% din tch

c nc (Watkins v cc tc gi khc, 1996). Nm

1994, 55% khch du lch nc ngoi ti Kenya l t
chu u, 8% l t Bc M, 6% t chu A v 29% t
chu Phi (KK Consulting, 1996).
Western (1997) nhn thy rng Kenya c c nhng
nt hay nht v ti t nht ca du lch thin nhin.
Nhng yu t tch cc bao gm vic bo v mt s
ln cc khu thin nhin c cnh quan hp dn, c
c hnh nh rng ri trn th trng th gii, ngn
sch chi cho cc cng vin hon ton do thu nhp
bng du lch cung cp, v c mc li nhun ng k
c dnh cho cc cng ng a phng. Nhng
yu t tiu cc bao gm tc ng n mi trng do
mt khch ng v s dng cng vin thiu s
qun l cht ch, s xung cp ca c s h tng ca
cc cng vin do thiu ti u t, thiu nh tr v
gim st nhng ngi t chc du lch do chnh tr b
bi, v qu ch trng ti vic tham quan ch mt s t
ng vt c v ln. Western (1997) cho rng nhng
yu t tiu cc ny ny sinh l do thiu tm nhn xa,
thiu k hoch v lut php - nhng vn hin nay
ang c gii quyt thng qua hnh ng ca chnh
ph.
Nhu cu th trng - Khch du lch sinh thi tm
kim g Kenya? Tht l ngc nhin rt t nghin cu
tin c tin hnh v ng c du lch. Tuy nhin

Ballantine (1991) nghin cu v du khch Ca-na-a

ti Kenya trong 3 nm trc do Cu lc b
African Safari, mt trong nhng cng ty du lch ln
nht Kenya tin hnh. Bng 1.1 cho thy nhng ng
c x hi quan trng nht ca nhng du khch ny.
Bng 1.1
NHNG NG C X hi quan trng i vi du
khch n tham quan Kenya c iu tra
NH phong cnh v i sng hoang d
Hc hi v t nhin
Tri nghim cch sng mi v khc l
Xem cho bit ti mc nhiu nht c th c
Tham quan nhng a im lch s quan trng

Ballantine (1991) nhn thy nhng du khch ny

quan tm ti vic ngm cnh, hc hi v chp nh.
H cng mun tri nghim cch sng ca ngi a
phng bi v Kenya c coi l mt nc c tm
quan trng lch s. H mun thc hin tt c nhng
vic ny mt cch c hiu qu, mun xem cng nhiu
cng tt trong thi gian du lch nc ny. ng c
quan trng nht thu ht khch ti Kenya l thin
nhin (bng 1.2). Tham quan cc cng vin v khu
bo tn ny khch s c xem nhng loi th v
chim p ca chu Phi. Rt nhiu ngi nh gi cao
thin nhin y trong rng rm nhit i v
mung th hoang d c a ln hng u.

Bng 1.2
NHNG NG C thu htquan trng i vi
Cc cng vin quc gia v khu bo tn
S hoang d
Th
Chim
Rng nhit i

du khch n tham quan Kenya c iu tra

Nhng du khch ny c trnh hc vn cao, 46,6%

trong s h c t nht mt bng i hc. C th so
snh vi trnh ca dn Ca-na-a ni chung: nm
1991 11,4% nhng ngi t 15 tui tr ln c mt
bng i hc (Colombo, 1994). Tui trung bnh ca
khch du lch l 49 trong c 55% l n.
Chn dung x hi hc ca du khch vi nhng tnh
cch thch hc hi, chp nh, v tm kim nhng tri

nghim mi, kt hp vi ng c thu ht l thin

nhin hoang d, c bit gn lin vi trnh hc vn
cao. L do ca mi lin h ny cha c bit r v
y l lnh vc phong ph cho vic nghin cu v
ngnh du lch.
Cc hng du lch, dch v v iu kin ngoi cnh
- C quan chnh ph chu trch nhim v du lch
Kenya l B Du Lch v Thin nhin hoang d. C
quan Dch v Thin nhin hoang d Kenya (KWS)
chu trch nhim qun l cc cng vin quc gia v
khu bo tn vui chi. Chc nng mt c quan tng
i c lp ca chnh ph cho php KWS hot ng
nh mt cng ty, c th gi li c mt phn tin
cc vn quc gia thu c. Ngun thu t nc
ngoi l mt ngun thu nhp quan trng. KWS gn
y lp v du lch, v ny s ng mt vai tr
quan trng trong vic tip th v qung co du lch
(Sindiga, 1995).
Nhn t then cht trong du lch sinh thi Kenya l
nhng vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin
hoang d c th gii bit ting. Nhng ci tn
nh Amboseli, Nakuru, Tsavo v Maasai Mara u
c bit ti rng ri. Do C quan Dch v Thin
nhin hoang d Kenya l mt c quan ngoi chnh
ph, n c lp vi chnh ph v mt ti chnh. Do
, KWS c th ng vai tr ca mt cng ty du lch

sinh thi, nhng v mt hnh chnh li khc xa so vi

cc c quan qun l cng vin quc gia c chc nng
c quan nh nc. Phn ln cc hot ng du lch t
nhn Kenya u ph thuc rt nhiu vo s bo v
v qun l nhng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phc
v cho du lch trong lc a ca khu vc c quan nh
nc.
Cng ty Pht trin du lch Kenya (KTDC - Kenya
Tourist Development Coporation) l mt cng ty ca
nh nc c mc tiu l pht trin ngnh du lch,
khuyn khch s quan tm trong nc nhiu hn i
vi ngnh du lch, v khuyn khch du lch ni a.
T khi c thnh lp theo mt o lut ca ngh
vin nm 1965, KTDC thc hin trch nhim ca
mnh thng qua vic u t chng khon, cho vay
mang tnh cht thng mi v cc dch v khuyn
khch pht trin du lch. Nu ngi ta thc hin
nh d dnh, KTDC s c chuyn thnh mt
ngn hng pht trin du lch (Sindiga, 1997).
Nm 1996, Ban du lch Kenya c chnh ph
thnh lp nhm mc ch qung co v tip th, phi
hp vic qun l ti nguyn v nng cao nng lc
(Redfern, 1996; Western, 1997). Khu vc t nhn
tip tc ng vai tr ch o, thng qua a s thnh
vin v c l qua u t ti chnh. Thnh phn ban
u trong ban c s hin din p o ca chnh ph,

trong c gim c KWS v ba th k thng trc.

Tuy nhin, t khi ban ny c cng b nm 1996 th
a v ca ban ny v cha c chnh thc ha
thng qua quy nh hay mt o lut ca ngh vin;
cng cha c quy nh r rng ban ny s c cung
cp ti chnh nh th no (Sindiga, 1997).
Ngnh du lch sinh thi pht trin bng chnh s hp
dn ca thin nhin v nhng c gng ca rt nhiu
cc t chc t nhn (C quan tnh bo kinh t Economist Intelligence Unit, 1991).
Cu lc b du lch lc a chu Phi (ASC - African
Safari Club), mt trong nhng t chc du lch v
khch sn ln nht Kenya, l mt t chc nh vy.
ASC s hu 15 khch sn trn b n dng, mt
chi nhnh du lch lc a Nairobi v mt tri du lch
lc a Khu bo tn vui chi Maasai Mara. Cu lc
b ny phc v xe c, n v cho hn 50.000 khch
mt nm (Bell, 1990). Bng vic b tr du lch ra c
bi bin v trong lc a, ASC phc v nhiu
chng trnh p ng nhng nhu cu a dng
ca du khch. Cng ty ny l mt v d ca khu vc
du lch t nhn vi s kt hp ngnh dc v c
Ballantine (1991) chn nghin cu chi tit.
Nm 1996, Hi du lch sinh thi Kenya c thnh
lp qung co v gip cc d n du lch sinh
thi ca cng ng, xut bn lut ng x tron du lch

sinh thi, v thit lp quy trnh kim ton khng

nh cam kt ca ngnh du lch sinh thi trong vic
bo v mi trng (Opala, 1996). Nhng t chc nh
vy c th ng vai tr ngi mi gii trung thc
trong ngnh du lch ca c nh nc v t nhn. T
chc ny cng c th a ra, thc hin v gim st
nhng tiu chun v hnh vi i vi mi trng trong
ngnh du lch.
Ngnh du lch Kenya pht trin trong hon cnh mt
chnh ph n nh v hnh chnh nh nc hot ng
tt. S lng khch du lch nc ngoi tng t
346.000 nm 1977, ln nh cao l 870.000 khch
nm 1994, v gim xung ng k vi 688.000 khch
nm 1995 (KK Consulting, 1996). S gim st ng
k s lng khch du lch t sau nm 1995 l do cc
phng tin thng tin i chng tuyn truyn qu
nhiu v nhng bt n chnh tr v bo lc Kenya.
Trong khi s lng khch du lch ti Kenya gim st
th lng khch ti Tanzania li tng ln, cho thy s
chuyn hng t Kenya sang nc lng ging pha
nam.
Rt nhiu nh t chc du lch Kenya l cc cng ty
tng hp cung cp cho khch nhiu dng dch v
khc nhau trong c phng nhng vng khc
nhau ca Kenya, i li trong nc bng xe nh, xe ti
v my bay, du lch trn t lin khp nc, v

hng lot chng trnh gii tr. Nhng cng ty ny

p ng tt c nhng nhu cu ca khch trong thi
gian Kenya, cch tip cn ny dn n tng li
nhun cao hn cho cc cng ty du lch, nhng li ch
tp trung s thu nhp ny trong tay mt s t ngi.
C quan dch v thin nhin hoang d ca Kenya
qun l cc cng vin ca Kenya, lo vic an ninh, v
phc khch du lch tham quan cc cnh p thin
nhin bng cch bo dng h thng ng x v
mt s bi cm tri th s trong khu vc cng vin.
Dch v do c quan ny cung cp khng bao gm
phin dch hay cc dch v du lch c bn khc m
mt s c quan qun l cng vin nhiu nc khc
phc v. Ni chung, c quan ny v nhn vin ca h
t khi giao tip vi du khch. Tuy nhin, vic thit lp
mt b phn du lch trong KWS bo hiu s c th c
s chuyn i sang vic cung cp dch v du lch
(Sindiga, 1997).
Kt hp th trng: sn phm, gi c, qung co
v a im - Trn 95% khch ca ASC l t cc
nc chu u ti. Khong 63% nhng du khch ny
i theo kiu tham quan thin nhin hoang d trn t
lin, v nhng ngi cn li th ti cc khch sn bn
b bin n dng (Bell, 1990). Mc d khch Cana-a ch chim mt t nh trong tng s khch ca
ASC, mt trm phn trm trong s h tham gia t

nht mt chuyn tham quan trn t lin. H cng

dnh kh nhiu thi gian (35%) ngh cc khu bi
bin. S kt hp tt gia gi thp v chuyn i gi tr
l mt trong nhng l do u tin khin du khch Cana-a chn ASC cho chuyn i ca h ti Kenya
(Ballantine, 1991).
Thi gian trung bnh du khch Kenya dao ng
gia 11 v 17 ngy, ph thuc vo thi gian trong
nm v quc tch ca khch (KK Consulting,
1996).
Khng c con s thng k v tui v s tin du khch
chi tiu trung bnh Kenya (KK Consulting, 1996).
Tuy nhin, Ballantine (1991) nhn thy l thu nhp
trung bnh ca gia nh du khch Ca-na-a l
C$72.523 (US$61.460), cao hn rt nhiu so vi thu
nhp bnh qun ca cc h gia nh Ca-na-a nm
1989 l C$53.131 (US$41.519) (Colombo, 1994).
Trung bnh, mi du khch tiu C$9.391 (US$7.959)
vo vic du lch trong nm trc (Ballantine,
1991) v tiu trung bnh C$7.042 (US$5.968) trong
chuyn i ti Kenya. Trung bnh chuyn i di
khong 21.4 ngy, suy ra mi ngy chi tiu khong
C$329 (US$279). Trong khi iu ny lm cho ngi
ta c cm tng chuyn i nh th ny l t,
Ballantine nhn thy rng s ngi m h iu tra
thng xuyn tiu s tin nh vy khi i du lch. Cn

phi nhn ra rng mt phn ln s tin ny l tiu

ngoi Kenya (chng hn mua v my bay quc t).
Vn r r kinh t l mt vn quan trng cn
nghin cu nhiu hn.
i vi khch du lch sinh thi, cht lng sn phm
(c xc nh bao gm c cnh sc thin nhin hp
dn, nhiu c hi hc hi v dch v phc v khch
du lch hiu qu) cng quan trng nh gi thnh sn
phm.
Trong nhng nm u, cc cng vin v khu bo tn
vui chi Kenya l do ngn sch nh nc chi, dn
n tnh trng thiu ht ngn sch v qun l km
cc khu ny. T nm 1993, v vo ca cng vin
tng t US$5 ln US$20 mt ngy i vi du khch
nc ngoi. S tin ny c C quan dch v thin
nhin hoang d Kenya gi li chi cho vic qun l
cc khu ny v ti tr cho cc cng ng a
phng khu vc xung quanh (Christ, 1994), kt qu
l ngn sch cn i hn nhiu.
T trc ti gi, Kenya c qung co thng qua
li truyn ming ca du khch v cc hot ng khc
nhau ca khi t nhn (KK Consulting, 1996).
(Chnh ph hu nh khngqung co g). Kenya cng
c h thng thng tin i chng ni chung v
thng tin mi trng qung co khng cng kh
khiu (Redfern, 1996). Sch, cc tc phm ngh thut

v phim nh v thin nhin hoang d Kenya cng

rt ph bin v l ngun thng tin phong ph i vi
khch du lch sinh thi tim tng. Ballantine (1991)
nhn thy rng nhng khch du lch m ng iu tra
cho thy ngun thng tin trc chuyn i ph bin
nht bao gm sch hng dn du lch, i l du lch
v cc bi trn tp ch (Bng 1.3).
Tuy nhin, nhng ngun thng tin quan trng nht
khng nht thit l nhng ngun c s dng nhiu
nht. C sch hng dn du lch v i l du lch
thng xuyn c du khch tham kho, nhng li
nm gn cui danh mc xp theo tm quan trng i
vi khch hng. Yu t c nh hng ln hn li l
nhng li truyn ming v thng tin t cc phng
tin thng tin i chng (k c phim nh) - nhng
ngun m nh cung cp dch v du lch kh c th
nh hng ti c.
Nghin cu ny cng thy rng nhng khch du lch
ny thng nm trong cc t chc bo v thin nhin
hoang d hoc tham quan ngoi tri v 43% s khch
tr li l thnh vin ca t nht mt hi bo tn
thin nhin (Ballantine, 1991). Nh vy, r rng l
cc hng du lch c th nhm vo nhng nhm c th
ny bng cch qung co thng qua cc t chc tham
quan ngoi tri.
Bng 3.1

Ngun

Phn trm Tm quan trng

Sch nh qung co du lch

83
0.79
i l du lch

79
0.52
Cc bi vit ng trn tp ch


67
0.84
Sch

57
1.02
Bo

56
0.97
Phim


5
5
1.06
Bn b v gia nh

55
1.75
Cc bi vit ng trn tp ch chuyn ngnh

42
0.12
Cc ngun khc

35

1.67
* S phn trm ngi tham gia iu tra s dng
ngun thng tin
** Xp hng do ngi tham gia iu tra thc hin vi
t l 0 - 3 vi 3 l quan trng nht.

CC NGUN THNG TIN V KENYA

Hot ng du lch sinh thi - KENYA c mt c s
h tng phc v du lch sinh thi da c vo khu vc
t nhn ln khu vc Nh nc. Khu vc Nh nc
cung cp cc cng vin, vic bo v ng vt hoang

d, qun l danh lam thng cnh v phn ln cc tin

ngh nh ng b. Khu vc t nhn cung cp ch ,
dch v hng dn, thc phm v qung co.
Westen (1997) c ti liu chng minh cho s pht
trin gn y ca cc nh ngh sinh thi v cc khu
bo tn ng vt hoang d do t nhn v cng ng
qun l trn ton lnh th Kenya. Ngi ta cng nhn
thy mt vi khu mi c t cch xa cc vn
Quc gia,trn nhng tri gia sc t nhn v t ca
cng ng v hon ton do ngi i phng iu
hnh , cung cp nhng dch v c nhn cht lng
cao cho khch du lch. Nhng sng kin a phng
nh vy c chnh sch ca Chnh ph khuyn
khch nhm to ra cc im du lch sinh thi a
dng phc v cho li ch ca vic bo tn ng vt
hoang d v cc cng ng a phng.
nh gi th trng du lch sinh thi ca Kenya
- C bao nhiu khch du lch iu tra l
khch du lch sinh thi ? Ballantine v Eagles (1994)
pht hin thy 84% ngi c iu tra p ng cc
tiu chun c ng c x hi (tm hiu v thin
nhin ) ng c v s hp dn ca khu vc (thm cc
khu vc cm hoang s hoc cc vng hoang d ) v
c s cam kt v thi gian ( s dng trung bnh 33%
thi gia ca chuyn i vo cuc hnhc trnh ng
b trong cng vin ng vt hoang d sng ngoi tri

) v do h c xp hng l khch du lch sinh

thi. Vic s dng ng c x hi, ng c v s hp
dn v s cam kt v thi gian trong vic nh ngha
khch du lch sinh thi thu ht s quan tm ca
nhng ngi mun phn bit khch du lch sinh thi
vi s khch du lch ni chung.
Nhng khch du lch sinh thi Kenya ny cng
lin quan n cc hot ng v a im vt ra
ngoi khun kh du lch sinh thi. Mt s n
thm bi bin, mt s i xem cc s kin vn ho,
mt s i mua hng. Mc d s an xen cc ng c
du lch vo hot ng ny gp phn lm phc tp
vic nh ngha v qun l du lch sinh thi nhng ni
chung thng tin c th dng cho vic phn loi thi
trng.
Cc khch du lch n Kenya cng vi ASC rt hi
lng vi phn ln nhng g h tri qua. H th
hin s tho mn vi c thng tin trc chuyn i
cng nh cc dch v trong chuyn i. iu lm h
hi lng nht l cc thng tin c cung cp trong
chuyn i, thi tit v ch . H khng oc hi lng
lm vi tin tc v cc vn bo tn, thc n, trnh
t chc cng nh dch v hng dn. R rng l
trong nhm ngi ny mun tm kim nhng thng
tin v bo tn v cc dch v phin dch cht lng
cao hn nhng g m h c Cng ty du lch ca

h cung cp. Nhng khch du lch c cc ng c

du lch sinh thi ny c mong mun nhn mnh kha
cnh gio dc mi trng. Tuy nhin vic ASC cung
cp c cc hot ng du lch bi bin cng nh hnh
trnh ng b trong cng vin c ng vt hoang d
sng ngoi tri c th dn ti vic lm yu i s tp
trung vo mt mi trng (Ballantine, 1991).
Rt nhiu cng ty du lch Kenya s dng hng
dn vin du lch kim ti x, phn ln nhng ngi
ny c o to v sa cha xe c nhiu hn l du
lch hoc sinh thi. Vic s dng nhng hng dn
vin c o to chuyn nghip s tn nhiu tin
hn do vy c th s gim li nhun (Sindiga,1997).
R rng c c hi v th trng cho cc cng ty du
lch c s dng cc hng dn vin c chnh thc
cng nhn nu h qung co iu ny vi khch hng
tng lai.
Vin tr Quc t, cc t chc bo tn v cho vay
ng vai tr quan trng trong vic qun l cc vn
quc gia v cc ngnh cng nghip du lch sinh thi
ca h nhiu nc m Kenya l mt v d in
hnh. Trong cc nm gn y, thay v nhn mnh c
bit vo s bo tn nghim ngt ngi ta chuyn
sang nhn mnh s pht trin lu bn v du lch sinh
thi l mt phng tin quan trng tin ti vic
pht trin kinh t lu di, mt hot ng ng k v

xy dng kh nng qun l du lch c khi

xng. iu ny gn hot ng bo tn vi vic tp
trung pht trin kinh t.
Kenya l mt nc hng u v cung cp du lch
ng vt hoang d Chu phi. Western (1997) cho
thy khch ti du lch Kenya hi lng v quang
cnh thin nhin v s a dng ngon mc y hn
bt c nc Chu phi no khc. Tuy nhin cc nc
khc nh Tanzania, Botswana v Nam phi cng ang
khng ngng tng cng cnh tranh mt cch c hiu
qu i vi Kenya. Song s tho mn ca khch du
lch i vi sn phm du lch sinh thi Kenya hoc
cc ni khc Chu phi t c nghin cu mt cch
c h thng, hoc nu c th cng l rt him v
nhng cng trnh nghin cu b hn ch nhiu v
mt a l.
Trong phm vi Chu phi c nhng nc cung cp s
kt hp hon ho nht cc hot ng lin quan ti
ng vt hoang d, chi ph ca chuyn i v cht
lng ca dch v s dnh c th phn ln nht.
Tt c cc t chc Nh nc cng nh t nhn c th
s dng cc chng trnh nh gi theo di cc
dch v ca h nhm c gng p ng tt hn na
nhu cu ca khch hng. thi im hin ti
mc nh gi chng trnh ca ngnh cng nghip
sinh thi rt thp c th Kenya v ni chung trn

ton Chu phi. iu th v l ch cc nh hot ng

t nhn xng xo Nam phi ang tr nn ni bt
v ang cnh tranh ro rit vi nhiu vng quc gia
nh s qun l hiu qu ca h.
Th trng du lch sinh thi Costa Rica
Trong thi gian 9 nm, t 1986 - 1995, s khch
du lch nc ngoi vo Costa Rica tng t 260840 ln
792.287, con s sau to ra tng thu nhp trc tip l
661,3 triu USD. Nm 1992, ngnh du lch vt
ln trn ngnh xut khu chui, tr thnh hot ng
kinh t quan trng nht trong nc v lnh vc thu
ngoi hi v to vic lm. Ngnh du lch chim 19,4
% thu nhp t xut khu ca c nc nm 1995, 8,9
% tng sn phm quc ni nm 1994 v chim 12%
lc lng lao ng. Nm 1995 s khch n sn
bay quc t chnh cho thy 56% khch n t Bc
M; 20% n t CHU u; 9% n t Trung M v
2% n t Chu (Budowski,1996; Monet,
1996 ).
Th trng du lch ca Costa Rica da vo s kt hp
gia phiu lu nh nhng vi du lch sinh thi v
thin nhin. Mt mt quan trng ca tnh hnh du lch
sinh thi l mi quan h qua li gia du lch sinh
thi v du lch i chng. V du lch sinh thi din ra
nhiu vng cy xanh ca Costa Rica nn phm vi
v phn b ca cc gii php du lch khch vi du

lch i chng v du lch thin v mi trng l rt

quan trng, nhng cng rt kh nh ngha. Khng
ging nh cc nc khc, ti Costa Rica nhng nh
gi c lp v bo v mi trng c tin hnh
nhm phc v cho nhiu hot ng du lch sinh thi
khch nhau trong nc. V d nh cng trnh nh
gi cht lng cao v i mi c Blake v Becher
tin hnh nm 1997. Cng c lc thnh cng ca
du lch v du lch sinh thi Costa Rica gy sc
p ngy cng tng i vi ti nguyn thin nhin v
ngun nhn lc (Hill, 1990). V d, s ni ting v
s pht trin ca cc thnh ph Monteverde, Manuel
antonio, Tortngero v cc khu vc khc gy sc
p i vi mi trng v ngi lm cng. Honey
(1994 ) v Morrison (1994 ) nu ra sc p cng
thng xung quanh vic ngy cng tr nn ni ting v
tc ng ca du lch sinh thi i vi Monteverde.
Plaeu's (1995) cng xem xt mt cch chi tit nhng
th thch m thnh ph Tortuguero phi i mt.
Ngi ta cng quan tm n mt hip hi cc khu du
lch gia nh mi c t chc gn y mang tn
TUR-CASA. Hi ny th hin n lc sng to nhm
tng phn thu nhp t du lch cho ph n Costa
Rica (Shumakher1995 ).
Du lch Costa Rica pht trin rt nhanh. Phn
ln s pht trin gn y l tp trung vo xu hng
du lch bi bin dc theo b bin Thi Bnh Dng

v Caribe. Nhng s tin ln do u t nc ngoi

mang li, gi t tng nhanh v s pht trin tp trung
th hin c im ca xu hng ny. Nhiu ngi
quan tm n du lch sinh thi cm thy y l mt
hng i khng may mn v h t hi khng bit
phong tro chuyn t du lch sinh thi sang cc hnh
thc du lch khc c phi l mt xu hng c th s
lp li ni no khc na khng (Epler - Wood
1997).
Nhu cu th trng - cc khch du lch sinh thi ang
tm kim ci g Ces Bariea? Fennell (1990) nghin
cu nhng ngi Ca-na-a tng i du lch Ces
Bariea 5 nm trc vi 9 cng ty Du lch. Tt c
cc tua du lch u c hng dn. Bng 1.4 lit k 5
mc tiu x hi quan trng nht ca cc tua du lch
ny.
Bng 1.4
Nhng mc tiu x hi quan trng i vi cc khch
du lch n thm Costa Rica.
(Nhng ngi c iu tra)
Tm hiu v thin nhin
Chp nh phong cnh v ng
vt hoang d
Xem cng nhiu cng tt
Hot ng c bp nhiu

Gp nhng ngi c cng s

thch
i vi cc khch du lch ny tm hiu v thin nhin
l ng c quan trng nht v vy cc hot ng
nhm to iu kin tm hiu c nh gi cao. Chp
nh l mt phng php gi gn nhng kinh nghim
qu bu v c xem nh mt hnh thc hc tp.
Mong mun c xem cng nhiu cng tt trong
khong thi gian c hn gi phng php s
dng k ngh mt cch tch cc v khn trng.
Nhng ngi ny mun hot ng lin tc v hc
c nhng iu mi l. S liu cng cho thy h
nh gi cao s c mt ca cc khch du lch hot
bt yu thin nhin c cng s thch khc.
Bng 1.5 lit k nhng im hp dn quan trng nht
i vi cc khch du lch ny. Rng nhit i l im
hp dn s 1. Nhng khch du lch sinh thi ny rt
quan tm n cy hoa v chim mung. c trong
nhng khu rng hoang s l iu rt quan trng i
vi h c bit l nhng khu bo tn. Fennell (1990)
pht hin ra 55% s ngi c t nht 1 bng i
hc so vi khong 11,5% s ngi Ca-na-a trn 15
tui c 1 bng i hc (s liu nm 1991, Colombo
1994). R rng nhng khch du lch sinh thi ny
thuc nhm ngi c trnh vn ha cao vi tui
trung bnh l 54, v 55% s h l n ng.
Bng 1.5

CC IM HP DN QUAN TRNG NHT I

VI
KHCH DU LCH N COSTA RICA
Rng nhit i
Khu vc hoang s
Cy v hoa
Vn quc gia v khu bo tn
Cc loi chim
S kt hp ca cc ng c x hi (c m t thng
qua tm hiu, chp nh) v ng c sc thu ht
(da trn bn cht v cp cao ca mt nn gio
dc chnh thng) l c im in hnh ca cc
khch du lch sinh thi - nhng ngi trc y b
thu ht bi nhng im ang pht trin. Nm 1990,
Costa Rica bt u thu ht khch du lch t nhiu khu
vc. Nhng ngi ny cng quan tm n thin
nhin song h quan tm nhiu hn ti s thoi mi,
v h mun ngh ngi th gin trong chuyn i ca
mnh. H k vng nhiu hn s phc v, t khoan
dung i vi vn ha a phng v cng khng sn
sng tham gia cc hot ng ca nhng du khch du
lch sinh thi khc (Horizontes Nature Tours,
1996). S chuyn i t loi khch du lch sinh
thi ht nhn sang loi linh hot l ng
nhin khi c s thay i loi hnh t du lch mo
him trc y sang du lch sinh thi v du lch i
chng.

Cc hng du lch, dch v v iu kin ngoi cnh:

B du lch Costa Rica, Cc Du lch Quc gia Costa
Rica ng vai tr chnh trong vic cung cp thng tin
qung co v cc dch v c s h tng cho ngnh
cng nghip ny. Dch v vn quc gia chu trch
nhim bo dng cc vn quc gia v bo tn ng
vt hoang s.
Khu vc t nhn phi gnh chu trch nhim i vi
ngnh du lch. N p ng nhu cu v vn chuyn
thc phm, ch ca khch du lch (Fenrell v
Eagles, 1990). Rovinski (1991) miu t nhng khu
bo tn t nhn c nht v nh do Cng ty Du lch
sinh thi Costa Rica iu hnh. Khu bo tn ln nht,
mt t hp bao gm khu bo tn rng Monteverde
Cloud, rng nhit i ca tr em v khu bo tn
Santa Flena vi din tch 29.000ha rng ni c gi tr
(Bodowski, 1996) c th p ng nhu cu du lch ca
15.000 khch mi nm.
t lu Costa Rica l mt th ch dn ch n nh
nm trong mt vng y nhng bin ng chnh
tr. iu ny c cc khch du lch tng lai nhn
bit rt r v n cng gp phn to ra mt hnh tng
du lch tch cc. Bo co quc gia v du lch ca
Costa Rica (khng r tc gi, 1987) cho thy rng du
lch vi s thch c bit phi tr thnh mt nhn
t chnh trong ngnh cng nghip du lch ca t
nc, v cc hot ng nh: xem chim, i b trn
sng, chp nh cnh thin nhin v cu c bin

khi c bit thch hp vi ni ny. Tuy vy

Rovinski (1991) bo co rng du lch sinh thi khng
phi l mt vn c u tin trong ngn sch ca
Cc Du lch. Mu thun gia nhng ngi s dng
v s xung cp v mi trng cc khu vc c
s dng nhiu gy ra nhiu tranh ci. Sc p v th
trng tng th hin nhng im sau: nm 1993
c 3.000 phng khch sn c xy dng, kh nhiu
trong s nm ngay bn ngoi khu bo tn gy
tc ng tiu cc ln mi trng cc khu vc c
s dng nhiu. Vn ny Vn quc gia
Manuel Antio tr nn nghim trng (Norris 1994)
song cha c gii quyt.
Budowski (1996) ghi li nhng vn cn quan
tm ti pht trin du lch Costa Rica: 1) du lch
pht trin nhanh khng c lp k hoch cn thn.
V d: dch v khch sn c mc cung vt qu
cu; 2) cc vn quc gia v khu bo tn ng vt
hoang d c thit k s si phc v khch du
lch. Cn c h thng ng mn tt hn, ci trung
tm dch v tt hn cng nh cn c s gip chu
o hn km theo vic hun luyn cc hng dn
vin a phng, tng thm thi gian cc cuc i
thm v to thun li cho vic vo cc vn quc
gia; 3) cn c tin pht trin cc dch v ny; 4)
vic qung co khng ph hp cng l mt kh
khn. Rt nhiu cc ti liu qung cao ng hnh
nhng con mo to v d nh bo gm nhng thc t

rt t khi nhn thy chng trong rng nhit i.

Qung co cng thng ng thng bo l c 2.500
nghn loi ng vt c v nhng 105 loi trong s
l di v rt nhiu loi thuc h gm nhm.
Nhng loi ny khch du lch khng thch xem lm.
Rt nhiu loi hoa di nh phong lan th sng trn
cy v i vi khch du lch i di t th tht kh
m nhn thy c chng. Nhng chi tit qung
co khoa trng qu ny to ra nhng k vng khng
thc t cho nhiu khch du lch ; 5) mt s doanh
nghip du lch quc t v a phng s dng mc du
lch sinh thi khng ph hp, gy ra s ri lon trn
th trng v gy bc mnh cho nhng du khch
mun tham gia nhng hot ng cht lng cao; 6)
v cui cng vic m bo an ninh cho khch du lch
v ti sn ca h gn y h tr thnh mt
vn ng quan tm
Costa Rica cng b cc nc lng ging c ngun ti
nguyn tng t cnh tranh; Belize, Ecuador v
Venezuela l cc v d in hnh. Tuy nhin khng
mt nc no trong s c c s kt hp tinh t
ca cc vn quc gia, cc l du lch sinh thi
chuyn bit, cc hng dn vin c hiu bit v thin
nhin, cc c s nghin cu khoa hc, s quan tm
n thin nhin ca cc phng tin truyn thng i
chng v s iu hnh du lch tm c quc t nh
Costa Rica.

Kt hp th trng: sn phm, gi, qung co a im - Nguyn nhn chnh lm nn thnh cng

ca ngnh du lch snh thi Costa Rica l cc khu bo
tn thin nhin tuyt p ca nc ny, cc vn
quc gia v khu bo tn hoang d c nht v nh
cha ng nhng h sinh thi nhit i th v v
ngon mc (Boza, 1988). Nm 1991 mt na s
khch du lch nc ngoi ca Costa Rica n thm
vn quc gia hoc khu bo tn thin nhin (Epler
Wood, 1993). Cc vn quc gia chu trch nhim
i vi vic thit lp v qun l cc vn quc gia v
ni n np ca ng vt hoang d. Vai tr ca n l
bo v v vy n cung cp rt t dch v cho khch du
lch. Nhiu nh ngh du lch sinh thi quc gia ch
cung cp thc phm, ch v cc dch v thng tin
khng c sn trong vn.
Mt lot cc cng ty t nhn khc nhau cung cp
nhng dch v c bn cho khch du lch sinh thi. C
rt nhiu cng ty xe but v du lch tham gia hot
ng ny. Hng t hng dn vin du lch c lp
cung cp dch v cho cc cng ty du lch v khch du
lch c lp (Rovinski, 1991). Gn 90% khch sn l
cc nh ngh theo ma c nh v cc qun tr di
60 phng. Chng nm ri rc khp t nc v nhiu
nh ngh do Nh nc qun l. Ngoi ra, mt s
vng c dch v t nhn a phng pht trin mnh:
nhiu ngi s hu tu thy nh, tc xi, nga, tim
n cc loi ti nh. Nhng doanh nghip a phng

ny vi c ch hot ng quy m nh ang lan rng

to ra nhiu vic lm v c tc ng kinh t tch
cc trn ton t nc (Budowski, 1996)
C rt t ti liu xut bn ni v s lng, quy m
hoc cu trc ca cc doanh nghip du lch snh thi
trong phm vi Costa Rica. Cuc iu tra ca Baez
(1993) l mt trong s t cc cng trnh nghin cu
tI khu vc c bit ny. Cuc iu tra ny ch ra
s khc bit rrong quy m ca cc doanh nghip du
lch sinh thi. Trong s by doanh nghip cho
bit rng h c t 1-5 ngi lm cng, bn doanh
nghip c t 6-10 ngi lm cng, 4 doanh nghip c
t 11-20 ngi lm cng (Baez, 1993). Su doanh
nghip ln nht vi 11 ngi lm cng tr ln thu
hn 2/3 th trng lao ng trong lnh vc ny.
Fennell (1990) pht hin ra rng thu nhp trung bnh
ca mt gia nh khch du lch Ca-na-a l 69.295
la Ca-na-a (tng ng vi 58.725 la M), cao
hn hn thu nhp trung bnh ca Ca-na-a nm 1991
(lc l 53.151 la Ca-na-a tng ng vi
41.519 la M) (Colombia, 1994). Khch du lch
ngh tI cc khch sn sinh thi trong khong thi
gian trung bnh l 14,4 ngy. Trong thi gian ny h
tiu trung bnh khong 2.140 la Ca-na-a (1.814
la M) hoc 152 la Ca-na-a (129 la M)
mt ngy. Khon tin ny tng t nh s tin 148
la M m khch du lch i thm him ca Ca-naa tiu (Rovinski, 1991) v nhiu hn s tin 85

 la M mt ngy m ngi Costa Rica tiu (Monet,

1996). Tu thuc vo loi hnh tua du lch c a
ra gi thng bao gm v my bay, ch , v ba n
v mt hng dn vin bit s dng nhiu ngoi ng
cng thm phng tin i li a phng v v vo
cc vng quc gia. Monet (1996) cho thy thi gian
trung bnh ca cc khch du lch nc ngoi ko di
t 3 - 15 ngy, nhng ngi chu U thng li
lu hn ngi Bc M.
Nhiu khch du lch sinh thi th hin mong mun
c nhn thy s tin h chi ra c ng gp ti a
vo li ch ca vic bo tn. Nhiu ngi tnh nguyn
ng gp cho t chc bo tn a phng nhm mc
ch gio dc v bo tn thin nhin trong nc tt
hn na (Fennell, 1990)
Vic qun l cc vn quc gia v ni n nu ca
ng vt hoang d rt tn km. H thng vn quc
gia ca Costa Rica t trc n nay vn theo truyn
thng c nhn khon ti tr nh ca chnh ph.
Do s gia tng nhanh chng s lt ngi n thm
vn (ln ti 250.000 vo nm 1991) v do thiu bo
v v qun l mi trng b xung cp mt cch
nghim trng. Ngi ta lo rng khng th duy tr
c cht lng ca mi trng thin nhin do khch
du lch s dng ngy cng nhiu v do kh nng qun
l b hn ch (Rovinski, 1991). S tin chi ra ca

khch du lch khng c c quan qun l vn quc

gia gi lI, kt qu l c quan ny khng sc i
ph vi cc sc p do hot ng du lch gy ra. V
d, cc phng tin v sinh c bn nh nh v sinh
hoc l khng tn ti hoc tn ti trong iu kin ti
tn. Mt n lc mang tnh quc t do Hi Du lch
Sinh thi lm nng ct nhm tng l ph vo i vi
khch du lch nc ngoi (Epler, 1993) dn n kt
qu l l ph vo tng gp 10 ln, ln ti 15 la M
mt ngy, tr cho qun l du lch trong phm vi
cc vn (khng r tc gi, 1994). Do phn ng d
di i vi vic tng gi qu nhiu, l ph gim
xung 6 la M/1ngy (Budowski, 1996). Vn
to ra tin mt chi cho cng tc bo v v qun
l l rt quan trng.
Mi y Costa Rica chia c nc thnh 8 vng
bo tn chnh. Mi vng u c s an xen gia cc
khu c bo v thuc t nhn v nh nc. K
hoch bo v cc khu ny bao gm t t v t cng
cng nh cc hot ng khc. L ph du lch khng
phi np vo qu ca Chnh ph Trung ng m
c gi li a phng chi cho cc nhu cu cn
thit.
y l mt sng kin c bn xy dng nhng th
ch cho vic pht trin lu bn da trn du lch
(Budowski, 1995).

Hc vin du lch Costa Rica c thu du lch v khu

vc t nhn ti tr nhng t khi dng tin thc
hin chng trnh qung co tm c quc t (Monet,
1996). Fennell (1990) yu cu cc khch du lch
Ca-na-a lit k cc ngun qung co lm cho h ch
n Costa Rica. Phn ln ni rng h xem cc
bi trong tp ch, sch hoc hi bn b gia nh (Bng
1.6). Khi c yu cu xp hng tm quan trng
ca cc ngun theo th t th cc cu lc b thanh
nin, bn b v phim nh c xem l c nh hng
nht. R rng l cc ngun thng tin quan trng nht
nm bn ngoi quyn lc ca chnh ph cng nh cc
t chc du lch quc gia. c bit l nhng khch du
lch ny c mi lin kt cht ch vi cc hi bo tn,
mi ngi trung bnh c 2,7 t cch hi vin (va l
thnh vin ca hi ny va l thnh vin ca hi kia).
Kt hp s gn kt ny vi tm quan trng ca cc
cu lc b thin nhin trong vic tm hiu v Costa
Rica lm cho chng ta hiu su hn v vai tr ca
cc nhm mi trng trong vic qung co cho du
lch sinh thi.
Costa Rica c tuyn truyn qung co khng mt
tin trong cc tp ch v mi trng v tp ch
chuyn ngnh. Mt c im c bit ca th trng
du lch sinh thi ca Costa Rica l nhiu nh khoa
hc t nhin n thm v t chc cho sinh vin
n thm nc ny. c bit l T chc Nghin cu
Nhit i, mt hip hi ca cc trng i hc M t

chc cho mt s ln sinh vin v gio vin ngnh

sinh thi hc n thm Costa Rica. iu tra
nhng ngi tham gia trc cho thy rng trung
bnh mt ngi tham gia ln u s quay li 3,2 ln
na (Laarman v Perdue, 1989). T l quay li thm
rt cao ny v t l thng tin di hnh thc truyn
ming m cc nh khoa hc t nhin ny ghi nhn
xc nh y l mt trong nhng tro lu c bn ca
du lch sinh thi trong phm vi Costa Rica.
Bng 1.6
Ngun

Phn

Cc bi vit ng trn tp 70
ch
Sch
69
Bn b v gia nh
54
Cc bi vit ng trn tp 50
ch chuyn ngnh
Sch nh qung co du 46
lch
i l du lch
40
Bo
29
Cc ngun khc
28
Phim
24

Tm
1.4
0.8
2.1
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.7
2.6
1.5

quan
tr
ng

* S phn trm ngi tham gia iu tra s dng

ngun thng tin
** Xp hng do ngi tham gia iu tra thc hin vi
t l 0-3 vi 3 l quan trng nht.

CC NGUN THNG TIN V COSTA RICA

 

Cng ng hot ng trong lnh vc bo tn thng

xuyn xut bn cc bi bo v c im thin
nhin phong ph ca Costa Rica. Fennell (1990) nhn
thy rng cc tp ch chuyn ngnh l mt ngun
thng tin quan trng hn c cc sch qung co du
lch ln cc i l du lch. Costa Rica cng c
ngnh cng nghip lm phim v thin nhin s dng

nhiu. V cc tp ch chuyn ngnh v phim c coi

l tch bit khi hot ng qung co du lch,
chng c nhn nhn l nhng ngun thng tin
c lp. Do tt c loi hnh qung co ny tn ti
m chnh ph Costa Rica hoc cc c quan ca chnh
ph khng phi tr tin qung co hoc tr rt t.
T khong nm 1980 cc cng ty du lch sinh thi
Ca-na-a qung co Costa Rica l mt a im tuyt
vi cho cc nh t nhin hc. T nm 1990 cc
doanh nghip quc t ln nh cng ty du lch
Fiesta v hng hng khng Ca-na-a cng bt u
tham gia. S kt hp gia cc cng ty chuyn ngnh
nh vi cc cng ty mang xu hng i chng ln
hn to ra mt s hot ng c o t cc tua du
lch chuyn su ring bit nh ngm chim n cc
n cc tua du lch ln c th lm hng mt a im
c v mt vn ha ln mt mi trng nu cc hot
ng a phng khng c tin hnh cn htn
iu hnh du lch sinh thi: khu hiu quc gia v
du lch ca Costa Rica thay i nhiu ln. T
Costa Rica: ch c thin nhin" sang "Hy lm
tm hn bn rm nng, v "Costa Rica: khng c
nguyn liu nhn to". Mi cu khu hiu ny u
tr nn ni ting nhng s thay i thng xuyn
lm gni ta lng tng.
Th trng du lch sinh thi Costa Rica da ch yu
vo cc vn quc gia v cc khu vc c bo

v. Nhng nh ngh sinh thi t nhn tr thnh

mt nguyn t trn th trng. Cc khu bo tn t
nhn c ln cng nh c nh cung cp mt s kt
hp gia mi trng thin nhin cht lng cao vi
dch v cht lng cao. Cc vn quc gia v
khu bo tn thin nhin u n c khch khng cn
hng dn vin v khch cn hng dn vin du lch
sinh thi.
Nu ngnh du lch sinh thi mun c duy tr
Costa Rica th cc chnh sch qun l i vi cc
vn quc gia khu vc bo tn thin nhin v ngnh
du lch quc gia m bo rng sc hp dn v thin
nhin ca t nc ny phi c gi gn nguyn
vn. Do vy nhim v ca Costa Rica l duy tr ca
n trong phm vi tc ng v mt x hi v gii tr
mc ph hp.
nh gi du lch sinh thi Costa Rica - Fennell
(1990) thy rng khch thng bo mc hi lng cao
nht cc th loi nh: nhng thng tin c cung
cp trong chuyn i, thi tit v dch v hng
dn. R rng l cc dch v phin dch trong cc
tua du lch sinh thi Costa Rica c nhn xt l c
cht lng cao. Tuy vy khch sn du lch sinh thi
th hin mc tha mn thp nht i vi cc iu
kin v sinh, cho thy c s h tng trong cc vn
quc gia rt ngho nn vo thi im . S khch
nc ngoi chn Costa Rica lm ni n thm

tng vt vo u thp k 1990. S ln mnh ca du

lch v vn tip tc pht trin. Nu nhng con s
ny c duy tr trong phm vi cc h sinh thi nhy
cm th cc dch v phc v khch du lch trong cc
vn quc gia phi c ci thin. C s h tng c
bn phi c nng cp p ng s khch hng
ngy cng tng. Nhiu c im mi trng nhy
cm khc nh cc con ng mn dc trn ni phi
c bo v tt hn. Cc trung tm dch thut cng
rt cn cung cp cho khch du lch khi nim v
nhng nt c trng c o ca im du lch v
cng l cch tt nht tm hiu mi trng t nhin
mt cch an ton. Cc phng tin ti Vn Quc
gia Poas Volcan, vi nhng li mn tri si,
nhng con ng c va h, trung tm hin i dnh
cho khch tham quan vi nhng thit b thng tin
c b tr hp l, l mt v d cho nhng g cn
phi lm cc ni khc.
Hu ht cc khu ngh sinh thi t nhn v cc cng ty
du lch sinh thi iu phi du lch vo Costa Rica
hot ng rt tin trin, t chc c cc chng
trnh du lch c cht lng v rt tch cc trong hot
ng bo v mi trng. Mc d t c
nhng thnh cng ny, vn c nhng kin tranh
lun v tc ng ca du lch ti nhng khu vc b s
dng qu mc v s phn chia li ch kinh t khng
u.

Kt lun rt ra t cc nghin cu in hnh

 
Cc nghin cu in hnh v th trng du lch sinh
thi ti Kenya v Costa Rica cho thy nhng
nguyn tc c th s dng c cc ni khc. S
pht trin ca ngnh du lch sinh thi bn vng ph
thuc vo mt s yu t ch o. Cc a im
sinh thi quan trng phi c bo v trong h thng
vn quc gia v cc khu d tr, nhng khu c
qun l cht ch nhng cho php s dng lm du
lch. Hu ht khch du lch sinh thi u i thm
cc khu d tr cng cng, song cc khu d tr t
nhn c vai tr ring trong vic a ra cc chng
trnh v dch v c chuyn mn ho.
Khu vc cng cng ng mt vai tr c bit da
trn c s yu cu ca x hi, ca s cn thit bo v
ti nguyn (Bng 1.7). iu ny bao gm quy nh
v cch thc s dng v mc s dng. An ton
mi trng v an ton x hi l trch nhim ca
chnh ph. NHNG nc giu c hn th u t
cho c s h tng c bn cho du lch c trch t
ngn qu chung, song cc nc ngho th ti tr
nc ngoi v ph du lch CHI TR CHO C S
H TNG DU LCH. cc nc giu hn, thng tin
do c khu vc tp th ln t nhn cung cp. Cn
nhng nc ngho th khu vc t nhn chi phi thng

tin. iu ny gy ra nhng bt li nghim trng

cho cc c quan qun l thin nhin v cc thng tin
v qun l thin nhin, c s h tng, cc hot ng
c chnh ph cho php v cc im du lch thng
khng c ph bin cho cc c quan v thm ch
h cn khng bit g v s tn ti ca nhng thng
tin . Khu vc tp th thng c trch nhim a
ra mc tiu v mi trng, hoc c trch nhim gim
st tc ng ca du lch n cht lng mi trng,
v c trch nhim phn chia quyn s dng v thc
thi cc quyt nh v qun l. Nhng chc nng
ny c th khng c hiu lc khi cc nhm c quyn
lc nh ch nhn cc khu nh ngh, cng ty du lch
s dng hi l xin php cho cc hot ng tri vi
quy tc v php lut ca h. Hin tng ny
thy Kenya.
Cc c quan chnh ph ng vai tr quan trng trong
th trng du lch sinh thi thng qua vic khuyn
khch nghin cu khoa hc trong cc khu bo v,
cung cp c s h tng v an ninh cho khch du lch,
v xy dng mt h thng ti chnh s dng c
cc chi ph du lch c th chi tr cho qun l mi
trng.
Bng 1.7
VAI TR ca nh nc trong du lch ti cc vn
quc gia
Vai tr
1.
Bo v mi trng

2.

C s h tng (ng x, sn bay, ng xe

in, in, v sinh)
3.
An ninh v thc hin cc iu lut
4.
Gim st tc ng; nh gi cht lng
5.
Phn phi quyn s dng
6.
Hn ch nhng thay i c th chp nhn c
7.
Thng tin (phin dch, trung tm dnh cho du
khch)
8.
Gii quyt mu thun

Khu vc t nhn cung cp hu ht cc dch v v

hng ho cho khch hng (Bng 1.8). Cc cng ty
t nhn cung cp ni ngh, thc phm, phng tin i
li, phng tin thng tin, v qun co. Khu vc t
nhn c kh nng p ng cc yu cu ca khch mt

cch nhanh chng v pht trin cc mt hng c

sn. Ti cc nc ngho hn, nh chu Phi, cc
doanh nghip t nhn cung cp thng tin v du
lch. Khu vc t nhn ph thuc vo khu vc nh
nc trong cc lnh vc nh bo v ti nguyn, c s
h tng, v an ninh trt t. Khu vc nh nc li
da vo khu vc t nhn qun l hot ng ca du
khch.
Khu vc t nhn cung cp ni n , bo m cc loi
phng tin i li, thnh lp cc dch v thng tin v
phin dch, cung cp thc phm, v tr gip cho vic
qung co. Kh nng p ng nhu cu th trng
ca khu vc t nhn th hin trong cc hot ng nh
t chc cc t tham quan, t chc cc loi hnh du
lch t du lch thng thng (i chng) n cc
chuyn du lch quan st cc loi (ng thc vt) c
bit.
Bng 1.8
VAI TR CA t nhn trong du lch ti cc vn
quc gia
Vai tr
1.
Ni n v thc phm
2.
Phng tin i li ( t but, xe
c, my bay)
3.
Thng tin (ti liu hng dn,
qung co)
4.
Phng tin thng tin i chng

(phim nh, sch, bng video)

5.
Qung co v khuyn mi
6.
Hng ho tiu th (qun o, qu
lu nim, trang thit b)
7.
Dch v c nhn (gii tr)
Vic pht hnh thng tin v thin nhin c tin
hnh thng qua nhiu t chc hot ng c lp,
trong c nhiu t chc nm ngoi h thng t
chc qun l t. Cc nh khoa hc ca th gii
cng nghip ho a ra nhng thng tin v kin thc
thu ht s quan tm ca khch du lch sinh thi,
nhng ngi c trnh gio dc cao v c
nhiu. Ngnh cng nghip in nh em li c hi
tip xc thng qua cc b phim ni v s phc to
ca thin nhin theo nhng hnh thc mang tnh tch
cc v thoi mi. B phim v Alan Root Kenya
v Hughes Costa Rica l nhng th d in hnh.
Phong tro mi trng cc nc pht trin rt c
ngha trong vic a ra nhng hnh nh ng tranh
lun v mu thun tranh chp v khai thc ti
nguyn. Thng qua vai tr ca cc nh gio dc
v tuyn truyn, cc nhm hot ng v mi trng
pht i rng ri cc bc thng ip. Ba yu t
ny - cc n phm, phim nh, v cc hot ng bo
v, khi gi tnh tip thu hc hi trong cc khch
du lch thin nhin.

S hp tc gia t nhn v nh nc biu hin r nt

trong vic cung cp c s d liu thng tin trn mng
internet. Thng tin ph bin theo hnh thc ny bao
gm c nhng thng tin thng ch c cc trung
tm dnh cho khch tham quan, trong cc n phm
ring ca cc khu bo v, v trong cc sch hng
dn. Hy vng rng trong tng lai tt c cc im
du lch sinh thi ln s c cc loi thng tin .
Ngnh du lch sinh thi c v tr rt thun li tn
dng cng ngh mi ny v iu tra nhn khu hc v
x hi cho thy khch du lch sinh thi c trnh
gio dc cao, v do h rt c th hiu bit v my
tnh (Eagles v Cascagnette, 1995). Tuy vy, hu
nh khng c thng tin no trn internet v Kenya v
Costa Rica l do cc t chc qun l khu bo v hay
cc t chc du lch quc gia cung cp. Hu ht
nhng thn tin do t nhn, hoc l cc cng ty du
lch sinh thi hoc cc t chc mi trng phi chnh
ph cung cp.
Trng hp ca Kenya v Costa Rica chng t
rng ngay c nhng nc b tch ri v mt a l
vn c th gia nhp th trng du lch sinh thi quc
t. Khong cch khng c ngha quan trng so
vi s sn c thng tin v th trng. S pht trin
chm song c t duy ca ngnh du lch sinh thi ti
mt nc c th to ra chnh sch ph hp cho mt
b phn x hi ln hn. S pht trin nhanh chng
v cc hot ng kinh doanh du lch c th lm cho

u tin c nhn ln t cc mc tiu ca x hi v bo

v mi trng v pht trin cng ng.
S ngi mong mun c tm hiu thin nhin
thng qua du lch ngy cng tng. Du khch sinh
thi c bit quan tm tm hiu thin nhin hoang
d. H mun nhn thy c, cm thy c, v
tm hiu c s hoang d ca thin nhin. Tuy l
ngnh du lch sinh thi c trch nhim cung cp dch
v, xy dng cc chng trnh v a ra cc im
tham quan dp ng nhu cu ny, chng ta cng
cn tm hiu cc ngha x hi, mi trng v kinh
doanh ca loi hnh hot ng ang pht trin ny.
Tht ng ngc nhin l c rt t nghin cu chi tit
v c cu th trng ca ngnh du lch sinh thi ti
cc nc trn th gii.
Trc y loi hnh du lch sinh thi xut hin di
dng du lch c nhn hay du lch theo nhm nh.
Cc du khch s dng tin nghi n , thc phm
v thng tin sn c ti a phng. Mt khi lng
du khch nh hnh th bt u c s iu hnh
quy m ln hn. Ngy cng c nhiu tin nghi n
c chuyn mn ho song vn mang tnh mc mc
gin d v nhy cm vi mi trng, v ngy cng c
nhiu hng dn vin c o to cn thn c th
gii thch cc nt c trng ca mi trng. Cc
phng tin giao thng cng bt u phc v cc
dch v chuyn mn ho. Cc lnh vc ny ca th
trng s dng hnh nh hin ti ca im du lch v

bc lt n bng cch cho du khch tham quan tm

hiu nhng nt c trng ca thin nhin.
Cc t chc du lch sinh thi ln hn ang s dng
chng trnh qung co v Kenya v Costa Rica trn
cc n phm chuyn mn ca ngnh nh tp ch gii
tr ngoi tri v bo ch. Tuy vy, loi hnh
qung co ny xem ra khng thnh cng (Bell, 1990)
v cc tin qung co thng ch bao gm cc thng
tin v a im (nhng thng tin ny khch bit
trc) v tn cng ty du lch s t chc chuyn i ti
a im .
Alde rman (1990) v Langholz (1996) ghi li s
pht trin nhanh chng ca cc khu bo tn thin
nhin do t nhn qun l v s hnh thnh cc khu
ngh sinh thi trn ton th gii. Cc sng kin ny
c s tham gia ca cc c nhn v cc tp on ang
xy dng vn quc gia mi ni, v ang hon
thin bo v ti nguyn sinh thi v hon thin cc
dch v cht lng cao. V tr ca h trn th
trng ph thuc vo vic cung cp cho du khch
dch v c cht lng cao. Cc dch v ny bao
gm hng dn vin c o to su, th vin vi
nhiu u sch, phng th nghim nh, c hi quan
st vi cc thit b c chuyn mn ho, qun l
im du lch theo phng thc thch hp vi iu
kin mi trng, nhy cm v vn ho, v c cc dch
v phc v c nhn. Kenya v Costa Rica u c

cc khu bo tn v cc khu ngh sinh thi rt th v

do t nhn qun l.
Cng vi thi gian, ngnh du lch sinh thi chuyn
t dch v phc v cho ring cc nhm du khch
ht nhn rt quan tm n nghin cu thin
nhin v sn sng chp nhn iu kin sinh hot sn
c a phng, n phc v nhm cc du khch
mun hng tin nghi nhiu hn song t quan tm
n thin nhin hn. Nhm du khch ht
nhn l nhng ngi dn u n tham quan, v
khi n im tham quan h thng c nhn thc
thc t v cc nt c trng ca mi trng, vn ho
a phng v cc dch v c ni . Nhng
ngi n sau thng khng c thng tin y ,
h yu cu phc v nhiu hn, yu cu nhiu hng
dn vin v yu cu mc tin nghi cao hn. Rt c
th du lch sinh thi s tr thnh du lch i chng
nhiu quc gia.
Ngnh du lch sinh thi yu cu phi c s hp tc
cht ch gia khu vc nh nc (cung cp tai nguyn
thin nhin) vi khu vc t nhn (cung cp vn v
t chc du lch), v dn a phng (cung cp lao
ng v a dng vn ho ca cng ng a
phng). Trong mt h thng c quy hoch v
qun l cht ch th khch du lch da vo nhng lc
lng ny.
Li cm n

Cm n ng David Fennell ti trng i hc Regina

v cng trnh nghin cu ca ng v th trng du
lch Costa Rica. Cm n b Jennifer Ballantine
thuc B Nng nghip Ca-na-a v cng trnh nghin
cu ca b v th trng du lch Kenya. c bit
cm n Ts. Isaac Sindiga, Ch nhim khoa Du lch
ti trng i hc Moi Kenya v nhng kin
ng gp cho bo co ny v trao i v vn
ny. Terry Pratt, chuyn gia t vn v du lch sinh
thi San Jose, Costa Rica c nhng kin ng
gp qu bu. Derek Wade, chuyn gia v quy
hoch kinh doanh du lch ti vn quc gia ng
gp nhiu kin. Xin cm n ban bin tp v
nhng ngi c kin nhn xt.
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CHNG 2
Nhng xu hng mi trong ngnh du lch sinh
thi
Megan Epler Wood
T khi du lch sinh thi c nhn ra nh mt hin
tng du lch trong nhng nm gia thp k 1980,
ngnh ny c pht trin mt cch nhanh chng,
t vic tp trung gii quyt nhng mu thun ny
sinh t hot ng ngoi tri n vic a ra nhng
chng trnh c cu trc cht ch, hng dn c th
cung cp cho du khch hiu bit su sc mi
trng thin nhin v vn ha a phng.
Chng ny trnh by nhng xu hng c pht
hin qua quan st ca tc gi, v qua phng vn thn
thin vi cc nh lnh o doanh nghip c la
chn t nhiu ngnh khc nhau do tm hiu bit v
s thnh cng trong kinh doanh ca h. Nhng cuc
phng vn ny khng i din cho mt mu ngu
nhin no c. Tuy nhin, bi v nhng phng vn ny
c tin hnh ly kin t cc nh lnh o ca
ngnh du lch sinh thi Bc M v t cc doanh
nghip c khm phc trong ngnh ny mt s
ni khc trn th gii, do nhng xu hng c
ghi li y xem nh i din cho tin trin ca

ngnh ny. Tuy vy, xu th cng c th b tn li.

Mt nh ph bnh bnh lun rng y l mt ngnh
cng nghip nng ng v linh hot, v iu quan
trng l nn tch ci c hu ra khi nhng thc tin
tin b (Weber, 1997). Chng ny a ra mt khi
qut ngn gn v c cu cng nghip v gii thiu
ngn gn v tiu chun ha nhng thc t v ngnh
du lch sinh thi. Bi vit ny cung cp ti liu v vn
lm th no ngnh cng nghip sinh thi tin b
nh nm 1997. y c th l ti liu tham kho thm
t vn cho nhng ngi c ang tm kim hiu
bit c bn v vn lm th no iu hnh doanh
nghip du lch sinh thi. (Patterson, 1997;
McKercher, 1998).
Lun lun c th trng cho du lch thin nhin v du
lch vn ha. Rt nhiu ccdoanh nghip du lch sinh
thi gp kh khn trong vic i ph vi ln sng du
khch thm him thin nhin, nhng ngi ch quan
tm n vic ngm nhng con chim trong danh sch
ca h ngoi thin nhin hoc tham quan nhng lng
mc ho lnh xa xi nht Ty Tng. Tuy vy, c rt
nhiu loi du khch du lch sinh thi c v chiu su
v din rng. Qua phng vn hng lot vi cc doanh
nghip du lch Bc M, thy rng th trng du lch
sinh thi cng ang thu ht c cc du khch cha c
nhiu kinh nghim, v d: nhng ngi va xem
chng trnh a l Quc gia trn v tuyn v

mun c lm quen ngay vi th gii thin nhin.

Trong lc , cc cng ty du lch sinh thi bt buc
phi hp dn i vi c cc khch du lch sinh thi
y kinh nghim, nhng ngi khng cn hi lng
na vi cc chng trnh c s ginh cho cc nh yu
thin nhin.
Khng c g ng ngc nhin, ngnh du lch sinh thi
ang phn hi li thng qua vic a ra thm cc
chng trnh p ng th hiu chung chung v du lch
sinh thi, trong lc cng ng thi pht trin mt
lot cc chng trnh gio dc p ng th hiu c
bit vi nhng ch a dng nh dc liu trong
cc khu rng nhit i, kho c hc Incan v sinh
thi hc hoang mc. Tuy nhin, vic chuyn mn ha
du lch sinh thi c hot ng tt hay khng ty thuc
vo din n gio dc. Cc doanh nghip ca ngnh
du lch ny ang pht trin cc chng trnh hp tc
vi cng ng a phng thng qua cc t chc ca
cc dn tc a phng v cc nhm phi chnh ph
a phng. H a thm n a phng nhng
phng tin vn chuyn, v d nh cc loi tu
thuyn m c th c cc dch v n trn cc khoang
nn c th i n c cc khu vc ho lnh nht ca
vng Amazon m khng c tc ng ln n mi
trng. V h cng ang gia tng pht trin h thng
nh ngh sinh thi m p ng c cc nhu cu
cao v tiu chun mi trng, c hot ng cc

vng ho lnh nht m khng cn n cc c s h

tng thnh ph, v cng sc cng nh li nhun thu
c s hin cho cc vn pht trin cng ng.
C cu ca ngnh cng nghip du lch sinh thi
Vic tho lun v xu hng ca du lch sinh thi
khng th hon ho nu thiu phn miu t ngn gn
v c cu ca ngnh ny. Ngnh du lch sinh thi
pht trin mt h thng tn ring ca n cho cc
doanh nghip hp ng lm du lch sinh thi. Trong
khi tn ca hu ht cc doanh nghip ny, c nu
ra trong Bng 2, khng khc lm vi cc doanh
nghip ca ngnh du lch ni chung, th mi cu
thnh ca du lch sinh thi c nh ngha khc mt
cht so vi ngnh du lch chnh thng. V mi thnh
phn phi c phn tch mt cch ring r khi xem
xt ai s c nh hng nht ln du lch sinh thi trong
tng lai.
BNG 2.1
C CU NGNH C BN CA DU LCH sinh
thi
Cc i l Du lch/ Nhng ngi
bn l
Cc doanh nghip du lch nc
ngoi

Cc doanh nghip du lch trong

nc
H thng Nh ngh Sinh thi/Ni n
cho du khch
Nhng ngi bun bn nh ti a
phng
Cc i l du lch thc hin hu ht cc vic nh ca
hng bn lu nim, cc hot ng bun bn l,
theo truyn thng th cc i l ny bn c cc sn
phm du lch trn mt t cng nh trn khng v
c ly 10% hoa hng (mc d t l ny b
thay i). Doanh nghip du lch nc ngoi l
nhng t chc bn v tm th trng nm trong ngnh
du lch sinh thi. H thnh thong c gi l
ngi bn bun khi h bn cc chng trnh du
lch chn gi. Nhng, trong thc t, hu ht cc
doanh nghip du lch nc ngoi hot ng trong
ngnh cng nghip du lch sinh thi mc bn
x qua vic trc tip gi th, qung co, lm
cataloge, v cc hot ng tm kim th trng khch
hng. Cc doanh nghip du lch nc ngoi thit
lp cc tn chi nhnh bn du lch sinh thi.
H cung cp tt c cc thng tin cho du khch trc
mi chuyn i, tuy nhin a s cc cng ty ny khng
th cung cp thng tin chi tit v tng chuyn du lch

khi khch hng h cnh xung mt hoc nhiu nc

c tuyn tham quan m h la chn. Nhng doanh
nghip du lch nc ngoi thng ly 30-40% cao
hn so vi gi thc ca mt chuyn du lch m h
lm i din cho cng vi tin chnh lch thu c t
vic bn v my bay (h ly v my bay t hng hng
khng l gi bn bun v bn li cho khch du lch
bng gi bn l).
Cc doanh nghip du lch trong nc l cc t chc
thc thi mt cch chi tit tt c cc chuyn du lch
hng ngy ti cc nc c tuyn du lch. H hp
ng vi tt c cc dch v trong nc phc v cho
du lch, bao gm hng dn du lch, phng tin vn
chuyn hnh khch ( t), khch sn, qun n v cc
phng tin vn chuyn bng hng khng ni a.
Cc doanh nghip du lch trong nc lp ra danh sch
cc tuyn du lch a phng hoc l c tiu chun
ha, hoc l da theo yu cu ca du khch, lin h
cht ch vi cc doanh nghip du lch nc ngoi
p ng yu cu ca khch hng. H ly thm 3040% tng cc dch v trong nc m h hp ng
vi.
Cc khu nh ngh sinh thi l mt b phn mi c
hnh thnh ca ngnh nh ngh-khch sn. (Nhng c
gng to ra mt m hnh mi cho ngnh nh ngh,
khch sn ny s c tho lun sau trong chng

ny). Nhng doanh nghip ca loi nh ngh ny

c cng nhn qua nghin cu (Rusell et al., 1995)
l ang t chc cc nh ngh ph thuc vo thin
nhin thng qua vic a ra gi c bao gm c vic
n ung, hng dn du lch ti a phng v cc
hot ng tm hiu thin nhin. Rt nhiu doanh
nghip ph thuc vo cc cng ty du lch nc
ngoi trong vic cung cp cho h mt s lng khch
u n v c th d on c. Mt s khc th
thng minh, nhanh nhy trong vic tm kim th
trng ngay trc tip t nhng du khch ring l
thng qua sch hng dn du lch, cc n phm ti
a phng, cc khu n ngh a phng v cc ban
ngnh du lch quc gia.
Nhng ngi bun bn nh ti a phng hp ng
vi ngnh du lch sinh thi cung cp hng lot cc
loi dch v a dng bao gm dch v vn chuyn
trn mt t, dch v chuyn mn ha v gii tr (v
d: nga, tu, thuyn, xe p v dng c trt tuyt),
v cc chng trnh hng dn du lch sinh thi rt
th v v c tnh thuyt phc cao. Cng vic ny
thng do nhng ngi bun bn nh a phng
m nhn vi tin u t t v tng chi ph thp.
Hu ht cc hng dn vin c o to tt v du
lch sinh thi th lm vic cp quc gia, trn c s
lm vic t do khng b ginh buc, h c th chuyn
i cng tc gia cc cng ty du lch sinh thi tt

nht, c th hot ng nh nhng ngi ch thu

trong quyn hn ca h, v tm kim th trng cho
cc dch v ca h t nhng nh u thu ln nht.
Mi mt doanh nghip du lch trong nc c gng
nm chc nhng hng dn du lch tt nht,
lun c trong tay mnh cc cng s hp tc hng
dn du lch. Mt s cng ty th phn loi cc hng
dn vin ca h theo kh nng, v d: cc nh t
nhin hc bc thy, cc nh t nhin hc, hng dn
vin v dch v, hng dn vin v sng h, hng
dn vin din thuyt c hng, v cc hng dn vin
c o to cho cc tuyn du lch c bit nh
Tortuguero, Monteverde, hoc Corcovado (Costa
Rica Expeditions, 1997). Cc hng dn vin du lch
sinh thi a phng lm vic cp cng ng,
nhng ngi c th p ng c cc tiu chun
quc t v du lch sinh thi, cn qu t (Jenks, 1997).
Cc i l du lch trong ngnh du lch sinh thi
Cc i l du lch khng bao gi ng mt vai tr ln
trong ngnh du lch thin nhin hoc du lch mo
him, v cng khng may mn lm trong vic chuyn
i sang th trng du lch sinh thi. Theo Jan
Cooper, Ph tng Gim c ca cng ty Cc chuyn
Du Hnh c bit, 95-98% cc i l du lch thm
ch khng th n gn th trng ny (Kalosh,
1997). Nguyn nhn ca vic cc i l du lch khng

bn cc chuyn du lch sinh thi l do h thiu thi

gian t hc hi v cc sn phm mang tnh cht
chuyn mn ha cao ny, v h cng thiu ng c
lm nh vy khi m rt nhiu cc doanh nghip du
lch sinh thi khng lm vic vi ci l bn l
trong vic tm kim th trng cho cc sn phm ca
h.
i l du lch ang ng u vi c cu gim tin
hoa hng t vic bn v my bay v s bng n ca
vic ng k du lch trc tip trn mng li Internet.
Mt s i l du lch sinh thi bt u ly l ph
chuyn i trn tng v ca khch hng b cho s
tin hoa hng b mt, v h ang c gng a ht ti
chuyn mn ca h vo vic cung cp thng tin v
cc chuyn du lch sinh thi tt nht (Kietzke,1998).
Nhng liu cc i l c th hp dn cc doanh
nghip mi khng, y cn l mt cu hi m.
Mt cch lm cho cc i l ng mt vai tr c
ngha hn trong du lch sinh thi l thng qua lm
vic vi nhng ngi cung cp c u i, nh
vo cc i l ny c th lp thnh nhm vi cc
doanh nghip du lch m h cao a ra c
nhng chuyn du lch c cht lng cao vi gi tt
nht (Kutay, 1997). iu ny c th a i l vo
mt v tr tt hn ng mt vai tr hiu bit m
khng phi tr cho vic o to chuyn mn (Kalosh,
1997).

Cc doanh nghip du lch nc ngoi v s

ng u vi nhng thay i ca th trng
du lch sinh thi
Rt nhiu cc doanh nghip du lch t Hoa K
c cc tuyn du lch thin nhin t lu trc khi thut
ng du lch sinh thi c ra i. Vo nhng
nm u ca thp k 1980, cc chuyn du lch di
ngy hn (2-4 tun) thng c du khch la chn,
thm tr nu nhng chuyn c c mt s iu kin
kh khn v khng thoi mi. Tuy nhin, c
mt thay i v th trng sang cc chuyn i ngn
hn v mm mi, mt doanh nghip du lch ni
(Abbott, 1997). Mtdoanh nghip du lch khc bnh
lun; Trong nm nm qua chng ti buc phi
a ra cc chuyn i ngn hn. Chuyn i trong mt
tun by gi tr nn kh ph bin. (Lindblad,
1997). S thay i ny song song vi nhng thay i
ca ngnh du lch ni chung.
S liu thng k tin cy nht cho thy rng tui trung
bnh ca cc khch du lch sinh thi l khong 50 tui
(Wight, 1997), iu ny chng t rng th h bng
n dn s sau chin tranh l i tng ca th
trng du lch ny. Nhng du khch sinh thi ny
ang gia thi k lm vic tp trung nht ca cuc
i h. Bi vy, khng c g ng ngc nhin rng
nhu cu v cc chuyn i ngn cho cc cp v chng

chuyn gia, thng i vi con ci, angc i hi.

Khi th h ny cao tui hn v v ngh hu, th
nhng chuyn i di hn li c th l nhu cu.
Ngnh du lch cha bao gi c kh nng hn p
ng nhu cu hin ti v cc chuyn du lch sinh thi
ngn ngy. V d: cc c s h tng a phng
nhng a im c nhu cu du lch cao nh Peru,
Argentina v Kenya, by gi c t chc tt hn
rt nhiu. Khch du lch c th d dng qua li cc
khu vc ho lnh t ca ng th trn cc chuyn
bay ni a c lch trnh u n, thay v phi thu
cc phng tin t tin khc. t by gi c sn
vn chuyn hnh khch n tn nhng c s du
lch a phng. Cc hng dn vin du lch a
phng hc c cch lm th no cung cp
nhng kha hc ngn, cht lng cao trn cc tuyn
du lch ca h, v bit lm cho nhng du khch cha
c nhiu kinh nghim cm thy tha mi hn (Kutay,
1997).
i vi cc du khch tm kim mt chuyn i nhanh
nhng n c nhiu khu vc ho lnh, th mt
dch v m bo s i qua nhiu a im c a
ra mi cho, v cc doanh nghip thng gip vi
cc b quyt ni cc chuyn bay (Weber, 1997).
Thay v thi vi v ca cc khch du lch sinh thi
th h bng n dn s sau chin tranh, nhu cu ca

cc du khch mun c thm nhiu kinh nghim du

lch su sc hn cng i hi nhiu hn. Tt c cc
doanh nghip bnh lun rng du khch ang tm kim
cc kinh nghim thc cht, cm gic ca s khm
ph, s giao tip tt hn gia cc nn vn ha khc
nhau, v nhiu c hi hc hi snh iu hn.
Nng cao ni dung gio dc ca cc chng trnh du
lch hin c l mt c hi chnh cho hu ht cc
doanh nghip du lch sinh thi. Cc chng trnh
kho c hc ch mi l mt v d ca cc chuyn du
lch c bit ang thu ht nhng ngi mi,
...nhng ngi m s gii tr ca h c th l kho
c hc, nhng h mi ch bit v chng qua chng
trnh hc ti cc trng i hc trong qu kh m
thi (Rodney, 1997). C th hnh thnh mt ton
b khn gi mi cho mt chng trnh tham quan
th v tht Machu Picchu, Peru, thng qua
vic a ra mt chng trnh su v gio dc, v d
nh chng trnh Incas Peru ca cng ty Du
lch Vng Hoang di. Trong chng trnh ny, cc
thnh vin ca nhm du lch gp nhau hai ngy ri
Cuzco, Peru, nghe cc bi ging v vn ha Inca
do cc chuyn gia giu kinh nghim ging dy. Sau
, h t la chn tham gia vo mt trong rt nhiu
cc li mn c bit v tuyn tham quan vi cc
chuyn gia ny n nhng khu vc ch cht m

c tho lun v cp ti trong cc bi ging ca

h.
Mt s cc hi tho v du lch sinh thi u tin s
dng thnh cng mi trng thin nhin nh l mt
lp hc l Hi tho v Rng ma Nhit i ca t
chc Cc chuyn Du Hnh Quc t ti Peru. Ngy
nay, chng trnh ny tip tc c m rng p
ng nhu cu v cc chuyn d ngoi c bit, bao
gm nhng hc hi v cy thuc v dc liu. Du
lch sinh thi ang c bit tr thnh mt hnh thc
gio dc chnh thng, vi s lin kt gn gi vi cc
chng trnh gio dc m rng. iu ny rt c
ngha trong vic m ra nhng c hi mi trong vic
trao i v gio dc gia cc cng ng khc nhau v
cho tng lai ca ngnh du lch sinh thi (Ryel,
1997).
S pht trin cc tuyn tham quan v nhng vn
v bo tn
Du lch sinh thi l mt m hnh du lch c trch
nhim gip cho vic chuyn i t hnh thi du
lch thin nhin v du lch mo him. Hip hi Du
lch Sinh thi xut bn cun Hng dn Du lch
Sinh thi cho Cc Doanh nghip Du lch Thin
nhin (1993) trnh by r rng rng cc doanh
nghip du lch sinh thi phi chu trch nhim v mi
trng v cc cng ng a phng. Pht trin cc

tuyn du lch thnh cng m vn p ng c cc

tiu chun v du lch sinh thi ang tr thnh mt
phn cng vic ca ngnh du lch. Cc cng ty
du lch sinh thi ang tp trung vo vic to ra cc
tuyn du lch trn quan im tm ra nhng khu
vc mi, cung cp c hi cho cc doanh nghip a
phng v cho du khch nhng kinh nghim tt nht
c th c v du lch sinh thi, trong khi vn m bo
hn ch n mc thp nht nh hng n ti nguyn
thin nhin v vn ha (Horizontes, 1996). Trong
khi rt nhiu cc cng ty du lch sinh thi vn ang
th hin nhng thin ny, th khch du lch cng
mong i ngy cng tng v ni dung gio dc v
tnh nhy cm vi mi trng.
Khi m a im du lch tr nn ngy cng ng c,
th tc ng ca du lch sinh thi ln cc loi qu
him d b tn thng v cc tuyn tham quan c
qu nhiu ngi mn m ang tr thnh mt mi
quan tm ln. Ngy cng nhiu cc doanh nghip du
lch sinh thi s dng cc bin php bo v ring ca
h trnh s ng c v qun l khng tt m lin
quan ti cc vn quc gia. Cc cng ty Kenya
ang tng cng s tm kim cc vng m, nm
ngoi vn quc gia v khu bo v, cho cc khu vc
cm tri safari ca h, do s ng c cc a im
tham quan ni ting nh Maasai Mara v
Amboseli. iu ny hnh thnh nn s cng tc

mi vi cng ng ngi Maasai a phng,

nhng ngi trc tip cho cc doanh nghip t chc
tri safari thu cc khu vc cm tri ca mnh, bi
vy h c thu li nhun trc tip t vic pht trin
du lch sinh thi (Cheli v Peacock Safaris, 1996).
Bi v, 70% cc ng vt hoang di Kenya sng
ngoi cc vn quc gia v khu bo v (Western,
1997), nhng s hp tc vi cng ng a phng
ny l mt hng i v cng quan trng m bo
s tn ti ca a s ng vt hoang di Kenya.
Tuy nhin, s dng cc bin php bo tn c nhn l
tch ri ra khi h thng bo tn cng cng. Nhng
ngi ch s hu t bit s dng tt cc ngun ti
nguyn v ra mt phn t ai ca mnh cho
vic bo tn ang c li t vic hp tc vi cc
doanh nghip du lch trong mt h thng, h thng
hp tc ny ang lan rng khp ng v Nam Phi.
Nhng doanh nghip v t ai Kenya khng
cn s dng cc h thng bo tn cng cng na, m
h chn cch a ton b mt a im du lch vo
h thng nng tri t nhn ca ring h (Weber,
1997). iu ny dn n nhng cu hi l lm th
no m h thng t cng cng s c ng h v
liu nhng h thng t nhn nh vy c cho php
cng ng a phng hng li nhun hay khng.
Mt s ch s hu t t nhn Kenya v Nam Phi
p li thng qua lm vic cng ng a phng

v cc d n pht trin (Christ, 1997) v thng qua

vic tr gip thit lp cc khu n ngh ca cng ng
trong cc vng m ca cc khu bo tn t nhn
(Epler Wood, 1998a).
Cc cng ty du lch sinh thi cng c th b vng
mc trong nhng tnh hung phc tp lin quan n
chnh sch ca chnh ph v bo v cc loi qu him
v nhng ni du lch ni ting. Baja thuc Mexico,
cc nh lm lut cho ngng hot ng xem c voi
xm vo cc ngy ngh cui tun bo v loi
ny. Theo cc doanh nghip du lch, iu ny
khuyn khch vic tham nhng v to ra mt khng
kh chung l thiu tn trng lut l (OBrien, 1997).
Nhng trng hp tng t nh vy cng c ghi
li bng t liu ti nhng a im du lch nh cc
o Galpagos, ni m lut l rt kht khe trong vic
gii hn khch du lch, v iu ny dn n cc
hot ng kinh doanh gm bn nhiu hn cho
cc doanh nghip du lch khng chn tht (Miller,
1991). Trong nhng trng hp ny, cc doanh
nghip du lch sinh thi to ra cc lin minh, nh
Hip hi cc Cng ty Du lch vng Galpagos (Hi
Du lch Sinh thi, 1991) v Hip hi Du lch Sinh
thi Kayakismo ti Baja (Hi Du lch Sinh thi,
1997a), cng lm vic vi cc t chc phi chnh
ph v chnh ph ti a phong : a ra nhng
lut l mang tnh nhy cm hn n cc khu vc bo

v cc loi l i tng ca cc du khch v cc h

sinh thi, tr gip gim st tt hn cctc ng
ca du lch thng qua lm vic vi cng ng a
phng, v khuyn khch to ra cc chnh sch qun
l du khch hp l p ng nhu cu ca ngnh du
lch cng nh nhng nhu cu v pht trin a
phng.
Vai tr quan trng ca cc doanh nghip du lch
trong nc
Cc doanh nghip du lch trong nc c trch nhim
chnh vi khch hng trong cc chuyntham quan, h
phi m bo cho du khch c c mt chuyn du
lch c cht lng cao v thu c nhng kinh
nghim v gio dc tha mn cc tiu chun v du
lch sinh thi. Nu cc doanh nghip du lch trong
nc c cc hng dn vin tuyt ho, th h c th
c th trng cho cc sn phm gi tr ny t ngay
cc khch hng nc ngoi ca h. Cc doanh nghip
du lch trong nc cng cn c mt h thng khch
sn tin li nhng mc mc, trong du khch s c
c nhng kinh nghim thc t tt v nng thn v
c nhn thy cc ng vt hoang di, trong khi vn
p ng c nhng tiu chun v s bn vng ca
mi trng. Vn cn thiu cc loi hnh nh ngh ny
rt nhiu cc a im du lch sinh thi.

Pht trin khch sn dng nh l mt lnh vc m

rt nhiu cc doanh nghip du lch trong nc khng
quan tm. Oswaldo Munoz, tng gim c ca cng
ty Cc Hnh trnh Nuevo Mundo Ecuador, nh li
rng nhu cu v cc khu n ngh tt trong cc khu
rng nhit i buc cng ty Du lch Th
(Metropolitan Touring) phi tr li vi vic kinh
doanh khch sn nh nm 1974. Hin nay Munoz s
hu ring hai khch sn. ng ta xy khu Nh ngh
trn Sng Cuyabeno nm 1990 do nhu cu cp bch:
ng cng tc vi cc nhn vin chnh ph gim
st v iu khin khu vc ny; a dng ha s u t
ca cng ty ng; m bo cho khch ca ng ni n
ngh tt vi nhng thc n hp v sinh v c li cho
sc khe; v cung cp nhng c hi v vic lm cho
ngi dn a phng v ng bo cc dn tc
(Munoz, 1997).
Albert C.K. Teo, Gim c iu hnh ca cng ty Du
lch Sinh thi Borneo Malaysia, bt u khi
xng cc chuyn tham quan ngm ng vt hoang
di Sabah, Malaysia vo nm 1988. ng ta t
chc cc chuyn i qua m, s dng cc nh ngh
thng dn do cc doanh nghip du lch khc s hu,
tuy nhin ng bt u nghe thy nhng iu phn
nn rng khch hng ca ng nhn c thc n
khng tiu chun, dch v km, v ni ngh khng
t tiu chun trong nhng m . Teo quyt

nh xy ring nh ngh do ng s hu vo nm 1993

v c chp nhn l m bo c nhu cu v uy
tn v dch v cht lng cao vi s quan tm cao ti
mi trng. Bng cch nhn mnh vic li trong
cc khu nh ngh Sukau ca ring cng ty ng, ni s
dng nng lng mt tri, c nhng chng trnh
sinh ng v bo tn, v thu nhn dn a phng,
hin nay ng ang lm cho cc tuyn tham quan ca
mnh vt ln hn cc i th cnh tranh khc.
Rt nhiu cc doanh nghip du lch trong nc tp
trung gn nh ton b sc lc lm vic vi cc i
tc ca ngnh du lch nc ngoi. V d: cc tuyn
tham quan nhm theo yu cu ca du khch nc
ngoi mang li 75% cng n vic lm cho cc
doanh nghip du lch Costa Rica, Horizontes
(Horizontes, 1996). Tuy nhin, du hiu trn th
trng cho thy cc doanh nghip du lch trong nc
c th tng s tham gia trc tip trong vic tm th
trng t du khch. iu ny chc chn s tr thnh
s tht trn h thng Internet. World Wide Web cung
cp kh nng tm th trng vi gi thp cho cc cng
ty nhng ni ho lnh. Mc d s c mt tc ng
ln ln vic lm th no cc hot ng du lch sinh
thi c tin hnh trong tng lai, nhng vn cn
qu sm ti liu ha s thay i no s xy ra.
S tin tng ng gi vn l lnh vc no ca du
lch sinh thi s c a ra mi cho, ch khng

phi mt ci tn m khng c t liu trn h thng

Internet (Ryel, 1997). Cc doanh nghip du lch
nc ngoi gn y c mt li th, bi v h c
sn s thnh cng trong vic thit lp tn chi nhnh
trn th trng chung. Nhng cc doanh nghip du
lch trong nc c nhn nhn nh ang tng s
thnh cng thng qua vic gii thiu cc tuyn thm
quan ca h trc tip n du khch qua mng li
World Wide Web.
Xu th ca cc khu n ngh sinh thi
Cc khu n ngh sinh thi tng rt khan him.
Nhng nhu cu v loi nh ngh thn thin vi mi
trng lm cho cc nh xy dng bn rn sau hu
trng to ra mt th h mi cc loi nh ngh v
khch sn cho khch du lch sinh thi. Mt trong
nhng th nghim th v nht trong lnh vc ny
ang c khi xng bi mt t chc phi chnh
ph, Qu Cc Nh ngh Bo tn Thin nhinConservation Lodge Foundation (CLF), s tin u t
ca qu ny c ly t mt ngun phi li nhun,
Qu Pew. Sau khi hon thnh mt nghin cu nm
nm v tnh kh thi, vic xy dng ang c tin
hnh Florida, cng vi vic xy dng cc nh ngh
khc Hawaii, Vnh Yucatan v Bahamas vi cng
mt loi thit k. Mc tiu chnh ca t chc ny,
theo mt bo co ca CLF (1997), l to ra mt

ngun thu nhp thng xuyn bo ton ti chnh,

to ra nhng c hi v cng n vic lm v thu nhp
cho ngi dn trong cc khu vc nhy cm v sinh
thi, pht trin cc m hnh kin trc tc ng thp
n mi trng, v gio dc cho mi ngi v cc h
sinh thi trn cn v di nc.
Florida l a im xy dng cho cc khu n ngh u
tin kiu ny v chnh sch cp tin v quyn s dng
t ca bang ny. Chnh quyn Bang ginh
hng nghn hecta t quan trng cho vic bo tn,
John Yost- Gim c iu hnh ca CLF ni,
nhng h khng c tin qun l. y chnh l
ni m chnh sch tr gip ca chng ti c th lm
n khc i.
Mt cng ty pht trin khc ang tm kim to ra
mt chi nhnh mi trong cc khu du lch sinh thi
l cng ty Footprints International (Nhng Du chn
Quc T). Cng ty ny xy dng 12 khu n ngh
du lch sinh thi loi bn sao trong ba nm. H ang
tp chung vo cc tuyn tham quan thun li cho cc
du khch t chu M, bao gm cc du khch Hoa K,
Bahamas, Mexico v vng Carib. Cc vn nh:
tn ca mt chi nhnh v s an ton, cc tuyn du lch
sinh thi bao gm tt c cc khon, tip cn gio dc,
v thch hp cho gia nh, c th to ra mt th
trng mi cho du lch sinh thi. Cng ty

Footprints lin kt vi cc t chc phi li nhun

v mi trng nh t chc V Thin Nhin (The
Nature Conservancy) v Hip Hi Quc gia Audubon
(the National Audobon Society). Nhng t chc ny
ng chia x th trng h thng khu n ngh
bng mt t l phn trm c bo m trn mi ging
khch cho mt m (ging khch/m). Thm vo
, du khch ca hng Footprints s c ngh
trn c s t nguyn nu h c lng ho tm quyn
gp cho cc t chc hp tc v bo tn khi h tr tin
n ngh ti khch sn. Song song vi Hi ng C
vn c bit ca Footprints (m tc gi l mt thnh
vin), cc t chc v mi trng c i hi cung
cp cho cc khu n ngh nhng hng dn v cch
la chn a im, tiu chun mi trng v nhng
mi quan h vi cng ng. S cng tc ny chc
chn cung cp cho cc khu n ngh mt quan nim
ng v mi trng trong khi ang m rng v cn
bn nng lc th trng ca n.
Tp on Bo tn Nam Phi ca Chu Phi (CCA) c
mt h thng khu n ngh sinh thi thnh cng nht
trn th gii, v l h thng khch sn tn ti duy
nht hot ng tch cc p ng y cc tiu
chun v du lch sinh thi. Cng ty ny do hai anh em
c tha k nng trang Londolozi Nam Phi sng
lp hin ti ang qun l hai mi hai bt ng sn
ng v Nam Phi (Christ, 1997). c tnh khong

mi khch sn trong s do CCA xy dng nn;

s cn li th CCA u t cho vic nng cp v sa
li ni tht. Nm 1990, hai anh em ny gp mt
nh ti chnh c thin mun dng ti tr v kinh
nghim ca mnh trong lnh vc u t quc t v
bo tn. Nh ti chnh ny thu phc nh u t
Gordon Getty a mt phn ba ca tng s 26 triu
la vo u t sng lp ra CCA (Ginsberg, 1997).
Cc khu n ngh ny tng i nh - 80% tng s
khng c qu 20 phng - nhng gi ca tt c cc
phng t nht l $200 cho mt ngi trong mt m
(bao gm c cc tr vui chi gii tr v n ung). Th
thc u t ny em li mt nhun ng k,
200.000 la trong tng s tin u t hng nm
c a ring vo mt t chc phi li nhun v pht
trin cng ng c tn l Qu u t Nng thn
(Rural Invesment Fund-RIF). Qu ny c hn mt
triu la cho cc d n pht trin hp tc vi cc
cng ng nng thn xung quanh khu n ngh ca
CCA. RIF tr gip m rng h thng cc trng
ph thng c s, xy dng mt trung tm cng ng
v mt bnh vin phc v cho 30.000 ngi. Qu ny
cng lm vic cng vi nhn dn a phng trong
vic thit lp cc x nghip nh, v d nh mt hp
tc x sn xut gch, v mt d n v lm sch cy
bi v lm than ci bn vng (Christ, 1997). Cho
n by gi, CCA vn cn tp trung vo cc tuyn
tham quan safari, v d nh Nam Phi, Botswana,

Tanzania v Kenya. Tuy nhin, h ang m rng chi

nhnh sang cc nc mi, nh Zambia, ni m t nn
sn trm cn nng n v cha c du lch sinh thi.
Zambia s l mt ni th nghim cng rn cho trit
l ca CCA. Nu du lch sinh thi c th xa b t
sn trm, th n s gim bt i mt vn chng li
cc n lc c gng ca nhiu cc t chc v mi
trng giu c nht trn th gii v cc chnh ph
tin b nht ca chu Phi (Ginsberg, 1997). (Xem
thm v CCA trong Chng 8-Tc gi).
Trong khi h thng khu ngh ngi sinh thi ang tr
thnh mt thc t hin nhin, cc nh ngh sinh thi
nh mang tnh gia nh vn l trung tm ca th
trng n ngh ca du lch sinh thi. Mt th h mi
cc khu n ngh quy m nh trong cc khu tham quan
ho lnh ang c gng p ng nhu cu cao v cht
lng mi trng, v tm kim s n nh lu di. H
c mi quan h rt c nhn vi cng ng a
phng. Nhng loi nh ngh ny c xy dng t
c tc ng tiu cc cho cnh quan t nhin. Hot
ng ca cc nh ngh ny gim ti thiu vic s
dng cc ngun ti nguyn khng ti to; gim, ti s
dng v ti sinh cc sn phm rc thi ca chng; v
m bo sao cho du khch sng hi ha vi mi
trng thin nhin m h ang c gng bo v thng
qua cc chnh sch nng ng v mi trng. Khu lu
tri Tortillis Kenya c xy dng bng cc vt

liu a phng, khng phi cc ngun ti nguyn a

phng b vt cn kit, m l c ly cn thn t
cc ngun nguyn liu tt nht cc a im khc
nhau ca Kenya (Cheli v Peacock Safaris, 1996).
Lapa Rios Costa Rica bao gm 14 ngi nh g mt
tng trn mt din tch 1000 mu Anh thuc khu bo
tn t nhn trong hn 80% l rng nguyn sinh.
Nhng ngi s hu khu bo tn ny d nh
cng hin khu bo tn ca t nhn thnh ni tr
ng cho cc ng vt hoang di theo lut La Vida
Silvestre v xy dng mt chng trnh v cc sn
phm rng ma nhit i, vn vn.. (Lapa Rios,
1996). Kapawi vng Amazon thuc Ecuador
c thit lp thay th cho cc hot ng ph hi mi
trng nh nng tri chn nui gia sc, v cung
cp cc phng tin kinh t hng thng gip cng
ng ngi Achuar bn a. Trong vng 15 nm,
nhng ngi ch s hu ca Kapawi s thu hi vn
t s u t vo cc nh ngh v t s u t vo
ton b h thng th trng trong cng ng ngi
Achuar (Kapawi, 1996).
Cc t chc phi chnh ph v tc ng ca n ln
NGNH DU LCH SINH THI
Ngnh du lch sinh thi c xem nh chu nh
hng ca cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGOs): h
l nhng ngi cung cp cc tiu chun trong ngnh

du lch sinh thi; ngi to ra th trng phi li nhun

v cc chng trnh du lch nc ngoi; cc chuyn
gia trong lnh vc pht trin bn vng (thng tin
cung cp cho cc d n ny l t cc t chc quyn
gp quc t nh Ngn hng Th gii); v l nhng
ngi xy dng nn cc d n v du lch sinh thi
cc nc c tuyn tham quan ny. Mt trong nhng
mi quan h tng ng nht c th tm thy l
mi quan h gia cc nhn vin ca cc phng du
lch thuc cc t chc phi chnh ph v mi trng
v cc nh doanh nghip du lch sinh thi nc
ngoi. NGOs thu cc chuyn gia v du lch v pht
trin xy dng cc chng trnh du lch sinh thi theo
yu cu ca khch hng cho cc thnh vin ca mnh
trong s cng tc gn gi vi vic t chc cc chuyn
tham quan du lch thng mi nc ngoi. Mi
quan h da vo nhau ny xy dng nn s lin h
cht ch v hu ch gia ngnh du lch sinh thi v
lnh vc bo tn.
Khu vc t nhn cng ang ngy cng ng gp mt
vai tr ng h quan trng, khng ch cc t chc phi
chnh ph quc t m c rt nhiu cc t chc phi
chnh ph a phng. Mi quan h hp tc c th
c thit lp em li hiu qu cho vic bo tn.
T chc Cc Hnh trnh c bit tm kim d n c
nhn ni m h c th s dng mt CCH SNG
TO NGUN TI NGUYN CA MNH. Baja,

Mexico, cn c mt chng trnh o to hng

dn du lch da trn c s cng ng. T chc Cc
Hnh trnh c bit lm vic cng vi NGO v
RARE cung cp v t chc nhng chng trnh
ny (OBien, 1997).
Trong khi cc t chc phi chnh ph ang tng cng
tham gia vo cc cng vic v du lch, th cc d n
v pht trin du lch sinh thi ca h ang tnh
trng lng tng do thiu kinh nghim trong lnh vc
ny v khng thy c nhng nhu cu v mt kinh
doanh. iu ny dn n tm trng e ngi v nn
lng (Ryel, 1997).
Patricia Leon c gng th hin nhng nhu cu kinh
doanh ny vo cc k hoch cng vic hng ngy,
y l mt phn cng vic ca b l chuyn gia v
pht trin kinh doanh cho khu vc M Latinh ca
Hip hi Bo tn Thin nhin (TNC). TNC c 60 t
chc phi chnh ph l i tc Chu M Latinh, 36
trong s ny ang i hi s tr gip v cc nghin
cu kh thi cho cc d n pht trin du lch sinh thi.
9 trong s cc i tc ny gn y c mt s c s h
tng cho du lch. Leon tin hnh rt nhiu cc nghin
cu v tnh kh thi v tin kh thi ca cc d n cho
cc NGOs a phng ny. Nhim v ca b l cung
cp cho cc nh lnh o ca cc NGO a phng
nhng hiu bit c bn v vic bo tn t ai ca h

trong khi vn c thu nhp. Tuy nhin, b thy vic

sp t c cu t chc trong nhng vng ny l v
cng kh khn, do s thiu tin tng mt cch su
sc vo cc k hoch kinh doanh v cc cch tip cn
kinh doanh khi tin hnh cc cng vic v bo tn.
Leon ni Cn phi c thi gian to ra lng tin,
v chng ta thnh thong cn phi ng mt vai tr
trung gian lm vic lu di vi cc NGO.
Khng cn nghi ng g na, hu ht cc t chc
NGO ny cn c s tr gip ca khu vc t nhn
thnh cng. Nhng, ngy cng c nhiu bng chng
cho rng cc NGO ang la chn d n ca h da
vo nhng tiu chun khng thch ng vi nhu cu
ca ngnh du lch. Hng triu la ti tr c th
u t vo cc d n nhng khng tn ti c v
phng din kinh doanh. Thng cc d n c tr
gip trong khong thi gian hai n nm nm, sau
c li cho a phng qun l. Gim c d n
ca NGO thng thiu kinh nghim hoc thiu
chuyn mn, l nguyn nhn dn n cc hnh vi
thiu trch nhim ca h. iu ny cui cng s to
ra mt cnh tng c hi do nim hy vng ca cng
ng a phng c dy ln mnh m sau b tan
v bi s tht bi ca cc d n (Epler Wood,
1998c).

Mc tiu r rng cho NGOs v doanh nghip t nhn

l lm vic trong s ha thun, nht l trong giai on
thc thi d n. Mt s cc d n mi v du lch sinh
thi mang tnh sng to nht em li s hp tc
ny. Kurt Kutay l mt nh doanh nghip lm vic
vi c NGO quc t v NGO a phng tm th
trng cho cc d n nh ng mn Scarlet Macaw
Guatemala v Khu vc Tambopata ca Peru. Tuy
nhin, du khch vn cha vi v n thm cc d n
hng th ny, khi m, nh Kutay bnh lun khng
d rng g m du khch chuyn hng thm quan n
nhng ni m hc cha nghe ai ni g v ni .
Kh nng ca NGO trong vic gy s ch vo cc
a im d n ca h trn thng tin i chng b ch
trch. Ci m s gip bn c nhng a im
du lch mi, Kutay ni, l s ch t bn ngoi
do vic qung co ca cc doanh nghip em li.
Mt mi quan h hp tc khc gia NGOs v doanh
nghip du lch khng ny n l c hi cc
NGOs a phng v doanh nghip du lch lm vic
cng vi nhau trong vic thu gp tin cho cc d n
bo tn v pht trin thng qua vic thu xp a ra
cc bi gii thiu cho cc nhm du lch. Theo nghin
cu nh gi Xanh (the Green Evaluations study)
Ecuador do Hip Hi Du lch Sinh thi tin hnh, t
hn 50% s du khch c ngh ng gp cho cc
cng vic bo tn a phng trong cc chuyn

tham quan (Norman et al., 1997). Tom OBrien

bnh lun rng cc NGOs a phng thng khng
c chun b c cc bi gii thiu, thm tr khi
mt cng ty nh Cc chuyn Du hnh c bit
sn sng thu xp tt c cc khch tham quan ng
gp la cho la.
S ln mnh ca mi quan h kinh doanh trong
cc cng ng
Cc d n du lch sinh thi da trn c s cng ng
ang pht trin v s lng trn khp th gii
(Wesche, 1996; Sproule, 1996), cc cng ng ang
tr nn ngy cng thng tho trong vic cung cp cc
dch v cho cc doanh nghip du lch t vic cung
cp cc sn phm th cng n cc dch v gii tr.
Vn xy dng mi quan h tt hn gia cng ng
a phng v cc doanh nghip du lch vn cn l
thch thc ln nht trong ngnh ny (Epler Wood,
1998c). Cc cc doanh nghip du lch ang phi i
mt vi hng lot cc mong i t cng ng, v
ang trong qu trnh hc hi lm th no c
c nhng mi quan h thch hp vi cng ng.
Cc doanh nghip du lch, nhng ngi b buc
phi nhng nhn nhn dn a phng, c th tr
nn bc bi khi cc cng ng a phng khng
chp nhn vic chu trch nhim v bo v ti
nguyn (Munoz, 1997). Monoz l mt trong s vi

ngi ni ln mi quan tm ca ng trong vn ny

mt cch cng khai, mc d rt nhiu cc cng ty du
LCH CHU PHI V CHU b mt ni ti
nhng mi quan tm tng t. Cm gic b ph bc
thng c by t mt cch lng l trong cc doanh
nghip thuc khu vc t nhn sau khi h a ra cc
d n cng phu gip cng ng th pht hin ra
rng nhn dn a phng khng c cch g gi
li giao c ca h c.
Theo Tom OBrien, c nhng mong i khng
hp l v vic tr tin cho cng ng Gi c c th
leo thang qu nhanh dn n ton b cng ng b
mt ngun du khch chnh (OBrien, 1997).
Tuy nhin, m hnh cho mi quan h lu di vi cc
cng ng a phng ang tn ti. Cng ty Du lch
vng Hoang d v ang lm vic thnh cng vi
cng ng Cofan ca vng Amazon Ecuador trong
chn nm qua. Ton b mi quan h kinh doanh c
gii quyt thng qua Randy Borman (Abbott, 1997),
con trai ca mt nh truyn gio sinh ra Ecuador.
Borman ci mt ngi con gi ca cng ng
Cofan v a mt nhm gm bn ngi ca gia
nh Cofan ra khi mt th trn ang pht trin nhanh
v giu m Lago Agrio v sng ti mt lng
trong khu rng ma nhit i ca Zabalo. Hin nay
h vn ang sinh sng . ng ta lm ngi

trung gian l tng cho cng ng Cofan trong rt

nhiu vn , v d: lm vic vi cng ty Du lch
vng Hoang di nh ra gi c cng c u tin
nhng nhu cu thit yu v kinh t ca cng ng
ng ta. Mc tiu ca ng l khng nhng khng lm
ph v nn vn ha ca h m cn cung cp nhng
gi tr v mt kinh t. Ngay t nhng ngy u,
Borman lm nh mt hng dn vin du lch, nhng
by gi th rt nhiu ngi Cofan cng lm dch v
ny. C ngy di, cc nhm du khch leo ni vo khu
rng ma nhit i vi nhng ngi hng dn ny,
h thng tm thy ln c Pcari, v thm quan mt
ci h nh ni h c th lim mui trc tip t h.
Borman tham gia vo nhm du lch ngay t u v
n cui chuyn du lch din t ht mt cch y
nhng kinh nghim ca ngi dn bn a
chung sng trong h sinh thi phc tp ny (Xem
thm v ngi Cofan trong Chng 9-ngi hiu
nh).
Nhng doanh nghip du lch khc cng bnh lun v
tnh c o ca nhng ngi trung gian a phng,
nhng ngi lm nn mi quan h gn gi vi
cng ng a phng. Trong rt nhiu trng hp,
li nhun c dng vo cc mc tiu bo tn, v
cng ng a phng c kh nng duy tr cuc sng
theo li truyn thng ca h. KENYA, nhng
ngi lnh o ca cng ng Maasai ang tr nn

v vng lo luyn trong cc cng vic vi cng ty du

lch safari. Trong mt vi trng hp c th, nhng
ngi lnh o ca cng ng Maasai c a I
o to v nghip v k ton v php lut cc nc
phng Ty, khi tr v cng ng ca h th h s
lm vic nh nhng ngi trung gian vi cc doanh
nghip v cc nh ti tr nc ngoi. Trong vng
m ca vn Quc gia Amboseli, mt s nng tri
thnh lp ra mt lin minh vi s gip ca mt
ngi n ng Maasai c o c gio dc
phng Ty, Kokoi Olitiptip. Mc tiu ca lin
minh ny l iu phi tt hn na cc doanh nghip
du lch v cc cng vic mo him khc cho cc nng
tri nhm. Mi mt nng tri nhm tnh ton s
tin ti tr cho cng ng t cc nh ti tr, cc
doanh nghip du lch v cc doanh nghip khc, v
mi mt nhm ny xut bn bo co ti chnh hng
nm. Cc hp ng cho cc doanh nghip du lch
thu tri safari ang cung cp tng thu nhp ng k
cho ngi Maasai vng m ca cc vn quc
gia, v ngi Maasai nhn thc rt tt rng s tin
thu c t vic cho thu tri safari c dng vo
vic bo v ng vt hoang di ang sng trn t ai
ca h.
sp t cc tiu chun

Mt trong cc thch thc ln nht cho ngnh cng

nghip du lch sinh thi l liu mt lot cc tiu
chun c th c thit lp gim st v cp bng
cho cc doanh nghip du lch sinh thi hp php
(Epler Wood, 1998b). Hip Hi Du lch Sinh thi
xut bn nm 1993 cun Hng dn Hot ng du
lch Thin nhin v cng ang trong qu trnh nghin
cu nhng hng dn cho vic thit lp cc khu n
ngh sinh thi, du lch sinh thi trn bin, v s tham
gia ca cng ng trong du lch sinh thi. Bi v
ngnh ny cn qu mi m, do cn phi tin hnh
cc nghin cu v cng vic thc tin v vn ci
g c th v khng th ginh c t cc doanh
nghip c trch nhim. Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi
thc thi mt chng trnh Quc gia v nh gi
Xanh vi Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi Ecuador vo
nm 1996 v 1997 bc u tr li cho nhng cu
hi ny (Norman et al., 1997). Australia l nc u
tin ginh c kinh ph mc quc gia cho cc
chng trnh du lch sinh thi. Chng trnh ny
c bt u t nm 1996, v c Hip Hi Du lch
Sinh thi Australia qun l (Chester, 1997). Costa
Rica ang trong qu trnh to lp ra chng trnh
xanh ring ca nc ny cho h thng khch sn
(Instituto Constarricense de Turismo, 1997).
Khng c l g li mong i khu vc doanh nghip
nh ca ngnh cng nghip du lch sinh thi s c

kh nng cung cp kinh ph hon ton cho cc

chng trnh ca bn thn cc doanh nghip ny.
Trong thc t, hu nh tt c cc nc trn th gii
u thiu kinh ph cho nhng chng trnh nh vy.
Nghin cu ca Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi ch ra
rng cc doanh nghip du lch v nh ngh sn sng
tr tin cho vic nh gi hoc t chc gy qu cho
cc chng trnh v du lch sinh thi ca h (The
Ecotourism Society, 1993), nhng l ph s khng
bao gi trang tri cho mt chng trnh c lp
nh gi vic thc thi ny. Vic thc hin qu
trnh gim st ti ch s v cng tn km k c mc
a phng, quc gia hay quc t. Mt s cng ty
t nhn v mt vi nhm thng mi quc t ang
bt u tham d vo tr chi c hng ny qua
vic a ra cc con du xanh cho vic thu l ph trc
tip, hoc cc con du xanh lin quan n mt
chng trnh t vn m c th gip nhng ni n
ngh ca du lch sinh thi lm xanh cc khch
sn ca h. Trong khi cc chng trnh ny a dng
v bin i ph hp vi cc li ch, chng khng gii
quyt c vn sp t cc tiu chun xc thc v
c th chp nhn c mc quc gia v quc t v
lnh vc chu trch nhim.
Tt c cc tuyn tham quan c nhu cu ln v du lch
hin nay nhn thc c cc tiu chun ca du
lch sinh thi (Tyel, 1997), v ngnh ny thy

c s cn thit v cc chng trnh to kinh ph

hp php. Thc t cc nc nh Kenya, ngnh kinh
doanh du lch ang i hi s tr gip t pha chnh
ph cp quc gia thnh thnh nn cc chng
trnh to kinh ph hp php cho du lch sinh thi. Cn
c vo cc chi ph cho vic khai trng mt chng
trnh c s gim st thch hp v thit k mc nh
gi thu, diu m khu vc t nhn lm vic vi chnh
ph ginh c kinh ph quc gia ang b ch
trch. S dng nhng hng dn ca Hip hi Du lch
Sinh thi hoc Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi Australia s
lm cho qu trnhthc thi mt chng trnh mi gim
bt phn nghin cu, v tng tnh kh thi ca mt h
thng p ng c nhng ch tiu quc t.
Tm kim nhng m hnh mi ca s bn vng
Cng nghip du lch sinh thi tin hnh rt nhiu
cc d n i mi trong nm nm qua cho s bo tn
v bn vng. Mt hip hi cc nh qun l khu bo
tn Costa Rica ang lm vic trc tip vi t chc
Dch v Vn Quc gia Costa Rica tr gip
nhng doanh nghip du lch sinh thi, nhng ngi
qun l cc ti nguyn sinh vt (The Ecotourism
Society, 1997b). Qu ACEER Peru ang c giao
trch nhim bo v hn 100.000 hecta rng ma
nhit i nguyn sinh do s thnh cng t cc hi
tho v Rng ma Nhit i ca Hip hi cc Hnh

trnh Quc t. Hin nay, nn mng ca s i mi

ny ang ngm su vo gio dc a phng v cc
vn pht trin v ng v tr dn u trong lnh
vc bo tn Peru. Cc t chc ln v bo tn nh
Qu ng vt Hoang di v Hip Hi Bo tn Ti
nguyn Thin nhin Quc t-IUCN trnh xa du
lch sinh thi bi nhn thc khng y ca h v
ngnh du lch ny, nhng ngy nay h ang thit lp
cc d n du lch sinh thi nh mt cng c bo tn
trn khp th gii. Thm tr c cc ngn hng pht
trin cng ang c gng tham gia vo lnh vc ny.
Tuy nhin, h thy rng thng (ch khng phi l
khng) cc d n du lch sinh thi c quy m nh rt
kh c cung cp kinh ph bi v cc d n ca
ngn hng thng in hnh l trong khong 5-10
triu la hoc hn (Hawkins, 1996).
Du lch sinh thi c th l mt phn quan trng ca
phng thc pht trin bn vng. N gp phn
vo s thnh vng ca cc doanh nghip m
khng cn ti s tr gip ca cc NGO v cc
cng ng v s pht trin. Nhng bt chp nhng
mong mun ca NGO v cng ng v s pht trin
a du lch sinh thi vo cc bo co hng nm ca
h v bo tn v pht trin bn vng, cc m hnh du
lch sinh thi bn vng bt buc u tin v trc ht
phi c chnh khu vc t nhn to ra. Tm kim
nhng m hnh mi ca s bn vng ny l mt

qu trnh m iu kin bt buc l phi c s tham

gia ca tt c nhng ngi lin quan ngay t bc
u tin ca d n. Trong khi cng ng a
phng v khu vc t nhn chc chn l nhng thnh
vin khng th thiu c.
Tn ti nhiu cu hi v vn lm th no thu
ht s u t ngc tr li t tng thu nhp v du
lch cho cc khu vc bo tn sinh vt quan trng,
nhng ni m thiu c s h tng c bn, thiu o
to v hng dn du lch v dch v, thiu chuyn
mn v ti chnh v qun l kinh doanh, v thiu
nhng hiu bit v th trng. Nhng nh qun l
chng trnh ca cc t chc phi chnh ph, nhng
ngi ang tm kim kh nng cho pht trin bn
vng cc d n ca mnh ang ng u vi hng
trm a im m cn s tr gip nh vy khp cc
khu vc sinh hc quan trng trn th gii. Tt nht,
ti tr cho pht trin nn tp trung vo vic gip
nhn dn a phng mi ra nhng k nng kinh
doanh ca h lin quan n du lch, trong khi cng
mt lc gii quyt c nhng nhu cu cp thit ca
h v gio dc v pht trin. Khu vc t nhn cng
ging nh vy, nhn c s tr gip tp trung
vo ci m n c th lm c tt nht- l pht
trin, thnh cng trong thc thi v tm kim th
trng, v chu trch nhim v cc sn phm ca du
lch sinh thi. Nu iu ny lm c trong nhng

khu vc c la chn thnh khu vc pht trin

du lch sinh thi do cng ng NGO, chnh ph, v
khu vc t nhn c chung mc ch, th c hi cho s
thnh cng s c ci thin vt bc.
Kt lun
Du lch sinh thi l mt ngnh sng to v kinh doanh
ha trong th h u tin ca s pht trin. n nay
cha c bt c mt doanh nhip du lch sinh thi no
l s hu cng cng. Thm tr h thng pht trin khu
n ngh sinh thi ln nht cng vn khi u khng
qu 25 triu la, v hu ht cc khu ngh ny c
xy dng vi s tin di mt triu la. Hu nh tt
cc ngi ch cng ty du lch sinh thi sng lp v
duy tr cng ty ca h n ngy nay nh ngi ch s
hu. Cc c gng to ra nhng c quyn v tn
cc chi nhnh cho du lch sinh thi vn ch l nhng
giai on sm ca s pht trin. Bi vy, n ti thi
im ny, du lch sinh thi vn duy tr nh mt doanh
nghip t nhn ca cc ngi ch ring bit, ch
khng phi l nhng tp on ln. i vi rt nhiu
cc cng ng v nhng ngi bun bn nh a
phng, y l mt c hi cho s pht trin l gii
thiu h n vi th gii kinh doanh ln u tin.
Rt t doanh nghip du lch sinh thi tham gia vo
qu trnh hoch nh chin lc. H thnh cng
bi kh nng bm sinh tt v phn ng t nhin. S

cng tc gia cc cng ty c cc tuyn du lch a

phng v cc cng ty c th trng quc t l mt
mi quan h ct li trong ngnh kinh doanh ny,
nhng nhng mi quan h ny thng da vo mi
lin h c nhn v bn b to ra nhng lin minh
doanh nghip chin lc.
Vic tng mi quan tm v du lch sinh thi trong th
h bng n dn s sau chin tranh ch ra rng
ngnh ny s p ng c nhng nhu cu th trng
ngy cng tng t nht trong hai mi nhm nm ti.
Bi vy, du lch sinh thi buc phi trng thnh v
ln mnh trong thi k ny, v kho lo iu khin
s chuyn tip ny cho cc th h ch s hu tip
theo. Tuy nhin, khng c ha hn g rng ngnh du
lch sinh thi s l mt m hnh cho doanh nghip a
quc gia, khi m nhng doanh nghip du lch sinh
thi tr thnh ngi hng li nhun chnh t thu
nhp ca tp on. Nhu cu lm vic trong cc tuyn
du lch vng nng thn ho lnh dng nh hp
dn nhng doanh nghip thch lm n khng hon
ton c nh hng v hp dn nhng ai c u c
sng to v c nhn ch ngha. iu ny tin on
cho mt ngnh kinh doanh nn tip tc c gng
p ng c nhng tiu chun cao v bo tn v
pht trin bn vng trn ton cu.
Ti liu tham kho

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Wilderness Travel, Berkeley, California. Cheb and
Peacock Safaris. 1996. "Tort& Camp Statement on
Ecotourism," Nairobi, Kenya.
Chester,
G.
1997.
"Australia
Ecotourism
Accreditation Off and Running," The Ecotourism
Society Newsletter, Second Quarter.
Christ, C. 1997. Personal communication, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Conservation Lodge Foundation. 1997. Annual
report,
Pew
Foundation,
Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Costa Rica Expeditions. 1997.
catalogue, San Jose, Costa Rica.

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Eagles, P, B. Higgins. 1998. "Ecotourism Market and

Industry Structure," Ecotourism: A Guide for
Planners and Managers, vol. 2, The Ecotourism
Society, North Bennington, Vermont.
(The) Ecotourism Society. 1991. International
Galapagos Tour Operators Association, The
Ecotoutism Society Newsletter, First Quarter, The
Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vermont.

(The) Ecotourism Society. 1993. "Ecotourism

Guidelines for Nature Tour Operators," The
Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vermont.
(The) Ecototirism Society. 1997a. International
Update, The Ecotourism Society Newsletter, Third
Quarter, The Ecotourism Society, North
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(The) Ecotourism Society. 1997b. "Costa Rican
Network of Natural Reserves," The Ecotourism
Society Newsletter, Fourth Quarter, The
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Epler Wood, M. 1998a. "Ecotourism at a Crossroads:
Charting the Way Forward," Nairobi, Kenya, The
Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vermont.
Epter Wood, M. 199 8b. "Ecotourism
Accreditation: Progress and Prospects," The
Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vermont.
Forthcoming.
Epler Wood, M. 1998c. "Meeting the Global
Challenge of Community Participation in
Ecotourism: Case Studies and Lessons from
Ecuador," America Verde series, The Nature
Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.

Ginsberg, S. 1997. "Millionaire Getty Takes Airn at

Wealthy Ecotourists in New African Big Game
Hunt," Business and Environment, San Francisco,
California.
Hawkins, D.E. 1996. "Ecolodge Finance and
Investment
Strategies,"
The
Ecolodge
Sourcebook, The Ecotourism Society, North
Bennington, Vermont.
Horizontes. 1996. "A Brief History of Horizontes,"
San Jose, Costa Rica.
Instituto Constarticense de Turismo (IC-D. 1997.
"Certification
for
Sustainable
Tourism:
Establishing
a
Competitive
Advantage,"
Department of Sustainable Tourism, Ministry of
Tourism, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Jenks, B. 1997. "The Question of Local Guides in
Latin America," The Ecotourism Society
Newsletter, Second Quarter, The Ecotourism
Society, North Bennington, Vermont.
Kalosh, A. 1997. "With the Aging of the Baby
Boomers, It's a Huge Market!" ASTA Industry
and Environment, Alexandria, Virginia.
Kapawi. 1996. Kapawi Newsletter, Guayaquil,
Ecuador.

Kietzke, M.J. 1998. The Travel Specialists, Winter

1997-1998, vol. 11, no. 7.
Kutay, K. 1997. Personal communication, Wildland
journeys, Seattle, Washington.
Lapa Rios. 1996. Brochure, Puerto Jimenez, Costa
Rica.
Lindblad, S. 1997. Personal communication, Special
Expeditions, New York City, New York.
McKercher, R.D. 1998. The Business of Naturebased Tourism, Hospitality Press, Melbourne,
Australia.
Miller, A.C. 1991. "Galapagos at the Crossroads,"
The Ecotourism Society Newsletter, Spring, The
Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vermont.
Munoz, 0. 1997. Personal communication, Nuevo
Mundo Expeditions, Quito, Ecuador.
Norman, WC., E. Fraurnan, L. Toepper, E. Sirakaya.
1997. "Evaluation Program and Compliance of
Nature Tour Operators," The Ecotourism Society,
North Bennington, Vermont.
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Expeditions, Seattle, Washington.

Patterson, C. 1997. "The Business of Ecotourism,"

Explorer's Guide Publishing, Rhinelander,
Wisconsin.
Rodney, R. 1997. Personal communication,
Wilderness Travel, Berkeley, California.
Russell, D., C. Bottrill, G. Meredith. 1995.
"International Ecolodge Survey," The Ecolodge
Sourcebook, The Ecotourism Society, North
Bennington, Vermont.
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Expeditions, Birmingham, Alabama.
Sproule, K. 1996. "Community-based Ecotourism
Development: Identifying Partners in the
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the Impacts, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut.
Weber, W 1997. Personal communication, journeys,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Environmentalism and indigenous Community
Controlled Ecotourism in the Ecuadorian
Amazon," Geographische Zeitschtift, vols. 3 and
4, no. 84, pp. 157-168.

Western, D. 1997. "Ecotourism at a Crossroads in

Kenya," The Ecotourism Society Newsletter,
Fourth Quarter.
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Research, Spring, vol.. 24, no. 4, pp. 2-10.

CHNG 3
Gii thiu Th gii cha c t bn ha v s
thng hiu
Simon McArthur
S din gii khng phi
l thng tin. N cng khng phi l mt trung tm du
khch, mt du hiu, mt cun sch gii thiu qung
co hay ch ra nhng iu hp dn nh khi chng
xut hin trong cnh quan. N cng khng phi l
mt cun phim n chiu hay mt v kch c vai
din. ch n thun l nhng k thut m thng
qua a ra c s din gii. S din gii cn
vt qua s tp trung vo nhng ci xa c nht, ln
nht v him hoi nht. N vt qua vic ni cho mi
ngi bit tn ca mt loi cy hay tui ca mt ngi
nh. S din gii l mt hnh thc hc tp c iu
phi, c tnh sng to v gy cm hng; to ra
phng tin pht hin ra nhiu s phc tp ca th
gii v v tr ca chng ta trong ; lm con ngi ta
rung ng, thch thc nhng s cam kt v kch thch
nim say m hc hi. T ba n sng hm sau hay
trn bn n ti tn tun sau ngi ta vn cn suy ngh
ti s din gii tt p. Nu c truyn t ng
cch, s din gii khng ch lm giu thm cc kinh
nghim v du lch sinh thi m cn to ra nn tng

lm ghi nh v ni bt ln. Bng cch ny, s din

gii cn phi l mi quan h ca kinh nghim du lch
sinh thi.
Tuy nhin, s din gii
vn ch l ci v ngoi ca du lch sinh thi. Ging
nh cc thnh phn khc ca s cn bng du lch sinh
thi, s din gii li li mt bc so vi cc thnh
phn mi trng nh gim thiu tc ng ca du
khch v ti a ho s p dng pht trin bn vng
mt cch sinh thi. Chng ny khng a ra bnh
lun g v gi tr ca cc sng kin ny, chng c
ch thch vi mt cht chm bim v yu cu cui
cng i vi cc du khch phi nhn thc c mt
cch y v mi trng ng h v c chun
b chi tr cho nhng sng kin ny. S din gii
cht vi lng cao cng c iu ny bng cch din
gii hot ng du lch sinh thi, nhng khch hng,
hnh vi v cc gi tr v s cam kt ca c du khch
ln ngi iu hnh tua du lch. V th, s din gii
cht lng cao l iu c bn lm cho du lch sinh
thi pht trin bn vng.
 
NH NGHA S DIN GII
 

 Khng c mt nh ngha
n l no v s din gii c hu ht cc nh
thc hnh thng qua. Tuy vy, nh ngha nu trong
bng 3.1 phn nh tng hp hu ht cc yu t m s
din gii cp t khi pht trin nhng kinh
nghim din gii. nh ngha c trch dn rng ri
l nh ngha ca Freeman Tilden (1977), nhng cc
t chc thng s dng cc nh ngha khc nhau
phn nh nn tng gi tr t chc v vn ha ca h.
V d, mt s nh iu hnh tua du lch s dng s
din gii nh l mt s vn dng tng thm gi tr
thu ht nhng th trng c hiu sut cao hn. Cc t
chc qun l di sn s dng s din gii nhn mnh
cc gi tr bo tn truyn thng v mt nguyn tc
bo tn. Nhng nh iu hnh tua du lch vn ha
nhn mnh vo s nhy cm vn ha v s chnh xc.
Cc nh iu hnh tua du lch sinh thi ch yu c
gng t bn thn h vo gia nhng trin vng ny
nhiu cch iu hnh tua du lch sinh thi hc i
theo kiu din gi :

h;

Tng gi tr v nng cao v th sn phm ca

Thu ht cc th trng hiu sut cao;

hay

Phn nh c nguyn tc t chc v c nhn


Khuyn t chc qun l di sn chu trch
nhim v ti sn m h iu hnh s dng.
Bng 3.1.
Cc nh ngha v s din gii
nh ngha

Ngun gc
Mt hot ng gio dc nhm nu bt Freeman
ngha v cc mi quan h thng qua Tilden (Tilden
vic s dng cc vt th nguyn dng, 1977)
bng kinh nghim u tin, v bng
phng tin minh ha hn l n Colonial
thun ch truyn ti cc thng tin Williamsburg,
USA
thc t
(MacFarlane,
Qu trnh truyn thng nhm mc 1994)
tiu gip con ngi tm ra ngha
ca cc s vt, ni chn, con ngi Vn Quc gia
v s kin...gip con ngi thay Queensland v
i cc nhn thc v th gii ca h Cng tc i
thng qua s hiu bit tt hn v th sng hoang d
(Davie, 1993).
gii v bn thn h.
Qu trnh kch thch v khuyn khch Ban Vermont
vic nh gi di sn thin nhin v v Rng, Cng
vn ha ca chng ta v chuyn ti vin v Gii tr
cc tng v tp tc bo tn thin (MacFarlane,
1994).

nhin.

Hi Din gii
c (1995).

To ra kinh nghim hay tnh hung

trong cc c nhn c thch thc
suy ngh v c th a ra nhng
quyt nh v cc ngun ti nguyn
thin nhin.
Mt phng tin chuyn ti nhng
kin v cm xc gip cho con ngi
lm giu vn hiu bit v s nh gi
ca h v th gii, v vai tr ca h
trong .
Ging nh thut ng
du lch sinh thi. S din gii c lan truyn
bng nhn mnh nhiu vo nh ngha tip tc xy
dng tnh xc thc; cht lng v tnh trch nhim.
a ra nhng thnh phn ny, iu hu ch l vic
khai thc tp trung s din gii c pht trin
nh th no, c s dng nh th no, v ti sao
ni chung khng c c c hi p ng nhng
tim nng ca mnh.
S pht trin ca din gii
 

 Cc nh iu hnh du
lch thm s ch gii vo sn phm ca h rt lu
trc khi nhng thut ng du lch sinh thi hay s
din gii c to ra. Nhiu tua lng ghp n vo l
phn chnh ca kinh nghim du lch m khng nhn
ra n gi n l hng dn hn l s din gii.
Cho n tn nhng nm
1980, nhng pht trin c nh hng nht i vi s
din gii xy ra hp chng quc Hoa k (Machlis
v Field, 1992; Regnier v cng s, 1992). Nhng
nt trang tr khi u phn ln c Ernos Mills
khuyn khch, ng l mt nh hng dn thin nhin
v nhng dy ni bang Colorado trong khong
1889 v 1922. Miils l mt ngi ch trng nhit
thnh v gim st cc hnh vi ca du khch v qua
c p ng tng quan. ng nhc nh nhng li dn
cn tp trung gy cm hng cho du khch bng cch
chuyn ti nhng kin ln hn l hng lot nhng
thng tin khng c lin quan. ng xy dng
nhng nguyn tc v k thut t nn mng cho s
din gii. Vo u nhng nm 1970, nhng kin v
nguyn tc tin trin c sp xp vo trong n phm
chuyn bit v s din gii. Din gii di sn ca
chng ta ca tc gi Freeman Tilden l cun sch u
tin c vit n thun ch nh ngha tnh
chuyn mn ca din gii, v bao gm hai khi nim
tp trung vo trit l ca s din gii: l Din

gii l s khm ph ra mt s tht ln hn nm ng

sau bt c mt tuyn b no v thc t, v rng
S din gii ch cn li dng s t m lm giu
thc v tinh thn nhn vn. (Tilden 1977).
Trong nhng nm 1970
v 1980, vic ni ln ca s din gii C c
cao v cc thnh phn ca s din gii da vo vn
quc gia Bc M i khi b nhp khu mt cch m
qung v lp i lp li trn ton quc (OBrien,
1985). Mt trong nhng hu qu ca vic nhp khu
m qung ny l tp trung vo vic pht trin s
din gii khng li (McArthur, 1995), iu ny lin
quan chnh ti cc cun sch v c s h tng t
hng dn v gii thiu nh cc trung tm du khch
v cc bin ch gii. Nhng k thut ny khng
tp trung hng ti vo bt c mt n v th trng
no v thiu phn hi lin tc l mt phn t nhin
ca s din gii bng li. Hu ht u nhanh chng
mn i theo nm thng v hin ti cn nng cp
tr thnh thch hp v khuyn khch vi khn gi
nhn thc r rng (McArthur, 1996). Tuy th, trong
khi nhng nm 1970 v 1980 mc d c th tng s
cung cp v b dy ca s din gii nhng s u t
li tht bi cho vic chi tr c phiu m l ra n c
th kham ni.

 Khi s quan tm ca du
khch i vi mi trng tng ln vo gia cho ti
cui nhng nm 1980, mt b phn nh th trng
tr nn say m l hn l ngm nhng khu vc thin
nhin n mun hiu bit hn v nhng khu vc
thin nhin. Ngc li, mt s nh iu hnh du lch
bt u nng cao vai tr ca s din gii, ng gp
cho s to ra kinh nghim th trng thch hp nh
du lch sinh thi. Cc nh iu hnh du lch sinh thi
s dng s din gii nh l mt s thc hnh th
trng thch hp hay gi tr gia tng, m n lt
chng, to s tip cn vi nhng th trng c hiu
sut cao hn (Phng Du lch Khi Thnh vng
chung, 1994). Mt s nh iu hnh du lch sinh thi
v hu ht cc nh qun l cc khu bo tn hin nay
s dng s din gii t c mt s cc mc tiu
nh :

Phn bit s khc nhau gia sn phm du lch

ca h v cc sn phm chnh thng hn;

Thu ht nhng ngi khch thn thuc c

hiu sut cao hn;

Lm giu kinh nghim ca du khch v tng

s tho mn ca khch hng;


Gip du khch xy dng nhn thc, nh
gi v hiu bit ng n hn v khu vc c ti
thm;

ng gp cho v th c tnh nguyn tc ca

cng tc iu hnh;

Khuyn khch hnh vi cn trng ca du khch

m bo kinh nghim c bn vng;

Tng s tha mn v hng dn;

c nhng nh qun l di sn i x thun

li hn (Sharpe, 1982; OBrien, 1985; Beckmann,
1988, 1992; Saunders, 1992; Forestry Tasmania,
1994).
Th v l, cp so snh
s tp trung ca mi t chc t ra i vi nhng
mc tiu ny him khi c tho lun hay tranh ci.
 
Lp k hoch din gii
Cc nh iu hnh du
lch sinh thi s dng mt s k thut din gii rt
r rng, i mi. iu khng may l, hiu qu ca
nhng k thut ny ni chung b hn ch do vic
hoch nh km (Trapp v cng s, 1991; Veverka,
1992; Hall v McArthur, 1993). Nu khng hoch

nh ng cch th rt cuc hu ht cc chng trnh

din gii u tr nn khng hiu qu v tha thi. D
thy bng chng ca cng tc hoch nh km. V d,
cc chng trnh tua khng c kt ni mt cch c
ch s thnh ri rc, trong khi cc li ch gii
khng c mc ch s khng c bit kch thch c
ai c. Cng tc hoch nh gn kt ba thnh phn
thit yu ca s din gii da vo du lch sinh thi li
vi nhau - l khn gi, thng ip v k xo. Ba
thnh phn ny xc nh ba bc lp k hoch ch
cht cn thit din gii thnh cng.
Bc 1: Xc nh khn gi mc tiu
Bc u tin l xc nh
c khn gi ch. Mi khch hng u khc nhau.
Mi ngi c gi tr khc nhau, s thch khc nhau,
v cc c im tinh thn v th cht khc nhau. Cc
nh iu hnh s dng s din gii phi nhn thc
c nhng s khc nhau ca khch hng ny - cng
nh nhng iu chung - v son tho din gii sao
cho ph hp vi nhng nt im bit trc. Cng
vic son tho din gii ny cng tun theo cc
nguyn tc nh tip th chnh. Xc nh khn gi ch
m bo l s din gii thch hp vi cc nhu cu ca
mi khch hng.
Nhng tiu chun c
trng nht xc nh cc c tnh ca cng tc iu

hnh nhng khch hng ch cht l nhng c tnh

nhn khu - c bit l tui tc, trnh hc vn v
ngun gc. Thng tin ny rt c ch trong vic gi ra
s quen thuc vi ni c di sn, c th tham gia vo
cc hot ng gii tr nht nh v trnh vn ha.
Tuy nhin, mt mnh cc yu t nhn chng him khi
xy dng s din gii c hiu qu. V d, con
ngi tip cn vi thng tin v s hiu bit t nhiu
ngun gc khc nhau, bn ngoi hc vn ph thng,
v c th khng nht thit cn phi thn quen hn
na vi ni c di sn ch v h sng trong khu vc.
Cc c tnh phn tm l phn nh nhiu nt c nhn
hn v con ngi, nh s thc y v nhng k vng
ca h tin hnh mt hot ng, hoc thi ca h,
mc say m v trnh hiu bit v mt ch .
Cc nh iu hnh du
lch sinh thi c th xc nh s yu l lch ca mt
khn gi ch, hay h c th xin mt bn t vic
nghin cu cc phn on th trng hin hnh. Cc
h thng phn on thch hp nht cho s din gii l
nhng h thng c xy dng cho cc t chc du
lch quc gia hay nh nc. Vic t quan h vi cc
h thng phn on th trng c b phn th
trng du lch s dng cho php nhng ngi din
gii "chia x mt ngn ng" v theo m thit k
cc chng trnh. iu ny c ngha l mi mt phn
ca sn phm du lch sinh thi, nh th trng, c s

h tng hay vn ti, s din gii v gim st cng

vic thao tc c th sp xp cho hp vi khn gi c
th xc nh c. V d v mt khn gi ch ch
yu bt ngun t cc c tnh phn tch tm l hc
nu ra trong bng 3.2.
Bc 2: Xc nh ni dung v cu trc
Bc th hai l xc
nh v t c cu ni dung ca cng vic din gii.
Ni dung ca s din gi tp trung vo du lch sinh
thi c bit cn phn nh s hn hp ca bn thnh
phn sau:

khu vc thin nhin ang c tham quan;

cc c tnh ca khn gi ch;

nhng k vng ca cn b qun l khu vc

thin nhin; v

nhng nim say m ca cn b din gii (Hall

v McArthurr, trn bo ch).
Khu vc thin nhin to
ngun c bn cho ni dung din gii, nhng c bit
cng c nhng hn ch bit c th tip cn bao
nhiu trong thi gian hin c v c th trnh by vi
khn gi trong chng mc no do s say m v kh
nng ca h khc nhau. Nu khch hng khng thch

th, cng vic din gi s tht bi khng thu ht uc

s ch ca h hay to c s hng th. Ngoi ra,
c th c nhu cu hp nht thng tin v cc trin
vng t nhng cn b qun l khu vc thin nhin
thch hp. Nhng cn b qun l ny c th hy vng
nhiu mt cuc tho lun v cc vn m h phi
i mt trong vic qun l khu vc. Hp nht nhng
k vng ny li gip cho vic khng nh l nhng
nh qun l ny nhn thy c cng lao trong cng
tc iu hnh, m c th to ra c mt mi lin
h thun li v c tnh cht xy dng hn.
Bng 3.2.
NHNG V D V CC c tnh phn tch tm
l
CA MT KHN GI CH i vi s din gii
c tnh
Cc v d
Khun
kh
Nn lp nhm t 10-15
nhm
ngi cho mt tua
Cc c im
Trnh hc vn cp 3 v
bn thn
c cng n vic lm
Cc mi quan
Thu nhp hng nm t
tm theo kinh 35.000 n 55.000 la
nghim

c ch dn tm tt y

Cc mi quan
tm c ni
dung

trn sut tuyn ng ti im

du lch

Tham gia vo cc loi hnh

Nhng
iu lin quan ti i b nhn khong 1
khng a thch gi
theo
kinh

Ngi ngh ti ni thch hp

nghim
v trao i chi tit
Cc kh nng
Hu ht cc du khch u c mi
v tr no
quan tm ln v:
Cc
khon

L do thm thc vt thin

thng cao
nhin pht trin rt chm

Mi quan h gia cy ci
v ngi bn x

S dng cy c cho cc
mc ch y hc

Vi v hay khng c cch

no khc c c kinh nghim
v khu vc

Trong nhng iu kin

thun li, du khch mt i s say
m sau 20 pht

trong nhng iu kin

khng thun li, du khch cn

c gii thiu tm tt trc v
sau kinh nghim gim thiu s
phi by

Du khch vt ln hiu
li din gii m khng c bn

Nhng din gii vin c

bit cho du khch c chuyn mn
c bit cao hay trin vng ca
a phng
Cch thc r rng nht
xy dng v tinh lc ni dung l thng qua mt c
cu xc nh nhng thng ip quan trng nht
chuyn ti cp c bn nht. Mt cu trc gii
thiu nt c trng v mt ch , mt nhm nhng
thng ip hay mt khi nim tng th. S dng mt
ch m bo l din gii thch hp vi cnh quan
v tng i d dng to ra v n phn nh nhng c
tnh ca cnh quan c din gii (Hall v cng s,
1993). Ch c th l v rng ma nhit i, a
cht, vn ha bn a. T bn thn ch khng quy
nh ni dung c trnh by: iu ny c thc
hin bng mt nhm cc thng ip thm vo nh
ngha v s sng t, v trnh by mt cu v ng
ngha. Cc khi nim to thnh nhng thng ip

cng vi nhau (nh mt cu c ch ) to dng

mt b khung lm cho du khch hiu c nhiu
hn. cc v d v ch din gii, khi nim v
thng ip c nu trong bng 3.3.
Bc 3: La chn mt k xo
Bc th ba v bc
cui cng l la chn v tinh lc k xo. La chn k
xo c tin hnh mt cch c th v khng chnh
xc trc hai bc u tin. Nhiu nh din gii c
gng xc nh khn gi v ni dung thng thng
c gng lm cho chng ph hp vi k xo c a
thch hn. Hu ht cc nh din gii c gng lp k
hoch xy dng mt k xo vi chi ph xc nh
khn gi v pht trin ni dung. iu ny c gi tr
tng ng vi xy dng mt chng trnh qung
co trn v tuyn khng c nh cp ti cn phi
lm cho ai, hay thit k ni m khng tham quan
ni nh xy dng. V l do ny m bn m t cc k
thut cn treo li ti khi cp ti im ny trong
chng.
Bng 3.3
V D V CH , KHI NIM V THNG ip
Ch din Khi nim dinThng ip din
gii
gii
gii
Tp hp rng Rng rm l cRng l cc h

ma,hn
tp h thng thinthng thin nhin
nhit i
nhin nng ngphc hp
Cc rng tp v chng c thRng thay i
chu tc ng t hp nht thay itnh a dng, cu
nhin
vo nhng htrc v s phc
thng ny
hp ng ph
Rng rm l cvi ha hon
h thng thin
nhin nng ng
v chng c th
hp nht thay i
vo nhng h
thng ny
Cc hnh thc din gii
C v s cch thc din
gii, vy nn tu chung li tt c cc cch ny u c
gng s dng cc k thut li hay khng li, hoc kt
hp c hai. Cc k thut dng li ni u xoay quanh
s giao tip mt i mt v bao gm: li bnh, tho
lun, gii tr da vo biu din, cc hot ng sng
to, cc cng vin c ch (cnh quan vui chi gii
tr sng ng), v cc chng trnh pht thanh v v
tuyn truyn hnh. Cc k thut khng li bao gm:
cc n phm, cc bin t hng dn, trnh by bng
phng tin nghe nhn, cc trung tm du khch, cc

vin bo tng, tranh v, iu khc, v a im, thit

k v xy dng cc to nh.
Cc k thut u c
nhng im mnh v im yu. Din gii bng li
ni chung c coi l mnh hn loi hnh khng li
rt nhiu v ngi din gii c th ng ph vi nhng
iu kin thay i, c bit nhng nhu cu khc nhau
ca c nhn khch hng. Din gii bng li cng c
hiu qu hn khi din t nhng iu phc tp v
nhng kin tru tng v ni chung c hu ht
cc khn gi coi l c quan tm hn v c gi tr
ln hn. Hu ht din gii do cng tc iu hnh du
lch sinh thi tin hnh u bng li.
La chn loi hnh k
thut li kh hn v cn phn nh y ni dung,
cc nhu cu ca khn gi, cc c hi v tr ngi ca
ni tham quan, v cc c nhn c trch nhim i vi
vic din gii. Chi tit ton b cc k thut din gii,
tham kho Ham (1992). Bn k thut c cao
v tnh thch hp v s dng trong du lch sinh thi:
cc cuc ni chuyn v tho lun c t chc, cc tua
v i b c hng dn, cc tc phm c tnh cht sn
khu v a im v thit k ca to nh.
 
Cc cuc ni chuyn v tho lun c t chc

 Mt cuc ni chuyn
c thit k theo hnh thc i thoi nghe khng g
b v thn mt. Cc cuc ni chuyn ch yu gii
thiu khn gii vi mt ch . V d, cc cuc ni
chuyn thng gii thiu nh hng c bn v thng
tin c tnh cht gii thiu v ni tham quan, i
tng hay kinh nghim. Cc cuc tho lun c xu
hng nm bt s ham m ca khn gi v nhn thc
v ch mt mc ln hn. V vy thng s
dng cc k thut truyn thng yu cu tri thc hn,
nh cc khun mu cu hi v tr li, cc cuc tranh
lun v s tham gia ca khn gi trong vic trnh by
mt mi quan h hay mt qu trnh. Cc hnh thc
sp t thng s dng nht cho cc cuc ni chuyn
v tho lun l cc nh ht, cc trung tm du khch,
cc vin bo tng v cc m la tri. Cc bui ho
nhc bnh dn thng c s dng nht l tnh cch
v nhit tnh ring ca din gii vin, n chiu v
cc vt th di sn (c a thch l loi vt nh xinh).
Cc cuc ni chuyn c th c chnh trang ngay
lp tc phn nh cc cm xc ca din gii vin,
cc c im ca ni tham quan v, ng nhin thi
ca khn gi. Din gii vin c th cm thy vui
sng, c tip sc cao v c suy ngh. C th ni
thm b nh hng ca thi gian trong ngy, thi tit
hay c thm s kch thch. Khn gi c th b nh
hng theo khun kh nhm, tui tc v mc
quan tm. Do vy, mt trong nhng im mnh ln

nht ca cc cuc ni chuyn v tho lun ln nht l

ch chng rt mang tnh cht c nhn v p ng
c vi nhng hon cnh thay i.
Cc chuyn i v cc cuc i b c hng dn
Cc chuyn i v cc
cuc i b c hng dn l mt hnh thc chuyn
mn ha ca cc cuc ni chuyn v tho lun c t
chc. S khc nhau v mt nguyn tc l cng c
tnh cht di chuyn hn, gn vi cc s thu ht khc
nhau v v vy duy tr c mt mi trng hc hi
kch thch hn. Cc chuyn i ch yu c tnh cht
mc kch hn khi trnh by v di sn (c c hi
dng li v chp nh), nhng i hi khn gi cam
kt nhiu hn, v i li t ni ny sang ni khc c
th mt mi. Hnh thc tua ph thng nht l c
phng tin xe c (thng l mt xe khch hay xe
bn bnh), cho php nhm du khch thoi mi i ti
mt s cc im hp dn trong khu vc c ch
nh. Cc im thu ht ny, ch yu d phn bit v
d ti, c hng dn vin gii thiu, vi bnh lun
chung v ngha ca chng. Hnh thc tua ph thng
tip sau l i b c hng dn. Mi ngi chn cch
ny hn l i bng phng tin khi h mun c c
kinh nghim su sc vi di sn. Do v khch b hnh
tip cn vi hng dn vin nhiu hn, tnh cch ca
hng dn vin mang tnh bnh lun hn, v li din

gii phi thch hp v d hiu hn. Chuyn di ch

yu ko di t mt gi ti mt tun, i khi tip tc
ti mt thng. Phn lwons cc tua c hng dn
thng c cc nh iu hnh du lch hn l nhng
ngi qun l di sn thc hin c tnh cht thng
mi. Khng may cho vic din gii l iu ny dn
ti vic hu ht cc tua u b cnh quan chi phi.
Thnh phn hc hi b loi b ti cc thng tin
chn lc bt thng hn l mt s hc hi xen k v
kinh nghim khm ph (ngoi l trong vng nm nm
tr li y l cng nghip du lch sinh thi hot ng
mnh m - nng cao cht lng ca li bnh ti
mc mt s li bnh hin ti to ra s din gii chnh
thng).
TRNH DIN SN KHU
Trnh din sn khu l
mt trong nhng hnh thc hc hi c tnh cht ngh
thut v sng to hn. S biu din c th din ra
ti im tham quan hay c th trnh din khi i du
lch, din ra nhng ni nh cc trung tm mua bn,
cc th vin hay cc cng vin a phng. Nu bui
trnh din l mt phn ca sng kin gio dc rng
ln hn th n thng din ra ti mt trng hc nh
mt phn ca trung tm ti kt hp cc hot ng
gio dc dn ti, v sau xy dng trn s biu

din. Khn gi thng tp trung l tr em v hnh

thc biu din ph thng nht l biu din kch cm.
Din kch cm c th do
mt nhm kch, mt nhm hc sinh hay nhn vin b
sung ca t chc qun l di sn thc hin. Din gii
vin thng vit mch truyn, v sng tc cc dn
cnh v trang phc vi s tr gip ca ha s. Trong
trng hp theo cc cch gio dc nh hng, cc
trang phc v cnh dng do tr em ng vai trong tc
phm lm.
Hnh thc th hai ca
biu din sn khu hay tr em l ma ri. Trong khi
biu din ca nhc c th khng trc tip l mt n v
truyn thng v cc gi tr v cc ch v di sn th
n li c th vt qu tui tc ca khn gi ti a
ho vic ti c khn gi. Mt mnh ca biu din
ca nhc do vy c th nm trong s n gin ca n
v c hi cho mi mt c nhn hnh thnh s din
gii ca chnh mnh.
Mt hnh thc biu din
sn khu khc l k chuyn. Hn hn vic ch n
thun c mt cun sch vi mt nhm tr em, k
chuyn l mt s thu lm li rt c nhn mt cu
chuyn c mt c nhn k li vi tr tng tng
phong ph v k nng ng vai.

 Hu ht cc loi hnh
biu din sn khu m bo l cc thng ip c
duy tr n gin v tch cc. Mt ngi k chuyn
thng c s dng m bo l s kin c n
gin ho v thng ip c trao i trc tip thng
qua s m t cng nh gin tip thng qua ng vai.
Cc con vt, cy c v cc ngi nh c nhn cch
ha cho tr em c th lin h vi chnh mnh nh
l nhng c nhn c cm xc. Cc bui biu din
thng c lp li nhiu ln cho cc khn gi mi
v c th thu ht s say m ca cc i tng tham
gia khc nh nhng ngi t chc cc s kin c
bit, hay ch mt qun n hoc nh khch m qun
gn a im tham quan. Mt u th tinh t hn ca
biu din sn khu l mc d nhm vo tr em, ngi
ln cng thng c ph ra trong vai b m i km
v h tr cho con mnh.
 
XY DNG THIT K CHO KHU VC, XY
dng v gii tr
Trnh din cng c th l
mt hnh thc din gii mnh tng ng nh vic
truyn thng thng l. C l mt trong nhng k
thut din gii khng li thng c s dng nht
trong khu vc du lch sinh thi l trnh by nhng
thng ip thng qua a danh, thit k, xy dng v

iu hnh mt cch khn kho. Trong trng hp

pht trin, cc to nh l mt loi iu khc, phn nh
cc c tnh a phng v trnh by cc nguyn tc
bn vng mt cch sinh thi. Vic t v tr cc ngi
nh c th gip lm ni bt nhng phong cnh c
bit, nhng phong cnh ny nhn mnh mt mt nht
nh v cnh quan xung quanh. Vic xy dng c th
v trn g a phng, , thm ch nhng mu
nhum t nhin din t rng du lch sinh thi chun
b thch hp vi mi trng a phng. Thit k c
th s dng nh sng, khng gian v ngay c m
thanh tr gip du khch tng tc nh hng vi
mi trng hay vi nhau. iu hnh v tng tc vi
du khch c th l mt kinh nghim din gii tng
h cao. Trng hp nghin cu in hnh ca Vnh
Maho qun o trinh n (trang 79) gip trnh by
k thut ny din gii ny.
C cu v ho ng mt tua c hng dn
Cc tua c hng dn
ch yu c sp xp quanh hng m xe hay con
ng s a nhm du khch ti. Tuy vy, trt t
ngu nhin li to ra mt cu chuyn ngu nhin. Hy
tng tng x mt s trang ra khi quyn sch, nm
chng vo khng kh, sau bt u cu chuyn vi
bt c trang no m bn tm thy trc; l nhng
g ging nh tri qua nhng chuyn i khng c

sp xp. Mt chuyn i ch yu c hng dn sp

xp mt cch hp l c bn phn chnh: m u, gii
thiu, ni dung v kt lun. Bng 3.4 ch ra mc ch
ca bn phn ny v du khch c th p ng c
nhng g.
BNG 3.4.
Mc ch v s phn hi c th ca du khch t cc
phn khc nhau ca kinh nghim din gii c hng
dn
Cc
Mc ch
Phn hi ca du
thnh
khch
phn ca
tua
M u
Cho hi v n
Cm gic
tip cho mng du c
chp
Gii
khch xy dng quan thun v thoi
thiu
h
mi hn
Ni dung
To thng tin c
Cm thy
Kt lun

tnh cht chin lc v t tin hn l cc

kinh nghim sp ti
nhu cu s c
lu tm n

To ra mt s
say m v ch din
Nhn ra
gii v gii thiu rng tua c
khung cng vic c iu phi v c

tnh cht khi nim th kch thch

bng cch kt ni cc c tr no
phn chnh ca tua vi
Cm thy
cc thng ip din
t tin hn l cc
gii chnh
nhu cu s c

Cp nht thng lu tm n
tin chin lc thng

Cm thy
xuyn nht
mi mt phn

Gn kt cc ca tua c lin
thng ip din gii quan v c mt
vi cc im thch hp mc ch
v cc i tng quan

Cm thy
tm
c kch thch

M ra nhng mt cch tr
cuc tho lun ra thc
nhng cu hi

Cm thy

Cp nht thng t tin v thoi

tin chin lc thng mi, l s tp
xuyn nht
trung cso th
duy tr tip tc

Tng cng s hng th.

khung khi nim bng
cch ni kt cc s thu
Cm thy
ht vi cc thng ip c nh thc
din gii
v c khai


Tm kim s sng
phn hi v kinh

Cm thy
nghim
l ngi iu

nhng cu hnh quan tm

hi tip theo xem
Cm thy
du khch suy ngh g
cc kin c
na
th tip thu v

Cm n du xy dng tip
khch tham gia

Cm thy
l ngi iu
hnh quan tm
Cc chuyn i c hng
dn c sp t a ra mt mch chuyn hp l, c
kt thc. V d, mt cu trc da vo a hnh c th
bt u cp quc gia ti khu vc, a phng v
cui cng l im tham quan c th. Sp xp da vo
cng vic qun l t ai c th bt u bng cc
thnh phn sinh vt c bn, sau i vo cc h
thng sinh thi, tip theo cc ch v mi trng v
cui cng l cc gii php c th. Cc tua c sp
xp lin kt cc ni tham quan v cc thng ip vi
nhau theo mt phong cch cng hp l v th v cng
tt. iu ny gip cho cng vic xy dng cc
tng thnh nhng khung cng vic, v xy dng
tnh cm t mi quan tm thong qua thnh mt im

tp trung ln m iu ny s lm ni bt c ch
ln. Do vy cng tc sp xp lin quan ti vic
nhn nhn di nhiu cch thc tham quan v c kinh
nghim c tri qua khc nhau v mt im tham
quan hoc kt hp cc im tham quan vi nhau. i
khi nhiu im tham quan c th a ra cng mt ni
dung cu chuyn. V th l mt kin tt bt u
vi cc im tham quan m ch a ra c mt
thng ip, sau xc nh cc im tham quan c
nhng thng ip chung. Mt s din gii vin cng
ngi vi cc nh iu hnh v lp ra mt bng vi
cc im tham quan nm mt ct v cc thng ip
m cc im ny c th a ra mt ct khc. Sau
h ct ra mi im v cc thng ip ca n v
a chng vo mt bn c nh du tuyn ng
hin ti. Sau h xem xt c cu s ho ra mt cch
l tng nh th no, v lm th no iu ny c nh
hng ti trt t ca cc im dng. V ri, mc tiu
l c gng v sp xp li th t ca cc im dng,
hoc th mt hng khc, cc im chnh khc v
cc khong thi gian ca mi im dng.
Mt chiu khc sp
xp mt tua c hng dn l quyt nh xem ni g
mi im dng. Thng bt u bng mt cu tp
trung nhm vo mt i tng, cnh quan hay kin.
t mt cu hi cho nhm l mt cch thc tuyt vi
tp trung s ch v cc du khch thng t m

mun bit v hnh vi ca nhau, v t l cc phn

hi ca mi thnh vin trong nhm. Phn din gii
chnh sau c th tip theo m trong cc nt
chnh c m t theo thng ip sp c thng
bo. Mt kin thng thng khc l xc nh cu
tr li cho cu hi bng cch lng ghp mt hot
ng c tnh cht tham gia vo trong cuc tho lun,
nh m nhng vng pht trin trn mt gc cy cn
st li sau khi n. Bc tip theo lin quan ti vic
kt ni s m t ch c vch ra cho mt thng ip
din gii. iu ny bc l ngha ca vic vch ra
ng hng v t nht mt phn l do dng li.
Bc tip theo, chuyn tip, a phn tho lun hin
ti ti kt thc, bo hiu cho nhm tip tc i v bo
hiu trc im dng tip theo. iu l tng l n
s gn kt vi kinh nghim hay tho lun c trc
y tng nhng k vng ca du khch v gip h
chun b cho nhng kinh nghim sp ti c v mt
tinh thn hay vt l.
Ha nhp tt mt chuyn
i c hng dn vt ln trn s sp xp tua cng
nhn v lm vic vi cc c tnh ca mi mt hng
dn vin c nhn. Do , bc l th nht l xc nh
cc c im duy nht ca hng dn vin gip
cho anh/ch ta to ra c mt phong thi din gii c
nhn, m phong thi ny s i n kt qu l c c
nhng phn hi ca du khch c bit i vi kinh

nghim . Bng 3.5 ch ra mt s loi hnh hng

dn thng xuyn thc hnh cng tc din gii.
Mt hng dn vin hiu r cc tnh cch c nhn
ca mnh sau c th s dng chng lm li
thm mu sc cho cng vic din gii. Mun bit chi
tit hn v c cng tc hng dn v cc k xo
hng dn, c gi hy tham kho Lingle Pond
(1993).
Bng 3.5
Cc loi hnh hng dn vin du lch sinh thi
Cc loi Cc phm cch
hnh
hng
dn vin
Cng tc
Nhn bit hot ng ca du khch
vin
e da mi trng a phng
Ngi lm
Chu ng khch hng bng cch
nh my
ra nhiu lut l i vi hnh vi ca du
khch
Bit tut

Lp li cch din nh c m
khng sa i i

Khng c t ng, ng gp c
nhn hay s ph hp cc i tng cc

khn gi khc nhau

Khng ng du khch i hi
hay yu cu thay i khun mu

Tp trung vo truyn t thng tin

gi s hn ngi

Khng th chp nhn thiu kin

thc, a thch gi v bit n hn

Chp nhn khn gi nh khch

To cho tt c cc khch hng c

hi ni v ng gp cho nhng tho
lun

Ghi nhn tt c cc cu hi, ni

chuyn v a ct mt cch vui v

p ng vi cc nhu cu ca du
khch, ngay c khi n ng ngha l
chch hng i khi s din gii lp
k hoch (Theo Ham, 1992).
Cc vn tn ti i vi s din gii
iu khng may l s
din gii trong b phn du lch sinh thi cha t
c tim nng y ca n. Mt s cc l do i
vi tim nng cha c hon thnh ny bao gm:


l g;

Thiu hiu bit v s din gii l g v c th

Thng tin ngho nn v th trng;

Khun kh ni dung hn hp;

Cc k xo truyn thng chung v cha lng

ht c;

Thiu s phn hi v vn ho nh gi; v

Cc c hi o to hn ch phn nh nhng
nhu cu ca ngi iu hnh (trch dn t Hall &
McArthur, trn bo ch).
Bng 3.6 xc nh mt s gi ti a ha hiu qu
ca cng tc din gii.
Thiu hiu bit v s din gii l g v c th l g
Trong khi hu ht cc
nh iu hnh du lch sinh thi u say sa a ra
nhng cun sch qung co gii thiu, nhng trng
by, hng dn v ti liu thng tin, h hiu bit hn
ch v vic lm th no din gii khc thng tin. S
ch p dng vo vic din gii tp trung vo ni
dung din gii, hnh lang cc nhm quan tm khc
nhau v cc h thng gi tr c bit v s thu o
h tr c bao gm c trong . iu d thy
nht trong tinh hoa ca n l lm th no khuyn

khch v a c du khch ti ni no gi cm v
tinh thn. Pha trn vn l vic thiu ch ti s
din gii t cc ti liu tip th. Ti liu qung co c
xu hng chp nhn din gii.
Bng 3.6.
Nhng Gi din gii
Gi
Gii thch
Hy
vng Nhm cng ln cc hot ng nhm
tng
thi cng phc tp trong vn phn hi-cho
gian t l php nhiu thi gian chun b v trnh
vi khun by hn
kh nhm.
S din gii v cc khch hng cn c
Sm t ch khi ng, mt bi gii thiu s dng
v khi cc bn , s liu v to tc gip cho
nim trong vic xy dng nhng k vng thc s
kinh
Phng tin truyn hnh v cc vt dng
nghim.
h tr gi thch nhng kin phc tp.
Mang theo Chng cng c th h tr din gii i
nhng
trn xe hay trong nh khi thi tit
ngi
tr khng cho php nhm ra ngoi d ngoi
gip thng
du khch lm mt vic g h
tin
cm thy c tham gia, v do vy, thy
du khch b ch v thch th hn

tham gia
m
cc
ngn,
cc v
ng

bo S hi lng ca du khch c th d dng

cu mt i nu h cm thy mnh ang c
tch thuyt ging hay ang nghe thng tin lp
ch i lp li

Hu ht ngn ng din gii cn c th

Trnh dng hiu c cp c hiu s 6 hay 7
thut ng v (tui 11 hoc 12)
nhng
t
ng k thut C gng duy tr bi din gii ti ch tp
trung xoay quanh mt vn thc th
Thch hp m qua du khch c th tp trung v
vi di sn l tng l h c th tc ng ln nhau
c din
Cc du hiu khng hng th trong khi
gii
din gii bao gm tch khi nhm tham
c c gia, ni chuy ring, chi vt g
ngn ng c
ch v phn tt c du khch tham gia ti mt
hi theo ngng no , nu c iu g a ra
trong tho lun nhm nh m c th b
Ch ng ch cho tt c mi ngi th sau gii
u ti du thiu li iu
khch
Hi mi ngi xem h suy ngh g v li
Tip tc tm din gii v kinh nghim c c v tip
kim thng tc thm d cho ti khi t c mt

tin phn hi iu c th m c th s dng p

ng cho cng tc c nhiu hn
Chnh xc
trong kin Mt s khch hng s t cu hi yu
thc; hiu cu mt s gii thch k lng v ch
bit ch ang c bn lun. Thu nhn nhng
ca mnh
hn ch ca mnh, v nu cn thit, tham
kho kin ca nhng ngun khc. Sau
m
bo quay tr li vi du khch ca mnh
tnh trung
lp v bao Nhng khch du lch sinh thi thng
trm c mt c trnh by ti nhng vn qun l
bin cnh trnh cp ti nhng nh gi gi
quan
tr c nhn. Nu du khch yu cu c
kin, m bo l bn thu nhn iu ny
Tip tc nh vy.
du
khch
tham gia
S din gii cn s tham gia tr tu v l
tng l thc th ca khn gi. Yu cu
du khch ng gp thng qua vic tp
trung du khch li, s dng s gi tng
hay minh ha bng nhng hot ng.
 
Thng tin ngho nn v th trng
Nhng ngi din gii l
nhng nh truyn thng. Do , ngi din gi cng

bit nhiu v khn gi ca mnh th thng tin cng

cn phi chi tit hn. Cc thng tin v nhn khu ch
yu do ngnh cng nghip du lch thu thp rt b ch
nhng nhng c im tm l mi c s dng
nhiu nht. iu khng may l, cc c im tm l
thng t c thu thp v sn c cho ngi din gii
(Hall and McArthur, theo bo ch) ngi thc s m
l c th tip cn c thng tin v s nhn thc, mi
quan tm v thi i vi mi trng v cch thc
mi trng c qun l cng nh cc phong thi
hc hi v giao tip c a thch hn ca khn gi.
Hu ht s gim st ca ngnh cng nghip du lch
c xu hng thin v kinh t v hu ht cc cuc
nghin cu th trng nhm xoay quanh s la chn
sn phm du lch hn l kinh nghim cn c. Gii
php l r rng: lng ghp cc kha cnh phn tm v
kinh nghim vo vic gim st v nghin cu, v
cung cp thng tin trc tip vi nhng ai to ra kinh
nghim, ng nhin bao gm c nhng ngi din
gii.
Thu hp phm vi ni dung
Din gii cn phi l
nhng phn k cng v cn i v trnh by v tho
lun ni dung. iu khng may l, hu ht ni dung
din gii u cha ng s hn hp khng cn thit
trong phm vi ca n. Xem xt ni dung din gii

theo nhiu kinh nghim gi l ti ny biu th

bn thn ti di nhiu v, nh:

a thch cp ti cc gi tr thin nhin hn

l gi tr vn ha;

min cng trn by cc di sn vn ha nh l

mt thc th sng;

ni chung khng sn sng nhn ra v ng ph

vi cc ch thch hp cc nh qun l di sn ang
phi ng u vi, v

chun b trc cc d kin v s liu th v

hn l nhng khi nim xy dng cc khung cng
vic m qua hiu c cc qu trnh phc tp
(Hall v McArthur, 1996).
Do nhng hn ch v
khong ch, chng ny s cp ti phn cui ca
nhng vn ny - chun b trc - cc d kin v s
liu l th, nhng c gi tham kho Hall and
McArthur (1996) gp vo ba phn trc y.
Hy tng tng i thm
mt phng trng by, trin lm tranh, dng li trc
mt bc tranh, v c k rng tranh c v trn
nn vi c 16 x 12, bao ph bng sn acrylic12 ng
khung bng g si v treo ln bng dy in v hai
bu lng kho. By gi, hy tng tng hai ngi

biu din theo khonh khc nm bt c trong bc

tranh bng s say m cao v lng tin chc v n
ni bn cm thy xc ng vi cch din rt ho
quyn n vi nhau, sau c cm hng do s khm
ph l bn cm thy tri di ra trc mt mnh. Vo
cui bui biu din, tng tng mi ngi v tay,
ngay c trc khi bn nhn ra l mnh cng phi
quyt nh lm nh vy.
Din gii trong mt phm
vi hn hp, v ch lin quan ti cc d liu thc t v
s liu, chng cung cp c g cho kinh nghim, v
do vy, mang li rt t gi tr cho sn phm - y, l
du lch sinh thi. Trong khi bn trnh by v tui tc
ca cc ta nh, c loi, tn v chiu cao ca cy ci
rt l th v c yu cu, th chng khng lm
thng hoa "s hiu bit", mt thut ng thng c
trch dn trong cc mc tiu ch gii. Nh ch ra
trc y, s din gii vt ln trn bn trnh by v
d liu thc t v s liu; khng tnh n k xo lm
cho chng th v nh th no. Trn cp nhn thc,
din gii phi xy dng cc khung khi nim t
ngi ta c th so snh thng tin v lm cho n c
ngha. Trn cp tnh cm, din gii cn to ra nim
say m trn th gii, v cc cm xc to mu sc cho
tm nhn thc. Gc r ca vn nm tn su trong
cng nhng di sn thin nhin ang c din gii
m ni chung c lm ni bt ln nh nhng m

hnh sinh thi, v bo tn trong s chp thun v lng

ghp vi cc trin vng khc (Griffth, 1990). S din
gii trong du lch sinh thi c tnh mn cm cao vi
vn ny. Cc hng dn vin c xu hng thu hp
s tp trung vo mt ni tham quan c th v cc
thnh phn a l, a cht v sinh hc. Ngoi ra, cc
ngun gc ca ni dung din gii c quc t ha
cao vi ng gp rt t ca nhng n v tham gia
bn ngoi, khng k ti cng ng (Masberrg v
Savige, 1996).
Tuy nhin, mt s din
gii vin thc s c gng rt cao m rng trng
tm ca mnh. Nhiu ngi c th s dng kinh
nghim a dng ca mnh (nh hc vn, x hi hc,
cc nghin cu v vn ha v ngh thut) nhanh
chng pht hin v p ng vi nhng trin vng
khc nhau. C rt nhiu cch din gi m rng
trng tm ni dung, bao gm:

sp xp bi din gii xoay quanh mt cu

chuyn, ch thng tin mt cch c la chn nhng g
cn k chuyn;

t ra trc mt lot cc tin ;

chia x vi khn gi vin cnh ca din gii

vin, sau hi khn gi v vin cnh ca h;


x l cc vn v xung t lm th no
gii quyt cc vn ny.
K xo u tin c
cp trong phn lp k hoch din gii. t c
iu ny yu cu din gii vin ng mt vai tr
chnh trong vic to ra kinh nghim, tri vi tnh l
gc nh nh v sinh t u hay tr sng s c
phc v nh th no. Sau din gii vin c th to
ra mt cu chuyn v la chn cc im dng trnh
din c mi mt phn chnh ca cu chuyn. cch
thc th hai l trnh by mt chui cc vin cnh hn
l vin cnh trung tm c k. iu ny c ngha
l din gii vin phi qua i cc h thng gi tr v
vin cnh ca chnh bn thn anh/ch ta, v thng tin
nhng iu ny cho nhng ngi khc. Ti mc
no iu ny c thc hin khi i lp cc vin
cnh bn x v phi bn x, nhng c th d dng
b x ra cha ng cc b lc bn x, dn s
thnh th v nng thn, cng nghip v chnh ph. K
xo ny c th d dng m rng ra khi din gii vin
bao trm mt cch xc tch vin cnh ca anh/ch ta,
ri yu cu iu t mi mt thnh vin khn gi.
K xo ny gip phn bit v ghp ni khn gi, v
cng cung cp cho din gii vin nhiu thng tin b
ch v th trng chp thun s din gii hn. K
xo th t l m rng phm vi v thu ht s say m
ch ca khn gi x l cc vn . Bng cch

trnh by cc kha cnh chnh tr v x hi thch hp

v di sn v qun l n nh th no, cc du khch c
th bt u tr nn nhn thc c vai tr m cng
ng c c trong cng tc qun l di sn. Nhn
thc ny cho php h pht trin mt nh mang tnh
truyn thng hn, v cui cng, mt c hi tr nn
tham gia c hiu qu hn vo vic ra quyt nh.
Trng hp nghin cu in hnh v Vn th Belize
(trang 82) trnh by cch lm th no c th m rng
mt cch thnh cng.
Cc k thut giao tip chung v bt ng
Xung quanh th gii din
gii sng to l nhiu nh qun l di sn v cc nh
iu hnh du lch sinh thi khng c thi gian, hiu
bit hay cam kt khi dy kinh nghim din gii
mi. Xu hng l nhn bn cc k xo c to ra
u v a mt cch v thc chng vo mt sn
phm mi. Cc v d in hnh l thng thy cc
trung tm du khch, cc cuc i b t hng dn s
dng cc cun sch gii thiu hoc cc bin bo ch
gii, v ng nhin nhn sang bn tri bn sau
nhn sang bn phi, cc tua c hng dn. Trong
khi khung cnh mi trng c th khc, k xo li
ging mt cch khc thng vi nhng ni khc m
du khch ti. Do vy nhng k xo tr nn rt
sao chp v chung chung ti mc chng c th thc

s gim cht lng cc thnh phn khc ca kinh

nghim du lch sinh thi. Cc k xo chung thng
c th la chn c hn khi trnh c hay b qua
vic lp k hoch din gii. Cng tc hoch nh gip
cho vic hnh thnh ai l khn gi v nhng nhu cu
cn c giao tip l g. c trang b thng tin ny,
kh m chng minh c cc k xo chung l
ng.
Thiu vn ho phn hi v nh gi
Hu ht vic nghin cu
ch ra rng mt rt nhiu c gng m bo c
cc kinh nghim din gii hay cho du khch l xng
ng (McArthur, 1995). Tuy nhin, t c nghin cu
hay nh gi c tin hnh nhng nc ny
xc nh xem din gii gip cho vic pht trin s
hiu bit ca du khch v sa i thi v hnh vi
nh th no. Mc tiu ny thng to nn vn
then cht ti sao nhiu nh qun l di sn ti tr, xy
dng v duy tr cc chng trnh din gii. Khng c
li ch ca s phn hi, kh xc nh c gi tr
hin ti v tim nng ang c ca din gii. Vin
cnh ny gim i kh nng ca cc nh iu hnh du
lch sinh thi nng cao vai tr v s h tr i vi
cng tc din gii trao i thng tin..
Cc c hi o to hn ch phn nh nhng nhu
cu ca nh iu hnh

 Mt trong nhng l do
ca nhng vn ny khng c nu ra mt cch
thch ng l con ngi khng c o to mt cch
ng n nhn ra nhng vn ny v khng loi
tr vic x l chng. o to v din gii ni chung
l hn ch ngay c nhng nc pht trin ch cha
ni n ngay c y c nhng vn ln. Mt cuc
kho st gn y ca cc nh iu hnh du lch sinh
thi c cho thy c hi hn ch v o to din gii
v mt s thi bo ng v mng gio dc v o
to (Crabtree v McArthur, 1977). V mt cung cp,
o to c thy l b chi phi bi hai u ca s
phn b: tnh phc hp v cc kha o to mt thi
gian, hoc nhng kha rt c bn xin hc di hn b
hn ch. V mt nhu cu, ngi ta khng thy
nhng nh du lch sinh thi gip c tnh th.
Cc nh iu hnh kho st tm quan trng cp thp
ca vic o to nhng k nng mm, nh din
gii, cho nhng k nng cng nh trch
nhim trng nom v s an ton. Ngoi ra, cc khuyn
khch vt cht b hn ch li ko ngi ta tin hnh
o to v nhng ngi khng c c s tha nhn
c tnh chuyn nghip. Cho ti khi o to c ci
tin v d tip cn vi hu ht cch iu hnh du lch
sinh thi, cht lng ca vic din gii s ph thuc
vo cc k thut giao tip c nhn ca tng c nhn.
Cc trng hp nghin cu in hnh

Khu vui chi ngh ngi gii tr Harmony, Vnh

Maho o Vrgin. Khu vui chi ngh ngi gii tr
hi ha c thit k v xy dng s dng cc
nguyn tc pht trin bn vng mt cch sinh thi.
Nhiu ngi c v vic s dng rng ri cc
nguyn liu ti sinh, s dng ti thiu cc sn phm
v nc, v h thng qun l cht thi t hiu qa
cao. Mi mt phng khch c sp t cn thn
lm ti a tc ng qua li m mi du khch u cm
thy c mi trng bn ngoi. S din gii chnh quy
bao gm cc du hiu xc nh thm thc vt bn a,
cc du hiu gi cc cch thc cho cc du khch
gim thiu c vic s dng nc, mt bi trnh by
bng phim n chiie vo bui ti v tho lun, v
cc tua i thm quan trang thit b hc hi v xy
dng, tnh t lc v cc tp tc bo tn. Cc du khch
cng c gii thiu mt chng trnh o to gi l
chng trnh bn gi cho cn b cng nhn
vin, trong h c th lm vic v hc hi v :du
lch c trch nhim. Vic iu hnh khu qun th
ngay bn thn n l mt hot ng din gii lin tc.
V d:

mi n chay du khch c th tri qua cch

thc n gim lng thc phm xung


nng bnh trong l nng bng nng lng
mt tri v bn trong ca hng cng vi thng tin i
km v bn thn l nng;

yu cu du khch vt sch a n v ring

thc n tha lm phn trn; v

nc c xch t cc thng g t trung

tm ti mi nh tranh du khch hon ton bit
c lng nc mnh tiu th.
Nhng thng ip din
gii a ra mnh hn nhiu khi ngi ta yu cu
khch trc ht thay i hnh vi, v sau c bit
l do c bn. t trch nhim vi khch hng c nh
hng ln nhau rt nhiu to sc mnh cho phng
cch din gi hn l lm mt ci g cho h, v c
th, ni cho h bit i iu v iu ny. C l thc
hin din gii mnh nht trn tt c l cho du
khch t qun l ly vic tiu th nng lng ca h.
Mi phng khch c mt my vi tnh xy dng v
theo di nng lng s dng trong phng. Khch c
th sau quyt nh lm th no h s tiu trong
khun kh ngn sch ca mnh v s dng trang thit
b no v trong bao lu.
Tuy nhin, cn nhn
mnh l Vnh Mayho i khi phi chu ng cng
mt vn trong vic din gii nh hu ht nhng

ngi iu hnh tnh nht qun. Nhiu sng kin

din gii ch vch ra vic thiu o to cn b v
thiu kt lun. Cc bo co t cc chuyn gia du lch
sinh thi i thm quan gi cc nhn vin kh quen
vi mi trng xung quanh cu h, gii thiu km v
h thng my tnh theo di v mt nn vn ha qun
l m i khi gi du khch khng cn phi trn
khi o do tc ng ca s din gii. Trong khi s
bn vng sinh thi c th a ra vi k thut khn
kho, s din gii i hi mt nh iu hnh lm cho
nhn vin ca mnh thm nhun s cam kt vn ha
i vi s sng to v t nng cao bn thn mnh.
RARA AVIS, COSTA RICA. Rara Avis l mt
tua du lch sinh thi nm trung tm Costa Rica. Ch
c mt phn nh ca din tch 1.335 hc ta c s
dng vi a s ch yu c qun l theo mc ch
bo tn. Vic s hu v s dng ti sn c nhn
khuyn khch phn ln cc sng kin c thc hin
m khng cn c php hay khuyn khch trong
phm vi t ai do chnh ph qun l. C hai khu vc
do Rara Avis v Selvatica qun l tr li cho Vn
quc gia Braulio Carrillo to ra mt mn nh m
bo cho cng tc tip th du lch v mt mi trng
sng nh xa cho cc loi ng thc vt.
Mc d ch mt cha ti
mt gi ng h li xe t San Jose trong vng 15 cy

s ti Rara Avis, i xe ko li b ra mt ti hn bn
gi ng h dc theo con ng mn ly li lt bng
thn cy ti nh ngh trong khu rng ma nhit i.
S kh tip cn to nn chi ph iu hnh cao v c
xu hng lm gim s hp dn ca chuyn i i vi
tt c mi ngi tr nhng ngi mo him. Tuy th,
trong mt n lc a chuyn i thnh mt li th
tip th, cc cun sch gii thiu qung co nh
c vit c l ti ni chun b l s b t,
bn ly, mt mi v say m nh b ba m.
Du lch l bnh m v b
ca hot ng ti Rara Avis. Khu nh ngh Thc nc
c xy dng to ni n chn thun tin cho
khch du lch c yu cu hc hi cao v rng ma
nhit i v cng tc qun l hin ti ca ni y.
Mi nh ngh tm phng c bung tm ring v ban
cng trng ra rng ma. cc ngn n nng thn to
ra mt khng kh bao quanh cc ba n xa hoa theo
kiu Costa Rica v cuc ni chuyn thoi mi. Sc
cha ch c va vn 16 ngi v nhu cu trong
ma cao im (t thng 12 ti thng 7) vt xa cung,
vi hai trong ba yu cu t ch khng c p ng.
Trong ngy, cc du
khch c c hi thc hin nhiu chuyn i b c
hng dn hiu bit su sc v rng ma, cng nh
cc ch chnh tr, x hi v vn ha ang i mt

vi cng tc qun l hin ti. Cc b phn khc ca

sng kin Rara Avis ch yu tr thnh cc im tho
lun chnh v nhiu du khch ra v y cm hng
mun lm mt ci g ng gp cho s thnh cng
tip ni ca khu rng. C rt nhiu loi n phm lch
s thin nhin c by sn cho nhng ai quan
tm ti vic t hc hi nhiu hn.
Ngoi ra, cc du khch
c th khai thc vm rng qua mt loi co bay c
ng c gi l Webb. H thng giao thng vn ti
c thit k ngay t u a nhng nh khoa hc
qua tn rng v uc treo cao 150 dm so vi
mt t gia hai cy ln cch nhau 700 mt. Cc nh
nghin cu Rara Avis cng l nhng nh iu hnh
v hng dn cho du khch i du lch qua thung lng.
iu ny c bit a n kt qa l du khch c
c kinh nghim u tin v c cng vic ln suy
ngh ca cc nh nghin cu, m ngc li ng gp
cho s thay i trong hiu bit v thi m bnh
thng khng th t c thng qua cc phng
php hng dn thng thng. Gi 25 mt ngi
quay tr li ti tr cho cc chng trnh nghin
cu v gim st tip tc.
L do ti sao gii thiu
v Rara Avis l s din gii tt nht v do ton b
kinh nghim c c u mang tnh din gii. Trong

khi cc tua c hng dn ang khuyn khch v

trnh din nhng k nng truyn thng tuyt vi nht
th chnh l s din gii v mi mt ca cng tc iu
hnh lm cho du khch hon ton c kch thch v
say m. Thay v c cc chng trnh hc hi v ngh
ngi ngn gn, hng i ca Rara Avis ph v cc s
ngn cch v cho php du khch khm ph nhng g
v lm th no h mun tm ti.
Cc tua Oz, c - Chuyn i Daintree vin bc
Queensland do Tua Oz iu hnh c cm gic phiu
lu thu ht s ch ca du khch, sau gi vng
s ch thng qua vic s dng trin vng v cc
ch c tnh tranh lun. Mt phn ca tua c dng
li ngi nh cy cao nht ca nh sinh vt bin
Walter Stark. Walter dn nhm li b qua rng m
ly s vt, sau cho h ln thuyn ti Sng
Daintree 1 khong ngn. ng ch dng thuyn li
tri trn khong nc nng gia sng, to nn
mt cm gic mo him, v kch thch s ch ca
du khch cho h sn sng din gii. Sau ng
ngi xm trn u mi thuyn v o su vo vai tr
khu ng duy tr s a dng cc loi trong hai
h thng, trc khi thch thc cc nh v cm
quan mi trng. Du khch c lm say m, xc
ng v sng t. H ra v bn bc v mt s cc
kin c gi m trong din gii.

Vn Belize, vng Belize - Vn Belize nm cch

thnh ph Belize mt gi v pha bc. Vn bao gm
mt b thu thp giu c ti hn 100 loi ng vt c
trng ca x Belize, trong c mt s loi qu
him. Cng vic din gii c sp xp v thc hin
nhiu cp khc nhau. Cp th nht l mt
phn thng tin, phn th du hiu ch gii. Vn
c xy dng t phin g ca mt ci cy v ch
c sn qut ln bng cm gic ngu nhin c tnh
cu vng Ca-ri-b. Bng thng in nghe nh c
ngi dn a phng vit ln, nhng t gc nhn
thc v loi vt. Phong cch ny khng ch ng
vai tr ph m cn cha ng nhng cu chuyn vui,
nhng cu ting lng nn n to ra mt khng kh hi
hc cao v ng vai tr hp dn mt cch hon
ho i vi cc c gi chnh ca n. Bng cch kt
hp tnh cch ca loi vt vi mt ging Creole, mt
mi quan h duy nht c gii thiu gi m con
ngi v loi vt a phng chia x t ai theo mt
cch bn vng thng qua s hiu bit v tn trng.
Mi bin tuy vy v nn mt li bnh v cc mi e
da do con ngi gy nn i vi s tn ti ca loi
vt. Nhng mi e da ny c nh hng mt
cch thn trng xung quanh cc sc p hng ngy gn
vi cuc sng thnh th hn l mc tiu d dng
thun tu ca chn rng r.

Cp din gii th hai l mt b gm hai bng ln

hn t khu vc cnh quan chnh ca mi khu vc
tham quan. Trn cng l bin thng tin c bn c
thit k gii thiu tn, hnh nh v cc c tnh
ch yu cu loi vt. Ni dung li c vit bng
ngn ng a phng Creole v c sn qua trn
mt phin g. Mi loi vt c t tn thng gi,
tn khoa hc, tn a phng v sn mu. Bn di
l mt bin kim loi oc lm cng phu nu tm tt
loi vt cho tr em v theo, mt bn v theo ng
chi tit v ni dung v s phn b v c tnh ca loi
vt. Mt ct dc c a vo c bit i vi tnh
trng bo tn loi vt, xc nh cc mi nguy c ch
yu v cc sng kin c thc hin cp ti
nhng nguy c ny.
Cp din gii th ba l vic chy ua cc tua do
ngi tnh nguyn a phng hng dn vi mt s
am m cc loi vt v cuc ni chuyn v chng.
Nhng tua ny c din gi su hn v loi vt v mi
trng sng ca chng. Cui cc con ng mn u
c mt bin tm i mi v gy cm hng, v c
l :
Thng qua th gii ca mnh cc khu rng nhit
i ang b ph hu, v cc loi ng vt, sng
nh vo cc khu rng ny ang dn dn bin
mt. Phn ln vng Belize cn l rng, v cc

qun th mnh kho ca i sng hoang d vn

tip tc sng. Vng Belize ng kiu hnh - l
mt quc gia, s giu c ny ca h ng thc
vt ca cc bn s l mt s cng c vnh cu
i vi di sn thin nhin ca cc bn (Bin
ch gii Vn th Belize, 1994).
V th cng vic din gii
c din t theo phong cch a phng mt cch
thn trng. Tuy th, cc du khch quc t tm thy
c tnh Creole kh kch thch v a thch v n mang
m iu ch thc. Thnh cng ca vic din gii
kch thch mt lot cc chng trnh ngoi tm vi
vic i thm cc trng hc Belize v dy cho tr
em v i sng hoang d ca t nc mnh.
Kt lun
Din gii l mt ngh
thut gip con ngi ta hc hi. N l mt hot ng
phc hp vt ln trn vic l cho truyn thng v
thng tin c a thch hn. Din gii thc hin tt
nht i hi mt s hiu bit su sc v din gii v
khn gi, thng ip v k thut. Hu ht cc din
gii vin yu cu o to t c ti mc
trnh din ny. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc kho o to
tp trung vo ni dung din gii hn, kt qu l
hc vin nng cao c kin thc v mi trng,
nhng khng c k nng din gi kin thc ca mnh

oc y cho du khch. hu qu l c nhng hn

ch ln ti cht lng hu ht vic din gii c
thc hin trong cng nghip du lch sinh thi. Hai
hnh ng phi xy ra cp ti tnh hung ny: mt
l, mt phn ln ngnh cng nghip du lch sinh thi
phi lng gi tr din gii mt cch y ci
tin cch din gii, v th hai l nhng ngi chu
trch nhim i vi cng tc o to du lch sinh thi
phi gn lin vi nhng ngi thc hin din gii tt
nht tng s hiu bit v hiu qa.
Ti liu tham kho
Beckmann, E. 1988. "Interpretation in Australia-Current Status and Future Prospects," Australian
Parks and Recreation, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 6-14.
Beckmann, E. 1992. "Educating the Community in
Australia," Australian Parks and Recreation, vol.
28, no. 2, page 5.
Commonwealth Department of Tourism. 1994.
National Ecotoutism Strategy, Australian
Government Service, Canberra, Australia.
Commonwealth Department of Tourism. 1995.
National Ecotoutism Training Manual, Australian
Government Service, Canberra, Australia.

Crabtree, A., S. McArthur. 1997. "Education and

Training
Opportunities
in
Ecotourism,"
Australian
Ecotourism
Guide
1997/98,
Ecotourism Association of Australia, Brisbane,
Australia.
Davie, E 1992. "Regional Interpretive Planning:
From Chaos to Creative Connective,"Open to
Interpretation 1993, proceedings from the 1993
National Conference of the Interpretation
Australia Association, University of Newcastle,
Newcastle, Australia.
Forestry Tasmania. 1994. "Guided Nature-based
Tourism in Tasmania's Forests: Trends,
Constraints
and
Implications,"
Forestry
Tasmania, Hobart.
Gabor, M.T. "A Millenium Vision for Tourism-A
Government Perspective," 1997 Australian
Tourism Conference, Tourism Council Australia.
In press.
Griffiths, T 1990. "History and Natural History:
Conservation Movements in Conflict," The
Humanities and the Australian Environment,
papers from the Australian Academy of the
Humanities Symposium.

Hall, C.M., S. McArthur. 1993. "Visitor

Management, Interpretation and Marketing,"
Heritage Management in New Zealand and
Australia, Oxford University Press, Auckland,
New Zealand.
Hall, C.M., S. McArthur. 1996. "The Human
Dimension," Heritage Management in Australia
and New Zealand, Oxford University Press,
Melbourne, Australia.
Hall, C.M., S. McArthur. Integrated Heritage
Management. In press.
Hall, CM., D. Springett, B. Springett. 1993. "The
Development of an Environmental Education
Tourist Product: A Case Study of the New
Zealand Natural Heritage Foundation's Nature of
New Zealand Programme," Journal of
Sustainable Tourism, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 130-136.
Ham, S. 1992. Environmental Inter retation: A
Practical Guidefor People With Big Ideas and
Small Budgets, North American Press, Colorado.
Interpretation Australia Association. 1995. Welcome
to the IAA, Interpretation Australia Association,
Collingwood, Australia.

Knapman, B. 1991. "Tourists in Kakadu National

Park," results from a 1990 Visitor Survey,
University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
Lingle Pond, K. 1993. The Professional Guide:
Dynamics of Tour Guiding, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York.
MacFarlane, J. 1994. "Some
Interpretation," HII News, July.

Definitions

of

Machlis, G., D. Field. 1992. On Interpretation:

Sociology for Interpreters of Natural and
Cultural History, Oregon State University Press,
Corvallis, Oregon.
Masberg, B.A., M. Savige. 1996. "Incorporating
Ecotourist Needs Data Into the Interpretive
Planning Process," The Journal of Environmental
Education, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 34-40.
McArthur, S. 1995. "Evaluating Interpretation-What's
Been Done and Where to From Here:
Interpretation Attached to Heritage," papers
presented at the Third Annual Conference of
Interpretation
Australia
Association,
Interpretation
Australia
Association,
Collingwood, Australia.

McArthur, S. 1996. "Interpretation in Austra@a-Is It

Running on Borrowed Time?" Australian Parks
and Recreation, vol. 32, no. 22.
O'Brien, C. 1985. "Current Status of Interpretation in
Australia," paper presented to the First World
Congress on Heritage Interpretation and
Presentation, Banff, Australia.
Regnier, K., M. Gross, R. Zimmerman. 1992. The
Interpreters
Guidebook:
Techniques
for
Programs and Presentations, University of
Wisconsin, Wisconsin.
Saunders, R. 1992. "Voices in the WildernessInterpreting Tasmania's World Heritage Area,"
Australian Parks and Recreation, vol. 28, no. 1.
Sharpe, G.W 1982, Interpreting the Environment,
John Wiley, New York.
Tilden, J. 1977. Interpreting Our Heritage, 3rd
Edition, University of North Carolina Press,
Chapel Hill.
Trapp, S., M. Gross, R. Zimmerman. 1991. Signs,
Trails, and Wayside Exhibits: Connecting People
and Places, UW-SP Foundation Press, University
of Wisconsin, Stephens Point, Wisconsin.

Veverka, J. 1992. "Developing Interpretation Master

Plans: joining Hands for Quality Tourism,"
proceedings from the Heritage Interpretation
International Third Global Conference, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Chng 4
cc kha cnh kinh t ca du lch sinh thi
Kreg Lindberg

C nhiu thnh phn tham gia vo lnh vc du lch

sinh thi, bao gm cc cng ty du lch, cc nh qun
l khu thin nhin v cc cng ng a phng. Tt
c h c mt im chung l tm kim li nhun kinh
t t du lch sinh thi, hoc l hot ng bun bn v
li li ca cc cng ty du lch, ph s dng hay tng
cng ng h v chnh tr i vi qun l cc khu
thin nhin, hay ngh nghip v thu nhp ca cc
cng ng a phng. Mc d vy, nhiu ngi
quan st cho rng cc li nhun v kinh t m ngi
ta k vng thu c tng ngnh du lch sinh thi
khng t c mt cch y . Chng ny nu
ln ba kha cnh v kinh t ca du lch sinh thi:

phn ng gp ca du lch trong chi ph v li

nhun ca cc khu thin nhin

ph s dng v thu nhp t cc ngun h

tr bo v cc khu t nhin; v

du lch sinh thi v pht trin kinh t.

Phn cui cng c tho lun tng i ngn v n

c cp n trong cc chng khc ca cun
sch ny. Chng ny tp trung vo cc nguyn tc
chung ng thi a ra mt s v d v chin lc v
bin php nng cao li nhun kinh t v tng thu
nhp. Song c s khc bit ln cc a im khc
nhau khng ch v s hp dn ca ni m cn
khc nhau c v iu kin kinh t, x hi v chnh tr.
Do mc ph hp v hiu qu ca cc bin php
v chin lc s khc nhau tng im. C rt nhiu
ti liu v rt nhiu kha cnh khc nhau ca du lch
sinh thi, v trong chng ny cng tham kho mt
vi trong s ti liu . Tc gi Wells (1997) cng
cung cp tng quan vn v danh sch cc ti liu
ng tham kho.
Phn ng gp ca du lch trong chi ph v li
nhun
ca cc khu thin nhin
Cc khu thin nhin em li nhiu li ch cho x hi,
v mt vi ch li do chng mang li c th a vo
khun mu phn tch chi ph - li nhun kinh t. Mt
trong s cc ch li ny l to ra cc c hi cho ngnh
du lch. Cc khu thin nhin cn gip bo v khu vc
(rng) u ngun, bo v a dng sinh hc v cc
quy trnh sinh thi, cc c hi gio dc v nghin
cu, cc la chn, v trong mt vi trng hp, n

cn to ra nhiu ch li c tnh tiu th khc

(consumptive benefits) (xem chi tit trong nghin cu
ca Dixon v Sherman, 1990). Song d nhin cc khu
thin nhin cng cn nhiu chi ph, trong c cc
chi ph trc tip nh chi ph xy dng v bo dng,
chi ph gin tip nh vic cc loi ng vt c bo
v gy tn hi n cc hot ng nng nghip, v cc
chi ph c hi do khng th s dng t cho cc mc
ch khc.
Trong mt vi trng hp, ch li ca du lch sinh
thi c th l rt ln, v thc t l c ngha quan
trng trong vic c nn quyt nh a mt khu thin
nhin thnh khu bo v. Tuy vy, nhng li ch ny
khng phi lc no cng thy c r rng, c bit
khi l im du khch c tham quan min ph.
Trong khi nh gi chi ph v li nhun, ch li ca
du lch sinh thi c nh gi bng cc gi tr kinh
t v c biu hin bng thc sn sng tr/chi
tin (WTP) tham quan. Mt im quan trng l
WTP l iu ct yu k c khi du khch khng tr
mt loi ph no khi n tham quan.
Ni mt cch l tng th ng cong biu th nhu
cu, v l WTP, s c c lng thng qua s bin
i ca gi c hng ho (trong trng hp ny l
chuyn n thm mt im du lch thin nhin) v
thng qua quan st bao nhiu ngi thm nhng

mc gi khc nhau. ng cong nhu cu ny c th

s dng c lng gi tr kinh t. Tuy vy, khng
phi tt c cc ni u thu ph, v nhng ni c thu
th li him khi thay i ph iu chnh ng
cong nhu cu. Cc nh kinh t pht trin mt s k
thut, trong c phng php chi ph i li
(TCM) v phng php nh gi cc chi ph
khc (CVM), xc nh ng cong nhu cu
v/hoc l WTP i vi cc hng ho khng c th
trng nh tham quan cc khu du lch thin nhin.
TCM s dng cc chi ph trong rt nhiu cc chi ph
ca mt chuyn i, nh chi ph i li, suy ra gi tr
ma du khch gn cho im du lch (ni h n).
CVM s dng phng php theo di phn ng ca
khch i vi cc gi nh v ph tham quan suy
lun gi tr m du khch gn cho a im du lch .
Mc d c hai phng php u s dng cc gi
thuyt v b ch trch nhiu, song chng cho php
cc nh phn tch c lng gi tr ca cc hng ho
phi th trng (xem thm Mitchell v Carson, 1989
v Walsh, 1986)
V d
Cng vin quc gia h Nakuru
KENYA

Navrud v Mungatana (1994) s dng c TCM v

CMV c lng gi tr du lch sinh thi (gii tr)
trong hot ng quan st ng vt hoang d ti Vn
quc gia h Nakuru Kenya. Phn tch chi ph i
li c tnh mt chuyn tham quan ca khch nc
ngoi l khong 114-120 la M, v 68-85 la
cho mt chuyn ca dn a phng. P DNG
GI tr ny cho tt c khch tham quan nm 1991 to
ra khon thu gi tr khong 13,7-15,1 triu la cho
c nm. Phn tch cc khon ph khc a ra mt
gi tr thp hn, khong 73 la i vi khch nc
ngoi v 20 la i vi khch trong nc, ngha l
hng nm thu c 7,5 triu la t khon ny.
TCM v CVM cng c p dng ti nhiu im du
lch khc trn th gii (Bennett, 1995; Kramer v
cng s, 1995; Maile v Mendelsohn, 1993; Walsh,
1986)

Th d ny minh ha cho gi tr kinh t c bn m du

lch sinh thi c th em li. Tuy vy, gi tr kinh t
l ch l thc o phc li x hi ca con ngi trong
php phn tch chi ph v li nhun. D l n bao
gm c nhng chi ph ca du khch, nhng chi ph
ny c th em li li nhun thc v ti chnh v vic
lm, song du khch c hng phn ln, nu khng
ni l tt c cc gi tr kinh t v do vy khng to ra
gi tr kinh t thc. Hn na, mt s im du lch
phn ln gi tr ny s phc v ngi nc ngoi v
con s khch nc ngoi ln hn khch trong nc
v s WTP trung bnh ca h ln hn. Mt du khch

trong nc v mt du khch nc ngoi c th

thng thc chuyn tham quan du lch vi s lng
ngang nhau, song do c thu nhp cao hn m v
khch nc ngoi sn sng tr hn cho chuyn tham
quan; v mt kinh t thi iu ny c ngha l v khch
nc ngoi kia nh gi chuyn tham quan c gi tr
cao hn du khch trong nc. Kt qu l, c th c s
khc bit gia ngi c hng li (khch nc
ngoi) v ngi phi chu tt cc chi ph (du khch
trong nc phi tr thu ly ngn qu ti tr cho
khu du lch, cng nh mt s dn a phng phi
chu nhng tc hi i vi cc hot ng nng nghip
hay mt quyn s dng cc ngun ti nguyn truyn
thng ca h).
Ti mt mc no , gi tr kinh t c th c
chuyn i thnh tin bng cch thu ph - nu khng
thu ph theo gi tr ca im du lch s nh gi thp
l do (kinh t) duy tr dim (bi v nu khng thu
ph thi im s mt gi tr i vi khch nc
ngoi, v bi v ngay c i vi du lch trong nc th
WTP cng khng thy r bng thu nhp t thu ph, v
do thng b b qun hoc b nh gi thp). Trn
thc t Vn Quc gia H Nakuru c thu ph. Tuy
vy, vo lc tin hnh nghin cu ny th ph vo ca
v ph tr cho ch s hu ln ti 800.000 la
M, chim 5-10% ca tr gi du lch sih thi ( quan
st thy). Mc d trn thc t khng th bin tt c

cc gi tr kinh t thnh tin song c nhiu c hi

thu tm phn ln gi tr ny thng qua ph cao. y
cng l im trng tm ca phn tip theo.
Ngoi ra, mt phn ca nhng gi tr kinh t m du
khch nhn c t cc chuyn tham quan hay l t
ton b chuyn du lch cng lm li cho dan a
phng nhiu mc khc nhau. y l mt th d
c n gin ho: mt du khch ngi Anh
quyt nh bay n Kenya v ngh mt tun ti H
Nakuru. C y c th ngh rng ton b chuyn i tr
gi 4.000 la M, v cng l WTP ca c trong
chuyn i ny. Song c l ton b cc chi ph ch l
3.000 la, c ngha l c thu li nhiu hn so vi
nhng chi ph tr. Trong s 3.000 la, c l l c
tiu 1.000 la vo tin n, tin nh, v mua
lu nim vng h Nakuru. Nhng chi ph ny lm
li cho dn a phng, v y cng l im trng
tm ca phn th ba.
Do s ni ting v kh nng tip cn c vi cc
ng vt hoang di, mt s vng chu Phi c tim
nng ln trong vic to ra cc khon thu v bin cc
gi tr kinh t thnh tin. Th d, hng kim ton
Price Waterhouse (1994) nh gi d ton kinh t
v ti chnh ca mt trang tri nui gia sc v d n
du lch bo tn Dimbarbu. i vi trang tri
Devure, h c tnh rng gia sc c kh nng to ra

tng thu nhp l 22 la Dimbabue trn 1 hecta trn

nm theo mc gi thc ca th trng c phn, v 37
la Dimbabue/ha/nm nu s dng t gi cao (6,5
la Dimbabue = 1 la M lc tin hnh nh gi).
Trong khi , mt cng ty du lch nh (c s dng
thin nhin hoang d), sn bn v bn ta (culling)
c nh gi 67 la Dimbabue /ha/nm. D nhin,
du lch khng phi lc no cng hp dn hn l cc
loi hnh s dng t khc,v vy chng ta phi da
c vo cc ngun li phi du lch ly gii cho vic
bo tn/bo v thin nhin.
V d
Trang tri nui gia sc v Du lch hoang d
NAM PHI
Price Waterhouse (1994) cng cung cp mt vi con
s so snh vi Madikwe, Nam Phi, nh sau (tt c
cc con s, tr vic lm, tnh theo n v tin t ca
Nam Phi l ng Rand; 1 la M = 4,4 Rand, t gi
ti thng 4/1997).
Li /Chi ph Trang
tri
Du lch hoang d
Tng

li

thu

gia

sc

2.500.000
27.430.0
00
Li

rng

1.300.000
14.130.0
00
Li

chnh

ph

thu

80.000
4.8
40.000
Chi

bn

12.050.000
35.400.0
00

Lng

tnh

theo

nm

480.000
7.3
00.000
Vic

lm

80

1.214

Ph s dng v to thu nhp

C nn thu l ph khng?
Vn ph s dng c bn ci rt nhiu nhiu
nc v c rt nhiu ti liu v vn ny (nh
Harris v Driver, 1987; Laarman v Gregersen, 1996;
Lindberg v cng s, 1996; Mark v Moncur, 1995;
McCarville v cng s, 1996; v Tisdell, 1996).
Nhiu thnh vin ca chnh quyn v ngnh du lch
phn i thu ph ti cc im cng cng. Cng dn c
cm gic rng n thm nhng ni l n thm
mt phn ti sn ca quc gia v l ti sn cng
cng, do chnh ph nn nn to iu kin cho
ton dn, vi ngun ngn qu ly t cc khon thu
hay cc khon thu nhp khc ca chnh ph. c bit
l mt s nc pht trin, nhiu ngi thy rng
thu l ph ca dn a phng l thu gp i v h
phi tr cc khon thu ri.
Ngoi ra, nhiu ngi cn cho rng vic thu l ph s
thay i bn cht ca cc chuyn ving thm v lm
cho chng b thng mi ho v b sp t trc.
Tng t nh vy, vic thu ph c th lm cho khch
tham quan hy vng s c tiu khin, nhng
hot ng tiu khin c th khc xa vi nhng n

lc mang tnh gio dc ca cng ty qun l a im

tham quan. Nhng cng ng sng ph thuc vo cc
hot ng cng nghip v du lch c th cho rng
vic thu l ph s dng s lm gim s lng khch
tham quan, v do lm h mt c hi lm n v mt
vic.
Song nhng ngi ng h vic thu l ph s dng thi
cho rng nhng vhuyn ving thm u gy ra nhng
ph tn v mi trng v ti chnh (nh chi ph xy
dng v qun l cc phng tin), v cc ph tn
khc (nh tc nghn giao thng). H cho rng nhng
ngi gy ra ph tn ny phi tr. Hn na, h cn
thng bo rng nhiu khu du lch thin nhin trn th
gii cng ang gp kh khn nng n v ti chnh do
s lng vn quc gia v khu bo v tng ln, trong
khi ngn qu vn giu nguyn hoc gim i (Eagle,
1995; Wescott, 1995). Do , nu l tng ra m
chnh ph chi ngn qu th s kh khn v ti chnh
cng buc ngi ta phi la chn, hoc l thc hin
thu ph s dng hoc l t b cc hot ng bo v,
v ngn qu dng duy tr cc dch v cho khch
thng c ly t ngn qu hot ng bo v. Sau
cng, nhng ngi ng h vic thu ph s dng cng
nhc mi ngi rng cng c lp v ti chnh s to
ra s ng h v chnh tr cng nh quyn t ch ca
cc khu du lch.

Rt cc l, vn c nn thu ph s dng cc khu

du lch cng cng hay khng, v nu c thu th mc
no l mt vn c tnh chnh tr, ph thuc vo
mc ch qun l cng nh nhng hn ch v lut
php v hnh chnh. C rt nhiu mc ch qun l
nh:
Hon vn - To ngun thu nhp t nht l b li
chi ph ti chnh (nh xy dng v bo dng trang
thit b) v b li cc chi ph khc lin quan n du
lch (nh gy thit hi v mi trng).
To ra li nhun - to ra thu nhp tri vt chi ph,
vi khon vt tri c s dng chi cho cc hot
ng bo v truyn thng (nhng hot ng c
thc hin chnh ni tham quan hoc ni khc)
hay thc hin cc mc ch khc.
To c hi cho a phng - s bao gm vic thu ph
thp hoc khng thu ph c gng nng cao ti a
s lng khch du lch.
To ra ngun ngoi hi v thu thu nhp t vic mua
bn ca khch du lch - ging nh n lc to c hi
cho a phng, lm vic ny th khng c thu
ph hay thu ph rt thp nhm nng cao ti a s
lng khch du lch.
To ra c hi ti a cho vic tm hiu v trn trng
gi tr ca cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin - vic

ny c th i hi khng c thu ph hoc thu ph

thp, d l nu thu ph th vic tm hiu v trn trng
thin nhin c th s nng cao nu tu ph v s dng
ph thu c nng cao chng trnh gio dc.
Qun l khch tham quan - thc hin vic thu ph
gim hoc ti phn phi lng khch tham hay
gim thiu cc hnh vi coi thng/thiu tn trng
thin nhin, qua lm gim mu thun gia cc bn
s dng hoc gim tn hi n mi trng; t
c mc tiu ny c th cn thu phu ph kh cao.
D nhin l c th c nhiu mc ch c gp li. V
d, cc nc ang pht trin th hon vn hay to ra
li nhun c th l nhng mc ch c bn i vi du
khch nc ngoi cn c hi gio dc ti a c th
li dnh cho du khch trong nc.
Tuy vy, d l mc ch no i na th kin ca
nhng ngi ng h v nhng ngi i lp li vic
thu ph cn phi c nh gi thn trng. Nh vi
cc chng trnh ca chnh ph chng hn, khi khng
thu ph th nhng ngi khng c hng
(nhng ngi khng tham quan cc im du lch sinh
thi) phi tr cp nhng ngi c hng (cc
khch tham quan). Cn phi quyt nh xem vic tr
gip mt hot ng c th no c ng n hay
khng, v quyt nh ny c th s phi chu nh
hng ca nhiu lung kin ngh. V d, s c

ngh cn phi tr ggip c th bo m cho nhng

ngi c thu nhp thp c th n tham quan. Tuy
th, nhng ni m khch tham quan ch yu thuc
nhm thu nhp cao (nhngni ny thng xa cc
khu dn c) th ch vo ca t do li lm ngi
ngho b thit v h phi tr gi cho cc du khch
giu c thng qua tr thu thu nhp (Knapman v
Stoeckl, 1995). Trn thc t, mt cuc iu tra M
cho thy rng nhm thu nhp thp, nhm ngi cao
tui v dn nng thn ng h vic thu ph (Harris v
Driver, 1987; Steven v cng s, 1989). Hn na, c
th ngh ra cc loi ph khuyn khch khch tham
quan thuc cc nhm thit thi, nh thu ph thp hn
i vi hc sinh, ngi cao tui hay c nhng ngy
m ca min ph cho du khch l ngi a phng.
Ngoi ra cn phi cn nhc vic ngi dn tr gi
cho khch tham quan nc ngoi, c bit l khi
khch giu c hn ngi ng thu, vic ny thng
xy ra trong trng hp khch l ngi ca nc
pht trin i du lch cc nc ang pht trin. Mt
s nc, trong c Peru, Ecuao v Kenya tng
gi ph i vi khch nc ngoi trong khi duy thu
ph thp hn i vi dn trong nc (Olindo, 1991).
Ngoi ra, qua cuc iu tra ba vn quc gia Costa
Rica, Baldares v Laarman (1990) thy rng c dn
a phng v du khch nc ngoi u ng rng
khch nc ngoi nn tr ph cao hn khch ni a.

S chnh lch gi nh vy l bnh thng trong

ngnh du lch. N cng ging nh vic gi v my
bay thng chnh lch gia ngy l v ngy thng,
v gi ngy thng cao hn gi ngy l. S chnh
lch gi ny c thc hin thng qua c ch gim
gi nu t mua trc v c ch ngh min ph ti
th by.
Ngi ta thng t cu hi nghi vn vic gi ph c
thc s th hin vic thu ph gp i hay khng.
Ph s dng thng c thu ng gi v ngn qu
ly t thu thu nhp khng PHC V MC
CH TU TO V BO TN. nh hng ca vn
thu ph i vi liu lng khch thm quan cn
c nghin cu v nh gi thn trng. Mc d mi
quan h qua li gia gi v cht lng l nguyn tc
kinh t c bn, cc kinh nghim trc y cho
thy rng chi ph thp nht (khong t 5 la tr ln)
c rt t hoc khng c nh hng g n mc tham
quan cc ni; c ngha l mc thu ph thp mc
tham quan vn khng thay i inelastic theo gi c
(Knapman v Stoeckl, 1995; Lindberg v cng s,
1996; Walsh, 1986). Chi ph cao hn c th n nh
ti cc a im c o m t nh hng ti mc
tham quan. Ph thu c th lm tng lng khch n
thm nu kinh ph thu c s dng phc v du
khch. Tuy nhin, s linh hot ca ph thu cng thay
i tng ni, nhng ni c nhiu im tham quan

th ph thu c th lm gim ng k lng du khch

n thm (Steven v cng s, 1989).
Ng trong quan im phn i thu ph l ngi
ng thu phi tr cp cc chuyn tham quan ca
khch, v do phi tr cp cho cc hot ng kinh
doanh du lch (hoc l tr cp cho ton ngnh kinh
doanh, hoc du khch s phi tr ton b gi thu ph
m ngnh du lch chuyn sang cho khch du lch
chu). Vn tr cp cho khch nc ngoi khng
hp l lm song cng cn phi c cp ti. Cui
cng, vic thu ph thp i vi mt s loi dch v
(nh dch v cm tri) c th lm gim c hi ca cc
doanh nhn v phi cnh tranh vi cc doanh nghip
nh nc.
Nu mc ch qun l l s dng du lch sinh thi
c hiu qu kinh t nht (theo hng tng ti a phc
li x hi), th ph thu phi c nh ra mc nhu
cu (li ch n thun) phi cn bng vi chi ph bin
t (Xem gii thch chi tit hn trong nghin cu ca
Lindberg v Enriquez, 1994; Rosenthal v cng s,
1984). Song vn khng may l t c thng tin y
v nhu cu, c bit l v chi ph c th quyt
nh mc ph thu c hiu qu. Mc d vy, hiu qu
kinh t to ra c s nh mc ph thu. Ngoi ra, n
cn nhn mnh cc chi ph lin quan n du lch sinh
thi v nhng tn tht kinh t xy ra khi ph thu c

nh ra trn nhng c s khc (Walsh, 1986, tho

lun v cc c s nh mc ph thu).
Tm hiu ng cong nhu cu v xc nh ph thu
thu hi ph mt cch c hiu qu v cc mc ch
khc cn phi c thng tin v nhu cu v chi ph ca
ngnh du lch sinh thi. V d, nu mun xc nh ph
thu ti mt im du lch tng ti a li nhun, u
tin phi xc nh c hai ng cong cung (chi phsi
cho mi loi hnh dch v) v cu (bao nhiu ngi s
n tham quan tng mc chi ph khc nhau). Phn
ny nu ln mt s nhn t nh hng n ng
cong nhu cu, ng thi a ra nhng bin php k
thut dng thu thp thng tin v chi ph v nhu
cu. Phn trnh by y c bn da trn phng
php thuyt kinh t. Cc tho lun v phng
php kinh doanh xin xem trong nghin cu ca
Meidan (1982) v McKercher (1998). Cc phng
php tm l x hi xin tham kho trong nghin
cu ca McCarville v cc cng s (1992) v
McCarville v cc cng s (1996).
Nhu cu ti mt im du lch sinh thi da trn rt
nhiu yu t (xem chi tit trong nghin cu ca
Lindberg v Huber, 1993), bao gm:

Thu nhp ca du khch v cc c tnh v

nhn khu hc

thch v xu hng

hnh nh ca im tham quan

s c sn v gi ca cc danh lam thng cnh

c tnh cnh tranh khc

chi ph i li (thi gian v gi c) ti nc c

im tham quan

cht lng ca danh lam thng cnh

cht lng ca ton b chuyn i

s n nh v chnh tr v kinh t

cc danh lam thng cnh ph; v

chi ph i li (thi gian v gi c) t im n

(sn bay, bn tu..) ti danh lam thng cnh
C nhiu phng php c lng nhu cu i vi
mt im du lch sinh thi. Song c l phng php
thng thng nht l nh gi th trng. Phng
php ny phn tch ph thu v lng khch tham quan
ti cc im mang tnh cht ging nhau. Phng php
ny to ra c s chung quyt nh xem cc dch v
t nhn c nn u t ti im hay khng. Tuy
nhin phi rt cn trng khi nh gi cc im mi v
nhng im c sc cung ln, do p lc gi c
gim xung. Song khng may l cc b phn kinh

doanh ch v cc dch v khc thng khng cung

cp thng tin v lng khch tham quan v gi c do
rt kh so snh. Ngoi ra rt t vn quc gia v
im cng cng khc thc hin thu ph trong thi
gian di; nn khi thu ph ch da trn nhng cn nhc
mang tnh kinh doanh, v d cc chi ph dch v v s
t nguyn chi tr ca khch tham quan. Hn na t c
s thay i trong mc ph thu v s khc bit v
lng khch tham quan i vi tn gm ph thu khc
nhau c th nh gi c phn ng ca khch i
vi cc mc ph khc nhau.
Ngay c khi c thng tin t cc im ging nhau th
cng phi iu chnh c th nghin cu k lng
s khc nhau ca cc yu t cu, v d nh cht
lng ca thng cnh v chi ph i li. V him c
nhng phn tch mt cch h thng v cc yu t
cu i vi du lch sinh thi nn tm quan trng
ca mi yu t i da trn trc gic ca nhng
ngi thng tho trong ngnh (Walsh, 1986, tho
lun v cc yu t trong lnh vc gii tr ti M). Tuy
nhin, hy vng rng cc nghin cu trong tng lai s
xc nh c tm quan trng ca tng yu t, v s
to iu kin ng dng chin lc ny mt cch hiu
qu hn. Nhng nghin cu cng s xc nh hiu
qu-chi ph i vi s gia tng nhu cu (nh cc ti
nguyn c s dng cho cc trung tm (thng tin)

dnh cho du khch tham quan nu nhng trung tm

ny c xc nh l c bit quan trng.
Phng php th hai l s dng cc k thut phi th
trng xc nh ng cong nhu cu, v d s
dng k thut TCM v CVM c m t trn
(xem thm phn tho lun ca Walsh, 1986). Tuy
vy, khi c s dng xut gi th mi quan h
gia mc ph thu v lng khch tham quan biu t
li nhun ch khng phi l WTP tng hay trung
bnh. Cn phi nhn mnh rng mc d nhng k
thut ny c s dng rng ri song mc chnh
xc phn ln ph thuc vo cht lng ca vic xy
dng v qun l cuc kho st (cc v d trong
chng ny c s dng minh ha cho nhng
khi nim v cht lng nghin cu khng phi l
cc trng hp c nh gi c th). Ngoi ra, cc
yu t tm l v cc yu t khc c th c ngha l du
khch sn sng chi tr t i ti ch hn l nhng
tnh ton nh gi phi th trng nu ra. V nhng l
do ny, cn thn trng khi s dng nhng kt qu
nghin cu nh vy.
Lin quan ti cc k thut nh gi phi th trng l
nhng k thut nghin cu th trng, nh phn tch
kt hp v to mu la chn (Hair v cng s, 1995).
Nhng k thut ny o c tm quan trng ca cc
phm cht c trng (nh, cc nhn t cung nu trn)

trong cc quyt nh ca ngi tiu dng. C th s

dng chng tnh ton kh nng m ngi tiu
dng s la chn mt sn phm c bit (v d, s
tham quan mt khu vn c bit) da trn nhng
phm cht ca sn phm lin quan ti nhng phm
cht ca nhng sn phm khc trn th trng. V gi
c l mt trong nhng phm cht ny, c th s dng
nhng k thut ny tnh ton s p ng vi cc
mc tham quan tung ng vi nhng thay i ca
gi c.
Phng php th ba l s dng cch thc qun l
mm do v/hoc cc cuc bn u gi. V kh khn
c hu trong tnh ton cung, v do s thay i trong
ngnh cng nghip, phng php ny l mt b xung
quan trng cho cc phng php khc.
V d
S dng TCM tnh ton cc ng cung
VN QUC GIA kakadu
C
 
Knapman v Stoeckl (1995) s dng phng
php chi ph du lch v s liu t kho st nm 1990
tnh ton nhng ng cung cho Vn quc gia

Kakadu c. Da trn Mu B ca h, bao gm

c ph cp cho chi ph thi gian du lch, h tnh
ton c mi quan h sau gia cc ph vo ca, s
lng cuc tham quan v li tc ph cho Kakadu (s
lm trn).
Ph ( la c)S
lng
chuyn tham quanThu
nhp ph

(Ph x chuyn)
$ 0

244.000

$ 0
4

239.000

56.000
8

235.000

1.888.000
16

227.000

3.632.000
40

205.000

8.200.000

80

173.000

13.840.000
121

147.000

17.787.000
161

125.000

20.125.000
444

31.000


13.764.000
Nh bng ch ra, chi ph 10 la c cho mt ngi
ln (Hn l mt du khch) bt buc phi thu t
nm 1993/94 v to c ngun thu 1,900,000 la
c t 205,000 du khch. iu ny cho thy cc tnh
ton chnh xc mt cch hp l, ch t cc cp
ph thp hn.

V d, cc ph c th nng ti 10 la da trn
nghin cu CVM hay nh gi nhng thu ht tng
t nh vy. Tuy nhin nu s du khch gim hn d
tnh th cc ph c th c iu chnh xung. Tng
t nh vy, nu s du khch gim t hn so vi d
tnh th cc ph c th tng ln. Tm li, c th iu
chnh cc ph bng cch s dng(sai s v th
nghim c thng bo) cho n khi t c cc
mc tiu nh thu hi chi ph. Tuy vy cn phi phn
on nhng thay i ln v chi ph mt cch t t.
Cc giy php u gi hoc cc chi ph du lch khc
s ch yu sp xp cc chi ph theo nhu cu bi v
ngi ta s hi vng nhng ngi iu hnh tua hon
ton sn sng u thu chi tr c php (min l
c nhiu n v u thu v cuc u gi c qun
l mt cch c hiu qu). Tuy vy ni chung nhng
cuc u gi ch thch hp khi c s lng giy php
v nhng ph ph ra vo hn ch v khi gi ca cc
giy php nh vy tng i cao. iu nay s ch
yu l cc trng hp sn bn, v nhng c hi du
lch gi tr cao nh quan st kh t vng ni.
V d
c tnh chi ph ti cc a im tham quan

du lch sinh thi

BELIZE
 
Phn ln chng ny tp trung vo nhu cu v li
ch. Tuy nhin s thu hi chi ph v mt s mc tiu
khc i hi nhng kin thc v chi ph.Rt kh t
c iu nyv rt nhiu chi ph pht sinh ti cc
vng t nhin lin quan ti c du lch sinh thi v bo
tn. Thng thng cng tc qun l v cc chi ph
khc ni chung c phn b cho cng tc bo tn v
ch c nhng chi ph qui nh c th cho du lch sinh
thi (v d cc hng dn vin c thu khu t
nhin) c phn b cho du lch sinh thi. Tuy nhin
Lindberg v cc cng s (1996) p dng nhng k
nng tnh ton chi ph tm ra nhng c tnh chi
ph st thc t hn ti ba im du lch sinh thi
Belize.
Da trn bng tnh trung bnh, h c tnh cc
chi ph du lch lin quan l 46.894 la BZ(23.447
la M) ti khu bo tn ng vt hoang d vnh
Cockscomb trong khong thi gian t thng T 1991
n thng T 1993. Li nhun c tnh lin quan n
du lch sinh thi, trc tin t ph v ti tr l 42.213
o la BZ vy s tin thiu ht l 4.681 la BZ. Nu
mc tiu thu hi chi ph c thc hin n cng th

nhng s liu trn s cho php c tnh gi mt v

vo ca. Trong trng hp ny, nu s dng s liu
khch thm quan nm 1992 l 2.968 khch nc
ngoi th thu hi chi ph gi v vo ca cho ngi
nc ngoi l 1,6 la BZ (0,8 la M) (khng
tnh ph cho c dn). Bi v ph ny qu thp nn
ngi ta khng mong i ct gim thm quan. Tnh
ton ny da trn nhng im n l v nhu cu v
chi ph hn l da trn ton b ng cong gia cung
v cu tuy nhin n phn nh c vic s dng
nhng thng tin ny nh th no t ra ph. Vic
s dng rng ri hn d liu v chi ph c
xut trong cc quyt nh phn b ngn sch v gi
c (v d cc cng vin quc gia New South Wales
v Dch v tham quan ng vt hoang d, 1997).

Cc loi ph
Ngay khi ton b cc chnh sch v ph c xc
nh cc nh qun l phi nh ra tng loi ph cho
cc hng ho v dch vcng nh cch thu chng mc

d c vi s chng cho trong thut ng nhng di

y l mt vi loi ph ph bin:

Ph vo khu tham quan - c thu khi du

khch vo khu vc

Ph vo ca-c tr vo cc ni c th
nh l cc trung tm n tip du khch

Ph s dng- c tr cho vic s dng cc

vt dng c th (nh l cc thit b cho thu) hay cc
c hi (nh l cc im cm tri)

Ph ng k v cho php - tng t nh ph

s dng; bao gm vic cho php sn bn v cu c.

Bn v chuyn nhng - bao gm nhng li

nhun t vic bn trc tip qu lu nim, cho thu
ch tr v cc hng ho hay dch v khc; ph t vic
chuyn nhng cc thng v t nhn trong vic bn
cc mt hng v dch v ny; v thu nhp t vic
ng k cc nhn hiu thng mi v biu trng ca
khu t nhin.
Ngoi cc loi ph khc nhau, cn c nhiu phng
php khc nhau thu ph. Phng php r rn nht
l thng qua vic thu ngay trc tip ti ch, nh khi
vo mt im hay khi mua bn mt loi dch v hay
hng ho. Cc lo ch ca phng php ny l: 1) mi
lin kt trc tip gia tr ph v dch v c cung

cp, v 2) c hi thng bo, quy nh v m s

lng khch. mt hn ch ca vic thu trc tip l ph
tn.
i vi cc a im ra vo nhiu ln hay dung lng
khch thp, vic thu ph trc tip c th khng thc
t. Thay v , mt h thng danh d, c cc hp b
tin tr, hay h thng phiu vo c l thch hp. V
d, bang Tasmania C S DNG PHIU VO
ca cho du khch tip cn vi bt c vn quc gia
no trong s 14 vn ca bang. Kim tra im dng
c th cn thit tng cng cng tc tun th quy
nh vi nhng h thng nh vy.
Mt phng php khc l thu ph gin tip thng qua
nhng ngi iu hnh tua, vi chi ph thng i
km vi khch du lch l mt phn ca gi tua trn
gi. Kh nng ny thng c s dng cng vi
vic thu ph trc tip. Cc li ch t vic gin thu bao
gm: 1) tim nng tng cng thng tin gia vn v
ngnh cng nghip du lch a phng, 2) gim bt
cc chi ph hnh chnh cho vng t nhin trong khi
vn cho php gim st c cc mc tham quan,
v 3) tim nng giu cc ph trong chi ph ca tua
trn gi, do c th gim bt tc ng cu cc loi
ph cao hn vi cc cp tham quan. Mt hn ch
ca gin thu l gim bt tip xc gia nhn vin
vn v du khch.

V d
Tp on bo tn khu vc bo tn
BELIZE
Tp on bo tn khu vc bo tn (PACT) tham gia
vo ph bo tn $3.75 i vi tt c cc du khch
ngoi quc, c gia tng vo thu sn bay khi i
trc l $11.25. Da trn tnh ton 140,000 du
khch ngo quc mt nm, chng trnh mi c
thc hin gn y k vng hng nm gy c $
500,000. Tp don c lp vi chnh ph v do mt
ban bao gm cc i din ca c chnh ph v phi
chnh ph ch o. Ti tr cu PACt c th c s
dng cho cc mc ch a dng, bao gm o to,
gio dc mi trng, hoch nh khu bo tn, v h
tr c cu t chc, nhng khng c nh thay th
ti tr chnh ca chnh ph.
Khng cn phi nh gi qu thp kh khn xy
dng mt qu nh vy - chng trnh pht trin
c 5 nm, bng kt thc khc xa vi xut ban
u. Hn na, v ngnh du lch Belize ch yu da
vo nhung nt hp dn v vn ha v thin nhin, c
minh chung kh r i vi vic bt buc thu mtt
loi ph nh vy t khch du lch. iu ny s khng
phi l trng hp p dng cho tt c cc nc. do
vy, PACt l mt v d tuyt vi v ti chnh sng to

i vi cng tc bo tn, v cc nc khc ang tm

ti nhng chng trnh tng t. Thng tin thm v
PACt do Spergel (1996) cung cp.

Mt kh nng na l thu t cc thnh phn khc ca

nhnh cng nghip du lch. Kh nng ny thng da
vo cc loi thu khch sn hay vn chuyn v to ra
nhng li th tng t nh vic thu ph iu hnh
tua. V d, bang Montana, 6.5% thu nhp thu nh
trn ging khch sn a vo qun l cc khu vn
ca bang. Tuy vy, t c s chp thun ca
ngnh cng nghip, c th quyt nh i vi cc loi
ph bt buc phi tr ch khi c mi lin h tng

quan gia cc loi ph v s s dng khu vc thin

nhin.

cc vn chnh sch ph khc

Phn cui ny nu ra c vn v nhng xut
chung khc thch hp vi chnh sch ph. u tin, h
thng ph tt nht i vi bt c kh vc c bit no
s ph thuc vo loi hnh v mc tham quan,
mc hp tc vi ngnh cng nghip, nh hng
ca s quan liu v cc nhn t khc. Do vy, trong
khun kh cc mc tiu tng th, s mm do cn
c to ra cho mi im thc hin c cu ph
thch hp nht theo cc iu kin a phng (v mt
c cu ph n cho ton b h thng vn c th
khng hiu qu); v d, ph vo cng mua trc
vn Costa Rican, dao ng t $5 khi vn c t
khch tham quan ti $10 khi vn c ng khch)
Chase, 1996; Costa Rica TravelNet, 1997).
Nu chnh quyn ph trch chnh sch ph gi
nguyn vi c quan qun l trung ng, kh nng
thay i cc ph t ra cng duy tr cng mm do cng
tt. V d, chi nhn iu hnh, nh c quan vn, ni
chung c th ng phso nhanh hn chi nh hnh php,
nh ngh vin hay quc hi (Barborak, 1988). Cng
nh vy, kinh nghim gi ra t ra giao ph mt phn

thu nhp ph ca du lch sinh thi li cho bn thn a

im tham quan lm tng cng hiu qu qun l
trong vic thu ph, cng nh trch nhim chi tiu.
Th hai, thu nhp t ph cn phi c xem nh l
mt nhn t b xung hn l thay th cho, nhng phn
b nhn sch hin ti. Nu vic phn b ngn sch
hin ti b gim xung do thu nhp t du lch tng ln
th li ch ti chnh ca vic thu ph b mt i. Thc
ra, cc chi ph c s h tng v qun l do vic thc
hin h thng thu ph mang li th c th gim ngun
ti tr hin c. Hn na, ngnh du lch thay i mt
cch c hu, v s khng n nh ca cc ngun thu
du lch c th ln hn s khng n nh ca cc
ngun ti tr chnh ph. V l do ny, cn phi xy
dng cc ngun ti tr t ca tp on khi c th
m bo ngun ti tr lin tc trong khi cc im
thp trong cc chu k du lch (c th kh xy dng
nu cc c quan chnh ph quen vi cc chu k ngn
sch hng nm). Cc c hi tng cc ngun thu
khng ph i vi cc khu vc thin nhin, nh thng
qua cc chng trnh quyn gp hay bn hng lu
nim, cn c nh gi, v chng c th to ra nhiu
ngun ti tr b xung rt ln.
Th ba, cc loi ph v cc gi c du lch sinh thi
khc khng ch b nh hng bi nhu cu, m cn
nh hng ti nhu cu, do bi chng c vai tr nh

cc du hiu cht lng sn phm i vi du khch

cha quen vi sn phm. V d, mt nh tr gi cao
c th hp dn hn nh tr gi thp i vi nhng du
khch tm kim mt s tin nghi tng i cao.
ng nhin, nu nh tr hay a im tham quan
khng c c cht lng tng ng vi gi c, n
lm cho khch s hi khng mun quay tr li v rt
nhiu ming ting.
Th t, i lp vi nhng loi ph s dn ti kt qu
l mt phn v du khch c th xem l khng cng
bn, hay cm thy l chng s khng nhn cc li ch
t vic chi tr nhng loi ph nh vy (McCarville v
cng s, 1996). Cc a im tham quan c kh nng
tng s chp thun ca du khch v cc loi ph bng
cch gii thch mc ch ca chng , c bit ch
xem cc loi ph c s c s dng khng v c
s dng nh th no tng cng cc dch v cho
du khch. V d, bang Tasmania, c, cc vn quc
gia v cc khu bo tn hng dn ca du khch
(1993) ghi l tt c cc ngun ti tr c c t cc
loi ph s c ti u t m bo cc c s c
ci thin nh ng x, nh tr, cc khu vc d
ngoi, khu v sinh v cc con ng i b tt hn.
Tuy vy, Laarman v Gregrsen (1996) bo co mt
bn nghin cu ca Bary (1992) Tikal, Guatemela,
trong khng thy mt mi quan h no gia vic

sn lng chi tr cc loi ph cao hn v thng tin v

mc ch ca ph.
V d
Rng Quc gia SIUSLAW,
BANG OREGON, M
V lch s m ni, Dch v Rng M c
Quc hi M cng nhn ch tnh ph dng lu tri.
Cc mc tiu qun l trc ht tp trung vo khng
lm gim lng khu vc t nhn, do vy ngi ta
tin hnh nh gi th trng, v cc khon ph
c xp x mc nh cc khu t dng ti ca
khi t nhn.
Nm 1996, Quc hi cng nhn Dch v Rng,
cng nh cc c quan lin bang khc, thc hin
cc d n th nghim ph trn du khch trong ba
nm (Lut Cng cng trang 104-134). iu ny cho
php dch v tnh cc loi ph khng dng tri, bao
gm c cc loi ph vo ca. ti Rng Quc gia
Siuslaw, mc tiu qun l l thu hi mt phn cc chi
ph iu hnh. Ngnh qun l nghin cu cc loi
ph c tnh ti cc a im khc (troc tin l cc
a im Vn Bang ORGEGON), v nh gi cc
khon ph s phi tnh tr cho vic thu hi chi ph
hon ton. Ph thu hi chi ph hon ton b xem l
qu cao, v vy ngi ta t mc thu hi tng phn.

iu ny minh ha bn cht nng ng ca cc mc

tiu v kin thc ca nhu cu du khch; nhu cu ny
c th cn tr cc mc tiu t c.
C cu ph bao gm mt loi ph gi $3 mt xe t
($3/ngi ti mt im thu ht du khch trn xe but)
hay mt khon v c nm l #25. a im duy tr
80% ngun thu (phn b vn truyn thng ca chnh
ph khng b gim xung l mtj kt qu ca vic
tin hnh cc loi ph ny, mc d n c th b gim
do nhng ct gim v ngn sch ni chung). Ngun
thu b xung s c s dng nng cao cc dch v
v c s v iu ny cng c gii thhc vi du
khch gim bt s khng c i vi ph vo ca
ti cc a im m v mt lch s m ni th khng
tnh cc loi ph nh vy. D n ny khng ch minh
ha lm th no c th tin hnh cc loi ph m cn
cho thy cc c quan qun l khu thin nhin c th
tin hnh phng hng kinh doanh nh th no
i vi du lch sinh thi, bao gm c vic pht trin
c k hoch kinh doanh (Rng Quc gia Siuslaw,
1996.)

Th nm, truyn thng vi ngnh cng nghip b nh

hng v cc nhm ngi s dng khc c th gim
bt s i lp t cc ngun . Hy vng nht tr v
chp thun hon ton cc loi ph l phi thc t,
nhng c th ci thin kh nng chp thun bng s
hp tc c ngha vi cc nhm ngi s dng. Kt
qu c th ca s cng tc nh vy l nhn thc tm
quan trng ca vic thc hin theo giai ddon cc loi
ph (hay tng ph) cho ngnh cng nghip c th

theo m iu chnh gi c ca mnh. V d, nm

1996 ph bo dng mi trng nh trn cc
tua thng mi i vi cc nh du lch sinh thi tham
quan Rn Trng San h c tng t UA$1.00
($0.70) ln ti AU$5.00 ($3.50). Ngnh cng nghip
phn i mnh m vic tng gi. Mt phn, vic phn
i a n kt qu l tm quan trng ca vic
tng gi, nhng cng cn l thi gian khng cho php
cc ngi iu hnh hp nht thay i vo trong gi
c tua bn trc c mt nm hay hn na (vn d
tng t cng xy ra Costa Rica ni cc loi ph b
thay i bt ng sau khi bu c chnh ph mi).
xut chung ca ngnh cng nghip l thng bo trc
18 thng. To mt s nc, nhnh cng nghip phn
i vic thu ph v do cng tc qun l cc ngun thu
b cho l tham nhng. Do du khch cung suy ngh
nh vy, ngnh cng nghip mong mun nhn thy
nhng li ch t cc ngun thu c.

Th su, thc t l cc loi ph gim mnh s tham

quan c ngha l c th s dng cc loi ph nh l
mt cng c qun l. Cc ph cao hn c th c
tnh nhng a im quen thuc, trong thi im
ng khch, khuyn khch mi ngi ti thm
nhng a im t quen thuc hn, v t tin hn.
ng nhin, iu ny s hiu qu ch khi cc loi

ph lm gim bt s tham quan. (Nh nu trn, cc

loi ph c th cn c nng ti cc mc cao
c c nhiu mt ca mt kt qu). Chng c th
hiu qu hn khi c p dng trong mt h thng
khu vc thin nhin m khu vc ny bao gm nhiu
im thay th, trong trng hp m cc loi ph c
th c nh hng ln i vi cc a im c nhn
n l.
Cui cng, xy dng v duy tr cc h thng uqn l
ti chnh v k ton chnh xc cho c cc ngun thu
v cc khon chi to ra thng tin cn thit ra
nhng quyt nh c hiu qu trong tng lai. Mt
cch c lin quan l cng tc gim st h thng ph,
bao gm cc ngun thu v cc mc tham quan
cung cp phng tin lm c nhng thay i
thch hp khi cc mc tiu khng t c (Xem
Rng Quc gia Siuslaw, trang 100).
Du lch sinh thi v pht trin kinh t
Du lch sinh thi nm giu rt nhiu c hi to
ngun thu v cng n vic lm.ti cc khu vc kh l
nguyn s bng nhng n lc pht trin truyn thng,
v sinh ra nhng li ch kinh t hu hnh t cc
khu vc thin nhin. C t nht ba l do gy nhng
li ch a phng nh vy. Th nht s l hp l
chng no m cng tc bo tn ca khu vc phn
nh cho du lch sinh thi c th gim bt hay xo b

vic s dng ti nguyn truyn thng. Th hai, cc

nh du lch sinh thi, cng nh nhng ngi tiu th,
c th h tr tm quan trng ca du lch lm li cho
ngi dn a phng (Eagl v cng s, 1992). Th
ba, khi ngi n nhn c li ch h c th h tr
ngnh du lch v cng tc bo tn hn, ngay c ti
im bo v im tham quan chng li s sn bn
trm hay s xm phm khc. V d, Lindberg v
cng s (1996) tm thy l rng cc li ch lin quan
ti du lch sinh thi l mt nn tng rt quan trng i
vi nhng thi a phng tch cc v cc khu vc
thin nhin ln cn (Wunder, 1996; 1998). Ngc li,
nu ngi dn chu nhng chi ph m khng nhn
c li ch th h c th quay lng li vi ngnh du
lch v cng tc bo tn, v c th c hoc v ph
hoi a im tham quan. Bt k cc li ch ca du
lch sinh thi c dn n s ng h tng ln i vi
cng tc bo tn v, cui cng ti nhng thay i
trong vic s dng phu thuc vo cc hon cnh khc
nhau (Brandon, 1997; Brandon v Wells, 1992).
ng gp ca du lch sinh thi i vi s pht trin
nn kinh t a phng khc nhau, v c nhn thc
chung l s ng gp nyc th wocj tng ln ti
nhiu im tham quan. Hn na, ngnh du lch cng
c th to ra nhng chi ph kinh t, nh lm pht, v
nhng chi phsi ny c th nh hng ti tt c
nhung dn a phong, bao gm c nhng ngi

khng nhn c li ch. Phn ny ch yu r sot

nhng khi nim v ng gp hin ti ca du lch
sinh thi i vi s pht trin kinh t, v sau m t
nhng c hi lm tng s ng gp ny.
Hiu bit v ng gp ca du lch sinh thi i vi s
pht trin kinh t cn mt s hiu bit v cng
nghip du lch sinh thi. Du lch sinh thi tt nhin
l khc bit rt ln; n cha ng mi th t vic chi
tra cc hng du lch hng ngn la cho nhng
chuyn i ti ni xa nht ca a cu to i b thun
tu to mt cng vin gn . Tuy nhin, n gin
ho cc vn , iu b ch l suy ngh v du lch
sinh thi l c cu thnh bi ba thnh phn. Th
nht l ngi iu hnh tuyn nc ngoi bn tua cho
cc du khch quc t ti nc ch nh. Th hai l
ngi iu hnh tuyn trong nc thc s t chc v
dn tua ti nc im dng. Th ba l ang tham
quan s hp dn.
Coi v d v mt khch du lch M mun tham quan
Vn Quc gia Amboseli K-ni-a. B ta c th
mua mt tua t ngi bn tua nc ngoi M b
li thu xp cho mt ngi bn tua trong nc dn
on sang K-ni-a. Ngi bn tua trong nc i
li s mua ph vo ca vn, Dch v i sng hoang
d K-ni-a c qun l. Ni mt cch khc, khch
du lch c th la chn thu xp chuyn i trc tip

vi mt ngi bn tua trong nc, hoc tit kim

tin hoc v b ta K-ni-a ri. Hoc, b ta c th
t mnh i trc s dng mt ngi iu hnh ng h
t b ta du lch ti vn.
Nhiu quan st vin ni ln mi quan tm phn ln
v chi ph chuyn i, v do vy li ch kinh t cn li
vi nhng ngi iu hnh tua ngoi nc v cc
hng hng khng nc ch nh; cc ngun ti tr ln
c chi tiu vo cng tc tip th, hoa hng v vn
chuyn ngay c trc khi khch du lch ti c ni
mnh mun n.
V d
Ti chnh ca ngi iu hnh tua ngoi nc
MASSACHUSETTS, M
Sorenson (1991) trnh by mt bn nghin cu in
hnh v Hng Du lch Mo him Hi ngoi (OAT),
mt hng phc v tua nc ngoi bang
Massachusettes. Vo nm 1989, OAT bn c tng
s $ 4.525.000 (tt c cc s liu lm trn), trong
$ 1.400.000 cho vn chuyn hng khng v
$3.027.000 cho cc tua trn mt t. Cc tua trn mt
t chi ph $1.962.000 cung cp, vi mt li
nhun gp t sn phm ny l $1.065.000 (xp x
86% ca tng li nhun gp ca cng ty). Phn lon
s li nhun ny li M thgn qua vic phn b

lng ($714.000), bn hng v tip th c lin quan

($496.000), v chi phsi hnh chnh/chung ($264.000).
S dng cc s liu nhn sch ban u t nm 1990,
cc dng ngn sch tip th v bn hnhg ch yu l
qung co qua cc phng tin thng tin (6% ca
ngn sch tip th v bn hng), cc quyn c-ta-l v
cc cng c bn hng khc (43%), bu ph (10%), chi
ph in m (6%) v hoa hng cho cc hng du lch
(18%). Mc d t l ca ngun thu tng bn hng
thc s chi tiu trong nc ti cc im to
khng tnh, ngun thu phn b cho cc tua mt t
chim t hn na tng s bn hng.

Tng t, Brown v cng s (1995) tnh ton rng

40% chi tiu ca du khch ngoi quc cho nhng
chuyn i ti nhng khu Vn Quc gia H Mana v
Hwange Zimbabwe b mt cho nc ny v cc chi
ph my bay quc t. C th c nhiu c hi tng
phn chi ph chuyn i to c ni dng bng cch,
v d, s dng cc hng hng khng trong nc ca
im dng v i vng nhng ngi iu hnh tua
ngoi nc thng qua vic tip th trc tip do cc
nh iu hnh tua trong nc v s hp dn (nh, qua
trang ch). Tuy thin, ngi ta ch nhiu hon to
vic tng chi tiu mt ln trong nc c im dng,
cng nh tng tc ng ca vic chi tiu ny c bit
ln cng ng a phng.

Nhng khi nim v tnh ton tc ng kinh t

Nhiu nghin cu v nhng tc ng kinh t v mt
quc gia, khu vc v a phng ca du lch sinh thi
c tin hnh. V d, Aylward v cng s (1996)
ngn du lch thin nhin Costa Rica gy c
khong $600 triu ngoi hi nm 1994 (Wells,
1993). Driml v Common (1995) tnh ton rng cc
du khch ti Khu Di sn Th gii Rn TRNG
SAN H c chi tiu 776 triu la C (tng
ng 543 triu la M) nm 1991/1992. Lindberg
v cng s (1996) tnh ton l nhng du khch ti
Khu bo tn Bin Hol Chan v cc a im bin ln
cn to cng n vic lm cho 44% nhng h gia nh
San Pedro v 26% h gia nh Caye Caulker.
S ng gp kinh t ca du lch sinh thi ph thuc
khng ch vo bao nhiu tin chy vo khu vc c
quan tm (t nc, bang, tnh thnh, cng ng a
phng) m cn ph thuc vo bao nhiu tin vo
khu vc ng li c khu vc do vy to ra
c nhng tc ng nhn bi. C th nhm tc ng
ca du lch sinh thi hay bt c hot ng du lch no
khc vo ba loi hnh sau: trc tip, gin tip v h
qu. Nhng tc ng trc tip l nhng tc ng pht
sinh t chi tiu u tin cho du lch, nh tin tiu
nh hng. Nh hng mua hng ho v dch v (u

vo) t cc nh kinh doanh khc, do to ra nhng

tc ng gin tip. Ngoi ra, nhn vin nh hng chi
tiu mt phn tin lng ca h mua cc hng ha
v dch v khc, do vy to ra nhng tc ng h qu.
ng nhin, nu nh hng mua hng ha v dch v
t bn ngoi khu vc, th tin khng to ra tc ng
gin tip ti khu vc - n dn i mt. S liu bng
4.1. l mt minh ha c n gin ha v mt s
nhng r r v tc ng ny (Nourse, 1968; Walsh,
1986).
Bn khm ph nht qun v nhng nghin cu v tc
ng kinh t, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin,
l mc r r cao. Hu ht khon chi tiu du lch
ban u bin khi t nc ch nh (v c bit bn
thn ddiaaj em tham quan), chi tr cho nhng
hng ho v dch v nhp khu s dng trong ngnh
cng nghip du lch. Cc v d sau l nhng tnh ton
s phn trm chi tiu du lch r r khi nn kinh t
ca nhng nc ch nh: N-pan (70%), Thi lan
(60%), cc nc ang pht trin ch yu (55%),
Zimbabwe (53%), Costa Rica (45%); (Brandon,
1993; Brown v cng s, 1995; Lindberg, 1991;
Smith v Jenner, 1992).

Bng 4.1
Nhng Tc ng v Tht thot
Chi tiu du lch
Nhng tc ng trc tip
Khi du lch
(nh: nh hng)
Nhp khu
(tht thot)
Lng v
li nhun
Cc khi khc
(nh: ch bin n ung)
Nhng tc ng gin tip
Nhng tc ng hiu ng

V d
tnh ton Nhng tc ng trc tip, gin tip v h
qu i vi vn quc gia dorrigo
BANG NEW SOUTH WALES, C
 
Powell v Chalmers (1995) s dng nhng kho
st v du khch v phn tch u ra, u vo tnh
ton tc dng ca s chi tiu ca du khch hai vn
quc gia ti New South Wales, c. Nhng kho st
v du khch c s dng tnh ton nhng tc
ng trc tip ca du lch sinh thi. Phn tch u vo
u ra lin quan toiws vic tng hp cc bng biu
ch ra khun kh ca mi khi trong khu vc c
quan tm, cng nh nhng khi ny c ni kt vi
nhau nh th no. V d, n ch ra bao nhiu tin khi
Dch v C nhn, bao gm c cc khch sn v nh
hng chi tiu vo nhng chi ph u vo t tt c
nhng khi khc trong khu vc. Thng tin ny c
s dng tnh ton nhng tc ng gin tip v h
qu cu du lch sinh thi.

Nghin cu a ra mt con s tnh ton l 3,2 triu

la c chi tiu hng nm ca khch du lch cng
vi 342.000 la c chi tiu hng nm ca hng (t
gi 1 la c = 0,7 la M). L gi cho nhng tc
ng gin tip v h qu, ngi ta tnh ton l
Vn Quc gia Dorrigo, vi xp x 160.000 du khch
hng nm, ng gp hu ht 4 triu la c vo u
ra ca khu vc, 1.5 triu la c vo thu nhp h gia
nh ca khu vc, v chi tr cho 71 nhn vin. Nhng
con s ny i din cho 7-8% tng s khu vc cho
mi loi hnh. u vo u ra cng c s dng
rng ri M cung cp nhng loi hnh thng tin
tng t (Dawson v cng s, 1993; Johnson v cng
s, 1989).

Ngi ta ngh rng hn 90% chi tiu du lch b tht

thot khi nhng cng ng ln cn hu ht cc im
du lch thin nhin. V d, Baez v Fernandez (1992)
tnh ton l di 6% thu nhp do du lch mang li t
Vn Quc gia Tortuguero, Costa Rica, trch trc
cho cc cng ng a phng. cc s liu tng t
cng c tnh ton cho cho khu vc Annapurna
N-pan (Panos, 1997) v caaasc s liu thp hn v
xem c voi Baja California, Mexico (Dedina v
Young, 1997). Tangkoko DuaSudara In--n-xia, phn phi li ch l 47% cho cng ty du lch ln,
44% cho khch sn, v ch 7% cho cc hng dn

vin (trong trng i bo v khu bo tn nhn

c 20%). hng dn vin v n thng c
mang t th ph ca tnh ti, do vy mt t li ch
c gi li cp thn bn (Kinnaird v O'Brien,
1996).

S bin i ln trong vic tht thot c tnh trc

qua cc ddiaaj im mt phn l kt qu ca nhng
tha nhn, nhng nh ngha v nhng phng php
c s dng khc nhau. Tuy vy, n cng b nh
hng bi khun kh v tnh phc tp ca nn kinh
t ang c nh gi, cc loi hnh khch du lch v
s pht trin du lch, v nhng chnh sch v n lc
ca cc n v kinh doanh du lch c nhn. Nhng
nn kinh t nh hn s c tht thot nhiu hn nhng
nn kinh t ln hn v hng ho sn xut t a dng
hn; tuy th, ngnh du lch thin nhin trn quy m
nh c xu hng s dng hng ho a phng hn
l ngnh du lch truyn thng trn quy m ln.
Di y l nhng v d v cc mi lin kt v
nhung tht thot t hai doanh nghip du lch.

V d
cc mi lin kt v nhng tht thot
nh ngh h bi Mana
ZIMBABWE
Brown v cng s (1995) tnh ton s phn b cc
ngun thu nhp cho nhng chuyn i lin quan ti
nahf ngh h bi Mana Zimbabwe (xem Kangas v
cng s, 1995). Cc s liu sau ch ra nhng ngun
thu t mt chuyn i chnh ti Harare/H bi
Mana/Harare chi ph mt 700 la M c s dng
nh th no mua cc loi u vo quc t, quc
gia v a phng (chi ph chuyn i khng bao gm
v my bay quc t ti Harare). Tt c cc s liu
tnh bng la M v c lm trn ti ng la
cn nht. Ct tht thot ch ra s phn trm chi tr
cho mi hng mc tht thot khi nn kinh t
Zimbabwe. Trong c tng s tht thot, hn qu na
mt cht, theo nhng mc la, c t cc hoa hng.
Hng

mc

Chi ph Tht thot theo % chi ph hng mc

Hoa hng i $ 140

72%

l bn l
Nhn vin

n/thc
ung
Tng
ph
hnh chnh
Qung co v
tip th
Sa cha v
bo dng
Nng lng
Khu hao
Trao
i
thng tin
Bo him
Bung
Vn ti v
Giao thng
In n v vn
phng phm
i li (a)

82
68
60
60
47
42
28
5
5
3
1
1
1

0%
2%
0%
80%
24%
43%
43%
0%
0%
0%
50%
2%
20%

27

0%

131

0%

$ 700

27%

Cc loi thu
Li nhun
TNG

Ghi ch: (a) Mc d khng quy nh trong bo co,

iu ny c l i din cho i li ca nhn vin

 
V d
cc mi lin kt v nhng tht thot bin
canoe
THI LAN
Bin Canoe, mt n v du lch ng Thi lan,
cung cp nhng s liu sau. Chng minh ha tnh
trng chi tiu ca cng ty v cc khon mua, cng vi
nhng lin kt v tht thot gn lin vi nhng khon
mua hng ny.

Hng mcHng mc theo % bnTht

thotTht
thot

(% cn li Thi Lan)
(% mt khi Thi Lan)
Nhn
vin 35 (a) 35% 0%
(gm c o to) %
13%
2%
Cc khon hoa 15% (b)15% 0%

hng
Cc dch v
a phng
Tng ph hnh
chnh
Trang thit b
Trao i thng
tin
Phn phi
i li
Phc li
Tip th
Thc phm
Sa cha
Bu ph

15%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
2%
2%
1%
0.5%
0.5%
6%

4%
0%
3%
0%
1%
2%
1,5%
1%
0,5%
0,5%

0%
3%
0%
(c)3%
2%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%

6%

0%

7%

0%

7%

Cc loi thu
Li nhun
TNG

100% 89,5%

10,5%

Ghi ch:
(a) i din cho nhn vin bao gm c nhng ngi
Ty u sng v tr thu Thi lan
(b) i din thu thuyn t nhng ngi dn a
phng

(c) i din vic chi tr cho cng ty c phn chi tr

cc chi ph cho tip th quc t, nghin cu v pht
trin (cng ty tiu tin vo i li v cc dch v
nhng ni mi, c tim nng).

Vn tht thot rt phc tp, v nhng so snh gia

cc a im v cc loi hnh du lch c th b la di.
Ngoi ra, mc cui cng ca li ch kinh t a
phng khng ch ph thuc vo mc tht thot
m cn vo s tin tiu i (Lindberg v Enriquez,
1994). V d, tm quan trng ca mc tht thot
c minh ha bng khu vc Napo Amazon Ecuao
do Wunder (1998) m t trch dn cng vic ca
Drumm (1991). Vng thng Napo nhn c
357.000 la M mt nm trong thu nh a phng
t chi tiu ca khch du lch l 1.340.000 la M
mt nm. Do mc tht thot cao hn, vng h
Nepo c nht v nguyn s nhn t thu nhp a
phng hn (339.000 la M/nm) mc d khch
du lch chi tiu l (3.860.000 la M/nm).
Mt khc, Wunder (1998) trnh by trng hp khu
vc Madre de Dios vng P-ru A-ma-rn, da vo
Grm v cng s )1991). Trong trng hp ny, c
chia x chi tiu tdu lch cho a phng kh cao
(25%) cho vng du lch ba l ca Pu-ec-t
Maldonado, v chia phn kh thp cho a phng
(11%) trong vng Bo tn Sinh cnh Manu xa xi
nhng nguyn s. Tuy nhin, Manu gy c nhiu
thu nhp t du lch hn vng Pu-ec-t Mmaldonado

(1.700.000 la M so vi 172.000 la M ca
vng kia), v n cng gy c nhiu thu nhp ti a
phng hn (192.695 so vi 42.910 la M ca
vng kia), mc d c cc mc tht thot cao hn
(phn chia ti a phng thp hn).
Do , mc d ch rt nhiu ti nhng tnh ton
tht thot, s c li hn tp cng nghip du lch s
dng c s dng. Bng cch xc nh quy m ca
tht thot ny, c th lm mt bn tnh ton xc
nh nhng li ch ca vic xy dng mt h thng
cung ng a phng cc sn phm nng nghip cho
ngnh cng nghip du lch. Tnh ton ny s bao gm
khng ch nhng li ch cho khi nng nghip m
cn cho c cc khi khc thng qua nhng tc ng
trc tip, gin tip v h qu ca ngnh sn xut tng
ln trong nng nghip (Healy, 1997b; Lindberg v
Enriquez, 1994; Telfer v Wall, 1996). Thng tin nh
vy gip cho nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch c th
xc nh c nhng u tin vi vic gim bt
tht thot bng cch pht trin nhng u vo cho
vic s dng ca ngnh du lch v cc ngnh cng
nghip khc v tng tim nng ca du lch sinh thi
khuyn co pht trin kinh t.
 
Tng nhng li ch a phong

 
u tin chung trong du lch sinh thi l tng cc li
ch kinh t da phng, v phng hng truyn
thng l tng s lng du khch. Nu nhng tc
ng tiu cc (mi trng, kinh nghim vn ha x
hi v kinh t) tng ng vi cc cp d khc nhau,
t s lng du khch, th ni chung l nn tng cc
li ch a phng bng cch:

Tng s chi tiu trn mt khch;

Tng s tham gia ca a phng vo ngnh

cng nghip du lch;

Tng cc mi lin kt lc hu vi cc ngnh

cng nghip a phng c lin quan (gim bt tht
thot);

Thc hin/tng s chia thu nhp v cc

chng trnh chi tr trc tip v/hay;

Tng s kim sot v quyn lm ch ca a

phng.
Ti mt mc no , nhng c ch ny s chng
cho ln nhau. V nh, cc li ch tng th t cng n
vic lm c th lin quan trc tip ti cng tc qun
l v kim sot ngnh du lch nh th no. Nu ngnh
du lch oc s hu v kim sot a phng th s

c th gim bt nhng tht thot, v nhng tht thot

vi cc khi khc ca nn kinh t a phng s c
th ln hn trng hp l ra khng n th. ng lu
l nhng c ch ny khng phi lun lun c a
thch. V d, s kim sot v s hu cu a phng
c tng ln cng c ngha l ri ro ti a phng
tng ln. Hn na, mc ccs li ch a phng s
l kt qu t nhiu nhn t vt qua mc lm ch
ca a phong (Wunder, 1996; 1998).
Trn thc tin, c ch thch hp nht, hay nhm cc
c ch s ph thuc vo cc iu kin kinh t, chnh
tr v vn ha ca a phng. Ngoi ra, ti mt
phm vi no nhng c ch ny s pht trin mt
cch t pht p ng c nhng yu cu ny. V
d, mt nh tr mi s tm kim nhng u t nng
nghip a phng n thun v nhng ngi nng
dn a phng c th l ngun tt nht ca nhng
u vo nh vy. Tuy nhin, nhng n lc c phi
hp ca ngnh cngnghip du lch sinh thi, cc c
quan chnh ph, cc t chc phi chnh ph v cc n
v khc c th cnn thit t c tim nng ca
du lch sinh thi cung cp nhng li ch a
phng. V d, ngnh cng nghip c th lm vic
vi cc cng ng a phng xc nh cc c hi
to cng n vic lm trong ngnh cng nghip hay
cung cp hng ha nh thc phm v th cng.
Thc ra, hin nay v trong tng lai nhng ngi

iu hnh tua trong nc ng mt vai tr rt kh

khn trong vic cung cp nhng li ch ni a v a
phng ti nhiu im du lch.
Cc c quan chnh ph v cc t chc phi chnh ph
c th ng nhng vai tr quan trng trong vic to
ra vn sn c, v o to pht trin kinh doanh v
thu khon, cn thit cho s phn phi rng ri cc
li ch. Cc chng trnh o to thch hp khng ch
i vi s tham gia trc tip vo ngnh cng nghip
du lch (nh, vai tr l hng dn vin hay n v
cung cp ni ), m cn i vi s tham gia gin tip
ca cc ngnh cng nghip l thuc (nh, o to
trong khi nng nghip v pht trin sn phm mi
v duy tr nhng tiu chun v sinh). Nu khng c
nhng chng trnh nh vy, nhng li ch c th b
hn ch i vi nhng ngi ngoi a phng hay
u t ca a phng nhng ngi c vn cn
thit v cc k nng cung cp cc hng ha v
dch v cn thit cho nhng nh du lch sinh thi. V
d, nhng nghin cu N-pan gi ra rng ch c
nhng ngi l thnh vin u t ca bn lng mi c
th nm gi c nhng li ch ca du lch sinh thi
(Sower v cng s, 1994; Wells v Brandon, 1992).
Nhiu n phm v kinh doanh v pht trin k nng
lin quan ti du lch sinh hti (Bushnell, 1994;
Cotterill, 1995; McKercher, 1998; Pedersen, 1995;
Pond, 1993), v cc v d v cc phng hng o

to v thu mn nhn cng c trnh by trong

cun Du lch sinh thi: Sch hng dn cho nhng
nh hoch nh v Qun l, Phn 1 (Lindberg v
Huber, 1993).
Chia x thu nhp v kim sat a phng s ph
thuc vo cc nhn t, bao gm s ng h chnh tr
v thin ch ca ngnh cng nghip du lch. Thng
lth hnh ng php l l cn thit. V d, vic sa
i Lut Bo tn o sng hoang d N-pan nm
1993 to cho s phn b thu nhp ca khu vc bo
tn t 30% thu nhp tng ln 50% cho cc ccng
ng xung quanh (Brandon, 1996). Ti vng Ca-ri-b
-mi-nc, b lut Chim gi Vng t l cho
ngi dn -mi-nc quyn kim sot t ai ln hn
l trong hp thong xuyen cc nc khc. cc
khch sn phm vi nh, v trn 62% cc c s h
tng v 70% cc n v u do ngi a phng s
hu (Panos, 1997). Tuy nhin, quyn s hu v kim
sot nyc th b nguy him do c chng trnh
quyn cng dn v kinh t mi c cng b
gn y v cc k hoch xy dng mt sn bay quc
t.
Thng l c nhng c hi tng chi tiu ca du
khch v c s h tng v cc dch v cc im du
lch sinh thi. iu ny c th bao gm nh ngh, nh
hng hay cc qun ba, cc ca hng lu nim, cc

trung tm khch hng, cc bui biu din vn ha

ngh thut, v.v... ng nhin, lp k hoch cn thn
l quan trng trc ht i vi nhng u t ln v
nh ngh v cc c s vt cht kh ln khc. Tuy
nhin, trong nhiu trng hp ch cn mt s u t
khim tn, nh pht trin ngnh ngh th cng quy
m nh.
Cc ngnh ngh th cng c th quan trng, v i
khi l ngun u tin ca thu nhp c lin quan ti du
lch sinh thi i vi cc cng ng a phng
(Healy, 1994). V d, Lindberg v Enriquez (1994)
bo co bn hng th cng khu du lch sinh thi
Trung tm Maya, Belize, to mc trung bnh l
2.336 la Belize (tng ng 1.163 la M)
mth h gia nh trong nm 1993 kt thc thng
Ba. Thu nhp ny c bit c n tng khi ngi ta
xem xt l mc bnh qun u ngi GDP l 3.124
la Belize hi , v hu ht nguyn vt liu s
dng xy dng ngh th cng c thu lm t
a phng.
Trong mt vi trng hp xy dng v bn hng
th cng s l hin nhin. Tuy nhin, cc k thut thu
lm thng tin khc nhau, nh cc kho st v du
khch v cc nhm mc tiu c th c s dng
xc nh mi quan tm tim tng i vi nhng sn
phm th cng mi (hay nhng hng ho v dch v

khc ca a phng) v thu c phn hi v cc

mt hng th cng hin ti. V d, Healy (1997a) vist
l cc nhm mc tiu c th tham gia vo vic tho
lun v nh gi ca 8-10 khch du lch, c th l
mt cch thc tuyt vi tm ra nhng thch mong
mun ca du khch. (nhng mn qu khng t
tin nhng th v cho mi ngi trong vn phng
ti), nhng cu hi (thuc nhum t nhin c g
qu c bit?), v nhng mi quan tm (n trng
qu mng manh). Chng cng c th c s dng
nh gi nhng thit k c la chn (nhng mu
sc v hoa vn cu mt chic khn tri bn), cc kch
c (khi mt chic o hay qun c may bn cho
cc kch c ca tr em), gi c v ng gi.
C l c hi hin nhin nht cho ngi dn a
phng c hng li t cng n vic lm v thu
nhp trong bn thn ngnh cng nghip du lch (mc
d thong c nhng ch v thi v v tin cng
thp). Tuy nhin, thng thng, c nhng c hi
tng nhng li ch a phng thng qua cng n
vic lm trong cc ngnh cng nghip hu quan. V
d, ngi a phng c th cung cp vn chuyn a
phng, t cc phng tin truyn thng ti hin i.
Cng nh vy, c th c nhng c hi tng s
mua lin quan ti du lch t khi nng nghip a
phng (Lindberg v Enriquez, 1994; Telfer v Wall,
1996).

Mt trong nhng xem xt quan trng nht l mc

v loi hnh kim sot m ngi a phng c uc
trong qu trnh pht trin. S u t v kim sot a
phng c th bao gm quyn s hu, qun l, ng
qun l v tham gia vo cng tc hoch nh. Mc d
dt khot, s chia x thu nhp v quyn s hu v
kim sot a phng vn thng c tin hnh
trong mt chng trnh ring l. Hin tn ti nhiu
m hnh cho nhng chng trnh nh vy. V d,
Rung Rm Bwindi U-gan-a l mt vn mi
(1991) cha ng khong mt na (300) qun th
loi kh t vng ni cn li ca th gii. Cc khu
vn Quc gia U-gan-a phi hp vi Chng trnh
Bo tn Loi Kh t Quc t (mt tp on cc t
chc phi chnh ph), xy dng mt k hoch
xy dng ngnh dulch tt p trong khi vn to
ngun thu nhp bng vic cho quan st loi kh t
ny. Cc cng ng hng li trc tip thng qua
cng n vic lm v mt khu t dng tri do ngi
dn a phng s hu v iu hnh trc tip ngay
ngoi cng cc khu vn. Chng trnh chia x thu
nhp phn b mt phn tt c cc thu nhp thu c
t vic quan st loi kh t vo cc d n a
phng trong hai mi mt ht cn ti ng bin
ca vn.
Mt m hnh khc, c thc hin Rio Blanco, Ecu-a-o l cng ng hp tc iu hnh mt chng

trnh du lch sinh thi. Su mi phn trm ca cc

khon li nhun c ti u t vo d n, nhng
phn cn li ca li nhun c chia u cho cc h
gia nh (Schaller, 1996). Hin ang c rt nhiu cc
trng hp khc v quyn s hu a phng v s
chia x thu nhp, bao gm nhng v d thng c
trch dn ca chng trnh CAMPFIRE Zimbabe,
chng trnh chia x thu nhp Dch v i sng
hoang d K-ni-a, v d n ACAP khu vc
Annapurna ca N-pan (Lindberg v Hubet, 1993).
Tng kt
Tnh i chng ca du lch sinh thi trong cc lnh
vc pht trin v bo tn phn ln bt ngun t tim
nng ca n sinh ra nhng li ch kinh t, bao gm
thu nhp t khu qun l khu vuwjc thin nhin v
cng n vic lm ca ngi dn sng gn nhng khu
vc ny. tuy th, c rt nhiu tranh ci v vic nhn
thc c tim nng ny mc no. Mc ch
ca chng ny trnh by nhng nguyn tc kinh
t chung do chng lin quan ti du lch sinh thi, v
nhng kt qu thch hp t nghin cu c tin
hnh. Ngoi ra, nhiu chin lc v cng c tng
li ch c tho lun.
C thay i ng k trong cc im du lch sinh thi,
nh tm quan trng v tnh thch hp ca nhng
nguyn tc v chin lc ny cng s khc nhau. Tuy

th, hai nguyn tc thch hp vi cc a im l: 1)

cc khi nim kinh t v ngin cu kinh t c th
cung cp nhng thng tin c gi tr c s dng
trong cc qu trnh ra quyt nh; v 2) bn thn
nhng quyt nh c tnh cht chnh tr x hi v bn
cht v cui cng phn nh nhng u tin v nhng
gi tr ca nhng ngi ra quyt nh, n v kinh
doanh trong v ngoi nc, cc c quan v cc n v
tham gia khc.
li cm n
Katrina Brandon c ng gp y ngha i vi
vic xy dng chng ny. Sea Canoe cung cp
nhng s liu ti chnh t nhng cng vic ca h.
Chng ti cm n rt nhiu nhng ng gp ny.
Ti liu tham kho
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Chng 5
Nhng hn ch trong quy hoch quc gia,
Mc tiu v nhng bi hc
Chin lc Pht trin Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia
ca Australia
Jill Grant v Alison Allcock
Gii thiu
Chng ny m t qu trnh pht trin ca Chin
lc Du lch Sinh thi (CLDLST) Quc gia ca C,
v vic a chin lc ny vo thc hin thng qua
Chng trnh Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia. Qu trnh
t vn - then cht ca s thnh cng trong xy dng
vn bn ca chin lc, v cc kin ngh v vic
chng trnh ny s thch ng cc nc khc nh
th no s c cp trong chng ny.
CLDLST Quc gia (NES) l chnh sch nh nc.
N vch ra mc tiu v hnh ng c th cho vic
pht trin bn VNG DU LCH SINH THI c.
Song chin lc ny khng cn l chnh sch sau
cuc bu c v thay i ni cc chnh ph vo thng
3 nm 1996. K hoch Hnh ng Quc gia v Du
lch sinh thi c chun b, k hoch ny cp

n vic pht trin du lch bn vng ni chung ch

khng ch cp n du lch sinh thi mt cch c
th. Tuy vy, cc nguyn tc ca chin lc ny
to ra ng lc thc y cho rt nhiu hot ng,
trong c vic tp trung pht trin du lch bn vng
v ci thin tnh hnh mi trng cho ton ngnh du
lch, ch khng ch cho nhng th trng c
chuyn mn ha.
c c 3 cp chnh quyn (lin bang, bang, v a
phng), mi cp c trch nhim v php quyn khc
nhau. Chnh ph lin bang chu trch nhim hoch
nh chin lc v pht trin nhng chnh sch ln,
v thng qua vic phn b ngn qu trc tip ti
tr cho nhng chng trnh c cp ti cc vn
cn c u tin ca t nc. S pht trin ca
CLDLST Quc gia cho chnh ph thy mt hng
mi trong vic cp n mt mng th trng mi
xut hin v a ra dng li lnh o trong mt lnh
vc rt quan trng nhm t c s cn bng
gia mc tiu pht trin cng nghip du lch v bo
v mi trng.
C s xy dng chin lc
C ba sng kin cng ng gp cho vic pht trin
chin lc ny, l: Chin lc du lch quc gia,
Chin lc quc gia v pht trin sinh thi bn vng,

v Chnh sch ca Hi du lch Chu -Thi bnh

dng v du lch c hu.
Trong thng 6 nm 1992, chnh ph lin bang ban
hnh Chin lc Du lch quc gia. Chin lc ny
c xy dng nhm to ra phng hng cho quy
hoch ngnh du lch v cc chnh sch tng lai.
Chin lc du lch a ra tng quan v mi trng
du lch C v xc nh phng hng nhm m
bo rng bu khng kh kinh t v chnh tr s gp
phn a ngnh cng nghip du lch n thnh
vng. N cng cho thy nhn thc ca chnh ph v
vic cc ngnh cng nghip dch v mi ni ln, c
bit l ngnh du lch, c th i hi phi c chnh
sch khc so vi cc ngnh XUT KHU
TRUYN THNG CA c, nh nng nghip
v khai thc m.
Chin lc du lch xc nh bn mc tiu, trong
c mc tiu v mi trng l to iu kin y
cho pht trin du lch bn vng thng qua phng
thc quy hoch v qun l c trch nhim ph hp
vi vic bo tn ti sn thin nhin v vn ha ca
chng ta (Theo Cc Du lch Quc gia, 1992a).
Mc tiu ny s c thc hin thng qua mt s
chin lc c ch trng n cc vn x hi v mi
trng, bao gm c vic khuyn khch v pht trin

du lch sinh thi - y l mt ngnh nm trong cng

nghip du lch v c tim nng pht trin ln.
Chin lc Du lch c thc hin mt cch hi ha
vi mt chnh sch mc d tch bit song li c lin
quan ti chin lc ny. Chnh sch l Chin lc
Quc gia v Pht trin Sinh thi Vng bn c ban
hnh vo thng 12 nm 1992. Trong chin lc ny
c c khuyn ngh cho Nhm du lch. Chin lc
quc gia ny a ra khi nim cho rng mi trng
phi c bo v ngnh du lch c th duy tr lu
di. Chnh ph xem vic xy dng chnh sch du lch
sinh thi tng th l mt bc sng cn t c
du lch vng bn trong cc khu bo v. Chin lc
Du lch Quc gia c ban hnh nm 1992, cn vic
thc hin CLDLST bt u nm ngoi. Mc ch ca
Chin lc Du lch l nhm to ra mt h thng c
bn hng dn quy hoch tng th, pht trin v
qun l du lch sinh thi ca C da trn mt c s
bn vng v nhy cm. N cng to ra mt chng
trnh hnh ng nhm t c mt cch y tim
nng ca du lch sinh thi.
Trong thng 11 nm 1992, Hi du LCH CHU Thi bnh dng (PATA) ban hnh mt tuyn b c
ta : du lch c hu (endemic) - mt ngnh cng
nghip c li nhun trong mt mi trng bn vng.
Chnh sch ny a ra mt cch nhn mi trong

khu vc tha nhn rng cc c trng vn ha ca

cng ng c gi tr rt ln i vi du lch.
khuyn khch khi nim ny PATA c k hoch t
chc cc cuc hi tho TRN TON NC c vo
u nm 1993. CLDLST lc ny c tin hnh.
Do rt cn phi c c nhng ci nhn mang tnh
ton dinnn Hi du lch Chu - Thi bnh dng
v Cc Du lch Quc gia phi hp t chc mt
lot cc hi tho.
Qu trnh pht trin chin lc
Quyt nh xy dng CLDLST c ban hnh nhm
p ng mi quan tm ngy cng tng n loi hnh
ny v nhm pht huy mt thc t l iu kin mi
trng t nhin ca nc C l mt ngun ti
nguyn du lch. Mc d khi mi bt u tin hnh
khng c mt quy trnh nh trc cho vic pht trin
Chin lc, song ai cng hiu rng y l mt quy
trnh gm hai bc. Bc u l xem xt nh gi
cc vn bn khoa hc v ngun vn ho dn gian v
du lch sinh thi; bc th hai l thu thp v tng hp
cc ng gp ca cng ng a phng.
Phng php t vn (thng bao gm qung co
cng cng ku gi s gp ca qun chng hay t
chc hi tho v gp g trao i), l phng php
ph bin cc khu vc qun l cng cng v pht
trin chnh sch. Trn thc t, mt s hi tho c

t chc t vn cho Chin lc Du lch Quc gia

do B trng B Du lch ch ta thu ht c s
ch v ng h ca hu ht i din cc ngnh ln
C. Vic s dng phng php t vn c rt nhiu
ch li, hai ci li ln nht ca CLDLST l thu thp
c thng tin t nhiu nhm quan tm n vn
ny v khuyn khch quyn s hu ca chin
lc.
Thu thp thng tin
t tham kho tng qut ti liu vo cui nm 1992,
v u nm 1993 cho thy s quan tm n vn
du lch sinh thi tuy cn t song ngy cng tng trn
khp th gii. Mc d vy, nhiu ti liu ch tp trung
vo vn du lch mi trng cc nc ang pht
trin, nn t c nghin cu c th p dng trc tip
trong bi cnh ca C. V d, nhng thng tin c
lin quan n cc vn kinh t cp bch i i vi
pht trin du lch sinh thi li ph hp vi hon cnh
ca cc nc ang pht TRIN HN L I VI
c. Tng t nh vy, c s h tng cho du lch
C pht trin hn, lm cho vic iu hnh cc hot
ng du lch sinh thi d dng hn. Mt khc, khc
vi cc nc ang pht trin, din tch ca rng ln
ca CHU c lm cho vic vn chuyn trong nc
tr thnh mt cn tr cho du lch sinh thi mt s
ni. Cc vn nh o to, nhu cu pht trin k

nng kinh doanh, v quyn bnh ng i vi cc c

hi v du lch sinh thi rt ph bin i vi hu ht
cc nc, trong c c C.
Mc d vic thiu cc nghin cu l mt vn , song
n cng l mt c hi a ngnh du lch sinh thi
ca C sang mt hng mi hon ton - mt hng
c xy dng phc v ngnh du lch, bo v mi
trng v s to ra mt sn phm c trng ca C
trn th trng th gii.
Tham kho dn
Mt cuc trng cu dn trn ton quc h tr
thm cho vic tham kho ti liu. Thng qua cuc
trng cu dn ny kin ca cc bn quan tm n
vn c tng hp a vo tranh lun cng vi
cc kin khoa hc v cc cuc tho lun trn cc
phng tin thng tin i chng. C nhn nh cho
rng chnh ph C, NG TI TH Canbera,
b tch bit vi tnh hnh thc t trn phn cn li
ca lnh th NC c. vt qua n tng ny,
vic tip thu kin ng gp ca cc i din ngnh
du lch cng nh chnh quyn cc bang v cc a
phng l rt cn thit.
V thnh cng ca CLDLST ph thuc vo s nht tr
cao v li nhun gia cc cp chnh quyn (lin bang,
bang, v a phng) v cc khu vc t nhn nn cn

phi c s tham gia ca nhiu c nhn v t chc, c

bit l cc t chc chnh quyn a phng, cc nh
qun l ti nguyn thin nhin, cc cng ty du lch,
cc nh quy hoch, cc nhn vin tip th ca ngnh
du lch, cc nhm bo tn thin nhin, cc cng ng,
cc nh pht trin v cc nhm DN BN A CA
c.
Cc hi tho c t chc nhm thu thp thng tin v
cc vn , cc c hi v cc tr ngi i vi du lch
sinh THI c. Vi s nhit tnh m cc ngnh
cng nghip, cc nhm bo tn thin nhin, chnh
quyn cc cp v nhiu t chc khc mang n cho
qu trnh xy dng chin lc, v vi nhng thng
tin phong ph m h mang n cho cuc tho lun
thay i phng hng ca CLDLST theo phng
thc pht trin cng ng v u tin tp trung trong
ngnh cng nghip ny. Cc vn c xc nh
y gip nh hng cho cc chi ph tip theo v
to ra s tp trung thit thc i vi cng tc iu
phi du lch sinh thi trong iu kin CA c.
Cc hi tho c t chc ti cc thnh ph ln v
mt s trung tm ca cc khu vc. Chng trnh ca
cc hi tho ny bao gm mt s bo co ngn ca
i din cc nhm c nhng mi quan tm khc
nhau. Vic h chia s quan im cho thy y l
mt phng php hu ch khuyn khch tho lun.

Cc vn c cc bo co vin nu ra l nhng
vn rt thit yu. Hi tho to ra mt din n
tho lun cc vn a phng, v c nhng vn
khng nm trong lnh vc pht trin chin lc
quc gia. Mc d vy, cc vn nu ra nhng th
d v chi ph v li nhun ca du lch sinh thi trn
a bn c nhiu vng kh hu khc nhau v nhiu
vng c c im khc nhau.
Vic ku gi thu np cc bn gp ng trn t bo
ca nh nc nhm p ng s quan tm ca nhng
ngi khng tham d c hi tho nhng li c
mong mun c ng gp kin. Hn 250 bn gp
vi nhiu thc t c gi tr m rng thm cuc
tho lun. Cc nghin cu c th v quan im ca
nhng ngi trong cuc c tng hp vo vn
bn cui cng. Qu trnh ny khuyn khch
quyn s hu ca cc ngnh v cc bn c quan
tm n vn ny. iu ny cng c phn nh
trong vic p dng mt cch rng ri cc nguyn tc
v hnh ng ca CLDLST.
Cui cng, qu trnh tham kho dn gi v
thc y vic nh hng chin lc. nh ngha v
du lch sinh thi, cc vn then cht tho lun,
v quyt nh v hng ti tr u da trn cc vn
c tho lun trong cc hi tho v cc vn bn
gp ca qun chng. CLDLST pht trin cng

vi mi quan tm ngy cng tng v vn sinh thi

du lch trong cng ng. Nu c thi gian chc s cn
c nhiu gp hn na. C nhiu kin cho rng
cn phi tham kho nhiu hn na (mc d cng vic
ny c thc hin trong c nm), song cng c
mt s kin khc cho rng qu trnh tham kho
dn l qu dn tri v rng qu trnh thc hin chin
lc mi l quan trng hn nhiu. Sau cng, cn phi
cn bng thi gian s dng cho vic tham kho kin
qun chng, vic hon tt vn bn v thc hin cc
kin ngh c a ra trong qu trnh tham kho ny.
CLDLST c pht trin vi s c vn cht ch ca
cc bang v cc a ht. Trc khi bt u chin lc
ny, ch c bang Victoria l hon thnh CLDLST
ca mnh. Min nam nc C v Queensland trong
khi tin hnh xy dng chin lc sinh thi hay cc
k hoch du lch trn c s iu kin t nhin ca
mnh, hp tc mt cch cht ch vi chnh ph v
s dng CLDLST nh mt c s xy dng chin
luc ring ca bang. Mc d vic ny lm chm
ton b qu trnh, nhng c ci li l ni dung v
ng li ca cc chin lc c rt nhiu ci
chung.
Qu trnh t vn c theo di cht ch. N c chc
nng ho hp tt c cc quan im v nu ln c
nhng vn ang bn ci. Khi cc quan im khng

ho hp c th tt c cc bn gp c ghi thnh
vn bn c gi c th c c mt ci nhn cn
bng. S u t v thi gian v nhn lc lm li
cho CLDLST. Cc mi quan tm, cc vn v cc
u tin khng phi lun thng nht trn ton nc
C, v nu qu trnh t vn ch c tin hnh khu
vc trung ng (trung tm) th s khng thu thp
c nhiu vn . Vic lp k hoch tham gia ng
gp ca cng ng s c kt qu thit thc nu:
c nhiu cuc tho lun i rng ra ngoi cc lnh vc
c trng ca ngnh du lch sinh thi;
nhy cm thu xp cc mu thun c th xy ra gia
cc thnh vin;
bo m l khi kt thc tho lun tt c cc thnh
vin u hiu c ton b qu trnh; v
ghi nhn nhng ng gp ca tt c cc thnh vin.
Nu phi thc hin li qu trnh ny th vic chun b
trc mt bo co chi tit v cc vn v phn pht
bo co trc bui tho lun l rt c ch. Nu cc
thnh vin nghin cu vn bn trc th khi tho lun
s tp trung vo vn hn (c bit trong trng
hp chng trnh c nhiu vn v c s hn ch v
thi gian). Tho lun cng a ra mt khun mu cho
cc bn gp ca cc thnh vin khng tham d bui
tho lun.

chi ph cho qu trnh xy dng chin lc

Cc chi ph chnh cho qu trnh pht trin CLDLST
l tin lng ca cc nhn vin, chi ph qun l, i
li, thu a im t chc hi tho, qung co, in n
v phn pht cc bn tho v bn chnh ca chin
lc. Nhiu khon trong s cc chi ph ny rt kh
m tch bit rnh mch v s rt khc mi nc.
Mt nhm bn ngi tp trung lm vic hon ton
cho CLDLST trong khong 12 thng, v c thm mt
s nhn vin hp ng tham gia khi cn thit. Ngoi
chi ph tr lng, cn c cc chi ph vn phng i
km theo v mt s cc chi ph ln cho vic thng tin
lin lc v in thoi.
Do din tch rng ln ca nc C v gi c i li
trong nc kh t nn chi ph cho vic t chc v
tham gia hi tho kh ln. Mi quan tm ca qun
chng v s cng bng i hi nhm cng tc phi
n tt c cc bang v cc a ht. Nhiu khi cn phi
i li gp g vi cc tiu bang ang xy dng
chin lc sinh thi ring ca mnh, v trnh by
cc bo co ca hi tho v hi ngh cho cc t chc
chuyn nghip. Mc d chnh quyn bang v nhiu t
chc gip t chc hi tho, song vic thit lp v
duy tr thng tin lin lc vi qu nhiu nhm l rt
t v i hi nhiu thi gian v sc lc ca cc
nhn vin. Mc d C khng phi mt tin tham

d hi tho, song i vi cc d n tng t cc

nc khc trn th gii c th t chc hi tho trn
c s thu hi li cc chi ph (cc thnh vin phi np
tin tham d hi tho).
Li ku gi dn gi bn gp c ng trong
chng trnh qung co trn cc t bo ln th .
Phng vn trn i trong thi gian hi tho cng gip
nng cao s hiu bit ca ngi dn v qu trnh ny
v lm tng thm s lng cc bn gp .
Chi ph in n do chnh ph chi tr. in ba ngn bn
tho v 10 ngn bn hon chnh ca CLDLST. Ngi
dn khng phi tr tin mua bn tho cng nh vn
bn chnh ca chin lc v tt c vn bn ca cc
chnh sch u c chnh ph pht khng. Bng
cch ny chnh ph khuyn khch ngi dn tham
gia vo vic pht trin chnh sch.
Cc vn mu cht trong Chin lc du lch
sinh thi
S thng nht trong nh ngha v du lch sinh thi l
mt trong nhng vn kh t c nht. nh
ngha cui cng tp trung vo mi trng t nhin,
tnh bn vng sinh thi v vn ho, vn gio dc,
v cc li ch cho khu vc v a phng. Mt nh
ngha cht ch s loi b mt s nh doanh nghip,
nhng ngi m v bt c l do g cng khng t

c tiu chun trong tt c cc hot ng kinh

doanh ca mnh; song mt nh ngha lng lo li cho
php bt k nh doanh nghip no cng c th dng
ci mc du lch sinh thi li dng tip th.
nh ngha cui cng c cht li khuyn khch
cc nh doanh nghip mi tham gia vo du lch sinh
thi v khuyn khch cc nh doanh nghip ang
hot ng p dng cc hot ng c tnh mi trng
bn vng bt c ni no c th, ngay c khi h
khng kinh doanh theo hng du lch sinh thi mt
cch c th. Khi nim rng ri ny t ra thnh
cng v rt nhiu cc nh doanh nghip thun
tu ca C gi y xem xt v ci tin cc hot
ng mi trng ca mnh, cng vi thun li ca
vic tit kim c cc chi ph ct yu.
Nhng vn ln ang hoc c th gy nh hng
ti s pht trin ti ngnh du lch sinh thi c xc
nh trong qu trnh t vn l:
tnh bn vng sinh thi
quy hoch tng hp khu vc
qun l ti nguyn thin nhin
c s h tng
gim st cc tc ng

tip th
cc tiu chun v quy nh cng nghip
gio dc du lch sinh thi
s tham gia CA DN BN A c
xem xt s cng bng
Nhng vn ny c tho lun y hn
trong CLDLST (Cc Du lch Quc gia, 1994).
Chng trnh du lch sinh thi quc gia
CLDLST quc gia c thc hin thng qua Chng
trnh Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia. Chnh ph ha
u t 10 TRIU LA c (tng ng 7 triu
la M) trong vng 4 nm t 1993-94 n 1996-97.
Chng trnh ny nhm pht trin du lch sinh thi
mt cch bn vng thng qua cc d n mang tnh
sng to nh: tng tnh cnh tranh LM NC c
tr thnh mt im du lch sinh thi, khuyn khch s
trn trng ca khch tham quan i vi cc gi tr ca
t nhin v vn ho, v gp cho vic qun l v bo
tn lu di cc ngun ti nguyn cho du lch sinh
thi. Tip theo cc thay i ca chnh ph nm 1996,
ngn qu cn li cho Chng trnh Du lch Sinh thi
Quc gia c kt hp vi ngn qu ca Chng
trnh Pht trin Du lch Quc gia - bt u vo nm

ti chnh 1996-97 v bao gm c phn Du lch

Qun l trong cc Mi trng T nhin.
Mc ch ca Chng trnh Du lch Sinh thi Quc
gia c nu trong hng lot d tho xin ti tr.
Nhiu khon ti tr c cp cho cc cng ng
v cc c quan chnh ph xy dng d n nhm
thc hin CLDLST vng nng thn ca C. CC
C QUAN CHNH ph c ngh p dng mt
lot cc hng dn chung. Sau cc d n c
nh gi, v nhng d n p ng mt cch tt nht
cc mc ch ca chng trnh (do CLDLST vch ra)
s c cp kinh ph. Do kinh ph ti tr khng
phi l t ng m c; cc t chc phi cnh tranh
c cp ti tr.
Cc chuyn gia t vn c giao nhim v xc tin
cc lnh vc ca chin lc lin quan n vic xc
nh cc kh nng c th p dng trn ton quc.
Cng vic ca nhm ny bao gm: khuyn khch s
dng nng lng tt hn v gim thiu cht thi trong
cng nghip; tin hnh mt cuc iu tra xy dng
chng trnh cp chng ch cng nhn t tiu chun
du lch sinh thi; phn tch nhu cu trong cng tc
gio dc v du lch sinh thi; pht trin cc im du
lch sinh thi; v nghin cu cc phng php nng
cao k nng kinh doanh v thc hnh ca cc cng ty
du lch trong lnh vc du lch sinh thi.

Kinh ph ti tr
Cc kinh ph ti tr c chia thnh 3 loi chnh:
Pht trin c s h tng - c cp cho cc hot
ng nh xy dng li vo cc khu du lch sinh thi
v gip qun l cc tc ng mi trng v bo v
cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Cc d n s
dng cc sng kin v to mu sinh thi, v c bit
khuyn khch cc cng ngh c tnh thn i vi
mi trng, trong c cc loi hnh nh i thm
trn cc li i lm bng vn vi cc bng ch gii,
hay cc loi hnh h tr cho khch tham quan nh
bc quan st, v cc h thng nng lng cho cc
im ho lnh.
Nghin cu c bn v theo di - nh gi v ng
gp cho vic qun l cc thay i i vi mi trng
do cc hot ng du lch gy ra trc tip hoc gin
tip. Nhng nghin cu tin hnh trong phn ny ca
chng trnh nhm cung cp c s chnh thc cho
cc nh quy hoch du lch, cc nh doanh nghip v
cc nh qun l ti nguyn thin nhin ra quyt nh.
Nhng nghin cu ny bao gm nh gi tc ng
ca c s h tng du lch i VI MI TRNG
TI MIN TRUNG NC c; nghin cu tc ng,
tnh kinh t v cng tc qunl ca loi hnh ln c
bnh kh trong cc khu bo v trn bin; v theo di

phn ng ca cc h sinh thi nc ngt i vi cc

loi hnh hot ng nh i c kheo hay cm tri.
Quy hoch du lch sinh thi trong khu vc - nhm
nng cao kh nng hp dn ca cc khu bo v thin
nhin i vi khch du lch trong v ngoi nc v
khuyn khch cc quy trnh quy hoch da trn c s
cc h sinh thi. Kinh ph ti tr khuyn khch s
tham gia ca a phng trong qu trnh quy hoch
v ra quyt nh bao gm kinh ph cho cc hot ng
t vn vi chnh quyn a phng, vi cc t chc
pht trin v du lch trong khu vc, vi cc nh qun
l ti nguyn thin nhin v vi cc nhm cng ng
c c s tham gia rng ri trong vic xy dng
v thc hin k hoch ca khu vc. Nhng v d v
cc d n thnh cng l xut bn mt quyn sch
hng dn quy hoch du lch sinh thi cng ng v
mt s CLDLST ang c thc hin rt thnh cng.
Cc hot ng t vn
Cng trnh nghin cu gim thiu nng lng v cht
thi tin hnh mt t iu tra rt k cc bin php
ti u v a ra m hnh nhng li ch v kinh t v
tip th ca vic p dng cc phng php c trch
nhim vi mi trng. N PHM PHNG
PHP du lch sinh thi hu hiu nht: hng dn
gim thiu nng lng v cht thi (do Cc Du lch
Quc gia xut bn nm 1995) c cc nh doanh

nghip s dng rng ri. Ngnh kinh doanh ch ngh

cng p dng rt nhiu nguyn tc trong ti liu
ny.
Cng trnh nghin cu ny cng to ra ng lc cho
mt d n khc do cc t chc ch cht trong ngnh
du lch nh HI DU LCH c, v Hi Du lch Th
gii thc hin cung cp cho ngnh cng nghip du
lch mt tng quan chi tit v cc cng ngh nng
lng bn vng. Bo co kt qu mang tn Du lch
c khi ng (do Vn phng Du lch Quc
gia n hnh nm 1996), c xy dng vi gip
cho cc ngnh kinh doanh du lch c nhiu la chn
trong s dng nng lng. Bo co nhn mnh s tit
kim cc chi ph nu s dng nng lng ti to v
ng h khi nim cho rng s dng mi trng tt l
kinh doanh tt.
Hot ng t vn gio dc v du lch sinh thi nhm
khuyn khch nng cao nhn thc v hiu bit ca
qun chng v cc nguyn tc v phng php thc
hnh du lch sinh thi trn cc phng tin thng tin
i chng, trong ngnh cng nghip du lch, cc t
chc gio dc v o to, v nhng ngi tiu dng.
Nhu cu hin ti tng lai v gio dc trong ngnh du
lch c xc nh. Mt lot cc chin lc v
thng tin c chun b. Danh b gio dc du lch
sinh thi c chun b vi danh sch cc kho

o to , cc ngun ti liu v cc a ch lin lc

HU CH CHO DU LCH SINH THI c (Cc
Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia, 1996).
Chng trnh nng cao nhn thc ca qun chng
c thnh lp v thc hin hng ng nhng
kin ngh a ra trong bo co. Kt qu l mt lot
bng video ngn ra i theo ch Nc c: ng
ngm nhn v ng c chm sc. Nhng bng
hnh ny c s dng trong chng trnh gii tr
trn cc chuyn bay hay trong ngnh du lch (trong
khch sn, trong chuyn i tham quan v ti cc cng
ty xe but). Mt c im khc ca chng trnh l
to lp trang thng tin v Vn phng Du lch Quc
gia trn mng internet, ni truyn i nhng thng
ip v chm sc mi trng ti cc khch tham
quan nc ngoi n thm NC c v ti c cc
khch du lch trong nc.
Hot ng t vn pht trin kinh doanh nhm mc
ch nng cao k nng kinh doanh ca cc cng ty du
lch sinh thi. Hot ng ny c tin hnh kim
nghim khi nim cho rng nhiu nh doanh nghip
rt hiu bit v mi trng song t c o to chnh
quy v qun l kinh doanh. Mt cuc iu tra v
mng li v cc lin minh tip th, cc hot ng
mua bn v chia s k nng c tin hnh tm
ra c ch ci thin phng php kinh doanh ca cc

nh doanh nghip trong ngnh du lch sinh thi nhng ngi thng sng bn ngoi cc thnh ph
ln v lm vic theo gi gic bt thng. Mt s kin
ngh chnh ca hot ng ny c a ra thc hin
thng qua vic thnh lp cc mng li c th p
dng cc phng php c tnh hp tc trong kinh
doanh du lch sinh thi v tip th tp th ca mt
nhm cc doanh nghip nh.
T vn nghin cu th trng do b phn Nghin
cu Du lch (mt c quan ca chnh ph) thc hin
nh gi bn cht v mc ca nhu cu v du
lch sinh thi. Mt bn tip th khch du lch sinh thi
v thng tin v nhng k vng ca h c chun b
gip cho ngnh du lch pht trin cc sn phm
mi v nhm vo cc th trng mi c hiu qu hn.
Kt qu ca cng trnh ny c xut bn trong cun
Bn cht ca du lch sinh thi (Blamey, 1995).
Kt qu ca cc nghin cu v nhm c s dng tip
th c cht lc trong quyn Bc nh chp nhanh
v du lch sinh thi: tp trung vo nghin cu th
trng trong thi gian gn y (do Vn phng Du
lch Quc gia n hnh nm 1997). Nghin cu ny
cp n khong trng m qu trnh t vn ca
CLDLST pht hin thy v gip cc nh doanh
nghip du lch sinh thi chun xc cc sn phm v
dch v ca h p ng c k vng ca khch
du lch.

Chng trnh hi tho v hi ngh

Mt yu t khc ca Chng trnh Du lch Sinh thi

l cung cp cc kinh ph ti tr cho mt s hi tho
v hi ngh quan trng tp trung vo vn pht trin
bn vng ngnh du lch. D n u tin trong s ny
l Thit k bn vng v Hi tho du lch sinh
thi c t chc cng vi Hi ngh th gii v du
lch sinh thi v du lch mo him nm 1994. Kinh
ph c cp nm 1995 v 1996 cho Hip hi Du lch
Sinh THI CA c ti tr cho cc hi tho hng
nm ca Hip hi trn DIN N ng dng cng
ngh v hi tho v Con ngi, Khu bo v v
Hp tc c li nhun. T chc Bo tn Thin
nhin ca C cng c gip t chc hi tho
nm 1995 v i ph vi C voi v tin hnh
mt t t vn tm hiu kh nng thc thi ca vic
thnh lp hi theo di c heo v c voi trn ton
quc. Nghin cu ny v cuc hp tip theo
a n vic thnh lp Hip hi Cetacea ca C vo
thng 4 nm 1997.
Nhng sng kin theo hng chuyn ngnh ny
ng gp nhiu trong vic ra cc nguyn tc v du
lch sinh thi v dn n cc mi lin kt cht ch
hn gia cc c quan qun l t v cc nh doanh
nghip. Cc vn bn nhn xt nhn c trong qu

trnh nh gi Chng trnh du lch sinh thi quc gia

cho thy s gia tng r rt trong ng dng cng ngh
v sng kin mi trong cng tc qun l ca ngnh
cng nghip ny.

Chng trnh cp chng ch cng nhn

t tiu chun du lch sinh thi quc gia
p ng nhu cu phi c mt h thng nh gi
thc y vic thc hin iu phi du LCH SINH
THI c, Chng trnh cp chng ch cng nhn
t tiu chun du lch sinh thi quc gia c
thnh lp. Chng trnh ny c xy dng trong
hn hai nm vi rt nhiu t vn. Kinh ph ly t
Chng trnh Du lch Sinh thi iu tra tnh kh
thi v phn ng ca cc nh doanh nghip i vi
vic cp bng chng ch. Kinh ph c s dng
xy dng v th nghim cc tiu chun nh gi.
Cng vic ny do Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi ca C,
Mng li cc Nh doanh nghip Du lch Sinh thi
ca C, V HI DU LCH c tin hnh.
Sau cc tiu chun nh gi c gi cho 50
doanh nghip ca C ng ti cc vng khc nhau,
c loi hnh v mc hot ng khc nhau. T
thng 11 nm 1996 chng trnh c cc nh
doanh nghip v cc khu bo v p dng, v n

thng 6 nm 1998 c 110 sn phm ca ngnh du

lch sinh thi c cng nhn. S phn hi ny ng
nh mong i, v khi chng trnh c bit n
rng ri hn th c nhiu t chc tham gia hn.
Chng trnh a ra mt im chun cho phng
thc s dng mi trng tt nht v cho php tip tc
ci tin vic phn chia cc sn phm ca ngnh du
lch mi trng. S dng vng bn mi trng t
nhin l mt yu cu c cng nhn. S cng
nhn gip cho ngi tiu dng vch ra nhng quyt
nh ph hp, gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng v
em li li ch cho thin nhin v cng ng a
phng. pht huy c chng trnh ny, mt
lot cc hi tho c t chc nhiu a im
khc nhau trn khp nc C. Ngoi ra, nhiu bi
trn bo ch v t tin ca ngnh du lch gip gii
thch thm v chng trnh ny.
Tm quan trng ca quy hoch Quc gia
Hu ht cc chnh sch ca chnh PH c u da
trn s tham gia t gic hn l bt buc. Ngoi tr
nhng vn x hi v chnh tr i km khng c
my a chung ra th cc b my qun l iu hnh
u rt tn km v khng h c hiu lc. Chng
trnh Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia a ra nhiu
khuyn khch khen thng hn l quy tc v iu l.
Song vn vn cn cn phi tranh lun l li ch v

th trng c c t s chp nhn cc tiu chun

ra, v nhng li nhun ti chnh thu c t vic
s dng cc cng ngh mi trng.
Xy dng quy hoch quc gia l mt cch tp hp
mi ngi li vi nhau tm ra nhng gii php
chung, bng cch ny c th trnh c nhng ng
trc tip, v d nh trong s tranh chp c th xy
ra vi cc nh pht trin du lch (nhng ngi vi
phm n quy nh v mi trng). Vic chp thun
nhng bin php bo v an ton mi trng lm
gim rt nhiu nguy c xung t. Xy dng quy
hoch quc gia cn mang n cho mng kinh t du
lch ca ngnh du lch sinh thi nhng mi lin kt
thng qua mc ch c gng t c tnh bn vng.
Bn cnh vic lp k hoch quc gia cn gip pht
trin mt chng trnh hnh ng ca ngnh du lch
sinh thi thng qua vic cp kinh ph v ra cc vn
cn c u tin. S c nhng nh hng lu di
v mi trng i vi ton ngnh du lch, trong
phng php " xanh" (du lch xanh) vn c th c
chp nhn (khi lng KHCH DU LICH N c
cng nhiu, th n s nh hng vo kh nng bn
vng ca ton ngnh du lch ch khng phi ch ring
mt lnh vc no. Nh chng ta BIT S NI
TING M NC c c c trn th gii phn ln
l do cht lng mi trng ca nc ny. Vic gn

gi n thng qua cc bin php qun l mi trng

hu hiu l rt quan trng.)
nh gi s thnh cng ca chin lc
du lch sinh thi quc gia
CLDLST quc gia khng h gp phi s ph bnh
ng k no sau khi n c ban hnh, mc d cng
c s phn ng chng li sng kin cp chng ch,
bi l ngnh du lch vn d lun khng thng nht v
phng php v thc hnh. Phi mt n 2 nm k t
ngy cng b, Chng trnh Kinh t Du lch Quc
gia" ca CLDLST quc gia mi tr thnh hin thc.
Nhng d sao vi thi gian v s u t nhiu nh
vy, mc ng h v tham gia ca nhiu ngnh i
vi du lch sinh thi cng em li thnh cng. Nu
khng c ng c ca CLDLST thc y vic xc
nh tm quan trng ca vic cp chng ch cng
nhn v nu khng c kinh ph ti tr ca Chng
trnh Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia th kh c th xy
dng c mt sng kin nh CLDLST.
Qu trnh t vn ch ra mt cch r rng rng ye
ngha v tm quan trng ca cc vn ph thuc
vo iu kin ca a phng. Vic a ngnh du
lch sinh thi tham gia vo qu trnh t vn khng
phi bao gi cng d dng trong nhng iu kin c
th nh v thi gian, v cc iu kin sn c, chi ph

v a im t chc hi tho. Mc d c nhiu nh

kin c a ra trong cc hi tho v cc bn gp
(ch c mt s nhm c tham gia hay ginh thi gian
chun b vn bn gp ), i din ca cc cng ty
du lch c ng gp trong nhiu giai on khc
nhau v phn ng ca h i vi cc vn bn ti liu
l hon ton tch cc.
S pht trin chnh sch C l mt qu trnh tin
ho, trong cc chnh sch c sa i theo quan
im thnh hnh v s thay i ca cc iu kin.
Trc y, mu cht chp nhn CLDLST quc gia
chnh l qu trnh pht trin ca chin lc d tho.
Bng cch khuyn khch s tham gia gp kin ng
thi kt hp nhng tm nhn a dng trong phm vi
cng vic, khng my ai ng ngng khi chin lc
ny c cng b. Kt qu l, ngnh du lch sinh thi
v nhng c quan chnh ph c trch nhim thc hin
sn sng chp nhn CLDLST Quc gia. Ngay
khi Chng trnh Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia c
cng b vo u nm 1994, cc nh qun l bit r
loi d n no c th tho mn mt cch tt nht mc
tiu ca CLDLST.
Mt nhn t ni bt khc em li thnh cng cho
CLDLST l cc ngun ti tr c sn pht trin
v chuyn giao nhng sng kin m chin lc a
ra. Chng trnh Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia gip

cc bang v cc chnh quyn a phng, c bit l

vi nhng nhm cng ng, c kh nng tip tc
thc hin k hoch sau khi nhn c s rt vn ban
u.
Chng trnh Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia c nhng
ng gp rt c ngha trong vic xy dng c s h
tng, c s nghin cu v quy hoch du lch sinh thi
(v cho ngnh du lch ni chung ca khu vc ). Kt
qu trc tip t nhng ngun tr cp ca Chng
trnh Du lch Sinh thi quc gia l gi y nc C
c s lng thnh vin ln v nhiu loi hnh kinh
t du lch - nh i thm trn cc li i c lt vn v
c ro bo v, cc bin ch gii, v nhng trung tm
thng tin - bn cnh cng pht trin mt ngnh
chuyn nghin cu v nh hng ca cc hot ng
du lch.
Mt kt qu trc tip na ca CLDLST quc gia l
lm tng con s chnh quyn a phng cng
nhn tim nng ca ngnh cng nghip du lch mang
li cho ngi lao ng, s a dng ho cc loi hnh
kinh t, v nhng k hoch chin lc cho s pht
trin du lch trong vng ca h.
Mt kt qu khng th ph nhn khc ca CLDLST
quc gia v Chng trnh Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia
l lm nn s thay i bn cht ca ngnh du lch
sinh thi - ngnh du lch tr nn c kt hn v

to nn c nt ring ca mnh trn th trng. S

pht trin ngy cng tng v s lng thnh vin
trong Hip Hi Kinh t Du lch ca c; ri n s
thnh cng ca Chng trnh kinh t du lch Quc gia
l nhng bng chng hng hn cho kt qu ny. Cc
Hip hi cng nghip khc nh Mng li hot ng
Du lch C, U BAN DU LCH C ng mt vai
tr rt quan trng trong vic pht trin tnh chuyn
nghip v kh nng pht trin ca ngnh du lch.
Vi vic cng nhn tm quan trng CA NGNH
DU LCH BN VNG, CHNH PH c chuyn
giao 14, 72 triu LA c (10,3 triu la M) chi
trong 7 nm (bt u t 1970) cho Trung tm Nghin
cu Hp tc Du lch bn vng tin hnh mt
chng trnh ngh s nghin cu tp trung gip cho
vic lp k hoch qun l v chun b cho s pht
trin ngnh du lch sinh thi th k sau. Nn chng c
thm nhiu hn na cc chng trnh o to i hc
v dy ngh v chuyn ngnh kinh t du lch, p ng
c nhu cu v k nng cho cc nh lp k hoch,
cc nh hoch nh v thc hin chnh sch.
u nm 1997, mt cuc iu tra v cc ng c vin
xin ti tr (c trng hp thnh cng v khng thnh
cng) c tin hnh nh ga Chng trnh
Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia. Nhng nhn xt nhn
c cho thy rng c Chng trnh v Chin lc

Sinh thi Quc gia u c nh gi l cc chng

trnh tin phong ca chnh ph tham gia vo th
trng. Kt qu cng cho thy rng cc sng kin
thu ht s quan tm ca quc t. Chng cng mang
li cho nc C MT IM MNH TRONG cuc
cnh tranh vi quc t trong hot ng gim thiu cc
yu t ngn cn s pht trin ca ngnh du lch sinh
thi, v xy dng mt khun mu c th thc y s
pht trin ca ngnh du lch trn c s cnh tranh
nhng c tnh bn vng.
Kt lun
S pht trin CLDLST Quc gia l s cam kt ln
ca Cc Du lch c, cam kt c v mt nhn lc v
kin ph ti tr thng qua Chng trnh Du lch Sinh
thi Quc gia. S thnh cng ca Chng trnh Du
lch Sinh thi l nh vo CLDLST. Bng cch cp
n nhng u tin ch cht, ngnh du lch sinh thi
c khuyn khch rt nhiu. NH hng ny lan ta
khp ton b ngnh du lch thng qua vic p dng
cc nguyn tc v phng php ca du lch sinh thi.
Khng c quy hoch v phn tch ca ca CLDLST
th cc kinh ph ti tr cng khng nhm c trng
mc ch, v s khng xc nh c mt s yu cu
ch yu ca ngnh du lch trong giai on pht trin
trng yu. Cc kt qu kh quan ca Chin lc

chng minh ch li ca li suy ngh mang tnh chin

lc tm quc gia.
tng v phng hng rt ra t kinh nghim ny
cng ng gp cho s pht trin K hoch Hnh ng
Du lch Quc gia (s c cng b vo thng 6 nm
1998), v s tc ng n cc chng trnh trong
tng lai. Cc nguyn tc trong Chin lc c
nghin cu v chp nhn rng ri. Cc nc KHC
C TH HC C T KINH NGHIM CA c
v d dng p dng phng php ny. C mt vi
kin ngh cho nhng ni c nh p dng mt quy
trnh tng t th ny nh sau:
chun b bo co tp trung vo tho lun v kch
thch s suy ngh
tin hnh thc hin t vn cht ch thng qua cc
cuc hp vi dn
cho php c thi gian nhn xt bn tho di
dng bn gp
c gng xem xt tt c cc quan im nhn c
trong bi cnh ca chin lc
phn chia kinh ph ti tr cho vic thc hin chin
lc p ng cc nhu cu c bit c xc nh
trong qu trnh t vn, v bt c khi no c th, hy

ti tr cho cc d n chng minh c l tt nht v

mt pht trin bn vng v sinh thi
Mc d CLDLST Quc gia khng cn l chnh sch
chnh thc ca chnh ph song quy trnh pht trin
ca n vn cn ph hp vi cng tc quy hoch v
qun l du lch cc khu bo v, v vn c th a ra
nhng hng dn c ch cho cc nc ang tin hnh
quy hoch quc gia.
TI LIU THAM KHO
Blarney, R.K. 1995. "The Nature of Ecotourism,"
Occasional Paper 21, Bureau of Tourism
Research, Canberra, Australia.
Commonwealth Department of Tourism. 1992a.
National-Tourism
Strategy,
Australian
Government Publishing Service, Canberra,
Australia.
Commonwealth Department of Tourism. 1992b.
National-Tourism
Strategy,
Australian
Government Publishing Service, Canberra,
Australia.
Commonwealth Department of Tourism. 1994.
National-Tourism
Strategy,
Australian
Government Publishing Service, Canberra,
Australia.

Commonwealth Department of Tourism. 1995. Best

Practice Ecotourism A Guide to Energy and
Waste Minimisation, Australian Government
Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.
Commonwealth Department of Tourism. 1996.
Tourism, Education - A Directory of Training
courses, Education Resources Material and
Useful Contacts for Ecotourism in Australia,
Australian Government Publishing Service,
Canberra, Australia.
Office of National Tourism 1996. Tourism Switched
On, Department of Industry, Science and
Tourism, Canberra, Australia.
Office of National Tourism 1997. Ecotourism
Snapshot: Focus on Recent Market Research,
Department of Industry, Science and Tourism,
Canberra, Australia.
Office of National Tourism 1998. Tourism A
Ticket to the 21st Century: National Action Plan,
Department of Industry, Science and Tourism,
Canberra.
Pacific Asia Travel Association. 1992. Endemic
Tourism: A Profitable Industry in a Sustainable
Environment, PATA Think Tank, Sydney,
Australia.

Copies of many of these publication may be obtained

from: The Information Officer. Office of National
Tourism, GPO Box 9839, Canberra, ACT 2600,
Australia.

TI LIU C THM
Commonwealth of Australia. 1992. National Strategy
for Ecologically Sustainable Development,
Australian Government Publishing Service,
Canberra, Australia.
Office of National Tourism 1996. Projecting Success
Visitor Management Projects for Sustainable
Tourism Growth, Department of Industry, Science
and Tourism, Canberra, Australia.
Office of National Tourism 1996. Developing
Tourism Projects Profile, Department of
Industry, Science and Tourism, Canberra,
Australia.

Chng 6
Cc nguyn tc v chin lc hoch nh
khu bo tn
William T. Borrie, Stephen F. McCool v George H.
Stankey
Li gii thiu
Cc khu bo tn ng vai tr quan trng trc thch
thc ngy cng tng trong vic duy tr mt th gii
bn vng.Cc khu bo tn khng ch cung cp ni tr
ng cho cc loi sinh vt m cn ng mt vai tr
quan trng thay i nn tng kinh t x hi ca cc
cng ng v dn tc a phng.Cc khu bo tn
ngy cng tr thnh ngun li du lch khng c g l
ngc nhin. Trong nhiu trng hp nh khu bo tn
cng ng loi kh u ch B- li z hay vn quc
gia Ki-na-ba-lu, Malaysia, ph vo ca v cc ngun
li khc t du khch khng nhng b p chi ph
m cn to thm thu nhp cho ngi dn a phng
v sau li cung cp thm cho cng tc tip tc bo
tn. Ngun thu t khu bo tn v ngi dn sng
xung quanh khu bo tn thng tr thnh mt b
phn quan trng ca cng ng a phng. Tuy
nhin, cc nh hng kinh t, vn ha ca khu bo
tn v s qun l cc nh hng ny c th tc ng

mt cn xng n cng ng a phng, c th dn

ti s bt bnh i vi vn quc gia. Cc hnh ng
lin quan n khu bo tn c th b o ngc v cc
nh hng ny. Do vy, vic thc hin nhng t vn
ny v t c s ng h ca cc c quan a
phng s l cn thit cho thnh cng ca bt c n
lc hoch nh khu bo tn no.
Cc khi nim vn ha, x hi, kinh t ny nhc nh
chng ta l vic qun l v hoch nh ti nguyn
thin nhin, c bit l cng tc qun l khu bo tn
din ra trong cc bi cnh c chnh tr ha cao.
Mc tiu ca vic bo tn cc khu vc ny thng b
tc ng do vic mong mun khuyn khch s dng
c tnh cht gii tr, c bit v cc mc tiu ca
chnh ph pht trin kinh t v vai tr ca ngnh
cng nghip da vo thin nhin hay du lch sinh thi
trong khun kh ca cc chng trnh ny. Hai mc
tiu bo tn vn s dng thng rt mu thun vi
nhau, vi nhng bt ng v vic mc tiu no cn
nhn c s u tin. Cc khu bo tn l ngun thu
hp php v l s n nh quan trng, nhng vic
tng sc cha v nhn bit v khu bo tn to ra
ngun thu c th dn ti s ph thuc kinh t, iu
m s tng sc p ngc li ti a ha thu nhp ti
chnh. Mc du c sc p ny cc nh qun l cc
khu bo tn vn phi hnh ng nh nhng ngi
bo v cc gi tr c to nn khu vc, gim

nh cc tc ng tiu cc v sinh l v x hi ca
vic gia tng du lch. y l nhng ni dung hay gy
tranh ci m cc nh qun l khu bo tn thng gp
phi nhng khng th trnh khi trong vic tin hnh
v thc thi cc qu trnh hoch nh. Thng qua vic
hach nh, cc nh qun l khng ch cung cp
chuyn mn k thut m cn phi kt hp vi nhng
ngi dn b nh hng m bo vic h tr v
thc hin cc k hoch hnh ng bo v cc gi
tr ti nguyn thin nhin ca khu bo tn. C quan
vn ho a ra chun n vcc du khch khng
tiu xi, chng t rng vic s dng mt khu vc s
tc ng n nhiu gi tr to nn khu bo tn
(Cole,1987, Hammitt v Cole, 1987, Hendee v cng
s, 1990, Speight, 1973; Wall v Wright, 1977;
Wilkes, 1977). V vy, vic hiu cch qun l cc tc
ng i km vi s gia tng v tham quan l mt
phn quan trng ca bt k ngha v no ca khu bo
tn bo tn cc ngun lc quan trng. Cc k
hoch qun l v hoch nh c xy dng
xem xt k cc vn v tham quan.

Khi nim v sc cha l mt trong nhng khung

hoch nh nh vy v vn tc ng ca du khch
(gn nht xem Butler, 1996). Tuy nhin mc d c
nhiu n lc ln t trc ti nay nhm p dng n

nh l mt khung qun l, cng nh s tn ti mt

n v ln v nghin cu vn ho nhng vn sc
cha vn mang li nhng nh hng t thc t cho
cc nh qun l khu bo tn. iu ny gc ln
l bi v nhng tc ng c v mt sinh l ln x hi
ca vic gii tr v du lch thng b nh hng bi
s thay i hn l s lng s dng. Hn na, tp
trung trc tin vo sc cha khng may lm
chch hng h nh n l ti s kng du khch
khng ch, nh lc hng s ch ti nhiu hot
ng b ch hn d vo s hiu bit gia cc mc
tham quan, cc tc ng, nhng mc tiu ca khu
vc v cc k vng ca cng ng a phng. Quan
trng l sc cha tp trung s ch vo cu hi
bao nhiu l qu nhiu ? trong khi cu hi t ra
cho cc nh qun l cc khu bo tn l nhng iu
kin no thch hp v c th chp nhn c cho vic
tham quan v lm th no chng ta t c
nhng iu kin ?.
Trong chng ny, nhng thch thc ca vic hoh
nh khu bo tn c khai thc bng cch nu ra
nhng cu hi sau.Chng ny t trung vo vic duy
tr cc gi tr ca khu bo tn i vi vic tng sc p
v gii tr mc d nhng khi nim v qui tc ny
cng c th c p dng cho cc mi e do
khc . Trc tin phi vch ra cc bi cnh chnh tr
x hi c th xy ra vic hoch nh nh vy. Cn

trong cc bi cnh phc hp th qu trnh hoch nh

da vo vic hc hi cng tc, li kt nng ng
dng nh l thch hp nht. Tip theo trnh by tng
qut 11 nguyn tc qun l du khch. Nhng nguyn
tc ny cn phi c cng nhn v kt hp trong bt
c h thng hoch nh khu bo tn na.tip theo
phn ny cn phi tng kt nh gi cc iu kin cn
thit thc hin mt phng thc v sc cha;
nhng iu kin quan trng ny dn dt chng ta ti
kt lun l thay v cc mi quan tm bt pht lp li
m hnh sc cha khng nht thit nu ra nhng nhu
cu ca cng tc qun l khu bo tn. Phn cui cng
nn ngn gn h thng hoch nhnhng gii hn ca
s thay i kh chp, v d mt phng thc c th
kt hp vi 11 nguyn tc oc m t trn y v c
mt kh nng trnh by p ng vi nhng nhu
cu ca cc nh qun l khu bo tn. Mc d chng
ny tp trung vo i cnh v kinh nghim ca M
nhng n vn thch hp vi cc nc khc. Nhng
tng trong chng ny c trnh by
Malaysia, Canada, Puerto Rico v nhng ni khc v
cng c c li ch t nhng phn ng v phn hi
tch cc t cc nh qun l khu bo tn cc nc
.
Hoch nh khu bo tn trong mt k nguyn ca
s thay i

Cng tc hoch nh khu bo tn chuyn t mt

thi k n nh r rng sang mt k nguyn ca s
thay i v chnh tr v x hi, v vng mc ng
nhin l s c i vi cc nh qun l khu bo tn.
S a dng ngy cng tng ca cng ng cp n
mi quan tm trong cng tc qun l khu bo tn
chuyn sang nhng ting ni mi lm y nhanh bin
rng cha tng c v nhng vin cnh v chc
nng ca khu bo tn. Nhng ging ni mi ny ang
tng ln r rt trong h thng chnh tr khng ch
phn b vn cho cng tc qun l khu bo tnm cn
phi gii quyt nhng vn qun l tng hp.
Nhng gi tr tinh thn v vn ho trc kia b coi l
khng nht qun vi qui nh nhim v v cng tc
qun l khu bo tn th nay thng xuyn c mt. v
d, nhng khu vc nguyn thy c xy dng
khng bao gm nhiu loi hnh s dng hin nay tha
nhn nhng li ni gn gi v tn ti trc v s
thay i ca nhng th dn. Vic gn gi ho nhng
gi tr v vic s dng trc lm cho cng vic
ca nh qun l khu bo tn thm kh khn v phc
tp. Nhng nh qun l hin ang phi ng u
vi s cn bng gia cc s dng ny vi mc tiu
bo tn s da dng v sinh hc, nhng sinh th v
qu trnh sinh thii vi nhng loi qu him v
ang b e da.

Vic hp nht cc loi mc tiu rng ln hn vo

cng tc qun l khu bo tn s to ra mt s cng
thng hay xung tm cc m hnh hoch nh
hiu theo cch duy ch truyn thng u c trang
b km (xem Briassoulis, 1989,m t cc m hnh
hoch nh khc nhau). nhng m hnh nh vy
rtph hp xc nh con ng hiu qu nht v
mt khoa hc i vi tng mc tiu n lc xy
dng trn s thng nht x hi cao. Tuy vy khi mt
ngi i u vi cc mc tiu rng ln hin ti dc
gn vi cc khu bo tn v thiu s nht tr thng
xuyn, s thch hp v s dngnhng m hnh hoch
nh truyeen thng nh vy cn phi t du hi.
Ngy nay ngy cng tn ti mt s lun phin trong
cc iu kin m cc m hnh mu hoch nhphi
p ng t m hnh ch yu gm cc chuyn mn
khoa hc k thut ti m hnh m ngi dn b nh
hng ng vai tr quan trng. Trong phn sau,
thng tin khoa hc k thut c cht lng l thit yu
v n c th m t cc iu kin hin ti v cc qu
trnh sinh thi, gip cho vic hiu bit nguyn nhn,
nhn bit nhng hu qu v nh, xc nh nhng
gii php thay th. Tuy vy, tin trin thc hin
khng th bt u cho ti khi c s nht tr v cc
mc tiu m thng l nhng tuyn b chnh tr x
hi c bn ca cc ch mong mun. Phn tch chi
tit cc mc tiu ny khng phi l vn khoa hc
hay k thut. V th , trong khi vic hiu duy l ch v

cc phng php iu tra khoa hc l cn thit cho

qu trnh hoch nh nhng khng . Trong thc t
cc phng thc i vi vi****. Ngun gc ca iu
ny l do nhng gi tr i nghch gia cc mi quan
tm khc nhau.
Trong nhng tnh hung nh vy, vn mang tnh
nguyn tc trong vic hoch nh l khng phi qu
c t ti mt vin cnh tng lai c th m l nn
chn tng lai no. Cc m hnh hoch nh gip rt
t gii quyt xung t ny bi v s la chn mt
tng lai mong c c bn l v chnh tr v x hi
ch khng phi l v k thut. Nhng vn ph thu
ny l nhng cu hi khng c cu tr li ng hay
sai, ch c ch nhiu hay t m thi (Allen v Gould,
1986). Cc phng thc k thut i vi cng tc
hoch nh i hi cc nh qun l phi a ra cu
tr li c cn c khoa hc chng minh bin minh
cho cc quyt nh. Ngc li, nhng vn ph
thy khng th gii quyt n l thng qua khoa
hc.
Nhng xung t chnh tr cn c gii quytthng
qua qu trnh tho thun. Qu trnh ny lin kt vic
hc tp, nhng mi quan tm chnh, v i thoi v
cui cng phi dn ti c mt s nht tr ( y
c xc nh l s tn thnh min cng v
mt tng lai mong c v nhng con ng thch

hp dn ti . Tuy nhin khi s cng thng c

to ra do s hin din ca cc mc tiu i nghch s
to nn s thc y tuyt diucho vic hc hi ln
nhau. Vic hc hi nh vy cng yu cu s chp
nhn ca nhng ngi khc nhau, cc loi kin thc
nhn din v cc c hi th nghim v nh gi
nhng kin .
Hc tp l mt mc tiu quan trng v trnh nhn
thc ca chng ta v cng tc qun l cc phn ng
trong cc khu bo tn cn hn ch. Ni chung cc
hot ng tin hnh gim nh cc tc ng l cc
th nghim c bit trong mc khng gian v thi
gian rng ln hn. Cng tc hc tp s cung cp
nhng phn hi cn thit thay i hnh ng khi
cc kt qu khng xy ra nh mong i (Lee, 1993).
Khi tng lai ca cng tc qun l khu bo tn m
ra th c th l nhng kt qu ny s khng ng nh
quan nim ban u. Vic a ra nhng phm vi, cch
tip cn trong cng tc qun l khu bo tn phi bao
gm c cc d liu khoa hc k thut v nghin cu
x hi to ra cc k hoch c hiu qu. Trong khi
cc mc di y tp trung nhiu n cc kha cnh
k thut ca cng tc qun l khu bo tn th cng
nn ghi nh rng cuc tho lun ny ch din ra trong
phm vi nhng nhm ngi b nh hng tham gia
tho lun v nhng khu vc ny. Trong phm vi phn
ng v du lch sinh thi, nhng nhm ngi ny bao

gm cc c dn ca cng ng a phng, cc
doanh nghip du lch, bn thn cc khch du lch...
Cc nguyn tc ca cng tc qun l du khch
Tho lun di y v vic hoch nh khu bo tn
s bt u vi vic kim tra 11 nguyn tc hngs
dn ny sinh t nghin cu v cc tc ng ca du
khch v t cng tc qun l khu bo tn nhm gim
thiu nhng tc ng . Nhng nguyn tc ny em
n mt ting ni c bn cho vic hoch nh c h
thng vi cng tc qun l cc khu vc thin nhin.
Chng phn nh nhng khi nim quan trng ca
vic hoch nh nh l s cn thit pht biu r rng
v cc mc tiu qun l, nhng iu m thm ch
thch hp c trong k nguyn ca s thay i.
Sau chng ny tip tc kim tra hai phng php
tip cn vic qun l du khch m c t nim tin
bo tn cc iu kin sinh thi a l v x hi ca
nhng khu bo tn. Trong khi phng php tip cn
cc gii hn ca s thay i c th chp nhn c
chng t l mt c cu c kh nng thch nghi v
ng dng cao th phng php tip cn sc cha m
c v r rng v hp l li c xem l km hiu qu
hn. Trong khi thu ht trc gic th vic tin hnh
tip cn sc cha v gii tr tha nhn qu tu tin
nhng iu kin lm vic c th p dng. Chng ta c
th m t mt vi hn ch nghimtng ca phng

php tip cn sc cha nh l mt s minh ho mi

quan h mt thit ca 11 nguyn tc qun l du
khch. Qu trnh hn ch ca thay i c th chp
nhn c sau dc coi l mt phng php
tip cn hu ch hn trong cng tc qun l khu bo
tn.
NGUYN TC 1: Cng tc qun l thch hp i
hi vch r nhng mc tiu - CC mc tiu c
vch r l iu v cng quan trng trong cng tc
qun l cc khu vc t nhin. Nhng mc tiu nh
vy cn phi l nhng lun r rng v nht qun
trong vn bn v cng tc qun l du khch cc khu
bo tn. Cc mc tiu a ra nhng nh ngha v cc
iu kin v mi trng, x hi c yu cu, cc c
hi gii tr v li ch t vic qun l khu vc. Nhng
mc tiu ny da trn cc hng dn lut php hay
hnh chnh, chnh tr hoc t nhng i hi r rng
trong k hoch qun l khu vc. Nhng mc tiu
c chnh thc xc nhn s gip xc nh tnh hp
l ca nhiu hot ng qun l khc nhauv mang
n cho cc nh qun l tiu ch nh gi s thnh
cng ca cc hot ng qun l m h ang s dng
gii quyt cc vn v cng vic ca khu bo
tn.
Cc mc tiu qun l a ra cu tr li cho cu hi v
s thay i nh th no l chp nhn c bng cch

quyt nh cc loi hnh gii tr, nhng kinh nghim

m mt khu gii tr c bit nn mang li, s cm
nhnv tnh t nhin ca cc iu kin mi trng,
cc loi hnh kinh nghim c a ra v sc mnh
ca vic thc thi cng tc qun l.
Nhng mc tiu tt l gii hn thi gian, tnh c th,
kh nng xc nh s lng v kh nng c th t
c (Schomaker,1984). Tuy nhin vic vch ra cc
mc tiu tt khng phi l d. Trong khi ngi ta c
xu hng ng vi nhng gi tr v khi nim
chung th nhng mc tiu r rng v c th dng
nh gi ln s bt ng ng k v nhng g c
to ra v c hon thin trong khu bo tn. Nn nh
rng qu trnh thit lp cc mc tiu thc cht l mt
qu trnh mang tnh chnh tr. Cc phng php cha
ng s tc ng qua li gia cc t chc lin quan
s gip nh qun l phats trin cc mc tiu nh
m pht trin s ng lng , nht tr v lm tng kh
nng chc chn thnh cng trong vic thc hin ca
h.
NGUYN TC 2: S a dng ca cc iu kin
v ngun lc, x hi v qun l trong v gia cc
khu bo tn l chc chn v c th l ng mong
c - Du khch n mt khu bo tn c bit thng
mong khu vc s tho mn cc hot ng gii tr
khc nhau, cc kinh nghim gii tr c th v kt

qu c li khc nhau t hot ng gii tr ca h. Tuy

nhin iu chc chn l cc yu cu v cc c hi gii
tr rt a dng nh vy ca h khng th c p
ng bi mt tp hp ng u cc iu kin trn ton
khu vc. Hn na, cc iu kin v ngun lc v x
hi trong bt c khu bo tn rng ln c lin quan
no u chc chn s khng nh nhau. Cc iu kin
v sinh hc, cc tc ng ca vic s dng,mc s
dng v cc d tnh v cc iu kin thch hp c xu
hng khc nhau (V d xem Martin v cng s,
1989, v s a dng ca cc iu kin tc ng n
cc ni cm tri c th chp nhn vng ra i lp
vi vng trung tm ca khu hoang d). Tc dng ca
du khch lun phn chia khng u v s pht trin
tp trung tht thng vo cc im c bit. a hnh,
thm thc vt v li i chu nh hng ca cc cng
v mc ca tc ng.
S a dng ca cc iu kin l chc chn v ng
mong c. S sn c cc h iu kin khc nhau
mang li cho du khch s la chn v cho php h
xem xt cc yu cu v mong mun ca mnh i vi
mt a im. Hn th na, vic cung cp s a dng
cc c hi nh hng n vic s dng trong tng
lai v c th kch thch cc yu cu v mt dy cc
yu cu ln hn v cc c hi gii tr.N l phng
tin bo v tnh c nht v ph hp trong cng
tc qun l cc khu bo tn. V d, trong nhng khu

bo tn rng ln ni chung ngi ta khng mong

mun c s pht trin ng u trong ton khu vc
m thay vo l c nhng vng pha trong c t tc
ng ca con ngi hn so vi vng ra. Cc nh
qun l c th xc nh s a dng ny v sau a
ra quyt nh v s mong c ca n da trn nhng
xem xt nh l nhng s thch ca du khch, cc gi
tr mi trng v iu kin hin c c lin quan, do
tch ring nhng quyt nh mang tnh k thut
khi nhng quyt nh mang tnh nh gi. Cui
cng, Haas v cc cng s ch r rng vic qun l
vi s a dng thng qua mt vi cch phn vng r
rng chc chn s a ti vic ba tn cc gi tr ca
khu bo tn tt hn l cch phn vng thc t hay
phn vng ngm ang tn ti.
NGUYN TC 3 CNG tc qun l c nh
hng vo nh hng ca s thay i do con
ngi gy ra - Rt nhiu khu bo tn c thnh lp
bo v nhng im c trng, nhng iu kin v
nhng qu trnh t nhin c nht v c gi tr. Cc
nh qun l khu bo tn thng lm vic gim
thiu v qun l cc tc ng do con ngi gy ra vi
cc qu trnh t nhin ny hn l ch qun l trc tip
chng. Nhng thay i do con ngi gy ra c th
a ti cc iu kin c v mi trng ln x hi m
du khch v/hoc cc nh qun l thy khng th
chp nhn c hay khng th thch hp. Thm vo

 gip xc nh s thay i nh th no l c th
chp nhn c, cc nh qun l nn quan tm n
cc hot ng c hiu qu trong vic nh hng n
s lng, loi, thi gian v v tr ca nhng tc ng
ny.
NGUYN TC 4 : Cc tc ng ln cc iu kin
v ngun lc v x hi l hu qu khng th trnh
khi do vic s dng ca con ngi - Mt nghin
cu nhiu mt ch ra rng ch mt s tng i
nh cc cch s dng to ra hu ht cc tc ng sinh
l hc xy ra bt c a im no (Cole, 1987). Bt
c vic s dng mang gii tr no trong khu bo tn
u c mt vi tc ng n mi trng m mc
nghiim trng ca chng ph thuc vo kh nng mi
trng chu ng v phc hi sau tc ng nh
vy.c biit kh nng chng chu v phc hi s
nhanh hn bi s thng xuyn, cng v bn
cht ca vic s dng mang tnh gii tr. Do , quyt
nh cho php vic s dng ca con ngi trong mt
khu vc c bit l quyt nh thc t chp nhn
nhng mc tng i cao ca tc ng do du
khch. V vy mt cu hi mang tnh nguyn tc m
cc nh qun l phi t ra l Tc ng nh th
no trong khu vc ny l chp nhn c?. Ngay
sau khi cu hi ny c tr li, cc nh qun l phi
gii quyt vn v tnh thch hp ca cc k thut v
hnh ng khc nhau trong cng tc qun l mc

ny ca tc ng.Tng t cc tc ng x hi
thng xy ra vi mt s lng tng i nh cc
cch s dng. V d mt s t ngi gy mt trt t
c th tc ng n kinh nghim ca cc du khch
khc nhi hn nhiu so vi nhng ngi gi im
lng.
NGUYN TC 5 : Cc tc ng c th l ngt
qung v khng gian hay thi gian - Cc tc ng
do vic s dng ca du khch hay do cc hot ng
qun l c th cha xy ra mt im v/hoc c th
cha c nhn thy cho n mt thi gian sau .
Vic thay th cng tc qun l tc ng c th to ra
2 vn v khng gian v thi gian. Th nht, v d
mt chin lc qun l nhm loi b vic cm tri
quanh h c th thay th mt cch n gin cc tc
ng sang nhng vng khc c th nhy cm vi mi
trng hn do vy to ra hai h thng tc ng cn
quan tm ti. Th hai, cc tc ng c th c nhng
nh hng m ch tr nn r rt lu sau khi nhng
ngi tham gia gii tr ri khi im . V d, cc
tc ng v t v thm thc vt c th c nhng hu
ha lu di nh l xi mn t gia tng hay gim sc
sng ca cy ci. S thai i cc tc ng c v
khng gian ln thi gian s lm cho vic hiu v qun
l cc tc ng kh khn hn rt nhiu, yu cu thc
t v nhng mi quan h i vitc ng ca vic s
dng cc cp khc nhau v ddi hi cc nh

qun l phi thit k cn thn cc chin lc gim st

thch hp.
NGUYN TC 6: MI quan h gia vic s dng
v tc ng l khng rch ri v b nh hng ca
nhiu bin c - Mi quan h gia mc s dng
ca du khch v cp ca tc ng l mi quanh
rt phc tp,khng rch ri. N c ngha l cc nh
qun l khng th nhn th mt cch n gin rng
mc s dng tng ln s tc ng n mc nh
vy hoc ngc li, rng vic gim mc s dng
s dn n vic gim tc ng tng xng. Hn th
na, cc biin c khc cung nh hng ti mi quan
h s dng/tc ng. Ngi ta quan st thy t lu
rng cc hnh vi ca nhng ngi tham gia gii tr
nh hng ln ti s lng tc ng ca h. V d,
trong khu vc bin,nhng th ln bng chn nhi c
th lm gy cc nhnh san h yu t v khuy ct ln
m iu ny sau s tc ng ti san h v cc sinh
vt bin khc. Tng t, nhng thay i v iu l v
cc qui nh i vi du khch s thay i mc ca
tc ng. V d, vic yu cu hay gio dc du khch
cm tricch nhng con sui hay h mt khong nht
nh khng ch lm gim cc tc ng trc tip n
nhng ven sui hay b h m cn lm gim cc tc
ng trc quan v x hi i vi cc du khch khc,
c ngi v vt. Nhng bin c khc nh phng
cch tham quan, kch thc nhm, ma s dng,thi

gian i li v cc c im v t v thm thc vt

khc nhau cng nh nh hng nhiu n mi quan
h tc ng/s dng.
Hn th na, thm ch di nhng iu kin n
thun, ng cong s dng/tc ngcong nhiu hn
l thng (Hammit v Cole,1987). V d, trong khi lc
u cc tc ng ca mi du khch ln cc iu kin
ca ni cm tri c th rt thp nhng chng c th
tng ln nhanh chng ti mt on bng m ta
hu ht h hi; sau , cc tcng ca mi ngi
tng ln rt t.S phc tp ny ca mi quan h s
dng/tc ng ch ra rng cc n lc khng ch cc
tc ng do con ngi gy ra thng qua duy nht cc
hn ch s dng hoc sa cha ch c xc xut thnh
cng thp. Cc chng trnh thng tin v cc qui
nhv iu l nhm thay i hnh vi ca du khch c
th c hiu qu hn. V d, vic khuyn khch tp
trung s dng ti cc a im b tc ng l mt
k nng ni ting hn ch cc tc ng ca du
khch.
NGUYN TC 7: Nhng vn qun l kkhng
ph thuc vo cng s dng - Ch c mt t
cc vn qun l lin quan trc tip n s ngi s
dng khu vc. Nhng vn ny nh l vn v
cht thi, ngun cung cp nc v ni xe c
nhng xu hng c cc gii php k thut tng i

n gin. Tuyn nhin nu ch ti cc iu khon v

cc iu kin x hi th vic tp trung vo cng
s dng c th khng hu hiu trong vic gii quyt
cc vn qun l. V d nhiu du khch ti cc khu
vc hoang d ca khubo tn quc gia c th khng
phi tm kim s ham mun (Stanley v Mc Cool,
1984). Do , trong trng hp ny vic khng ch
mc s dng vi cc ham mun tch cc l khng
thch hp. iu ny cng trm trng hnna bi cc
du khch khc nhau c nhn thc khc nhau v s
ham mun, c mng mun khc nhau v s ng c
v c tip nhn khc nhau v tnh ring t.
NGUYN TC 8: HN ch s dng ch l mt
trong nhiu la chn cho cng tc qun l - Khng
ch vic s dng khng nn nht thit l bi m php
qun l kho u tin c la chn qun l cc
tc ng ca du khch. Cc hot ng qun l khc
nn c xem xt n bao gm vic tp trung ci
thin hnh vi ca du khch, ti phn phi hay khng
ch vic s dngvo nhng ni t nhy cm v nng
cao d bn ca ngun lc. Thm ch nu vic khng
ch s dng l mi quan tm hng u th nn to ra
nhng n lc ngn cn vic s dng (v d thng qua
ph hay qua nhiu li vo bt tin) hn l bt buc
hn ch trit vic s dng. Nu ch n thun
kim sot u vo v du khch trongh h thng vn
s khng nht thit em li kt qu tng hp cao nht

hay thnh tu tt nht v cc mc tiu ca khu bo

tn. Chi ph (x hi kinh t v sinh thi) tin hnh
cc hn ch s dng c th cao hn rt nhiu so vi
li ch thu c. Chnh sch hn ch vic s dng l
mt trong nhng phng php tip cn ph v v
xm phm nht m nh qun l c th s dng.
Vic nhn mnh kim sot mc s dng nh mt
phng tin hn ch ngun gc cc tc ng t
phng php tip cn sc cha ban u dc mt
loat ti liu qun l chp nhn(Stanley v M c Cool,
1991). Bi v sc cha gi nn cu hi bao nhiu
l qu nhiu? nn iu ny c xu hng xem xt
khi lng ca cc hn ch s dng l ci ch ca
chnh n. Cc chnh sch hn ch s dng t lu
mang trong n mt lot vn km theo nh vic
chn l cc k thut phn vng v chia phn hp l.
Nhng k thut ny nm trong nhng hot ng gy
nhiu tranh ci nhtm phn ln cc nh qun l khu
bo tn Mcha tng thc hin bi v h tp trung
vo nhng cu hi v s phn phi v mang tnh hp
l lin quan n vic ai s nhn c ci g.
NGUYN TC 9: Vic gim st l cn thit trong
cng tc qun l chuyn nghip - Vic nh gi c
th xc nh l phng php o c c h thng v c
chu k v nhng du hiu ch chtca cc iu kin
sinh l v x hi. Mt cch lch s, n tr thnh

mt phn quan trng trong cng vic ca nh qun l

khu bo tn. Tuy nhin vic gim st nhn chung
c tin hnh khng qui c vi vic hoch nh v
thc hin t mang tnh h thng. Vic gim st thc
hin hai chc nng. Th nht, n cho php cc nh
qun l gi c mc cao nht chnh thc cc iu
kin v ngun lc v x hi qua thi gian. phc
v cho chc nng ny, cc iim d liu c th thng
bo cho cc nh qun lv nhng thay i ca cc
iu kin nyhn l vic da vo duy nht s nhn
thc khng chnh thc v nhng thay i c th
xy ra. iu ny c bit quan trng trong trng
hp cc nh qun l thng xuyn b iu n cc
khu vc khc nhau hoc nhng ni m cc hiu qu
pht trin thp. Th hai, vic gim st gip nh gi
hiu qu ca cc hot ng qun l, do gip cc
nh qun l hiu mt cch tng i khch quan nu
cc hot ng c vn . (Nn nh rng c th c
nhiu yu t khc nh hng n nhng thay i
trong cc iu kin c xc nh thng
quachng trnh gim st hn l do cc hot ng
qun l gy ra). Tuy nhin mc d tha nhn tm
quan trng ca n nhng s gip v thc thi cng
tc gim st thng km.
NGUYN TC 10: Qu trnh a ra quyt nh
nn tch ri cc quyt nh k thut khi nhng
nh gi v gi tr - Nhiu quyt nh m cc nh

qun l phi ng u thc cht ch n thun v

mt k thut,chng hn nh s lng nh v sinh cn
thit cho khu cm tri, nhng a im sinh thi thch
hp cho con ng mn, hay vic thit k trung tm
n khch tham quan. Tuy nhin nhiu quyt nh
khc phn nh s nh gi v cc gi tr nh cc mc
tiu cho khu vc, khong khng tt nht gia cc
im cm tri v cc loi iu kin thun li hay cc
loi c hi gii tr c cung cp. iu quan trng
trong qu trnh a ra quyt nh l khng dc
nhm ln v cc quyt nh phng tin i lp vi
mc ch ny. Cc qu trnh a quyt nh nn tch
ring nhng cu hi ci g vi nn lm ci
g. V d vic nhn bit mt lot s a dng ca
cc iu kin v ngun lc, x hi hin c trong khu
bo tn c nh ngha l : ci g. Mt khc,
vic xc nh mt lot s a dng thch hp c
nh ngha l : nn lm ci g. Cc iu kin
hn c c th nh hng n ccc iu kin thch
hp; tuy nhin hai cng vic nn c tch ring ra.
Thm ch nhng iu kin m c xem l rt k
thut li t khi khng mang tnh gi tr r rt. Vic
quyt nh nn l ci g nn l mt qu trnh r
rng v nn a ra cng chng kim tra, bn bc.
NGUYN TC 11: S nht tr gia cc nhm b
nh hng v cc hot ng c xut l cn
thit cho cng tc thc hin thnh cng cc chin

lc qun l khu bo tn - Trong nhiu trng hp,

s phn cc chnh tr v mu thun trong cng tc
qun l cc ngun ti nguyn t nhin cn tr tin
trin trong vic hoch nh v qun l. Trong phm
vi nhng ni dung mang tnh x hi v chnh tr cao
m cc nh qun l thng xuyn phi lm vic vi
th nhng qu trnh hoch nh v k thut lun to ra
nhiu s bt ng hn l tn thnh. Nhng gii php
k thut c th tc ng tiu cc n nhng gi tr
c nh r sm mt nhm trong cng ng biu
t. Nhng t tng pht sinh, chng i quyt nh,
phn i v nhng hot ng ph hoi khc c th
dn ti s gia tng cc hu qu tr tr v bt n. Do
vy, cng tc hoch nh thnh cng cn s kt
hp cht ch vi cc thnh phn tham gia ca cng
ng nh l mt nhn t c bn cn hng ti. Hn
na, ngi dn thng mong c tham gia v
ti. Khi cng ng cho chnh quyn t c s hot
ng ti khu bo tn th iu ny cng c ngha l
quyn lc chnh tr ti cao do mt cng ng rng
ln hn nm gi. iu ny i hi phi c s tham
gia ca h trong nhng qu trnh lp cc c s v a
ra cc quyt nh. Phng php phi hp v cng tc
s xy dng s hiu bit v vy mi ngi u c th
t c tin b.
Tc dng ca sc cha trong cng tc qun l khu
bo tn

Mt phng php tip cn thng dng qun l du

khch l sc cha. Trn c s ca mt lot cc
chuyn ngnh qun l i sng hoang d, ngi ta hy
vng rng c th xc nh dc s lng du khch
ln nht m nu vt qu th khng th gi c cc
iu kin sinh thi v x hi thch hp. V rt nhiu l
do m vic xc nh sc cha v gii tr khng n
gin cng nh khng hu ch (Hammit v Cole,
1987). Mt phn ca vn l do cc nh qun l s
dng phng php tip cn sc cha pha trn gia
phng tin v mc ch. Sc cha c xem l mt
phng tin bo v cc ngun lc ca khu bo tn.
Tuy nhin n thng xuyn tr thnh mc ch ca
chnh mnh. Cc hn ch v s dng ca du khch
c tin hnh sau nh l mt bin php t ti
mc sc cha nh ra. Vicliu cc gii hn ny
c hiu qu trong vic bo v cc iu kin sinh thi
v x hi trong vn khng li b b qua hoc lng
qun.
Mi quan tm ny sinh t sc cha nh mt c cu
qun lc nhng im ct li trong mt s yu t: 1)
S phc tp gia tng trong cng tc qun l, 2) Vic
gia tng cc yu cu v ngun ti nguyn t nhin
cung cp cc hng ho v dch v a dng hn v 3)
Vic tm kim cu tr li, bin h cn c thc hin
trong cc h thng khc nhau. V d Butler (1996)
ch r trnh ti a cc tc ng tiu cc i km

v s tham quan, phi chc chn l nhn bit

c cc gii hn v sc cha v khng b vt qu
cc gii hn . Nhng vic xy dng nhng sc
cha nh vy vn ch l cch p ng n gin v
khng thch hp vi mt vn tinh t, mt vn
mang tnh x hi v chnh tr nhiu hn l tnh k
thut v v vy i hi mt gii php x hi hn l
mt gii php k thut.
Trong bi cnh con ngi bt u tr nn quan tm
n sc cha, chng ti xin gii thiu mt s tho
hip phi c thc hin vic p dng i vi
cng tc qun l cc khu vc c bo v c th
thnh cng. Rt him khi tt c cc iu kin thc
hin ny li c tho mn mt cch y . Tuy
nhin, mt iu quan trng l nhng ngi qun l
phi nm c nhng gii hn v gi nh h ang
tip nhn bng cch t ra nhng sc cha v gii tr.
Mt iu hin nhin l rt nhiu trong s cc nguyn
tc c a ra trong thi gian gn y khng c
lm tho mn mt cch trn vn vi bin php sc
cha Stankey v McCool (1992) v Shelby v
Heerlein (1986) m t nhng iu kin cn thit
cho vic p dng sc cha v cc gii hn s dng
mang tnh nhn qa trong cc quy nh v gii tr.
Nhng iu kin ny c sa i i cht ph
hp hn vi rt nhiu loi ngun lc v cc iu kin
x hi m ngi ta thy c trong cc cng vin

quc gia v cc khu vc c bo v. Nm iu kin

u tin l cc iu kin mang tnh khi nim, 4 iu
kin sau l cc iu kin mang tnh thc t. C 9 iu
kin ny khng ch ch ra nhng gii hn v bin
php sc cha, m cn cho thy mc hiu bit m
nhng nh qun l phi xem xt trong nhng k
hoch tng lai ca mnh.
IU KIN 1: PHI t c s nht tr v loi
cc iu kin x hi v ngun lc thch hp nht,
bao gm cc loi c hi gii tr - Nhng ngi c
lin quan (v d cc nh qun l, nhng ngi s
dng) phi t c s nht tr v cc loi c hi s
cung cp. V d: Nu 1 nhm ngi cho rng khu
vc ny n cung cp c hi gii tr c ng c v c
ng i m nhm khc li mong mun kiu gii tr
khng c ng c v khng c ng i, th khng
th xc nh c sc cha bi v c mt s khc
bit cn bn v cc mc s dng c php.
Nhng tho thun v loi hnh gii tr hay cc iu
kin thch hp cn phi c thc hin di hnh
thc cc quyt nh mang tnh chnh tr m trong
vai tr ca khoa hc ch c gii hn vic tm
hiu v hiu c nhng hu qu v hng lot cc s
la chn khc nhau. Tip theo Nguyn Tc 1, nhng
tho thun ny v iu kin thch hp nn c t ra
ngay t nhng bc i u tin.

IU KIN 2: CC hot ng gii tr v/hoc cc

chuyn i s c cung cp phi ph thuc vo
mt s dng - Trong mt bo co hi tho ca
Wagar (nm 1964) v sc cha gii tr c tng kt
trong vng hn 30 nm qua v theo nhng g c
ghi nhn v rt nhiu thi im t trc n nay,
nhiu chuyn i gii tr u c tnh ph thuc vo,
hay thm ch cn c gn lin mt cch tch cc
vi, mc s dng. i vi mt s c hi, v d
nh tm nng ngoi b bin, mc s dng c th
khng c bt k nh hng no i vi cht lng
chuyn i. Thc t, nu ngi tham gia tm nng l
thiu nin th ngi ta rt c th s ni rng "cng
nhiu cng tt". Tuy nhin, vi cc c hi khc, v d
thm cc khu bo tn cuc sng hoang d thng
thc s tnh mnh ca khng gian hay chim ngng
cuc sng hoang d gia thin nhin, th mi thay i
v mt s dng u mang tnh nhy cm.
IU KIN 3: PHI t c s nht tr v mc
tc ng c th chp nhn c - Cng vi bt
k loi gii tr no mt khu vc no l s xut
hin nhng tc ng. iu c ngha l chng ta
khng th loi tr hay trnh khi cc tc ng, m
nhng g chng ta c th lm l t chng di tm
qun l. Do , cu hi mang tnh quyt nh l "Tc
ng n mc no l c th chp nhn c, nu
tho thn c v loi c hi gii tr s c cung

cp?". V d, cu hi ny c th tp trung vo lng

thc vt b tn tht mt a im cm tri, mc
thit hi do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau ti san h,
hay pht trin n mc no l chp nhn c trn
mt hn o hay mt di san h. Mc d khoa hc c
th cung cp thng tin v nhng hu qu v thit hi
i vi h thc vt hay ca s pht trin, s c
chp nhn r rng li l mt quyt nh mang tnh
phn quyt trn c s tp hp rt nhiu nhng tho
hip v chnh tr, x hi v sinh thi ht sc phc tp.
Mt iu rt c th xy ra l cc nhm ngi khc
nhau c quan tm n mt khu vc c bo v li
c quan im rt khc nhau v ni dung mc tc
ng c th c chp nhn.
IU KIN 4: PHI xc nh c mi quan h
r rng v c th gia mc s dng v cc iu
kin v x hi v ngun lc - tr li cu hi
"Bao nhiu th c coi l qu nhiu", ngi ta phi
xc nh c mi quan h gia s dng v tc dng
(hay s dng v cc iu kin) mt cch c th v r
rng. iu c ngha l nhng nh qun l phi xy
dng nhng bin php c th xc nh c mi
quan h gia lng s dng gii tr v mc tc
ng v sinh thi v x hi. Cc bin php ny c th
cho thy nhng s tng - gim trong trng hp xy
ra thay i v mc s dng gii tr. Nu ch n
gin quy kt rng tc ng tng nu mc s dng

tng l khng y . Nh trnh by ti Nguyn

Tc 6 v Nguyn Tc 7, mi quan h gia mc s
dng v mc tc ng khi thc hin chuyn i
(hoc i vi mi trng) khng my khi r rng.
Trong rt nhiu trng hp, mi quan h ny khng
h xy ra.
IU KIN 5: MC s dng phi c coi l
quan trng hn cch x s ca khch du lch
trong vic xc nh mc tc ng - p dng
tt khi nim sc cha, mi quan h gia mc s
dng v tc ng phi tng i n gin v vi iu
kin l cc yu t khc c nh hng n mc tc
ng phi mc ti thiu. Mt iu khng may l
cc ti liu t trc ti nay ghi nhn rt nhiu tnh
hung m trong quan h gia s dng v tc ng
li khng h r rng, ngc li mi quan h ny rt
phc tp, a dng v chu tc ng su sc hn bi
c x ca mt s c nhn hay nhm ngi ch khng
phi bi s lng khch du lch (Cole, 1987; Graefe
et al., 1987).
IU KIN 6: C quan qun l khu vc c
bo v phi qun l vic ra vo ca khu vc Ngay c khi tt c cc iu kin t 1 n 5 c
tho mn, c quan qun l ny vn phi qun l vic
ra vo khu vc c bo v, c th thc hin gii
hn sc cha. Nu khng c s qun l ny th co

quan qun l khng c kh nng gy nh hng n

vic ra vo khu vc c bo v, v con s sc cha
chng c ngha g hn l nhng con s trn giy t.
Mc d vic qun l ny c thc hin rt nhiu
cc khu vc c bo v Bc M, mc n thc
s c thc hin nhiu quc gia li l mt vn
ng bn ci.
IU KIN 7: C quan qun l khu vc c
bo v phi c ngun lc (nhn vin, ngun ti
chnh, thng tin , v.v...) qun l vic thc hin
gii hn sc cha - MT iu chc chn l sc cha
gii tr c thc hin thng qua vic p t mt gii
hn mt gii hn v vic s dng gii tr. Bc M,
cc ngun lc v nhn s v ti chnh cn thit
qun l cc gii hn s dng t ra mc ng k;
trn thc t, nhng ngun ny mnh ngn cn
rt nhiu t chc thc hin nhng gii hn ngay c
khi chng c quy nh trong k hoch qun l
(Washburne v Cole, 1983). R rng l vic thc
hin sc cha i hi mt cam kt ti chnh lu bn
v trong mt khonar thi gian di m y l iu
nhiu t chc khng th hoc khng mun lm. Bn
cnh , s hiu bit ca gii chnh tr gia v s ng
h ca h i vi vic thc hin cc gii hn s dng
thng khng phi l c c mi khi ngi ta cn
n.

IU KIN 8: PHI t c s nht tr v mc

tiu ca h thng o kim trong vic thc hin sc
cha - Trong cc trng hp nhu cu vt qu sc
cha, th mc s dng phi c o kim bng
cc hot ng qun l (Stankey v Baden, 1977).
Nhng mc tiu ca h thng o kim ny phi c
xc nh r rng trc khi thit k h thng
(Shelby v Danley, 1979). V d, ngi ta phi xc
nh liu mc ch ca h thng l lm cho c hi
ra vo a im tr nn cng bng hoc bng cch
khc chc chn rng cc c hi c trao cho
nhng ngi c c li ch ln nht. Nguyn Tc
11 cho thy tm quan trng ca qu trnh t c
s nht tr v cc hot ng qun l. Vic khng t
c s nht tr ny v xc nh r rng nhng mc
tiu v ang l mt nghuyn nhn dn n nhng
kin tng mang tnh chnh tr nghim trng chng li
sc cha Bc M. Ti nhng ch chnh tr - x
hi khc th vic nht tr ny c th khng c tm
quan trng nh vy.
IU KIN 9: PHI t c s nht tr v vic
gii hn sc cha th hin s ngi n thm khu
VC MC TI A HAY LA CHN Mc d vn ny cha bao gi c cp mt
cch r rng Bc M ni m sc cha/hn ch
c thit lp, th iu kin ny li c quan h rt
khng kht vi vic qun l cc gii hn. V d nu

mc sc cha th hin s khch du lch ti a

c php, v sc cha vt qu nhu cu thc t
(mc s dng), th bt k s thiu hiu qa no
trong phng thc hot ng ca h thng o kim
u c th c lng th mt cch d dng. Nhng
ngc li, mc sc cha th hin phng thc la
chn, th cc nh qun l cn tin hnh nhng cng
vic bo m rng s ngi n khu vc c bo
v c th ln ti mc ti a ca sc cha bt k khi
no c th. Vn ny c bit quan trng i vi
cc khu vc c bo v c tnh ph thuc cht ch
vo ngi s dng vo l ph thm quan, v s lun
c sc p lm tng s lng khch du lch n thm
quan v mt khch ra vo khu vc .
H

thng
k
hoch
cc gii hn thay i c th chp nhn c

H thng cc gii hn c th thay i c (vit tt

theo ting Anh l LAC) c a ra trong bi cnh
M, ngi ta ngy cng nhn thc c rng cc iu
kin m da vo sc cha gii tr c th c xc
nh v thc hin hu nh khng h tn ti. Ngc
li, h thng cc gii hn c th thay i (h thng
LAC) li tp trung vo vic nhn bit cc ngun lc
c th t c v c th chp nhn c v cc iu
kin x hi. LAC bao gm nhng kin thc v nh
gi gi tr ca vic xc nh nhng mc s dng

v tc ng c cho l hp l, trn c s c hiu

bit rng nhng mc ny c xy dng trn c
s cc nh gi x hi v cc iu kin thch hp, v
mc thay i s c php (hay s khng c
php) thc hin. Do , qu trnh a ra quyt nh
phi tch bit cc quyt nh mang tnh k thut khi
cc nh gi v gi tr, v qu trnh a ra quyt nh
phi c hng ti nhng nh gi mang tnh
cng khai, r rng v c th tin hnh c. LAC
cng nhn s cn thit ca vic tng hp, kt tinh
nhng nhn xt ca rt nhiu ngi tham gia trc
khi thc hin cng tc qun l. Bng cch thc ny,
phng php s dng LAC c th kt hp v xc
nhn cho mi mt nguyn tc v qun l khch du
lch c ni n phn trn. y l mt qu trnh
m qua cc iu kin (v d cc iu kin s 1, 3
v 8) c th c tho mn.
Ti Hp Chng Quc Hoa K, LAC trong ln u
c p dng nhm vo nhng khu vc hoang d
do U Ban Bo V Rng Hp Chng Quc Hoa K
(USDA Forest Service) qun l. K t thi im ,
ngi ta tin hnh thm nhng cng vic tng t
nhng khu vc c bo v khc v vi s cng
tc ca cc c quan qun l t ai khc. Mt s h
thng tng t cng c xy dng v a ra gii
thiu, v d nh Qu Trnh Qun L Hot ng Ca
Khch Du Lch (vit tt theo ting Anh l VAMP)

c p dng ti Parks Canada (Graham, 1989),

Qun L Tc ng Ca Khch Du Lch (vit tt theo
ting Anh l VIM), phng php ny c pht trin
bi Graefe et al.(1990), v qu trnh hoch nh c
tn Cht Lng Chuyn i Ca Khch Du Lch v
Bo V Cc Ngun Lc (vit tt theo ting Anh l
VERP) (Manning et al., 1995) do U Ban Cng Vin
Quc Gia Hp Chng Quc Hoa K (USDI National
Park Service) pht trin. Mi trong s cc h thng
ny thin v tp trung vo nhng iu kin c t
ra i vi khu vc c bo v hn l vic xc nh
mc s dng mc no l c th chp nhn c
trong khu vc . iu ny cho php ngi ta c th
kt lun rng mt gii php n gin ch quan tm
n con s s khng th lm tho mn cc nh qun
l cc khu vc c bo v.
Nh c nht tr t u, v s c m t chi tit
hn trong Stankey et al. (1985), LAC bao gm 9
bc gp li to thnh khi nim "c th chp nhn
c" v tng th phong ph ca cc ngun lc v
cc iu kin x hi. Tuy LAC khng phi l mt
khi nim hon ton mi m, nhng LAC li nhm
vo vic nng cao cht lng qun l hot ng gii
tr cc khu vc hoang d bng cch xc nh v
qun l nhm t c cc mc tiu c th m c th
o kim c Stankey et al. (1985). Dng nh LAC
rt thch hp cho vic i mt vi cc vn phc

tp gp phi trong qun l cc khu vc c bo v,

c bit l trong bi cnh lun c nhng thay i x
hi v chnh tr nh hin nay. Chn bc c trnh
by di y cho thy rng LAC l mt h thng xy
dng k hoch rt thch hp cho vic sa i ph
hp vi nhng nhu cu c th vo tng thi im; v
rng kh nng ca LAC trong vic h tr nng cao
cht lng qun l nn du lch da trn c s thin
nhin l rt tim tng.
BC 1: XC NH nhng gi tr c bit, cc
vn v nhng mi quan tm ca khu vc: Cc
cng dn, nhng nh qun l v nhng ngi khc
quan tm n khu vc phi gp nhau xc nh xem
nhng c im c bit no hay nhng c im c
o no ca khu vc c bo v cn phi c quan
tm, nhng vn hay mi quan tm no v qun l
cn c gii quyt, vn no c d lun cho l
quan trng nht trong vic qun l khu vc c bo
v , v khu vc c bo v c vai tr g i
vi ton b vng cng nh i vi quc gia. Cc
nh khoa hc c th tr gip bng cch cung cp v
chn lc thng tin cha c cng b rng ri cho
cc nh qun l v cng chng. Bc ny cho php
nng cao hiu bit song phng v cc c s ngun
ti nguyn thin nhin (v d nh s nhy cm ca
mt s loi mi trng c th i vi vic s dng
gii tr v pht trin du lch), mt khi nim chung v

vic c th thc hin qun l cc ngun lc nh th

no, v nhng nt cn tp trung v cc vn qun l
ch o. LAC thc s mang tnh cht ca mt qu
trnh nhm vo vic gii quyt tng vn . Cc vn
c m t trong bc ny cn phi c lu
trong sut qu trnh lp k hoch.
BC 2: XC NH V M T CC HNG
C HI GII TR: a s cc khu vc c bo v
u c nhng c im sinh l rt a dng, v nhng
mc sinh hot v s dng ca con ngi rt khc
nhau. Nh cp trn y, loi hnh qun l nu
mun thch hp i vi cc c im khc nhau v
cc khu vc khc nhau, rt c th cng khc nhau
trong ton b khu vc. Cc hng c hi cho bit cc
tiu vng hoc cc vng ni nhng iu kin v x
hi, ngun lc hoc cc iu kin v qun l s c
duy tr. Vic xc nh khi nim cc loi c hi c
th xut pht t cc quy nh c bn ca h thng
Hnh nh Ho C Hi Gii Tr (ting Anh l
Recreation Oppotunity Spectrum) c U.S Forest
Service p dng rng ri (Clark v Stanley, 1979)
a ra nhng m t chi tit v cc iu kin v ngun
lc, cc iu kin x hi v qun l c coi l ph
hp v c th chp nhn c i vi tng c hi
gii tr.

Hnh nh Ho C Hi Gii Tr phn chia thnh 6

hng c hi t s khai (mt khu vc tng i rng
ln vi mi trng thin nhin v c bit l cha b
thay i) ti thnh th (mt khu vc c c im ni
tri l th ho v t nhin c thay i rt
nhiu). Mi loi li m t mi quan h khng kht
gia cc iu kin x hi, iu kin qun l v iu
kin mi trng. V d, mc khch du lch cao s
tng ng vi s xut hin qun l c th nhn thy
mt cch d dng v s bin khu vc thnh mt a
im gii tr pht trin hn. Cc nh qun l s c
gng khng nhng m t cc iu kin trong cng
mt loi, m ngoi ra cn m t s phn b cc loi
c hi gii tr ny trn ton khu vc c bo v.
Nh c trnh by ti Nguyn tc 3, mt iu r
rng l s a dng cc c hi l mt mc tiu quan
trng ca cng tc qun l cc khu vc c bo v.
BC 3 : LA CHN cc tiu ch th hin ca
cc ngun lc v cc iu kin x hi - Cc tiu ch
th hin l nhng yu t c th ca cc ngun lc v
cc iu kin x hi c la chn th hin (hoc
lm cng c phn nh) cc iu kin c coi l
thch hp v c th chp nhn c tng hng c
hi. V ngi ta khng th o c cc iu kin v
nhng thay i i vi tng ngun lc hay c im
x hi trong mt khu vc c bo v, nn mt s
tiu ch uc la chn phn nh tnh trng

chung ca ton b khu vc c bo v, cng nh

vic ngi ta thng cn c vo huyt p nh gi
sc kho ca c th con ngi. Cc tiu ch phi
phn nh c trc tip cc iu kin m tng hng
c hi quy nh v v vy cc tiu ch phn nh
ng v chnh xc nhng c im ca chuyn i ca
khch du lch v cc ngun lc ca mi trng. Cc
tiu ch nn mang tnh ph thuc, ng tin cy v lp
i lp li. Chng cng cn phi thch ng d dng vi
cc dng c o kim v s lng khng mang tnh
nguy him v chng phi phn nh mt cch y
v thch ng vi nhng thay i v mc s dng
gii tr. Cc tiu ch l mt phn khng th thiu ca
h thng LAC v tnh trng ca chng c s dng
phn nh tnh trng chung ca ton b hng c hi
no . Mt tiu ch n l c th khng miu t mt
cch trn vn tnh trng ca ton b khu vc. Tuy
nhin, mt tp hp cc tiu ch c th c s dng
kim sot tnh trng v nh gi mc hiu qu
ca rt nhiu phn trong cc loi cng tc qun l
khc nhau.
BC 4 : KIM K cc ngun lc v cc iu
kin x hi - Cng tc kim k c th lm tn nhiu
thi gian v l mt phn tn km trong k hoch.
Trong quy trnh LAC, vic kim k c thc hin
theo mt tiu ch th hin c la chn trong Bc
3. V d, mc v kiu loi pht trin, mt s

dng v nhng tc ng do con ngi gy ra i vi

cc ngun lc ca cng vin c th o m c.
Nhng bin th khc, v d nh a im ca cc vt
th c trng, cc c s vt cht v cc li ra vo, c
th c xy dng v p dng c th t c mt
s hiu bit cao hn v cc hn ch v c hi ca khu
vc. Nhng d liu v kim k s c th ho
cc tnh trng ca cc tiu ch th hin nhng v tr
khc nhau u c bit n. Vic kim k cng
ng gp vo vic cung cp d liu thng tin v cc
tnh trng c bit c th hu ch cho qu trnh pht
trin nhng tiu chun c th t c v mang tnh
thc t.
BC 5 : QUY NH chi tit nhng tiu chun
i vi ngun lc v cc iu kin x hi cho tng
hng c hi - Trong bc ny, tp hp cc iu kin
c th v c th o m c ca tng tiu ch th
hin s c xc nh. Vic xc nh cc iu kin
ny bng cc phng tin o c v c th s lm c
s cho vic thit lp mt tp hp a dng v c o
cc mi trng gii tr. Cc tiu chun s gip cho
vic xc nh "cc gii hn c th chp nhn c".
Chng th hin mc tc ng ti a c coi l c
th chp nhn c trong mt hng c hi c th;
chng khng cn thit phi l nhng mc tiu t
ti. Trong khi nhng tiu chun cho vic xc nh tp
hp cc iu kin c th c chp nhn tng hng

c hi phi c tnh hin thc, chng cng phi c tc

dng ch khng th ch n thun ch l nhng iu
kin (m rt c th cn l khng th chp nhn c)
hin c. Chng s khng c coi l nhng tiu
chun r rng ca vic xung cp; tuy nhin, nu cc
iu kin hin ti l c th chp nhn c mc ti
thiu, chng cn c coi l mt c hi nng cao,
ci thin cc iu kin bng cch thit lp nn nhng
tiu chun mang tnh nghim ngt hn (Stankey et
al., 1985).
BC 6 : XC NH cc a im hng gii tr
thay th - Hu ht cc khu vc c bo v c th
c qun l bng mt vi cch thc khc nhau. Cc
cng vin v cc khu vc c bo v thng khc
nhau c bn v mc pht trin, mt ngi
(ngi sinh sng nh c hay ch l khch du lch), v
cc c hi gii tr c cung cp. Trong bc ny,
cc loi hnh khc nhau la chn s c xc
nh. S dng cc thng tin ca Bc 1 (cc vn
v mi quan tm ca khu vc) v Bc 4 (kim k
cc iu kin hin ti), cc nh qun l v nhng
ngi dn c th bt y cng khm ph xem cc a
im hng c hi khc nhau c th th hin c n
mc no cc mi quan tm, cc vn v cc gi
tr ang bn ci. Cc tp hp khc nhau v s hon
chuyn nn c coi l mt phng thc lm r
nhng u im ca a im l g. y l mt

bc i mang tnh quy lut - cng ging nh nhng

bc i khc to dng nn ci m cn phi to
dng - v do vy cn phi c s tham gia ca cc nh
hoch nh chnh sch, cc nh qun l v cng
chng . Vic cung cp cc a im thay th s cho
php tin hnh vic kim tra, nh gi, v la chn
sau ny.
BC 7 : XC NH cc hot ng qun l cho
tng hnh thc thay th - Cc a im thay th
c trnh by ti Bc 6 trn y ch l bc i u
tin ca qu trnh pht trin mt phng thc la
chn ti u. Cc cc nh qun l v cng chng u
cn bit cn phi thc hin loi hnh hot ng qun
l no t c hay duy tr cc iu kin mong
mun. V mt kha cnh no , Bc 7 ny i hi
vic phn tch cc chi ph ( c xc nh v cng
nhn rng ri) s c p dng trong mi phng
thc thay th. V d, ngi ta c th mong mun bo
v mt khu vc no khi bt k s pht trin v
khc phc bt k tc ng no nu iu bo m
c rng khu vc s c duy tr trong tnh trng
nguyn khai. Tuy nhin, phng php thay th li c
th i hi qa nhiu cam kt v ti chnh t
c mc ch trn v thc hin mc ch (v d:
ng ca thc s, khng phc v cng chng thm
mt thi gian na), v i hi ny lm cho phng
thc thay th khng cn tnh hp dn. Xin lu rng

cc hot ng qun l nn c tnh c th v nht qun

vi cc hng c hi c xc nh t trc v
cc iu kin c kim k, xc minh. Theo
Stankey et al. (1985), "bng cch duy tr cc iu
kin mc tt hn so vi cc tiu chun c i
hi, mt s a dng" l hon ton c th trong tm
tay. Cole et al. (1987) cho chng ta mt s nh
gi rt hu ch v cc hot ng la chn cho vic
qun l vic s dng gii tr cc khu vc hoang d.
BC 8 : NH GI v la chn bin php
thay th ti u - Trong bi cnh thy c cc mc
chi ph v li ch khc nhau ca cc bin php thay
th , cc nh qun l v cng chng c th tin hnh
ti giai on nh gi. C quan qun l, trn c s
nhng kin ng gp ca cng chng, c th la
chn mt phng thc thay th ph hp nht. Vic
nh gi phi bao hm nhiu yu t, nhng mi v d
u phi cha ng mc ph hp ca tng bin
php thay th i vi nhng vn c quy nh ti
Bc 1, cc yu cu v qun l ca Bc 7, v kin
ca cng chng. Mt iu quan trng l cc yu t
c a vo s dng trong qu trnh nh gi v
mc u vit ca chng phi c lm r v cng
khai cho cng chng bit kim chng. Mt iu
ti cn thit l phi phn tch cc mc chi ph v li
ch ca tng bin php thay th v phi xc nh
c nhng li ch s phc v cho ai.

BC 9 : THC hin cc hnh ng v gim st

cc iu kin - Vi mt phng thc thay th cui
cng c la chn v c cc ngi a ra
quyt nh thng qua thnh mt chnh sch, cc hot
ng qun l cn thit c tin hnh v mt chng
trnh gim st c hnh thnh. Trong nhiu trng
hp, mt k hoch thc hin chi tit ho cc hnh
ng, chi ph, vn nhn s, lch trnh v trch
nhim, phi bo m c rng vic tin hnh c
din ra vo ng thi gian quy nh. Chng trnh
gim st nn tp trung vo cc tiu ch th hin c
la chn trong Bc 3 v so snh tnh trng ca
nhng tiu ch th hin ny vi nhng quy nh ca
cc tiu chun. Thng tin ny c th c s dng
nh gi s thnh cng (hay ngc li, s tht bi)
ca cc hot ng , v c th tc dng ngc tr
li mt cch c h thng i vi vic thc hin
chng trnh qun l. Nu cc iu kin khng c
ci thin, th nn tng cng cc hot ng qun l
hoc nn p dng cc hot ng qun l khc. Cole
(1989) v Marion (1991) a ra nhng phng
thc gim st cc iu kin ca cc a im cm
tri cc khu vc hoang d.
Ni tm li, quy trnh LAC to ra mt khun kh
suy ngh v cc vn pht trin v qun l gii tr.
y l khun kh cng nhn tnh cht phc tp
mang tnh thc cht ca cc vn pht trin, nhng

n cng gii thiu mt quy trnh i mt mt cch

hiu qu vi s phc tp ny m khng phi gnh
chu nhng hu qu qu thit thi. Bng cch kt hp
chuyn mn k thut ca nhng nh hoch nh
chnh sch v cc nh khoa hc vi vic cng chng
t c nhng kin thc c gi tr, cng vi vic
tha nhn r rng tm quan trng ca s tham gia ca
cng chng vo qu trnh a ra kin quyt nh,
LAC c th dn ti nhng quyt nh cht ch, kn k
hn vi kh nng thc thi cao hn.
LAC t chng minh l mt khun kh c tnh
thch nghi cao qua vic c p dng rt nhiu
loi khu vc c bo v. Nhng th tc m LAC
quy nh khng phi c t ra p dng mt cch
my mc cho mi tnh hung. Ngc li, cc nh
qun l coi LAC l mt h thng cc nguyn tc
m t h c th pht trin, xy dng nhng h
thng k hoch tng t hay mang tnh phi sinh.
Bng cch lm vic vi cc iu kin m theo
cng tc lp k hoch s c thc hin, cc nh
qun l c th trnh vic phi bn khon v s phc
tp v cc hu qu ca quy trnh hoch nh. Bng
cch ly cc nguyn tc c trnh by trong chng
ny lm xng sng cho qu trnh hoch nh ca
mnh, cc nh qun l vn c th xy dng mt quy
trnh ph hp vi kh nng v/hoc nng lc ca t
chc cng nh mi trng ca h.

Mt v d cho h thng k hoch c xy dng da

trn khun kh LAC l H Thng Qun L Du Lch
La Chn (vit tt theo ting Anh l TOMM) do nc
Australia xy dng (Manidis Roberts consultants,
1997). TOMM l mt phng php qun l c lp
nn gim st v qun l hot ng du lch o
Kangaroo , mt hn o chuyn dnh cho vic ngh
ngi v trng trt ngoi b bin pha Nam quc gia
ny, v hn o ny thng xuyn thu ht chng
150.000 khch du lch mi nm. Cng ging nh
LAC, yu t u tin ca TOMM cng l vic phn
tch bi cnh m cng vic hoch nh chnh sch s
c din ra. Cng ging nh Bc 1 ca LAC v
xc nh cc gi tr x hi, cc vn v cc mi
quan tm, giai on u tin ca TOMM l xc nh
nhng gi tr cng ng cng nh cc kin ng
gp v chnh sch v k hoch ca rt nhiu ngi c
lin quan. Qu trnh phn tch bi cnh ca TOMM
cng bao gm c vic kim tra cc sn phm du lch
v cc xu hng v c hi ca th trng du lch ca
hn o, cng rt tng t vi Bc 2 ca LAC v
xc nh nhng c hi gii tr. Trong khi LAC nhn
mnh v cht lng ca mi trng v cht lng
chuyn i ca khch du lch, th TOMM li tp trung
hn vo mc bn vng ca ngnh du lch. C nh
th cho n cui, TOMM tip tc xc nh v kim
k nhng iu kin la chn c kh nng c c
trong du lch (v kinh t, th trng, mi trng, cht

lng chuyn i v vn ho - x hi). Yu t th 2

ca TOMM l xy dng nhng tiu ch th hin v
cc khong dao ng c th chp nhn c ca cc
tiu ch th hin trong mt k hoch gim st nm,
rt ging vi Bc 3 ca LAC. Lin quan n cc d
liu c c nh chng trnh gim st, yu t th ba
ca TOMM to ra nhng la chn loi hot ng
qun l ph hp cho ngnh du lch.
Ging nh LAC, TOMM c xy dng t c
chuyn mn k thut trong ngnh du lch v trong
quan h vi chnh ph cng vi cc kin thc v
cng ng v cc nhm lm cng tc bo tn, v
phng php ny l nhm phc v cc i tng lin
quan khc nhau vi nhng mi quan tm khc nhau
(Manidis Roberts consultants, 1997). TOMM cng
th hin kh nng ca mt quy trnh k hoch tun
theo nhng nguyn tc c quy nh ti chng ny
p dng cp vng i vi mt tp th dn chng
a dng v ch chim hu t nhn v t. C LAC
v TOMM chuyn t vic t ra cc gii hn hay
sc cha sang tp trung vo cc iu kin tt nht v
mt quy trnh mang tnh m v r rng hng ti
vic t c v duy tr nhng iu kin .
Kt lun
Quy trnh k hoch Cc Gii Hn Thay i C Th
Chp Nhn c v cc phng thc c pht trin

da theo nh trng hp ca TOMM, th hin

mt bc tin trin su sc ca vn khi nim ho
so vi phng php sc cha gii tr. Tuy nhin,
LAC ch to ra mt khun kh xc nh cc hot
ng qun l ph hp. LAC khng xc nh c th
phi tin hnh nhng cng vic g, ai s tin hnh v
u. Cc k nng v qun l, kinh nghim ca cng
chng v ti nng ca cc nh khoa hc vn l nhng
nhu cu ca phng php ny. LAC gip cho vic
gii quyt nhng vn v qun l c hiu qu
hn so vi trc kia. Nu chng ta hiu c nhng
nguyn tc m LAC da vo, v cc iu kin m t
vic qun l khch du lch ti cc khu vc c
bo v s c tin hnh, th iu s gip ch rt
nhiu trong vic a ra nhng h thng k hoch ph
hp hn vi nhu cu v nng lc ca tng c quan
qun l, v ph hp hn vi s phc tp ca vic
hoch nh khu vc c bo v trong giai on ny,
mt giai on y nhng thay i v chnh tr v x
hi.
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chng 7
Qun l tham quan du lch sinh thi
cc khu bo tn
Jeffrey L. Marion v Tracy A. Farrell
Gii thiu
Du lch sinh thi ang pht trin m rng trn ton
th gii, to ra cc ngun thu quan trng v khch l
vt cht tim n bo v mi trng thin nhin.
Qun l du lch sinh thi cn lng ghp v cn i
mt s mc tiu c kh nng gy mu thun nh: bo
v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v nhn vn, to
c hi ngh dng v to cc ngun thu kinh t.
Khng c s qun l v hoch nh hu hiu, du lch
sinh thi co th mang n cc tc ng tiu cu tai
hi cho t, nc, cuc sng hoang d, di tch lch s,
vn ho (chng hn nh s mt i s quan tm n
cc tp tc truyn thng, v thm ch n c chuyn
i ca du khch (chng hn nh s ng c du
khch tham quan v cc mu thun). Cc tc ng
nh vy c th mang sc thi c v mt sinh thi ln
vn ho v c th nh hng tiu cc n tho
mn ca du khch tham quan. Lng khch tham
quan c th ri sau s gim i cng vi cc li ch

mang tnh cht kinh t vaf cc khuyn khch vt cht

nhm bo v ti nguyn (Mieczkow, 1995).
Chng ny s a ra mt ci nhn tng qut ngn
gn v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin lin quan n du
lchv cc tc ng tiu cc i i vi du lch sinh
thi cc khu bo tn thin nhin. Cc tc ng ca
du lch sinh thi c th l nguyn nhn ca s pht
trin v qun l cc c s vt cht du lch chng hn
nh ng x, nh ngh, trung tm du khch v cc
khu cm tri v c th do s tham quan ca du khch
n cc khu bo tn pht trin hoc cha pht
trin. Phn chnh ca chng ny tp trung vo vic
qun l cc nh hng do s tham quan ca du khch
em n cc khu bo tn thin nhin, n bao hm s
s dng mang tnh a phng, khu vc, quc gia v
quc t. Thut ng khu tham quan ngh dng
thng mun ni n s ving thm mang tnh ni
a trong khi thut ng du lch sinh thi thng
thin v cc chuyn ving thm mang tnh quc t, n
ph thuc vo cc ti nguyn thin nhin v nhn
vn. Hu ht cc nh ngha v du lch sinh thi nhn
mnh iu kin rng s tham quan mang tnh nhy
cm i vi mi trng v vn ho u gn lin vi
nguyn tc tc ng thp. Tuy nhin, khch du lch
sinh thi vn i b, cm tri v li nhng tc ng
thy c ti cc khu bo tn - nhng tc ng m
thng b lm ln vi loi do cc khch du lch thng

thng, khch du lch i vui chi gii tr v thm ch

dn bn a. Cc nh qun l t khi c th phn bit
c nhng ngun gc khc nhau ca cc loi tc
ng ny, v th h gp chng li vi nhau trong cc
thut ng chung chung hn nh du khch, s tham
quan v cc tc ng ca du khch. U cng th,
ngi ta ang s dng cc th d mang tnh quc t
minh ho cc tc ng ny v nhn mnh cc kha
cnh lin quan ca n.
Cc ng ph truyn thng i cc tc ng du khch
l a ra cc tiu chun sc cha gii hn cc
lng khch tham quan. Tuy nhin, vic nghin cu
cho thy c rt nhiu yu t nh hng cc cp
ca vn nh vy v cch ng ph lm gim lng
khch tham quan thng khng phi l gii php
qun l hu hiu v thnh hnh. Do vy, chng ny
cng s nh gi hiu qu ca cc tc nhn nh
hng khc na trong bao gm loi s dng v
hnh vi du khch, s khng v cc thuc tnh phc
hi ca mi trng chng hn nh thm thc vt, loi
t v vai tr ca qun l trong vic hnh thnh s
tham quan, ngun lc v cc c s vt cht k thut
phc v s tham quan trong khi gim thiu cc tc
ng c th ny sinh. Qun l c hiu qu i hi
vic phn loi loi hnh, mc tc ng, vai tr v
nh hng ca cc nhn t trung gian. Quyt nh
hnh thnh chun mc chng hn nh cc Gii hn

Cho php S thay i cng i hi ngi qun l

trc ht phi xc nh cc nguyn nhn tim n ca
cc tc ng gip cho vic chn la cc bin php
qun l hu hiu. Phn cui ca chng ny s nh
gi v a ra s hng dn trong vic la chn cc
hnh ng thch hp mt lot cc chin lc qun l
khc nhau v chin thut hu hiu lm gim cc tc
ng ca du khch.
Bn cht v ngha ca cc tc ng du lch
Du khch v cc tc ng do tham quan ang l cc
mi e ngi ngy cng tng cho cc nh qun l cc
khu bo tn. Th nhng cng c c cc mi e do
bn ngoi cho cc khu bo tn (v d: cc tp
qun s dng t ca c dn khu vc vn). S
xung cp mi trngdo xy dng c s vt cht k
thut v s tham quan ca du khch l nhng mi e
do bn trong quan trng (Machlis and Tichnell,
1985). Cc tc ng ti nguyn v x hi hay nhng
tc ng mang tnh hng th, chng hn nh s
ng c du khch v cc mu thun, cng c th
nh hng n chuyn tham quan ca du khch. Ti
cc khu bo tn danh ting, khch n tham quan
ng thm vo l vic thiu ngn sch v nhn
vin r rng l c th dn n vic xo trn x hi v
lm gim i cht lng tham quan ca du khch. cc
chnh sch v lut l ca chnh ph v phi chnh ph

i vi cc khu vc ny thng yu cu cc nh qun

l to iu kin h tr ch s tham quan ca du
khch trong khi phi bo gi gn bo ton cc tin
trin v ti nguyn thin nhin. Vic cho php khch
vo tham quan s chc chn to ra mt s cc tc
ng khng th trnh khi. Phn ny s vn tt nh
gimt vi ngun du khch v cc tc ng tham
quan ca du khch v tho lun ngha ca chng
i vi cc khu ba tn.
Tc ng ti nguyn ca du khch
Hin nay ti liu mang tnh kinh nghim v s xung
cp ca mi trng trc tip gy ra bi khch du lch
sinh thi trong cc nc ang php trin vn cn hn
ch. Phn ln ca bn nghin cu nyc tin hnh
trong cc nc pht trin, trong cc vn quc gia v
cc khu ng vt hoang d ni m khng ch dnh
cho cc hot ng du lch sinh thi. Phn ti liu ny
hay lin h n sinh thi hc du lch (Cole, 1987)
mang tnh ng dng trc tip n qun l du lch sinh
thi. Cc nghin cu sinh thi hc m t cc loi
hnh, khi lng v t l thay i sinh thi do s s
dng ca du khch gy ra bao gm cc yu t qun l
v lin quan n s s dng mi trng nh hng
n s thay i ny (Marion and Rogers, 1994). Cc
kin thc thu c t nhng nguyn tc ngy c th
h tr cc nh qun l khu bo tn trong vic lp h

s v gim st nhng nh hng do s s dng ca

du khch, hiu bit v mi quan h v cc nh hng
mang tnh tng i ca cc nhn t ci m nh
hng n c trng v tnh d di ca cc tc ng
ti nguyn, v chn la ra cc chin lc v hnh
ng hu hiu lm bn vng v m rng du lch
sinh thi trong khi vn gim thiu c cc tc ng
lin quan n ti nguyn thin nhin.
Xy dng nh tr, trung tm du khch v cc c s
khc (khc vi s s dng c s vt cht ca du
khch) l mt loi tc ng lin quan n du lch sinh
thi xy ra trong cc khu bo tn. Nhiu c s vt
cht, thng qu c v kch c, c xy dng
trong cc khu vc sinh thi nhy cm. Mt lot cc
hot ng lin quan n s s dng ca du lch sinh
thi (bao gm i b,, cm tri, xem ng vt hoang
d, i thuyn, lt sng, ln v ci nga) ang c
thc hin cng gp phn cho cc tc ng ln ngun
ti nguyn. Cc nghin cu v sinh thi hc du lch
in hnh ang tp trung n cc tc ng ti nguyn
lin quan ca cc hot ng ph bin ny. Xin xem
thm cc nh gi su v sinh thi hc du lch ca
Cole (1987), Hammitt and Cole (1987), Knight and
Gutzwiller (19995), Kuss et al. (1990), Lile (1997)
and Mieczkowwski (1995).

Cc loi tc ng ln ti nguyn xy ra cc khu bo

tn tu theo hot ng ca du khch. chng hn,
thm thc vt v s xo trn t l do si dm lin
quan n cc hot ng i b, ci NGA V CM
TRI. mc thp, s xo trn ny lm gim i
cao ca thm thc vt mt t, che ph v khi
sinh vt, v c th lm bin dng cc thnh phn da
thc vt do lm mt i cc loi vng nhy cm (Cole,
1995 a; Sun and Lile, 1993). Mc cao hn cu s
cy si ny l lm mt i hon ton thm thc vt
mt t v gy thay i cc hp phn thc vt cng
nh lm mt i cc ht ging cy, cy con v cy bi.
S si dm cng ph hu i nhng l v cc lp t
mn nhng ci m hoc c th b mt i trong qu
trnh xi mn hoc b trn ln vi lp t khong bn
di. Lp t ny b l thin v tr thnh d bin
dng bi gi hoc nc xi mn v b ln cht li
(Cole, 1982; Marion and Merriam, 1985a: Monti and
Mackintosh, 1979). S ln t s lm hp l kh t
v s thm thu nc m do lm tng lng nc
chy b mt v si mn t.
S hnh thnh, pht trin v iu kin ca cc con
ng du lch v ni cm tri l nhng mi e ngi
tim n v mt qun l i vi cc hot ng lin
quan nh i b, ci nga v cm tri. Gia tng thm
cho cc nh hng ca s si dm c m t trn,
cc tc ng ca ng mn cn bao gm s m qu

rng con ng i b, ly li, si mn v vic pht

trin thnh con ng a s dng trong phm vi hnh
lang con ng (Cole, 1983; Marion et al., 1993).
Thm vo , cc mi lo ngi lin quan n cm tri
cn bao gm s pht trin khu cm tri, mt qu
dy ca khu cm tri trong cc khu vc danh ting,
s m rng din tch khu cm tri v c bit l cc
trng hp mt thm thc vt v si mn t nghim
trng (cole, 1990). Thng th cc hot ng ny nh
hng ngay lp tc cc cp a dng khc nhau ca ti
nguyn. Chng hn, hai cuc iu tra cp quc t v
cc vn quc gia cho bit tnh trng mt thm
thc vt, rng qu ln ca con ng mn v s
si mn t, s xo trn sng hoang d v s mt
i mi trng sinh cnh, v nhng nh hng n
ngun nc l vic xy ra bnh thng (Giongo dt al.,
1994; Machlis and Tichnell, 1985).
Tham quan ng vt hoang d l mt trong nhng
hot ng ph bin nht gn lin vi du lch sinh thi,
v cng ng gp hng lot cc tc ng c gin tip
ln trc tip n mi trng sinh cnh ca cuc sng
hoang d. Si dm hay s i li ca cc phng tin
giao thng c th trc tip lm xuy thoi mi trng
sng ca ng vt hoang d, v s c mt ca du
khch c th lm xo trn n cc hot ng chnh
ca cuc sng hoang d chng hn n, ng, giao phi
v nui con (Knight and Cole, 1995a). Galapagos

Island, vic s dng ng mn lm thay i cc

v tr lm t ca chim v xo trn hnh vi lm t ca
loi chim c chn xanh v (Burger and Gochfield,
1993). Cho th n v qut ry i sng hoang d
cng to nn nhng s thay i tp tnh phi t nhin
bao gm cc phn ng hc c chng hn nh s
hp dn, thi quen (ang mt dn i phn s t
nhin), hoc s lng trnh (Knight and Cole 1991) v
c th dn n vic hnh thnh s da dm v thc n
mt cch phi t nhin v khng lnh mnh. Thm
vo , cc c gng trnh loi ngi c th dn
n s chuyn di cuc sng hoang d i khi cc v
tr no (s chuyn ri mang tnh khng gian) trong
cc qung thi gian no (s chuyn ri mang tnh
thi gian), thng gy nn ngun thc n km cht
lng hn, s che ph t hn, s cnh tranh v s n
tht ln nhau tng ln. Vn Quc gia Amboseli,
Chu Phi, phn ng vi vic s dng con ng v
s tp trung cc loi phng tin giao thng, loi bo
G Pa trnh n cc hot ng du lch hoc chm
tr trong vic sn mi v mt s cc hot ng khc
(Haysmith and Hunt, 1995).
Vic qun l tham quanng vt hoang d th phc
tp, thc t ng vt hoang d phn ng vi cc hot
ng du lch th rt a dng, ph thuc vo hnh vi
ca du khch, bi cnh ca s xo trn, v cc phn
ng hc c ca ng vt hoang d (Knight and

Cole, 19955b). Cc phn ng ny thng khng ng

nht, thm ch mt loi c th hay qun th. S xo
trn nhiu c th ti t dn n s bin i cu trc
hoc qui m qun th i sng hoang d do gim t l
sinh hoc tng t l t vong cc loi c th tr nn
tuyt chng cc b, hoc loi mi, thm ch loi phi
bn a c th thm nhp.
Cc tc ng ngun nc bao gm c dng nhim
vt l v sinh hc. Chng hn cc tc ng vt l bao
gm cht l lng trong nc v c do vic si
mn t hoc do xo ng lp trm tch y, cht
dinh dng t x phng hoc cht cn b, v d
lng du v ga t my thuyn (Hammitt and Cole,
1987, Kuss et al., 1990; Liddle and Scorgie, 1980).
Cc tc ng sinh hc gn lin vi s tham quan bao
gm cc vi rt, vi khun gy bnh, v ng vt
nguyn sinh tt c u c mt tim n trong phn
ngi (Hammitt and Cole, 1987; Kuss et al., 1990).
S c mt ca cc cht gy bn thng c nh gi
da trn s xut hin cu cht coliform c trong phn
v vi khun gy nhim trng (streptococcus bacteria)
loi tuy khng gy bnh nhng li l nhng tc nhn
bo hiu s nhim bnh cht thi ca ngi v gia
sc. (cc sinh vt gy bnh, chng hn nh sinh vt
n bo Giardia lamblia tuy gy bnh v c nguy c
gy hi n sc kho cng ng.)

Bi ln c ng th hoc ln c bnh kh nn ang l

cc hot ng du lch sinh thi ph bin v c th gy
ra cc tn hi mang tnh vt l cho cc rn san h (do
c du khch ln vic neo thuyn), s khuy ng
hoc cho c n phi t nhin v thu lm cc cy san
h. Theo Salm (19986), mc tc ng i vi cc
rn san h tu thuc vo kch c v hnh dng cc rn
san h, cc hot ng, v kinh nghim cu ngi s
dng. Trong mt nghin cu v cc tc ng ca bi
ln c ng th v ln c bnh kh nn mt khu du
lch ti Ai Cp, cc khu vc b s dng nhiu dc
theo rn san h cho thy s thu hp v din tch v t
l bao ph ca loi san h, v mt con s ln cc
mng vn san h (Hawkins and Roberts, 1993). Cc
khu vc s dng t cng b xung cp, biu th s suy
thoi ng k trong chiu cao v ng knh trung
bnh. Bn nghin cu cng ghi nhn rng c s tc
ng n cc v khch du lch khc khi h nhn thy
cc rn san h b tn ph
Tc ng tham quan ca du khch
 
S ng du khch v cc mu thun l hai loi tc
ng ch yu mang tnh x hi v cht lng chuyn
tham quan. Wagar (11964) bo co trc ht rng s
ng c c th lm gim i s hng th mang tnh
thm m v gim i c hi c trm lng yn

tnh. S ng c c bn c tnh trn c s cc

thnh phn mang tnh vt l c o bng mt du
khch (Gramann, 1982). Cc n lc nghin cu trc
y cho bit khi mt ngi s dng tng ln,
tho mn s gim i (Heberlein and Shelby, 1977)
khin cho cc nh qun l tp trung vo vic xc nh
s lng du khch cho php trnh tnh trng ng
c.
Nghin cu sau ny cho bit s tng v s lng du
khch khng lun lun, hay trc tip, lm gim i
tho mn ca du khch (Absher and L, 1981;
Shelby, 1980). Thc t, mt khng c nh gi
mt cch tiu cc nh s ng c du khch cho n
tn khi ngi ta cm thy b can thip hoc cc mc
ch hay cht lng chuyn i b ph v (Fishbein
and Ajzen, 1975; Gramann and Burdge, 1984).
Chng hn, s hng th ca du khch v ng vt
hoang d Maasai Mara c th b nh hng mt
cch ti t bi ngoi mt s lng thc t xe v
khch du lch cn bi s i li ca xe c xung quanh
cc loi ng vt. S can thip vo mc ch chuyn
i ph thuc vo cc c tnh c nhn ca du khch
bao gm ng c, thch, s mong i vaf mc
hng th khu vc ca h cng nh cc c tnh
hoc hnh vi cu cc du khch khc v cc thuc tnh
ca khu vc tham quan (Manning, 1985).

Mong ch, thch v ng c ca du khch c l l

nhng yu t quyt nh quan trng hn mt du
khch thc t. minh ho, chng ta hy xt hai
nhm khch du lch i ngm chim n cng mt khu
bo tn. Nhm u bao gm mt vi du khch c
kinh nghim ngm chim h t k hoch quan st
chim mt cch lng l trong mt khu vc c la
chn trc dc theo mt con ng mn hy vng
rng xem c nhng loi chim mi lm tng thm
danh mc ca h. Nhm sau gm mt s ng cc du
khch i ngm chim ln u. Mc ch ca hl quan
st chim v giao tip vi cc thnh vin khc trong
on v rn luyn thn th. Cc thnh vin ca nhm
u c kinh nghim v s ng c khi gp g cc
on khch thm ch ch mt vi du khch khc trong
khi cc thnh vin ca nhm th hai khng cm thy
s ng c trn con ng khi h lun gp nhng
ng du khch khc. Hu qu tim n ca s ng
c khi ngi du khch cm thy c l tho
mn ca ngi khch du lch b gim xung v s
thay i im tham quan-khch du lch s chuyn i
ni khc, thay i thi im tham quan hoc thay i
hnh vi ca h (Anderson and Brown, 1984). Du
khch c th thay i s mong i hoc hot ng
ca h dung ho vi cc hon cnh ng c
(Heberlein and Shelby, 1977)
ngha ca cc tc ng du khch


ngha ca cc tc ng du khch c th c
a ra theo ba quan im: tnh sinh thi, s hng
th cu du khch v tnh qun l. Cc tc ng ca
du lch ln ngun ti nguyn thng xuyn ch nh
hng cc khu vc mang tnh cc b, thng chim
mt t l nh khu vc trong khu vc bin gii ca
khu bo tn. Tuy th ngay c loi tc ng mang tnh
cc b ny cng c th lm tn hi n cc loi qu
him, lm tn tht n cc ngun ti nguyn nhy
cm, hoc e do s lnh mnh ca h sinh thi.
Cng nh vy, mt s mi trng chng hn nh cc
ng c ni cao hay cc rn san h u c t l phc
hi ti nguyn thp i hi phi mt nhiu nm
phc hi li t ci thm ch xung cp khng nhiu
lm. Tc ng ca khch du lch cng c th lm
tng thm nhiu nh hng c gin tip ln trc tip
lan rng ra ngoi khu vc a phng v bin gii
vn quc gia (Cole, 1990). Chng hn, s trm tch
ti mt dng sui do c s si mn t ca mt con
ng c th lm gim i cht lng ca mi trng
sng di nc ca cc loi c, hay s c mt ca du
khch c th gy tn hi n ng vt hoang d do c
s xo trn hay bin dng ca mi trng sng. H
thng mi trng vn d mang tnh tng th phc tp
v th cc hot ng ca khch du lch c th gy ra

s xo trn hoc lm mt i cc chc nng tng h

ni vi.
Thm ch cc tc ng do du khch gy nn mang t
tnh sinh hc nhng c th li mang nhiu tnh x hi
hay tnh tho mn du lch khc nu nh nhng nh
hng ny mang tnh gy phin toi n cc du
khch khc, l nguyn nhn ca s bt ho gia cc
on khch tham quan hoc lm i gi tr chc nng
ca cc tuyn ng v khu tham quan. Khch du
lch c th c cc nhn thc khc nhau v s hin c
v ngha ca cc tc ng do khch du lch gy
nn. Cc nghin cu gn y pht hin thm ch
cc tc ng c nhn thc cng c th lm xuy
gim cht lng chuyn tham quan ca du khch.
(Roggenbuck et al., 1993; Vaske et al., 1993). Nhn
thc c da trn c s s tin c ca ngi khch
du lch nh th no nu nh cc tc ng nh hng
n cc thuc tnh tng th ca khu vc, chng hn
cc du khch tin rng liu c hay khng cc tc ng
n s hp dn ca cnh p hay s yn tnh ca khu
vc u l iu chng ai mong mun (Lucas, 1979;
Whittaker and Shelby, 1988). Chng hn vic thi rc
c bo co l mt tc ng do khch du lch gy ra
bnh thng vng ni Everest, N-pal v Vn
Quc Gia gunung Gede Pangranggo, In--n-xi-a
(Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996). Du khch dng nh c
phn ng i vi cc nh hng r rng l thin ny

nh s xut hin ca rc ri, phn nga hay cy ci

b tn hi v c bit l nhng tc ng mang tnh vt
l thy cj chng hn nh s si mn t. Tuy
nhin, phn ng ca du khch rt khc nhau. Chng
hn, Lucas (1979) pht hin th tho mn ca
khch khng gim i i vi cc tc ng trn ng
mn hay ti ch cm tri. Ngc li, Roggenbuck v
ng nghip (1993) pht hin ra rng s thi rc v
nhng tn hi do con ngi i vi cc cy ti khu
vc cm tri l mt trong s cc yu t biu th
nh hng cao nht n cht lng tham quan khu
vc thin nhin hoang d. Hollenhorst v Gardner
(1994) cng pht hin ra rng s mt i ca thm
thc vt v khu vc mt t trng trn lm nn cho
cm tri l cc yu t quyt nh cho tho mn ca
khch thm quan khu vc cuc sng hoang d. Cui
cng, cc tc ng chnh chng hn nh trnh trng
t ly li hoc s si mn c th gy gim s tha
mn do c thm nhng kh khn trong khi i b hoc
gim i an ton ca du khch cc tc ng n
tnh cht ca cuc tham quan ca du khch.
Mt thm ph thc vt
Thay i t/phn thm TV
Mt ht ging cy
Mt rc hu c

t khng c lp ph mt
t b nn
S m/nm
Phn trm thay i (%)

Nhng tc ng v kinh nghim c c ca du

khch cng c th c ngha x hi v gii tr rt ln.
m ng du khch v nhng xung t s lm gim

bt s hi lng ca du khch v c th dn ti s
chuyn dch v khng gian v thi gian ca du khch.
Thi gian qua i, nhng du khch c bit nhy cm
vi nhng tc ng nh vy s khng tr li hoc c
th b thay th bi nhng du khch khc t nhy cm
hn. Nhng gi tr x hi to ra v duy tr nhng kinh
nghim gii tr cht lng cao cho du khch do l
tha hip.
T gic qun l, nhng tc ng ca du khch rt
quan trng v chng phn nh trc tip thnh cng
ca cng tc qun l p ng c hai yu cu cn
bn: bo v ti nguyn v to s gii tr. Nhng yu
cu ny thng thng ch dn cho nhng ngi qun
l bo v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v cc qui
trnh tin trin, trong khi mang li nhng kinh
nghim lm hi lng du khch v hp nht nhng
nhu cu ca ngi dn a phng. Nhng tc ng
ln ti nguyn ca du khch lm gim cc iu kin
ti nguyn v cht lng nhng kinh nghim ca du
khch mt cch trc tip. Nhng tc ng v kinh
nghim ca du khch lm gim cht lng nhng
kinh nghim ca du khch mt cch trc tip. Vic
gim cht lng kinh nghim ca du khch, c t
nhng tc ng ln ti nguyn hay kinh nghim c
th nh hng ti s lng cc cuc tham quan.
Gim s lng hay tng s cuc tham quan cng c
th c ngha v mt kinh t (nh, thu nhp thp i

vi khu bo tn v nhng cng ng xung quanh)

cng nh nghi chnh tr (nh, mt s ng h i
vi cng tc bo tn v qun l cc khu vc bo tn)
(Ceballos-Lascurasin, 1996).
S nh hng ca nhng yu t lin quan ti
s s dng v mi trng
la chn nhng chin lc v phng tin thch
hp nht qun l nhng tc ng ca du khch,
nhng nh qun l cn xc nh nhng nguyn nhn
c bn ca s tc ng v hiu r nhng vai tr ca
cc nhn t nh hng. Trong khi s lng tham
quan l mt yu t xc nh c hu nhng tc ng
ca ngun lc, nghin cu chng minh c tm
quan trng ca nhiu nhn t khc. Hai loi hnh
chung v nhng nhn t nh hng lin quan ti
s s dng v mi trng c m t ngn gn nh
sau.
Nhng nhn t lin quan ti s s dng
Nhng nghin cu v nhng tc ng ca du khch
ti nhng im cm tri v nhng con ng mn
bin son thnh ti liu l hu ht nhng tc ng ln
ti nguyn c lin quan ti s lng nhng cuc tham
quan theo mt hng cong (Cole, 1982, 1987, 1995b;
Kuss v cng s, 1990). Mi quan h cong ny c
m t trong bn 7.1 vi s liu t mt bn nghin cu

v n cm tri ti Khu Hoang d Canoe Waters

Boundary M. (Marion v Merriam, 1985b). Hu
ht nhng tc ng ln ngun ti nguyn xut hin
mt cch nhanh chng v rt nhiu ngay c nhng
ni cm tri ch nhn mi hai m cm tri mt
nm. Rt nhiu bn nghin cu cng ch ra rng
tng s dng ln nhiu hn gy ra thay i b xung
cho hu ht cc loi hnh tc ng. V d, nhng cp
trung bnh gim p nhanh chng ph hu phn
ln che ph ca thm thc vt v rc hu c trn
cc con ng mn v cc ni cm ti. Cc lp t
trng trt chnh sau c nguy c cao b kt c li
v xi mn. Tng nhiu hn cc cuc tham quan ti
im ny s khng tng nhiu cc loi hnh tc ng
v s ph hu gn ti mc ti a. Loi tr vic
ph cy ci v nhng tc ng nht nh c lin quan
ti t trng trt nh ton b din tch ca t trng
trt l thin v s t trng trt b xi mn.
Mt gi quan trng ca mi quan h s dng/tc
ng cong l cuc tham quan s c th c gim
hay ri rc ti cc mc c bit thp t c
nhng s gim bt ng k i vi hu ht cc loi
hnh tc ng. i ngc vi s ri rc l s tp
trung hay chnh sch ngn chn du khch, mt chin
lc ha hn hn gim ti thiu nhng tc ng
ln ti nguyn nhng khu vc nhn khch va phi
ti rt nhiu. Nhng con ng mn i din cho

mt hnh thc ph thng ca chnh sch ngn chn du

khch bng cch tp trung lu lng du khch trn
nhng con ng chng chu c. Ri du khch ra
kh thc hin c v du khch thng chn tham
gia vo nhng hot ng gii tr ti nhng khu vc
tng t. V d, nhng tuyn ng i b v nhng
a im cm tri c la chn da trn s gn k
vi cc ngun nc, cng nh nhng coi trng v
mt thm m, nh gn vi nhng ni hp dn
v/hoc nhng nt c trng. Do vy, nhng chin
lc ri du khch ra thng thng khng c hiu qu,
v c th dn ti vic tng s khuy ng ti ton b
khu vc. Tuy nhin, cc chnh sch ri khch cho
php c mc ln nht v s la chn v quyn t
do ca du khch v thng c a thch hn ti
nhng khu vc c t khch tham quan.
 
BNG 7.1
MI QUAN H GIA S THAM QUAN V S
TC NG LN TI nguyn nh minh ha cho
su biu th v iu kin ni cm tri
(Ngun: Marion v Merriam, 1985b).
 

GHI CH: S thay i c a ra l mt s phn

trm thay di ca nhng khu vc s dng cao. V
vy, khong 70% s mt mt thm thc vt m xy ra
nhng ni cm tri nhn du khch trn 60 dm mt
nm xy ra ti nhng ni cm tri nhn du khch
trn 10 dm mt nm. Mi quan h tc ng s dng
cong c khi qut ha m t bng ng k en
dm hn.
Da trn vic xem xt
nhng nhn t lin quan ti s s dng, bn nghin
cu cng ch ra rng mt s loi hnh s dng, nh
ci nga hay dng mt phng tin xe c to ra tc
ng trn u ngi ln hn nhng loi hnh khc,
nh i b hay quan st i sng hoang d (Weaver v
Dale, 1978); Wilson v Seney, 1994). Nhng hot
ng c tc ng cao hn c th c quy nh st
sao hn c l hn ch du khch ti nhng con
ng mn c thit k mt cch c bit v c
duy tr cha ng tc ng cao hn. Hnh vi thiu
thn trng hay khng c thng bo cng c th dn
n nhng tc ng ln ti nguyn c th trnh c.
V d, nhng ngi ln khnng c kinh nghim ph
hu rn san h bng cch ngln trn nhng rn san
h hoc bng cch ph v nhng rn san h bng
nhng sn b ln mt cch thiu thn trng. C
th s dng gio dc hoc nhng bin php iu
chnh gim bt nhng tc ng ny v nhng hnh

vi tc ng khc cao hn, nh gy chy hay lm xo

ng i sng hoang d. Cui cng, cc nhm ln c
tim nng ph hu cc ngun ti nguyn ln hn
cng mt s lng ngi nh vy m nhm nh
hn (Hammitt v Cole, 1987). Nhng hn ch v
khun kh nhm thng c khuyn khch v yu
cu gim bt nhng tc ng nh vy.
Cc yu t mi trng
Cc yu t mi trng, nh cc loi t v cc loi
thc vt, c th dn n nhng im khc nhau ng
k v sc khng chng li nhng tc ng ca cc
hot ng du lch hay kh nng phc hi sau khi phi
chu nhng tc ng bn ngoi (Cole, 1988; Hammitt
and Cole, 1987; Kuss et al., 1990; Sun and Liddle,
1993). Trong mt nghin cu v nh hng tc hi
khi thc vt trn ni b dm ln 4 vng khc nhau
M, Cole (1993) pht hin ra rng c s khc bit
kh ln trong kh nng khng i vi cc nh
hng ca mi vng thc vt khc nhau. nhng
vng thc vt m phn ln l c v lau sy mc th
cc loi cy ny c kh nng chng li tc ng khi
b dm phi mnh gp 30 ln nhng loi cy yu
mm hn nh cy dng x hay nhng loi c thm
c thn cao v l rng. Liddle (1991) cng a ra
nhng pht hin tng t trong mt bn thng k cc
s liu c cng b v 14 loi vng thc vt ri

rc trn ton th gii trong ng im li cc yu t

v loi thc vt c th l gii mc khng i
vi tc ng khc nhau ny. Cc nghin cu cng ch
ra rng mc tc ng i vi cc yu t thc vt
v t ai ln hn mc t phc hi rt nhiu.
(Bayfield, 1979; Boucher et al., 1991; Cole, 1988;
Marion and Cole, 1996). Pht hin ny cho thy rng
giai on ngh ngi s tr nn v tc dng bi v s
phc hi din ra mt cch chm chp trong nhng
khu vc c ng ca tm thi th ri s li chu s
ph hu nhanh chng sau khi c m ca li. V d,
cc iu kin mi trng mt khu cm tri mt
cng vin M ch sau mt nm s dng thi th
cng ch cn tng ng vi iu kin mi trng
nhng khu cm tri khc hot ng t lu. Tuy
nhin, phc hi li c tnh trng gn c bng
iu kin t nhin vn c, cc khu cm tri c
ng ca ngng s dng cn phi c ng ca
trong t nht l nm nm, v tc phc hi ny l
nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi tc phc hi c a
ra trong bt c bn nghin cu no (Marion and Cole,
1996).
Tng t nh vy, cc loi t khc nhau th cng c
kh nng kt rn v xi mn khc nhau (Hammitt and
Cole, 1987; Pritchett, 1979). Nhng loi t c cc
phn t c nhiu kch c khc nhau, (v d nh t
mn), thnh phn hu c thp v c m va n

 m cao l nhng loi t d kt rn nht. Nhng

loi t d b xi mn nht l nhng loi t c cc
phn t c kch c ng u hn, c bit l nhng
loi t c nhiu bn v ct mn. C hai qu trnh kt
rn v xi mn ca t u c th din ra nhanh
chng khi t khng c che ph bi lp thc vt
hay rc; dc ca t cng l mt yu t quan trng
nh hng n mc xi mn ca t. V d, mt
nghin cu v nhng con ng mn trn ni vng
ni Drakensberg Nam Phi ch ra rng tnh trng xi
mn ca t phn ln l do khng c cy ci hai bn
ng mn (Garland, 1987). Tng t nh vy, mt
nghin cu v nhng con ng mn cho nga qua
li vng Chobham Common Anh cng cho thy
rng s suy gim lp thc vt bao ph mt t, s
suy gim kh nng ti sinh v sc sng ca thc vt
l nhng yu t lm tng kh nng nhng con ng
ny b gi xi mn, bo mn v b cun tri (Liddle
and Chitty, 1981).
Kh nng khng v kh nng phc hi chng li
cc tc ng ca cc hot ng du lch ca cc ngun
lc cng cn b chi phi bi cc yu t mi trng
nh kh hu, cao ca a hnh v ma (Cole, 1993;
Leung and Marion, 1996). V d, thc vt v t th
d b nh hng tiu cc hn vo ma m t, v kh
nng phc hi ca thc vt b gim nhiu trong iu
kin kh hu ch cho php cy c nhng ma pht

trin rt ngn. Qua vic nm c v tr v tnh hnh

s dng cc con ng mn v cc khu gii tr,
nhng ngi qun l s c kh nng gim thiu
nhng tc ng i vi cc ngun lc bng cch y
mnh hot ng du lch nhng a im c kh
nng khng v vo nhng thi gian thch hp, v
bng cch hn ch hay cm cc hot ng nhng
vng mi trng nhy cm v d b nh hng. Kin
thc ny cng vi kin thc v nhng yu t mi
trng v nhng yu t lin quan n vic s dng
khc c vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn ra
nhng phng thc qun l c hiu qu.
La chn chin lc v chin thut qun l
c c mt h thng cc chin lc v chin thut
qun l ngn chn hay gim thiu cc tc ng i
vi ngun lc v tng cng hot ng du lch
nhng khu vc c bo v. y l nhng chin lc
v chin thut c hiu qu nht c p dng trong
c s dng mt khun kh lp chnh sch c s
dng lm c s cho vic la chn cc phng thc
qun l v nh gi thnh cng ca h. Nhng khun
kh v sc cha v Nhng Gii Hn Thay i C
Th Chp Nhn c s c cp mt cch s
lc di y. chn c mt cch thc hiu qu
nht, cc nh qun l cn phi tm ra c (nhng)
nguyn nhn su xa ca mt vn nht nh nh

c cp n trn y, xc nh c cc chin
lc v chin thut thay th, chn v tin hnh mt
hay nhiu hot ng m h cho l ph hp, gim st
mc hiu qu, v nh gi nhu cu c cn cc hot
ng khc na hay khng. Cc nh qun l trong khi
thc hin mt qu trnh nh vy thng gp phi
nhng hn ch v ti chnh v nhn lc (s nhn vin,
trnh chuyn mn), v nhng mi lo ngi rng s
t do ca du khch s b gii hn. Nhng hn ch
khc trong qun l l s a dng v ngn ng v vn
ho ca khch du lch sinh thi, cc nhu cu ca
ngi dn a phng, v cc vn khc v chnh
tr v x hi.
vic lp chnh sch Cn c da trn C s
Cc khun kh qun l
Nh Borrie, McCool v Stankey cp trong
chng ny, sc cha xa nay vn vn l mt khun
kh lp chnh sch s dng i mt vi nhng
tc ng lin quan n du khch. Phng thc dng
sc cha lm khun kh ny nhn mnh nhng chin
lc gim mc s dng gii quyt nhng tc ng
i vi ngun lc v cht lng chuyn i ca khch
du lch. V d, Cng Vin Quc Gia Volcanos ca
Ru-an-da, ngi ta quyt nh s lng du khch
c php vo thm da trn c s iu kin sc
kho ca loi kh Gorilla v iu kin an ton ca du

khch. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim cho thy rng

phng thc dng sc cha lm khun kh r rng
hm cha vic p dng cc hn ch i vi hot
ng du lch, thng mang tnh c on, b buc v
hn ch cc nh qun l khng c c nhng bin
php hnh ng thay th c th mang li hiu qu cao
hn v gim ph tn cho du khch (Stankey et
al., 1990). M hnh truyn thng ny phn no
c ci thin bng cch kt hp cc yu t nh qun
l, sinh-l v x hi. V d, sc cha du lch khu
Bo Tn Sinh Vt Carara Costa Rica v Qun
o Galapagos c tnh da trn s lng du khch
m cc hng dn vin du lch c th ph trch,
khong cch gia cc nhm du khch, khng gian du
lch cn thit dc theo cc con ng mn v kh
nng qun l v ngun lc sn c (Cifuentes, 1992;
Harroun and Boo, 1995).
Hin nay, ngy cng c nhiu nh qun l chuyn
sang p dng cc khun kh a ra quyt nh nh
Cc gii hn Thay i C th chp nhn c (vit
tt theo ting Anh l LAC) (Stankey et al., 1985) hay
Cht Lng Chuyn i ca Khch du lch v Bo v
cc ngun lc (vit tt theo ting Anh l VERB) (B
Ni V Hp Chng Quc Hoa K, 1997a; 1997b),
thay cho cc phng php truyn thng (c m t
trong Bng 7.2). Nhng khun kh tng t vi nhau
ny cung cp nhiu ch dn hn v cho php linh hot

hn trong vic gii quyt cc vn v qun l.

Nhng yu cu v cc khu vc c bo v c quy
i thnh nhng mc tiu c m t k lng c th
c thay i tu vo vng qun l. Sau , cc mc
tiu ny li c quy i ra nhng tiu chun s
tr thnh cc tiu ch th hin ca cc ngun lc v
iu kin x hi. Cc tiu chun quy nh cc gii
hn ca thay i c th chp nhn c, t xc
nh ra cc gianh gii trng yu gia cc iu kin c
th chp nhn c v cc iu kin khng th chp
nhn c. Nu s xi mn cc ngun lc v cc
iu kin x hi vt qa tiu chun c xc lp,
th cc nh qun l phi la chn v thc hin cc
bin php sa cha v khc phc.
Cc k hoch gim st gip ngi ta c c mt c
ch nh gi mt cch thng xuyn cc iu kin
v ngun lc, cc tiu chun qun l hoc mc
hiu qu ca cc bin php c p dng (Marion,
1985). Vic gim st cc ngun lc c th c coi l
vic thu thp v phn tch d liu mt cch c h
thng v trn c s u n, lu di, d bo hoc
thm d cc thay i ca thin nhin v cc thay i
do con ngi gy ra, v cung cp nhng c s
thc hin qun l mt cch ph hp hn (B Ni V
Hp Chng Quc Hoa K, 1991). Nhn chung, d
liu c thu thp bng cch p dng cc qu trnh
c chun ho nhm nh gi c cc tiu ch th

hin ca iu kin ca a im (v d: mc tn
hi ca h thc vt trong khu vc). Tc ng ca cc
hot ng du lch thng c th hin thng qua
vic so snh cc thng s ca tiu ch th hin, c
tin hnh ti cc a im gii tr, vi cc thng s
c ly t cc a im gn k nhng khng b nh
hng bi hot ng du lch v c nhng iu kin
mi trng tng t. Nhng thay i theo thi gian
c th c biu hin qua s so snh cc thng s
ca tiu ch th hin c thc hin ti nhiu thi
im khc nhau cng mt a im, hoc nu mun
chnh xc hn, chng c th c biu hin qua s so
snh gia cc im khc nhau ca a im gii
tr/a im c kim sot theo thi gian. Cc ngun
thng tin hng dn v pht trin cc chng trnh
qun l tc ng i vi ngun lc ca cc hot ng
du lch bao gm Cole (1983; 1989b) v Marion
(1991).
Li ch u tin ca cc chng trnh qun l tc
ng i vi ngun lc ca cc hot ng du lch l
vic cc chng trnh ny cho ta mt h s vnh cu
v khch quan v cc iu kin ca cc ngun lc,
cho d mt nh qun l no c xut hin ri ra i.
Cc nh qun l c th thy rng nhng thng tin ny
thc ng gi trong qu trnh chun b v kim
nghim cc hot ng qun l khch du lch hoc
trong vic lp v kim nghim cc nhu cu v ti

chnh. Nhng d liu ny cng c th c s dng

hng dn cc hot ng bo dng hoc a ra
trnh t u tin cho cc cng vic cn c thc hin.
Cc chng trnh gim st iu kin ca cc con
ng mn v cc a im cm tri thng c p
dng ti cc cng vin ca Hp chng quc Hoa K
(Marion et al., 1993).

Xc lp nhng Mc Tiu Qun L c tnh Bt Buc

La chn cc Tiu Ch Th hin Thay i v Sinh-l
v X Hi
Lp cc Tiu Chun
Kim Tra cc iu Kin
So snh cc iu Kin vi cc Tiu Chun
Vt qu Tiu Chun
Khng vt qu Tiu Chun
nh Gi v Xc nh cc Yu T Nguyn Nhn
La chn Phng Thc Qun L Thch Hp
Thc Hin Phng Thc Qun L

S CC KHUN KH
V LP K HOCH HIN TI

QUN

7.2
L

Cc chng trnh gim st cho php nh qun l

c nng ng hn. Cc iu kin ang b xung
cp c th c tm ra trc khi c th xy ra cc tc
ng nghim trng v khng th sa cha c, iu
cho php chng ta c thi gian p dng cc
bin php cu cha. Quan h gia cc tc ng c
th v cc yu t quyt nh khc c th gi cho

ngi ta bit c nn thc hin cc hnh ng qun

l no cho hiu qu. V d, cng vin quc gia
Great Smoky Mountains Hp Chng Quc Hoa K,
vic xc nh cc tiu chun dnh gi cc mc
khng i vi tc ng ca cc a im cm tri
c da trn cc kt qu phn tch cc nh hng
ca cc yu t mi trng, v d cc yu t a hnh,
loi h thc vt v che ph (Marion and Leung,
1997). Cc kt qu tng t ca vic phn tch quan
h gia cc d liu v qun l ng mn ca cng
vin ny cho thy nh hng tng i ca cc yu
t mi trng v c lin quan n mc s dng
ca nm tiu ch th hin ph bin i vi iu kin,
tnh trng ca cc con ng mn (Marion, 1994). V
d, nhng con ng qu rng (rng hn mc cn
thit) thng c to ra cc vng t m t.
Nhng con ng qu nhiu bn thng c ngha l
c nhiu nga ch nng i qua y, cc vng y
thung lng, v cc a im ni nhng con ng
mn ny b chn bi nhng con sui.
Cc phn tch d liu gim st c th a ra nhng
gi v cc nguyn nhn gy ra s xung cp, xi
mn hoc s c ci thin ca cc ngun lc nhng
khng th cho thy quan h gia nguyn nhn v kt
qu. Ch nhng nghin cu trong c thc hin cc
th nghim mi c th cho thy quan h nhn qu
bng cch gim st nh hng ca nhiu yu t ln

ln c th lm thay i tnh trng ca cc ngun lc.

Tuy nhin, khi c gii thch bng cch vin dn
n cc hot ng nghin cu v qun l khc, nhng
d liu ny c th tr thnh mt cng c hu hiu
cc nh qun l c th tm hiu nhng nguyn nhn
c bn ca nhng tc ng v cc yu t c nh
hng n chng. Vic t c nhng hiu bit ny
l rt quan trng trong vic la chn cch thc qun
l c hiu qu v trong vic la chn cc a im c
kh nng khng cao cho vic xy dng nhng con
ng mn v nhng a im cm tri mi.
Cc khu vc c bo v khc nhau rt nhiu v c
ch bo v v hnh chnh v php l, c quan qun
l, i ng nhn vin v ngun ti chnh. Cc c
im khc bit ny nh hng n s sn sng v kh
nng ca cc nh qun l khu vc c bo v
trong vic gim n mc ti thiu cc tc ng ca
hot ng du lch. Ti cc khu vc c bo v
thng c ngi ta gi l paper park - tc l cc
cng vin giy, thng khng h c hot ng qun
l ti thc a hoc c th cng ch mc gi l c,
mc d cc hot ng du lch vn thng xuyn din
ra. C quan qun l c l ch quan tm nht l v cc
vn cng ng v d nh hin tng xm ln,
sn/cu trm, s mi mn vn ho v mt thin ch
vi du lch. Mt iu c th c ghi vo lch s l
du lch sinh thi c pht ng v pht trin m

khng c s ng ca a phng v thay i

cch thc s dng t a phng hoc s ra
vo a phng , hoc ln sang nhng phn t
cn thit duy tr cuc sng bnh thng ca ngi
dn s ti. Cc mi quan h gia cc nh qun l v
ngi dn a phng lu nay vn mc khim tn
do thiu s trao i gia hai bn v do a phng
khng tham gia ng k vo cng tc qun l khu
vc c bo v. Cc chng trnh qun l v k
hoch LAC v VERP nhn mnh v to iu kin
c c mt quy trnh a ra quyt nh c s tham
gia ca y cc bn c th tnh ton n cc
nhu cu ca a phng. Vic pht trin, xy dng
mt k hoch qun l trn c s s dng cc khun
kh ny cng cho php chun b c th iu tit v
qun l s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc hot ng
du lch khi m chng bt u c khch du lch
"khm ph ra".
Chin lc v chin thut
Rt nhiu chin lc v chin thut c p dng
gii quyt cc tc ng i vi cc ngun lc hoc
s tp trung qu nhiu khch du lch v cc bt ng.
Cc chin lc l nhng bin php ln i u vi
cc nguyn nhn chnh ca cc vn (Manning,
1979). Chin thut l cc cng c hoc hnh ng c
th c dng thc hin mt chin lc no

(Cole et al., 1987). Nhng chin lc v chin thut

c bit n rng ri nht, nh c trnh by v
nh gi tm tt ti chng ny, c m t mt cch
chi tit hn vi Brown et al (1987) , Cole et al.
(1987), Hammit and Cole (1987) v Mendee et al.
(1990). Vic xem xt cn nhc la chn cc chin
lc v chin thut "ph hp nht" c trnh by
trong phn sau y.
Mt cuc kim tra theo hng vn cht ch i
vi 37 chin thut ca tm chin lc ph bin nht
(xin xem bng 7.1) c trnh by trong Cole et al.
(1987). Cuc kim tra ny nhm vo cc thng tin v
cc im mnh v im yu, chi ph i vi khch du
lch v cng tc qun l, v tnh hiu qu trong vic
gii quyt cc vn tn ng. V d, vn v xm
phm cuc sng hoang d c trnh by ti Chin
Lc S III - Thay i v tr s dng trong cc khu
vc c vn phi gii quyt, (V d v PhngTin:
t cc c s, chin thut nh ng x v a im
cm tri cch xa cc khu vc trng yu), hoc ti
Chin Lc s V - Thay i hnh thc s dng v x
s - (v d v chin thut: Khuyn khch cc hnh vi
x s ch gy nh hng n cuc sng hoang d
mc ti thiu). Nhng lp lun sau y c rt ra t
8 chin lc ph bin ny.

Cc chin lc c mc ch gim mc s dng

ca ton b khu vc hoc cc khu vc ang c vn
cn gii quyt (Chin lc 1 v chin lc 2) c
xy dng gii quyt cc vn bng cch gii hn
mc ra vo khu vc thng qua hn ngch, l ph
hoc cc chin thut khc. Tuy nhin, nh trnh
by trn, quan h gia mc s dng theo th
hnh cong/tc ng li hn ch hiu qu ca vic
gim mc s dng v vic phn tn khch du lch
trong vic gim cc tc ng i vi cc ngun lc
xung mc ti thiu. i vi cc vn x hi, rt
nhiu yu t khc, v d nh cch x s ca khch du
lch v s sp t cc im dng, chng t tm
quan trng ca (Brown et al. 1987). Theo truyn
thng, cc nh qun l thng nghing v cc chin
lc thuyn gim mc s dng, nhng cc nghin
cu li cho thy rng cc chin lc v chin thut
khc cng c th c hiu qu v ng thi cng trnh
c yu cu phi gim mc khch du lch. V d,
chin thut v thay i cc v tr s dng (Chin lc
s III) gip gim cc tc ng v cc vn x hi
bng cch tp trung vo vic t chc du lch ti cc
a im hoc cc phng tin, c s c tnh
khng tt, m nhng a im, phng tin, c s
ny c th c thu xp v mt khng gian ngn
tch cc kiu s dng chng cho v gim mc
ng c. V d, di Great Barrier Reef ca
Australia, cc khu vc gii tr c xy dng cc

khu vc c kh nng khng tt gim n kh

nng ti a cc tc ng i vi di ny
(Kenchington, 1991). Cc chin thut v tp trung
khch du lch c th gip lm gim mc tc ng
v gn gi cc khu vc ny tip tc s dng trong
tng lai. Bin php ny c la chn p dng nh
c s phn tn qun l cc a im cm tri,
ng x v cc tc ng i vi di san h khi mt
khch du lch tng cao (Hammitt and Cole, 1987;
Liddle and Kay, 1987; Marion, 1995; Marion and
Rogers, 1994). Chnh sch ngn chn cng c p
dng c hiu qu trnh nhng tc ng i vi
cuc sng hoang d, v d nh cng vin ng Phi
ni m khch du lch c th chim ngng cuc sng
hoang d t cc chi quan st (Edington and
Edington, 1986).

Bng 7.1
MT S CHIN lc v chin thut qun l cc
tc ng i vi cc ngun lc, mt khch du lch
v cc bt ng
I. GIM MC
S DNG TRONG TON B KHU VC
Gii hn lng khch du lch trong ton b
khu vc
Gii hn khong thi gian du lch trong ton
b khu vc
Khuyn khch s dng cc khu vc khc
Yu cu mt s k nng v/hoc thit b nht
nh
Nn p dng mt mc gi tham quan duy nht
Lm cho vic ra vo ca ton b khu vc tr
nn kh khn hn
II. GIM MC
S DNG I VI CC KHU VC ANG
C VN
Thng bo cho nhng khch du lch c kh

nng n khu vc v nhng khu vc ang c

vn v/hoc cc thun li nu n thm
quan cc khu vc khc thay th
Khuyn co khng s dng hoc cm s dng
cc khu vc ang c vn
Gii hn lng khch du lch ti mi khu vc
c vn
Khuyn khch hoc i hi p dng gii hn
khong thi gian khch du lch li cc khu
vc ang c vn
Lm cho vic ra vo cc khu vc ang c vn
tr nn kh khn hn v/hoc ci thin vic
ra vo cc khu vc thay th khc
Loi b cc c s/mc tiu thu ht du lch
cc khu vc ang c vn v/hoc ci thin
cc c s/mc tiu thu ht du lch cc khu
vc thay th khc.
Khuyn khch vic i li khng s dng ng
Xy dng cc k nng khc nhau v/hoc cc
yu cu v thit b
Nn p dng cc mc ph thm quan khc
nhau

III. THAY I CC A
IM S DNG TRONG PHM VI CC
KHU vc ang c vn
Khuyn co khng hoc cm cm tri v/hoc
vic s dng d tr? mt s a im cm
tri nht nh v/hoc cc v tr nht nh
Khuyn khch cm tri v/hoc vic s dng
d tr? mt s a im cm tri nht
nh v/hoc cc v tr nht nh
t cc c s, phng tin ti cc im c sc
bn cao
Tp trung s dng nhng im c thit k
cc c s, phng tin v/hoc c thng tin
Khuyn co khng hoc cm vic i li khng
theo ng
Phn chia thnh nhng loi khch du lch khc
nhau
IV. THAY I THI
IM S DNG
Khuyn khch s dng vo cc thi im ngoi
cc khong thi gian s dng cao im
Khuyn co khng hoc cm vic s dng khi

kh nng gy tc ng qu cao
Thu thm ph i vi cc khong thi gian c
mt s dng cao v/hoc cc hot ng c
nguy c gy tc ng cao
V. THAY I HNH
THC S DNG V CCH X S CA
KHCH du lch
Khuyn co khng hoc cm nhng hot ng
v/hoc thit b gy thit hi mc ng k
Khuyn khch hoc yu cu nhng cch x s,
k nng v/hoc thit b nht nh
Ging v o c i vi cuc sng hoang d
Khuyn khch hoc yu cu v s lng ngi
tham gia v/hoc cc gii hn dng sn?
Khuyn co khng hoc cm mang theo gia
sc
Khuyn co khng hoc cm mang theo vt
nui
Khuyn co khng hoc cm s dng qua m
VI. THAY I NHNG

D TNH CA KHCH DU LCH

Thng bo cho khch du lch bit v nhng
kiu s dng hp l
Thng bo cho khch du lch bit v nhng
iu kin m h c th phi i mt
VII TNG CNG KH
NNG KHNG CA CC NGUN LC
Bo v a im khng b tc ng
Cng c a im
VIII. DUY TR HAY PHC HI
CC NGUN LC
Gii quyt cc vn
Bo dng v phc hi cc v tr b tc ng
(Ngun: Cole, 1987)

Cng tng t nh vy, vic sa i thi im du

lch (Chin Lc s IV) cng c th lm gim mc
s dng khi t, thc vt v ng vt hoang d
ang trong thi k nhy cm nht vi cc tc ng
hoc c th gip phn phi li cc hot ng du lch
ra ngoi cc giai on s dng cao im. Thay i
hnh thc s dng v cc x s ca khch du lch
(Chin Lc s V) c l l chin lc c s dng
rng ri nht. Cc loi hoc hnh thc hot ng ca
khch du lch c tnh cht gy tn hi nghim trng
b cm, hn ch hoc khuyn co khng thc hin. V
d, ti khu bo tn Maassai Mara, khch du lch
thng p xe vng quanh khu vc ca "nm loi
ln" thuc lp th c v, v y l mt hot ng m
cc nh qun l hin nay ang khuyn co khng
thc hin gim cc tc ng di hnh thc xm
phm i vi cuc sng hoang d ni y. Thay
vo , ngi ta t chc thng tin v tuyn truyn
gio dc v cc hnh thc i b vt d, hay cm tri
hay quan st cuc sng hoang d, y l cc hot
ng c kh nng gy tc ng rt thp (Cole, 1989a;
Doucetter and Cole 1993; Hampton and Cole, 1995).
Cng ti khu bo tn Maassai Mara, cc chin lc
v tuyn truyn gio dc v h thng o l c
xy dng thay i cch x s ca khch du lch v
nhng ngi li xe ca h (Gakahu, 1992).

Thay i nhng d tnh ca khch du lch (Chin

Lc s VI) l mt chin lc c th c s dng
gim bt mc tp trung, ng c v nhng bt
ng. Khch du lch c th c thng bo v nhng
ni m h c th gp phi cnh qu ng c hoc
cc cch thc s dng khng ph hp vi cch s
dng ca h, nh vy th h c th trnh nhng khu
vc ny. i ng hng dn vin du lch a phng
c th l nhng ngi c c hi nhiu nht trong vic
thay i nhng d tnh ca khch du lch. Nhng
ngi hng dn vin ny l ngi bit c cng
vin v iu kin ca n v c th truyn ti
nhng thng tin qu gi, v d s tho hip lin quan
n cc c hi gii tr thay th (v d: kh nng c th
chim ngng cuc sng hoang d so vi nguy c
phi chu cnh qu ng c, v... v...). Thay vo ,
h c th thay i nhng d tnh ca khch du lch
bng cc m t cc a im m khch hng ca mnh
c th gp phi cch s dng khc vi cch ca h v
d gii tr c ng c hay vic lm t trong nng
nghip.
Cui cng, cc a im gii tr v cc con ng c
th c bo v khi cc tc ng bng cch cung
cp hoc thay i cc c s trn thc a, hoc bng
cc duy tr cc a im (Chin Lc s VII).
Vic gii quyt v phc hi cc vn , v d lm
sch rc hoc lm tiu nc nhng khu vc b bn

ly, to nn chin lc cui cng, chin lc VIII.

Cc n lc qun l a im, bao gm c vic la
chn, xy dng, duy tr, khi phc v phc hi cc
a im v cc con ng mn l cc bin php rt
hu hiu c th phc v trong tnh trng sc p v
mc du lch ln cao. Nhng chin thut ny i
hi phi c mt lng ti chnh chi ph v v
vy, chng vn cha c p dng nhiu rt nhiu
nc ang pht trin (Giongo et al., 1994).
 
Cn nhc la chn cc chin lc v chin thut
Phn ny hng dn xc nh v la chn cc chin
lc v chin thut s cho php tham quan du lch
sinh thi m vn gim bt cc tc ng ti ngun lc
gn vi cc ni ny. Ni chung, cc loi hnh chin
lc v chin thut c th p dng i vi vic gii
quyt bt c vn qun l du khch no pht sinh.
S la chn c hnh ng "c a thch hn" nht
thit cn phi lin quan ti nhiu cn nhc. Cc nh
qun l phi nh gi tnh hiu qu tim tng ca cc
chin lc khc nhau so snh vi cc chi ph qun l
ca chng (v d, cn b v ngun vn) v cc chi
ph ca du khch. (nh, ti chnh, mt t do, gim
cht lng kinh nghim gii tr). V d, vic s dng
hn ch trong cc khu vc i sng hoang d d b
tn thng c th c hiu qu cao trong vic gim

bt tc ng ti i sng hoang d, tuy nhin a ti

cc chi ph cao i vi du khch do v gim bt cc
c hi ngm nhn tn mt, v cc chi ph cao i vi
cc nh qun l do tng cc nhu cu thc p v qun
l du khch. cc cuc kho st ca nhng nh qun l
khu bo tn thng xc nh nhng hn ch trong
cng tc cn b v vn ti tr l nhng tr ngi chnh
ca cng tc qun l (Giongo v cng s, 1994;
Machlis v Tichnell, 1985). V d, do khng vn,
cc nh qun l vng Qun o Gala'pagos khng
th tin hnh gim st ti liu lm ccs iu kin tr
nn xu hn m iu ny c th cn bng nhng thay
i trong cng tc qun l hin ti. (MacFarland v
Cifuentes, 1995). Cc bn lin quan b nh hng
tham gia vo cc cuc tho lun v cc vn qun
l v cc gii php c th l mt cch chi ph thp
hn i vi vic sa i cng tc qun l v trnh
nhng quyt nh vn cn tranh ci.
C th gim thiu cc chi ph cho du khch bng cch
c n nhng chin lc gin tip hn l nhng chin
lc trc tip. Cc chin lc gin tip c nh hng
hn l quy nh hot ng hay hnh vi ca du khch
thng qua cc chin thut nh thit k hay qun l c
s, tuyn truyn thng tin hay gio dc du khch
(Hammitt v Cole, 1987). Cc hnh ng gin tip
thch hp phng tr hay gim bt tc ng ti
ngun lc. Khi thnh cng, cc chin lc gin tip

thng c chi ph qun l thp hn, v nghin cu

ch ra rng cc du khch a thch cc phng cch
kho lo nh vy hn (Stankey v Schreyer, 1987).
Cc chin lc v chin thut trc tip quy nh v
hn ch cc hot ng ca du khch bng cc hnh
ng hn ch s dng, phn b khu vc s dng hay
gii hn cc loi khun kh nhm. Nhng hnh ng
ny thng thch hp v cn thit khi cc hnh ng
t ra khng c hiu qu. Chng cng c th c hiu
qu trong vic phn tch cc hot ng khng ng
b hoc ngn cn tc ng qu mc ln ti nguyn
cc khu vc c tham quan nhiu (Lucas, 1990).
Cc tiu lin quan ti vn nh mc pht trin,
kh nng tip cn v loi hnh v mc tham quan
cng nh hng ti s la chn chin lc. V d,
vn Jau' Bra-zin c t khch, hai nhn vin lm
nghip, khng c trung tm du khch, v khng c h
thng ng mn c hay vch tuyn hay bo
dng (Wallace, 1993). i vi nhng khu vn nh
Jau', c th hp l nht l tp trung vo cng tc
phng nga cc tc ng ca tng lai bng cch
hoch nh xy dng cc con ng mn v c s vt
cht nhng a im sc chng . Khi thiu
nhng c s nh vy, cc nh qun l c th xy
dng cc chng trnh o to cho cc hng dn
vin a phng v yu cu cc du khch tm kim
c cc dch v hng dn. Cc hng dn vin c

th dy v cch leo ni, cm tri v quan st th gii

hoang d t gy nh hng, v gim st cc hot ng
ca du khch phng nga cc nh hng. bo
tn, cc khu vc tham quan cng c pht trin cao
nh qun o Galpagos v khu bo tn rng nhit
i Monteverde th cng t c thnh cng ln hn
nh vic duy tu v ti lp li cc con ng mn v
tp trung vic s dng vo cc khu vc chng chu
c nh hng, v nu cn thit th qui nh hnh vi
hay s lng du khch (Farrell v Ruyan, 1991).
Thng thng th vic kt hp gia cc chin lc v
cc chin thut s chng t c hiu qu nht trong
vic cp n cc nguyn nhn c bn ca cc vn
qun l v trnh c cc tc ng khng mong
mun th pht. V d, chnh sch ngn chn ti qun
o Galpagos v khu bo tn rng nhit i
Monteverde hn ch cc du khch trong cc con
ng mn c nh r v i hi cc hng dn
vin i cng cc nhm khuyn khch cc hot
ng t nh hng (Norris, 1994). nhng hnh ng
ny gim thiu s xo ln v thm thc vt v i
sng hoang d nh vic cm leo ni ngoi ng
mn. Trong trng hp ny, vic ng ca cc khu
vc c nh r c th to ra cc vn pht sinh
nh vic gia tng tham quan ti cc khu vc ln cn
c cu trc thm thc vt v t yu t. Nhiu can
thip v qun l cng c p dng gim cc nh

hng i km vi vic quan st i sng hoang d

bao gm c vic phn vng theo khng gian v thi
gian ca cc hot ng vui chi gii tr, ng mn
v vic qun l im vui chi gii tr, vic thit k v
cung cp ca cc iu kin thun li, vic gio dc
du khch, v cc qui nh v iu lut (Knight v
Temple, 1995; Larson, 1995).
Cu chuyn v s thnh cng khu vui chi gii
tr nc quc gia Delaware ti M chng t li ch
ca phng thc qun l ho nhp. Kt qu ca
phng php ny l chng trnh gim st nh hng
ca du khch a ra dn chng gim 50% s xo
trn trn ton khu vc i km vi cc hot ng ban
ngy v ban m cc im vui chi gii tr
(Marion, 1995). Nhiu hot ng c tin hnh,
bao gm: 1) ng ca nhiu im do du khch to ra,
c bit l nhng im nm trong cc khu khng th
chu c nh hng, 2) nh r tng im ring, 3)
phn pht cun sch hng dn v dng sng mng
ch cc a im vui chi gii tr v ni v cc qui
nh s dng a im v cc hot ng t gy nh
hng, 4) t cc l t hnh m neo ti tt c cc a
im, 5) tng cng cc xe kim lm tun tra nng
cao vic tip cn du khch v thc thi lut. Vic nh
r cc im v t cc l t tp trung vo s vn
chuyn du khch ti cc khu vc s dng chnh xung
quanh cc l t, xo b hu ht cc vn ca vic

xy dng v s dng nhiu im l t. Vic ng

ca cc im tha lm gim nh hng v lm
tng s tnh bit lp du khch do cho php c khng
gian rng ln hn gia cc a im. Nhng n lc
v gio dc ny mang n cho du khch nhng qui
nh mi v hot ng s dng a im mi v i
km vi vic m rng i xe tun tra kim lm
lm gim ng k vic s dng a im bt hp
php.
KT LUN
Tm li chng ny xem xt hng lot cc nh
hng tim tng do du khch v trnh by cc chin
lc qun l thay th gim nh v gim thiu cc
nh hng . Mt vi im chnh c trnh by
l:

Vic s dng ca du khch tc ng tiu cc

n thm thc vt, nc v ngun sng hoang d,
cng nh ti cht lng cc kinh nghim ca du
khch.

Du khch n v cc xung t c th lm
gim cht lng kinh nghim ca cc du khch.

Cc nhn t mi trng c trng nh l thm

thc vt, kh nng chng chu ca t v s phc hi
nh hng n loi v mc nghim trng ca cc nh
hng ca du khch n ngun lc.


Mi quan h gia s dng/ nh hng lm
hn ch hiu qu ca vic gim s dng ca du khch
v cc chin lc phn tn.

Cc c cu ra quyt nh c th cung cp
cc chin thut r rng v linh hot qun l cc nh
hng do du khch.

Cc chin lc qun l gin tip thng tn t

chi ph tin hnh hn v thng c du khch a
thch hn.
Du lch sinh thi c ca ngi l mt s thay th
l tng v s dng t khi so snh vi cc nghnh
cng nghip tp trung vo ngun lc nh l khai thc
du kh hay chn nui gia sc. Nghn cng nghip du
lch sinh thi thu ht c s quan tm ng k
trong nhng nm gn y dda n nhng cu hi
lin quan ti vic lm th no c th nh gi
c thnh cng ca n v bng cch no c th
duy tr cc li ch ca du lch sinh thi. Mt phng
php quan trng c dc c s thnh cng v bn
vng l vic qun l cc nh hng do du khch
m bo s bo tn lu di cc ngun li t nhin v
vn ho cng nh vic tip tc s dng v thng
ngon ca du khch.
C hng lot cc thng tin sn c tr gip gim
nh cc nh hng do du khch- t cc vui chi gii

tr sinh thi hc v cc nghin cu khoa hc x hi

n cc kinh nghim qun l gii tr. Nhiu ti liu
c trch dn trong chng ny c ngun gc t cc
kinh nghim v nghin cu nh vy cc khu bo
tn ca M. Nhng khc bit v mi trng v vn
ho gia cc nc v cc tn gio lm hn ch kh
nng p dng mt vi pht hin. Tuy nhin cc nh
qun l c th p dng kin thc thu c v cc gii
php pht trin nhng nc khc v p dng
linh hot kin thc ny vo hon cnh c th ca h.
Theo Boo, cc khu vc m gn y phi chu s gia
tng tham quan mnh m i hi thng xuyn phi
c cc k hoch qun l du lch sinh thi. Cc nh
hng n cc ngun lc quan trng c th din ra
nhanh chng ti cc khu bo tn do c s h tng
km pht trin (bao gm cc iu kin thun li cho
du khch v h thng ng mn) v do hn ch ca
vic gio dc du khch, qui nh v cc chng trnh
qun l a im. Cc nh qun l phi thng xuyn
tranh th s ng h trc tin cho cc hot ng ca
khu bo tn t cc c tri v c quan ca h ginh
c s ng h cn thit t cc cng ng a
phng, chnh quyn, nghnh cng nghip du lchhay
cc nhm bo tn. Khng may nhng s ng h nh
vy thng i km vi lng tham quan v li
nhun, do lm cho vic lp k hoch tin kh thi
v qun l kh khn.

Nhn lc v ngn sch hn ch cho c nhng khu

mi pht hin v nhng khu ni ting v pht trin
lm cn tr mnh m nhng n lc ca cc nh qun
l nhm gim thiu cc nh hng ca du khch. V
d, nu ngun lc tin hnh phng thc lp k
hoch LAC ton din v qun l b thiu th sau s
c t nhng la chn c gi tr cn c pht trin.
Mt phng thc thay th c th i hi tranh th
c s gip ca nhng chuyn gia nh cc nh
khoa hc v chuyn vin trong lnh vc du lch sinh
thi, qun l khu bo tn, khoa hc x hi, gii tr
trong sinh thi hc, qun l i sng hoang d v cc
mn khc cng nh ngi gi tin cho khu vc i
din. Vic st nhp cc chng trnh gim st cng b
ch trch trong vic nh gi thnh cng ca cc chin
lc qun l v xc nh xem liu cc nh hng n
ngun lc c gim i, tng ln hay vn nh c. Mt
danh sch cc chuyn gia c th c mi hp nh
k : 1) xem xt cc d liu gim st v nh gi
thnh cng ca cng tc qun l qua nhng mc tiu
ra t c, 2) trnh by cc vn v cc
nguyn nhn ct ngha cho chng, 3) nhn bit v
nh gi cc chin lc thay th, v 4) a ra cc
ngh cp n nhng vn cn tn ti v trong
tng lai. V vy cc chng trnh qun l nh hng
ca du khch c hiu qu phi thc t, to ra vic s
dng c hiu qu nht cc ngun lc hin c v nhn
mnh ti tnh linh hot v i mi.

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Knight, P,.L., Kj. Gutzwiller. 1995. Wildlife and
Recreationists:
Coexistence
Tbrougb
Management and Research, Island Press,
Washington, D.C.
Knight, R.L., S.A. Temple. 1995. "Wildlife and
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Kuss, P.R., A.R. Graefe and J. J. Vaske. 1990.
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research, vol. 1, National Parks and Conservation
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Larson, R.A. 1995. Balancing Wildlife Viewing With

Wildlife Impacts: A Case Study," Wildlife and
Recreationists:
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Lawrence, T.B., D. Wickins. 1997. "Managing
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in
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Tourism
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Leung, YF., J.L. Marion. 1996. "Trail Degradation as
Influenced by Environmental Factors: A State of
the Knowledge Review,"Journal of Soil and
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Liddle, M. J. 199 1. "Recreational Ecology: Effects
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Liddle, M.J., L.D. Chitty. 198 1. "The Nutrient
Budget of Horse Tracks on an English Lowland
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Liddle, Mj., A.M. Kay. 1987. "Resistance, Survival
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Barrier Reef," Biological Conservation, vol. 42,

pp. 1-18.
Liddle, Mj., H.R.A. Scorgie. 1980. "The Effects of
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Lucas, R.C. 1979. "Perceptions of Non-motorized
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Ogden,
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Lucas, R.C. 1990. "Wilderness Recreation
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MacFariand, C., M. Cifuentes. 1995. "Case Study:
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Resource Management, Policy, and Research,

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Manning, R.E. 1979. "Impacts of Recreation on
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Marion, J.L. 1994. "An Assessment of Trail
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Chng 8
a du lch sinh thi ln tm cao hn
Mt ci nhn vo s thu ht cc cng ng a
phng
trong khu vc t nhn
Costas Christ
" Nh b l xinh p", nh trit hc v nh vn
E.F.Schumacher ni nh vy. Khi p dng vo s
pht trin ca du lch khu vc t nhn c s li cun
cc cng ng a phng th ng l c mt kiu
thnh cng nh vy, l qui m nh. Trong nhng
nm gn y, khi du lch sinh thi pht trin,
ngi ta thy trn khp Chu Phi ( nh l trng hp
c tho lun trong chng ny) v phn ln th
gii cn li, ngy cng nhiu cc nh thu nh, bao
gm cc ch nh ngh, cc nh iu hnh du lch t
nhin, ang thu ht thnh cng cc cng ng a
phng vo cc cng vic ca h. Nhng pht trin
ny nht qun vi hai nguyn l c bn nht ca du
lch sinh thi, l em li li ch kinh t trc tip
cho ngi dn a phng v ng gp vo vic bo
v thin nhin.


LI GHI CH CA tc gi: Chng ny tp trung
vo s thu ht cc cng ng a phng vo s
pht trin ca du lch sinh thi trong khu vc t
nhn. N trnh by nhiu trng hp c th - tt c
u Chu Phi - d b so snh. Cc v d minh
ho cc cng ng a phng c nhng c cu
lnh o truyn thng ti ch v l ni m khu vc
t nhn ang mun thc hin c hiu qu "vic xy
dng nng lc" bn trong cc cng ng trong
khi cc k nng qun l ti chnh, cc c cu t chc
v kin thc kinh doanh ang cn thiu. Chng ny
khng nghin cu cc vn ln hn ca du lch
da vo cng ng, ni cc t chc kinh doanh c
khi u, s hu v iu hnh bi chnh cc cng
ng. Tuy nhin nhng vn c nu ln y v
nhiu kt lun t c l thch hp vi hnh nh
ton b ca s thu ht cc cng ng a phng
vo du lch da vo t nhin.
Cc nghin cu c th ca Oliver's Camp
Limited v Dorobo Tours v Safaris c da trn
kho st ban u, bao gm cc chuyn thm ti ch
Tanzania, cc cuc phng vn cc ng ch v cc
nh qun l v vic xem xt cc ti liu ca cng ty
bao gm cc th tin v cc cun sch mng. Cc
ngun thng tin ph c sn tm nh nu

trong mc ti liu tham kho. V Cng ty Bo tn

Chu Phi, ti phc v t 1996-1997 vi t
cch l gim c chng trnh, v chu trch nhim
v theo di du lch sinh thi v pht trin d n.
Trong thi gian ny, ti c nhng hiu bit su
sc v cc kinh nghim du lch sinh thi ca Cng ty
Bo tn Chu Phi trn thc a cng nh cch gii
quyt ca cng ty. Nghin cu im v Cng ty Bo
tn Chu Phi c cn c trn hiu bit rng ri ban
u ca cc d n thc a, cc ti sn v cc
phng php iu hnh ca cng ty. N bao gm
vic xem xt cc ti liu cng cng v cc ngun ti
liu ph nh nu trong Ti liu tham kho cui
chng ny.
Vic thu ht cng ng vo s pht trin ca du lch
qui m nh trong khu vc t nhn khng phi l
t c mt cch d dng. N l kt qu m mm v
hc tp t nhng sai lm ca cc nh thu i trc,
h tng u tranh em li ngha ch thc cho
tng ca l hnh trch nhim trn cc khu vc t
nhin, va bo v mi trng va gi vng phc li
ca nhn dn a phng. Nhng ti sao s li cun
cng ng li c ngha i vi khu vc t nhn?
Phi chng l mt hot ng nhn c? C ci g
bn trong i vi doanh nhn/ nh u t ? Khi p
dng vo du lch da vo t nhin th ta khng phi
nhn xa tm cu tr li. Thng k tip tc ch ra

rng du lch da vo t nhin vn ang l mt trong

b phn tng trng nhanh nht ca nn cng nghip,
vi ngy cng nhiu hot ng du lch da vo thin
nhin c t chc bn ngoi cc vn quc gia hoc
khu d tr, trn t ai ca cng ng hay lng x,
ni con ngi v cuc sng hoang d, cng vi cc
ti nguyn thin nhin khc, sng trong mi quan h
cht ch vi nhau. Nu mi quan h l th ch,
n c th ph hoi mi trng kinh doanh m s tng
trng ca du lch ph thuc vo. Khi dn lng
vng Prachuab Khiri Khan ca Thi Lan u c mt
h nc ung ca voi vo thng Nm 1997, git cht
mt n h hng cc voi him ca Chu , h b tr
ming v khng nhn c li ch pht trin du lch
da vo thin nhin trong khu vc. n voi gy
nhiu thit hi cho hoa mu ca h. Hnh ng ca
dn lng lm suy gim nghim trng th trng du
lch ca khu vc.
Tht ng bun l c nhiu v d tng t trn
khp th gii. Cc cng ng a phng c mu
thun vi cc d n hoc nh thu du lch, ngi dn
ca h b tc ot cc li ch kinh t. Trong
nhng trng hp ngi ta li nhn ra rng s
tham gia ca cng ng vo s pht trin du lch khu
vc t nhn c ngha kinh doanh lnh mnh. Nhng
tham gia nh th no? Nhng vn v ha hn ca
s thu ht cng ng vo du lch da vo t nhin l

g? Nhng nghin cu in hnh sau y s cho ta

mt vi v d.
Oliver's camp limited
Du lch Sinh thi Bn ngoi Cng vin Quc gia
Tarangire
Bc Tanzania
Ta c th tm thy Oliver's Camp ti Tanzania mt
v d thnh cng v iu hnh du lch sinh thi trn
qui m nh. c thnh lp t nm 1992, Oliver's
Camp,Ltd., l mt t chc kinh doanh du lch thng
mi t b vn thc y cng tc bo tn da vo
cng ng. Mc tiu ca Oliver's Camp Tanzania l
pht trin mt sn phm du lch thng mi c kt
qu vng i sn pha bc cu Tanzania, trong khi
vn em li nhng kt qu bo tn tch cc v li ch
kinh t c th t du lch cho ngi dn Maasai cc
lng Loboir Soit v Emboreet dc theo khu vc
hoang d ri rc pha ng Cng vin Quc gia
Tarangire (c bit n l khu vc sn bt c kim
sot Lokisale ). Oliver's Camp a ra mt xut
cho hai lng a phng v cho Cc i sng hoang
d ca chnh ph Tanzania, khuyn co mt khu vc
ht nhn bo v i sng hoang d rng 20 cy s
vung bn trong khu vc x Emboreet ni s t tri.
Mt "khu vc hot ng" rng hn, c 320 cy s

vung (mt mi trng hoang d l tng), trong

c lng Loboir Soit, cng s c bo tn cho cuc
sn b di hn. V thc cht, Oliver's Camp ang tm
kim mt hp ng cho thu di hn vi cc x.
Ngc li, tri d kin mt "l ph bo v i sng
hoang d"mi ngy cho mi nh du lch l 12US$ ,
c chia s gia hai x. Con s ny c nhn thy
l hp l v mt chi ph i vi khch hng v mc
hng li i vi cc cng ng v c dn lng
ng h. Hn na, Oliver's Camp yu cu nhng iu
sau y i vi dn lng (Dorobo Tours and Safaris
Ltd. v Oliver's Camp,1995):

khng c th gia sc ra khu vc bo

tn s hoang d (tr vo thi gian c nhu cu thc
s);

trong khu vc bo tn s hoang d v

khu vc hot ng rng hn khng c canh tc
hoc t, khng c cht cy lm than;

dn lng khng khuyn khch vic

quy ri mi i sng hoang d, trong khi vn duy tr
mi quyn li v nc v chn th trn khu vc hot
ng rng hn.
Cc i sng hoang d ca chnh ph ng h tho
thun cho thu bng cch khuyn khch cc hi ng
lng x hnh ng. S ng h chnh thc rt quan

trng, v Tanzania mi i sng hoang d u c

chm sc, v d n ny c nhn nhn l mt k
hoch s dng khng ph hu i sng hoang d.
Mt tho thun ngn hn ban u (su thng) t
cho php bt u cc hot ng, trong khi nhng
cuc tho lun chi tit hn cho mt hp ng cho
thu di hn (99nm) trn khu vc bo tn i sng
hoang d c tin hnh vi cc hi ng x. Oliver's
Camp ti tr mi chi ph cho nhiu cuc hp v d
ngoi trong hn mt nm cc hi ng x gp g
tho lun vi nhau. H tip tc tr l ph 12US$ cho
mt ngi mt m trong sut thi gian , mc d
cha c hp ng cho thu c k kt sau thi k
su thng u tin. Nhiu thi gian v tin bc
c s dng trong mt n lc nhm gio dc dn
lng a phng v bn thn hot ng du lch , v
li ch kinh t tim tng i vi cng ng, v v li
ch bo tn lu di i vi t ai thuc quyn s hu
ca cng ng. Lng x quan tm n vic "cc l
ph bo tn i sng hoang d" c thanh ton nh
th no. Mt phn ca tho thun vi Oliver's Camp
l m mt ti khon ngn hng ca x vi nhiu
thnh vin ca hi ng x (c dn lng bu ra)
thay mt cng ng k tn (Dorobo Tours and Safaris
Ltd., v Oliver's Camp, 1995).
Cui cng, mt hp ng cho thu 99 nm c
lp v k vi x Emboreet, tip theo sau l mt tho

thun tng t vi x Loboir Soit. Gia nm 1993 v

1997, c trn 40,000US$ c to ra t cc l ph
du lch v c thanh ton trc tip cho hai x, theo
ng hp ng cho thu (Oliver). T nhng ngy
cc qu c dng bo hnh mt ci ging v
my bm nc ca x, m rng trng lng, v mua
lng thc cho dn lng trong mt thi k hn hn,
ngoi ra cn c chi cho cc d n khc ca x v
cc nhu cu do dn lng xut. V d ca Oliver's
Camp dng ch ra hai iu: du lch sinh thi ang
thnh cng trn qui m nh, v, s hp tc c hiu
qu (ngha l cc tho thun cho thu) gia cc cng
ng a phng v khu vc t nhn c th thc hin
c vi s cam kt ca nh thu trong vic gnh vc
cc chi ph ti chnh v cc ri ro ca vic xy dng
nng lc (gio dc v o to) trong cng ng. Cc
chi ph i theo s cam kt bao gm vic t chc
cc cuc hp thc y qu trnh tin ln, cng nh
u t ban u trong d n, thng l trc khi t
c mt hp ng cho thu di hn hoc mt s
nhng b no. Mt loi chi ph khc phi chu l
thi gian, bi v cc cng ng a phng khng
phi bao gi cng tun theo cc hn cui do cc nh
u t t ra cho mt d n nht nh. Nu cn phi
t ti mt s tho thun c li cho c hai bn th s
kin tr l iu ct yu.

C l ri ro ln nht trong vic u t vo du lch

trong c mt hp ng c k kt vi hi ng
x l ch cng ng c hoc khng c quyn thc
s v t ai c ni ti. Nh ngi ch Oliver's
Camp gii thch (Oliver, 1997):
t ai m cc cng ng coi nh ca h c th c
hoc khng c chnh quyn cp trn cng nhn.
Bt k vn bn vn t hay ti liu v t ai do x
nm cn c xem xt v hiu r v c kim tra
y ti vn phng a chnh a phng. Hn na
cc ranh gii truyn thng ca lng x thng m h.
Chng hn, mt x tho lun mt a im
chng ti xy dng tri c nh, k vi chng ti
mt hp ng cho thu v nhn tin t cc hot ng
ca chng ti mc d h bit chc rng trn thc
t v tr y thuc din tch t ai ca x khc. R
rng l ngay t u chng ti ang tr thnh ng lc
trong vic xc nh ranh gii ca x.
dorobo tours and safaris (Du lch v sn bn
dorobo)
khuyn khch cng vic bo tn da vo cng
ng
bn trong h sinh thi ngorongoro- serengeti
Cng Tanzania, Dorobo Tours and Safaris (Du lch
v sn bn Dorobo) thnh lp cc t chc kinh

doanh du lch da vo cng ng vn xa v c hiu

qu v l mt v d khc v vic khu vc t nhn
thnh cng nh th no trong du lch sinh thi qui m
nh. Khng ging nh Oliver' Camp, u tin l mt
tri c nh, Dorobo l mt nh iu hnh du lch
khng c nh hay tri c nh. Thay vo , n iu
hnh cc tri di ng v cc chuyn sn b vng
trung tm ca Maasailand Tanzania. Khu vc ny
giu c v i sng hoang d v vn ho a phng,
v t ai thuc s hu v chim gi ca ngi
Maasai, v Dorobo mong mun duy tr tnh trng ny
(T.Peterson,1997)
L mt doanh nghip t nhn c thnh lp sinh
li bng du lch t nhin, Dorobo ngay t ngy u
c ch o bi cc mc tiu du lch sinh thi r
rng: 1) khuyn khch cc cng ng qun l ti
nguyn thin nhin mt cch vng bn, cc cng
ng ny ph thuc trc tip vo cc ti nguyn t
ai, 2) h tr cc nn vn ho bn x khi tip xc vi
th gii hin i, v 3) khuyn khch vic bo tn s
hoang d, l mt kiu ti nguyn trc tin ca ngi
dn a phng v cng l gi tr vn thuc v h ( T.
Peterson, 1997).
Ba anh em ang s hu v qun l Dorobo Tours and
Safaris. Nh mt trong h pht biu ( T. Peterson,
1997):

Nim tin ca chng ti l cuc sng hoang

d v s hoang d cn phi l mt la chn kinh
t cho cc cng ng sinh sng trn mnh t.
iu ny c bit ng trong ngi Maasai
Chu Phi. Nu khc i th nhng t hoang
n thun khng th no cnh tranh ni vi
nhng p lc ca nng nghip qung canh.
Chng ti ang kinh doanh kim tin, nhng
chng ti cng c mt cam kt v mt o c
bo tn ln hn.
Ging nh Oliver's, Dorobo k nhng tho thun
hp ng cho thu vi nhiu cng ng a phng
trong c nhng iu khon ring bit (quyn ca
Dorobo Safaris ch c a cc dn du lch n mt
vng hoang d nht nh c ngi Maasai sinh sng).
Tuy nhin, c dn dt bi mt ngha mnh m
ca s mng du lch sinh thi, Dorobo tm kim
ch nhng tho thun nm nm, "trnh cho dn
lng xa lnh t ai ca mnh thng qua cc hp
ng cho thu di hn" (T. Peterson, 1997). Trong 5
nm u, Dorobo thanh ton cho 4 x c tham gia
cc d n du lch sinh thi 50,000US$ thng qua mt
s kt hp cc l ph nhng t hng nm (500US$
mi nm) v tin cho thu ging m, ln ti 1020US$ mi ngi mi m, tu theo khu vc thm
(T. Peterson, 1997). Sau gn 10 nm iu hnh du
lch sinh thi trn thc a, Dorobo xc nh c

nhiu vn ni ln trong kinh nghim ca khu vc

t nhn v nhng thch thc ca n vi s tham gia
ca cng ng a phng (T.Peterson, 1997):

V pha nh thu, cn mt nhiu thi

gian v c s cam kt trong khi hi hp vi cc cng
ng c lin quan v lp ra mt tho thun nhng
t hay cho thu p ng nhu cu v s quan tm ca
mi bn.

Hin nay vn cha c mt chnh sch,

c cu t chc hay s h tr ng v chnh thc t
cc c quan chnh ph c lin quan, c bit l cc
nc ang pht trin cho mt nh thu khu vc t
nhn c th thu ht mt cch hiu qu cng ng vo
cng tc du lch. Khng ai ni "Anh c th lm vic
ny, anh c th lm nh th ny, anh phi trnh ci
ny". V mt ny, c bit l phng din chnh
quyn, du lch sinh thi cn phi i mt chnh ng
di.

Trong khu vc t nhn, vic xy dng

nng lc bn trong cc lng x v cc cng ng cn
ch, v thng h t c th t c yu cu ny.
Theo Dorobo , " xy dng nng lc bn trong cc
cng ng, v s thiu khun kh chnh sch thn
trng ca chnh ph l iu lm nn lng nhiu nh
u t t nhn trong vic tin hnh li cun cng

ng a phng" (T. Peterson, 1997). gip

ng u vi thch thc , hin nay Dorobo ang
lp cc qu nhm h tr ton phn cho vic xy dng
nng lc nhiu x, ni h c nhng tho thun v
s dng t sao cho c th tng cng cc cch s
dng tin li t d n du lch mt cch dn ch v
cng khai, v khuyn khch s ng gp v phi hp
ln hn gia Dorobo v cc x (D. Peterson, 1997).
Dorobo cng cung cp cho cc c quan thch hp ca
chnh ph nhng ti liu v kinh nghim thu ht cng
ng trong khu vc t nhn nhm gip cho vic thit
lp mt quan nim tt hn v qu trnh cho cc nh
u t khu vc t nhn ang c gng iu hnh theo
cc nguyn tc ca du lch sinh thi.
Oliver's Camp and Dorobo Safaris khng phi l duy
nht trong khu vc t nhn v kinh nghim gii thiu
mt d n du lch c s tham gia v qui hoch ca
cng ng, h cng khng duy nht trong thnh cng
v ti tr cho cc d n. Tri Tortilis Kenya, Lng
truyn thng Lizauli Namibia, v Lu tri
Ethiopia l trong s nhiu v d khc v cc d n
pht trin lc a Chu Phi (xem Ph lc bit chi
tit). NI khc, Nh ngh Sinh thi Ecuado, d
n du lch da vo lng Ulu Ai Sarawak, v Nh
ngh Lisu Thi Lan l trong s nhiu d n du lch
sinh thi qui m nh trn khp th gii ng u

vi cc thch thc tng t v t c nhng

thnh tu ng k trong vic thu ht cng ng.
Nhng thnh tu trong s pht trin du lch sinh
thi qui m nh gia khu vc t nhn v cc cng
ng a phng t ra mt cu hi ct yu: C phi
qui hoch v s tham gia ca cng ng vo s pht
trin du lch sinh thi khu vc t nhn nhm duy tr
vng quc ca nh iu hnh du lch nh da vo
thin nhin, ca ch nh ngh n l, hay ca c nhn
cho thu lu tri? Nh b c th l p, nhng liu du
lch sinh thi c b hn ch trong cc mnh t nh
nc ngoi, cc o ca khu vc t nhn qui m nh
trong khi du lch thng mi da vo thin nhin
tng trng v bnh trng mnh m?
C l y l thch thc ln nht m du lch sinh thi
ngy nay phi ng u. Liu c th p dng thnh
cng nhng nguyn tc ca du lch sinh thi, khng
nhng trnh khu vc t nhn qui m nh (vi li
nhun doanh nghip hng nm bng 1-2 triu US$
hoc t hn), m cn c th mc on th qui m
ln vi ti sn c nh v thu nhp hng nm vt
qu 50US$? Liu cc cng ty t nhn ln lm du lch
c th cam kt v thi gian v ngun lc cn thit
thc hin thnh cng qui hoch v s thu ht cng
ng?
Tp on bo tn Chu phi

Mt o c v chm sc
Nhng kt qu t c ca Tp on Bo tn Chu
Phi, mt trong nhng cng ty du lch sinh thi da
vo thin nhin ln nht th gii, c th gip ta tr li
cu hi t ra trn. c thnh lp vo nm 1990,
Tp on Bo tn cam kt trung thnh vi nhng
nguyn tc o c ca du lch sinh thi: "chm sc
t ai, i sng hoang d v con ngi" (Cng ty
Bo tn Chu Phi, 1997). Tp on Bo tn ph
trng vic pht trin tim nng rng ln ca cng
nghip du lch sinh thi- bt u trn lc a Chu
Phi- bng vic xy dng thnh cng v mt thng
mi mt danh sch vn u t cc nh ngh xy trn
ch v cc tri cc vng hoang d ho lnh. Cng
ty tin tng rng nh nm vng cc nguyn l ca du
lch sinh thi, h c th m bo tnh hoang d ni h
hot ng vn tr vng v kinh t vi t cch l cc
v tr bo tn v vn vng bn lu di v sinh thi.
Cng ty gi s tip cn du lch sinh thi y l "s
pht trin bo tn" (Varty, 1996).
Nh s dng php tip cn tng hp, s pht trin
ca du lch thng mi da vo sinh thi, vic bo
tn thin nhin v u t vn kinh doanh nng thn
c kt hp thc hin mc tiu quan trng ca
du lch sinh thi l bo v cc mi trng yu t v
sinh thi v khuyn khch cc li ch kinh t trc tip

cho cc cng ng a phng. Tp on khng tm

cch s hu t hoang d (cng khng xem vic lm
l thch hp i vi cc cng ty khu vc t nhn);
ngc li, n c gng lm i tc vi cc chnh
quyn a phng v trung ng v, quan trng nht
l vi cc cng ng a phng gn b mt thit
vi t ai . Thng qua cc hp ng s dng lu
di tm kim c s an ton trong hng dng,
vi kt qu l cc l ph thu, cho thu v cho i qua
ang trc tip chy vo cc cng ng a phng.
Ngay t u, Tp on bo tn c nh khuych
trng, vi ti sn c nh v tin li vt qu 60
triu US$ v mt mc tiu chung l xy dng 60-100
nh ngh v tri sang trng nht th gii, mi ci nm
trn vng hoang d c xa ng ch . Nm 1990,
Tp on Bo tn c mt nh ngh sinh thi, l tri
Londolozi, bin gii pha ty Cng vin Quc gia
Kruger Nam Phi. Cho n thng T 1998 cng ty
c trong danh sch vn u t du lch sinh thi ca
mnh, bn khu vc bo tn chim mung v th rng
ca t nhn (hai thuc ch s hu, hai i thu) v
trn 20 nh ngh v tri nm trn khp lc a Chu
Phi.
Trong nhng ngy u, m bo s tng trng v
m rng ca doanh nghip lun nht qun vi cc
nguyn tc ca du lch sinh thi, Tp on bo v

to ra Qu u t Nng thn (RIF) ca mnh nh l

mt chng trnh v c quan trc tip nm trong
cng ty. Mc ch ca RIF l : m bo cc hot
ng du lch sinh thi c cc cng ng a
phng tho lun v tn thnh, gy qu v h tr
cc li ch kinh t a phng thng qua cc d n
pht trin cng ng, v minh ho cho vic lm
cch no khu vc t nhn c th p ng c s
pht trin bn vng thng qua cc cng vic du lch
da vo thin nhin c nhn thc v thc hin mt
cch thn trng. c th m cc d n pht trin
kinh t x hi c th tr vng, RIF hot ng rt
ging mt c quan pht trin cng ng truyn thng
bn trong c cu on th ca cng ty, u t thi
gian v s dng h tng c s, ngun lc v vn
ling ca n lm vic vi cc cng ng a
phng bn trong v xung quanh khu vc tri v
nh ngh ca Tp on Bo tn. Qu ca d n c
gp t cc ngun trong nc v quc t, (t cc c
nhn t nhn v cc c quan tng), nhng khng phi
t bn thn Tp on Bo tn. Tuy nhin hng nm
trn 100,000US$ trong chi ph iu hnh RIF c
trch trc tip t tin li to ra bi cc hot ng du
lch ca Tp on (Christ, 1997). Bin ch ca D n
trong RIF bao gm mt gim c, mt nh qun l
pht trin (m vai tr hng u l vit cc kin ngh
v gy qu), mt ngi qun l a phng, mt cn

b lin lc vi cng ng v ba cng nhn lm vic

hin trng.
Gia cc nm 1991 v 1997, Tp on u t
ng vin c trn mt triu US$ thng qua RIF
ti tr cho cc d n nm trong cc cng ng sng
gn vi cc tri , nh ngh v c khu bo tn t nhn
ca Tp on, trc ht l Chu Phi. Cc d n
bao gm mi th, t vic xy dng cc lp hc
trong cc khu vc ca x n xy dng mt bnh x
phc v cho 30,000 ngi sinh sng trong vng trc
y ch c t phng tin y t. Mc ch v trng tm
ca cc n lc l thu ht cc cng ng trc
tip vo cc li ch kinh t ca du lch bng cch tch
cc tm cho ngi dn a phng mt con ng
chung sng trong mi quan h vi du lch da vo t
nhin (Christ, 1996a).
Trong khi Tp on Bo tn cn ang gng sc trung
thnh vi cc nguyn l ca thit k bn vng v mi
trng trong vic xy dng cc nh ngh v tri , v
qun l thn mt vi thin nhin trong cc hot ng
ca mnh, r rng n vn l Tp on du lch t nhn
qui m ln duy nht ang ra sc thc hin c hiu
qu vic qui hoch v thu ht cng ng a phng
nh l mt phn ca nhim v hot ng ca mnh.
Cc Tp on ln khc trong khu vc t nhn ang
hot ng trong cng nghip du lch quan tm n

v hnh ng trn nhng vn "nhy cm v mi

trng" ca du lch sinh thi. Chng hn,
InterContinental Hotels and Resorts (Cng ty Khch
sn v Ni ngh Xuyn lc a) bc u khuyn
khch qun l hp l v mi trng bn trong khu
vc khch sn quc t trn khp th gii
(InterContinental Hotels and Resorts, 1995), Dusit
Hotels and Resorts xy dng ti cc ti sn ca h
mt chng trnh tuyt ho v nhn thc mi trng
(Dusit Hotels and Resorts,1995), v Serena Lodges
and Hotels t ra mt tin l cho cc nhm khch
sn Chu Phi bng vic thit lp mt o c cho cc
hot ng nhy cm v mi trng (Serena Lodges
and Hotels, 1997).Tuy nhin cc Tp on v c
bn trnh qui hoch v thu ht cng ng a
phng vi l do n gin l cc sng kin tn
nhiu thi gian, tin bc v k nng lm vic. Nh
cc v d ca Oliver's Camp, Dorobo v Conservation
Corporation gip lm sng t, ch c nhng cng ty
no c s cam kt chn thc vi nhng nguyn tc
ca du lch sinh thi th mi t nguyn i con ng
di trong vic bin qui hoch v thu ht cng ng
trong s pht trin du lch sinh thi khu vc t nhn
tr thnh mt thc t.
Bin h cho mnh, khu vc t nhn nhanh chng ch
ra rng nhiu cng ng nng thn sng gn hay
ngay trn t hoang d xa xi c t kinh nghim vi

kinh doanh thng mi hay cng nghip du lch. Hn

na cc cng ng c th hay khng thng nht cng
nhn cc hi ng hay u ban x trong vic ra quyt
nh. Mt nh u t khu vc t nhn quan tm n
qui hoch v thu ht cng ng phi b tin v thi
gian h tr xy dng nng lc bn trong cc cng
ng . Vic xy dng nng lc y bao gm nhng
khng nht thit phi hn ch trong:

gio dc c bn trong vic hiu bit

cc ti liu php lut, nh vn t, cc quyn chim
gi, quyn s dng t v cc hp ng cho thu;

o to qun l ti chnh, bao gm

hiu bit cc c cu l ph, cc th tc ngn hng, k
ton v s trong sng;

cng c cc c cu ra quyt nh, bao

gm cc hi ng x v cc u ban gim st d n;
v

o to pht trin t chc kinh doanh

du lch, bao gm cc trung tm ngh th cng do
cng ng qun l, cc trung tm vn ho, v hng
dn li dng cc c hi.
 
mc c bn nht, cng ng a phng phi c
kh nng tham gia tho lun cc vn gio dc v

cc vn k thut nh cc hp ng cho thu v cc

tc ng/ li ch ca d n, bng cch cho php h
nm c tnh hnh a ra nhng quyt nh.
Nhng s ng vc ln nhau cn c khc phc
xy dng lng tin.
Du lch sinh thi ch ra trong nhiu trng hp,
cc chi ph lin quan ti vic xy dng nng lc ,
bao gm cc cuc hp, gio dc, o to ngh
nghip, tho cc vn bn php l v a cc i din
chnh quyn a phng tho lun xa hn, u do
ngi u t t nhn chu cp. Thng l ni no cc
quyt nh kinh doanh cn ra nhanh hoc theo lch
trnh ca nh u t, th vic ra quyt nh ca x v
cng ng trong hon cnh tt nht cng tin trin
chm. Hn th na, qu trnh thng b chm li bi
s u tranh ca chnh quyn ni b hay a phng
bn trong chnh cc cng ng. nh ng ch ca
Oliver's Camp pht biu ( Oliver, 1997):
C th mt nhiu nm hi hp v rt nhiu thi
gi...Khi cc cuc hp tin trin, cc vn trnh by
nhn c thm s ng h hay phn i, v ngi
tham gia cc cuc hp cng thay i nhiu.Nhiu
cuc hp b hon li, mt s c v b lng qun, trong
khi mt s li c cng ng t ra rt quan tm th
c rt nhiu dn lng tham d.
 

 nhng khu vc Tp on Bo tn xy dng cc d

n v m ng nhim v qui hoch v thu ht cng
ng, thc t xy ra ging nh vy. Trong nhng
hon cnh th thi gian, s kin nhn v tin bc l
nhng chi ph thc m nh u t khu vc t nhn
phi chu. Chnh thch thc phi cung cp cho cng
ng c lin quan c hi xy dng nng lc ngn
cn nhiu nh thu qui m ln khi m nhn cng
vic qui hoch v pht trin cng ng ch thc
trong t chc kinh doanh du lch nng thn. Cc chi
ph v li ch ca vic thu ht cng ng vo vi nh
u t t nhn qui m nh v vi cng ty ln ang c
gng tn trng cc nguyn tc ca du lch sinh thi c
th rt khc nhau. Mt cng ty nh vi mt tri, hoc
mt hay hai hp ng cho thu, lc u thc hin
vic qui hoch v thu ht cng ng, sau lm vic
duy tr mi quan h vi cng ng m bo
d n tin trin thnh cng. Mt khc, mt Tp on
ln vi nhiu nh ngh v tri nhiu nc khc
nhau v thu ht mt phm vi rng cc cng ng th
phi lp li cng mt thch thc v thng l phi
chu tn km. Tuy nhin, mt li ch i vi Tp
on l, sau mi mt kinh nghim mi trong s pht
trin du lch khu vc t nhn c s qui hoch v tham
gia ca cng ng a phng u em li mt s
hiu bit su sc hn v cch "lm th no lm
vic tt hn" cho ln sau.

M hnh thnh cng ca s thu ht cng ng ti

Khu bo tn ti nguyn Phinda ca Tp on Bo tn
(c thnh lp nm 1992, v thu ht cc cng ng
Mduku, Mngobokazi v Nibela), dn n cc n lc
qui hoch v thu ht cng ng ti cc ti sn khc
ca Tp on Bo tn. Kichwa Tembo, ti mt tri
nui sc vt ca nhm Maasai min Nam Kenya,
o Mnemba ngoi khi ng bc Zanzibar , v
Klein'n Camp tip gip vi Cng vin Quc gia
Serengeti Tanzania, tt c u i thoi vi cc
cng ng a phng v li ch v mi quan tm ca
h (Christ, 1996b; Conservation Corporation
Africa,1996).
Nh thy cc v d trn, hin ang c nhiu
nghin cu v m hnh minh ho s thnh cng
ca khu vc t nhn qui m nh trong vic thu ht
cng ng a phng. Cho ti nay, Tp on bo
tn Chu Phi ng mt mnh nh mt cng ty du lch
sinh thi t nhn i u trong vic tm cch gii quyt
thch thc ca vic quy hoch v thu ht cng ng
trong lnh vc ca s pht trin du lch thng mi
"qui m ln". Nhm mc ch , kinh nghim ca
Tp on Bo tn Chu Phi c th chng t r l n
c th ginh thng li mc , hoc ch ra rng ti
sao li khng thnh cng. Cho n by gi ci tch
cc tip tc thng ci tiu cc trong hot ng du lch
sinh thi tp th rng ln ny. Thnh cng lin tc

ca Tp on Bo tn trong vic thc cc mc tiu

ca du lch sinh thi chng minh iu . Nm 1997,
Phinda, mt ti sn ca Tp on Bo tn, c
tng gii thng hng m c: Gii thng ca Du
lch Hng khng Anh quc cho Ngy Mai, v nu
mt tm gng xut sc p dng nhng nguyn l
ca du lch sinh thi. y l ln th hai trong nm
nm gii thng c trao cho mt d n ca
Tp on Bo tn.
Tuy nhin, nhng vn c lin quan ti s bnh
trng nhanh chng trong nhng nm gn y ca
Tp on Bo tn cng lm hao tn mt vi thnh
tu du lch sinh thi rc r hn ca n. Chng hn,
trong cuc chy ua xy mi hai nh ngh sinh
thi sang trng bn b con sng Zambezi gn Thc
nc Victoria ca Zimbabwe, cc i xy dng do
Tp on Bo tn s dng cht ti 65,000 cy,
trong c mt vi cy sng ti 300 nm,
nhanh chng lp t ng dy in vo cc nh
ngh. Cc nh mi trng a phng v cng tc
gin v qu trch cng ty v vi phm th bo
nhng tiu chun du lch sinh thi ca chnh mnh.
Hnh nh bn thn Tp on Bo tn cng b mt
cnh gic trc vic cht cy, v khng ng n li
din ra nh th (Tweedie, 1996). Cng ty tr thnh
nn nhn ca chnh s bnh trng to ln ca bn

thn v do thiu mt qui hoch thn trng, tng

l nhn hiu thnh lp ca n.
Mt s c tng t xy ra Tanzania khi cc nh
xy dng Nh ngh Ngorongoro Crater mi m ca
Tp on Bo tn tnh c m rng hai n v
phng ra ngoi bin gii nhng t v nm trong
khu bo tn ln cn c bo v. Cc chnh quyn
a phng ca khu bo tn e do ph d chng,
nhng rt cuc li thi, bi v thit hi, mc d l hn
ch, l s ri. Mc d c nhng cn tr v thu
nhp nm 1997 b gim st dn n vic t chc li
cng ty, bao gm thu hp cc sng kin cng ng
RIF ( t n di s lnh o trc tip ca nhng
ngi qun l nh ngh), Tp on Bo tn vn ang
a tiu chun cng nghip v thnh cng ca du lch
sinh thi ln trnh thng mi qui m ln.
Nhng kt lun cui cng xem du lch sinh thi c tr
vng v mt thng mi cng ty ln hay khng vn
cn cha th no rt ra c. Nhng kt qu ban u
ang ch ra rng qui hoch v s thu ht cng ng
khng nhng l c th c, m n cn l ngun
ng gp sng cn cho s bn vng ca bn thn
cng nghip du lch t nhin.
kt lun, nhng thch thc vn c i vi khu vc
t nhn trong vic theo ui qui hoch v thu ht
cng ng vn l nh nhau i vi cc cng ty du

lch qui m nh ln qui m ln. Cc chnh ph v cc

c quan phi chnh ph c th gip gim nh gnh
nng tin ca v thi gian ca cc nh u t t nhn
bng cc chng trnh h tr, hng phc v vic
khuyn khch cc d n thu ht khu vc t nhn v
cc cng ng a phng. Chng hn, cc chnh ph
c th h tr vic u t t nhn no khuyn khch
vic thi hnh cc nguyn tc ca du lch sinh thi
bng vic gim thu v gim l ph cp php cho
nhng nh u t t nhn c thu mn cng
NG. Kenya, cc chng trnh Dch v i
sng Hoang d Cng ng v i sng Hoang d
cho s Pht trin v Chia s Li ch ca Dch v i
sng Hoang d Kenya c nhm cng c mi quan
h tim tng gia khu vc t nhn v cc cng ng
a phng ang cng tc vi nhau trong vic lm du
lch t nhin bng cch cung cp cho cc nh u t
du lch nhng nguyn tc ch o v s h tr khi
lm vic vi cc cng ng a phng. Tng t
nh vy, trong s cc nhm T Chc Phi Chnh Ph,
Hip hi Du lch Da vo Cng ng ca Namibia,
c thnh lp nm 1995 Namibia nh cc qu
tng, ang gip vic xy dng nng lc bn trong
cc cng ng nhm lm cho cc lin doanh vi khu
vc t nhn c th c t chc thnh cng. Tuy
nhin, v s h tr ca chnh ph v cc t chc phi
chnh ph trong hon cnh tt nht cn hn ch, nn
c mt nhu cu rt ln v loi h tr bn ngoi

khuyn khch s thu ht nhiu hn na cng ng a

phng vi khu vc t nhn trong ngnh cng nghip
du lch da vo t nhin.
Sau cng, nu du lch sinh thi l mt th nghim-v
n hin cn nh vy- th by gi c nhng kt
qu tt p coi n mt cch nghim tc. qua i
nhng ngy khi ngi ta mun bit vic p dng cc
nguyn tc ca du lch sinh thi c lm cho du lch
tr thnh cht xc tc cho vic bo v thin nhin v
pht trin cng ng hay khng. Rt cuc th c
nhiu chng c rng iu l ng. Tuy nhin cho
ti nay, cc v d thnh cng hu nh ch nm quy
m nh.Du lch sinh thi by gi ang ng ng ba
ng. a du lch sinh thi trong nhng nm ti
tin ln mt cch thng li, chng ta phi th p dng
cng mt tiu chun em li kt qu trn quy m
nh sang khu vc du lch thng mi da vo thin
nhin trn quy m ln. iu s khuyn khch ngy
cng nhiu cng ty du lch da vo thin nhin trong
khu vc t nhn, sn sng tr nn nhy cm hn
vi cc vn ca du lch sinh thi, quan tm khng
nhng cng vic iu hnh thn thin v sinh thi m
cn m rng s cam kt ca h vo lnh vc cam go
nht ca thc tin du lch sinh thi ngy nay- l s
thu ht cng ng mt cch thnh cng.
Ti liu tham kho

Christ, C. 1996a. "Conservation Corporation:

Ecotourism
through
Rural
Investment,"
unpublished report, November, Conservation
Corporation Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
Christ, C. 1996b. "CCA Summary of East Africa
Lodges and Camps," unpublished report,
Conservation Corporation Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
Chr ist, C. 1997. March. "Ecotourism and Its Role in
Africa Tourism Promotion," International
Tourism Exchange: Africa Forum, Messe Berlin
Gmbh., Berlin, Germany.
Conservation Corporation Africa. 1996. January, "IO
Facts to Know About RIF," Rural Investment
Fund Programme: An Overview, unpublished
document, Conservation Corporation Africa,
Johannesburg, South Africa.
Conservation Corporation Africa. 1996. "Phinda
Resource Reserve: Rural Investment Fund
Developments,"
unpublished
document,
Conservation Corporation Africa, Johannesburg,
South Africa.
Conservation Corporation Africa. 1997. "Company
Brochure: Edition I," Conservation Corporation
Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Dorobo Tours and Safaris Ltd., Oliver's Camp. 1995.

"Potential
Models for
Community-Based
Conservation among Pastoral Communities
Adjacent to Protected Areas in Northern
Tanzania," Community-Based Conservation in
Northern Tanzania, Department of Wildlife, Dar
es Salaam, Tanzania.
Dusit Hotels and Resorts. 1995. "Environmental
Management for Hotels," Dusit Hotels and
Resorts, Bangkok, Thailand.
InterContinental Hotels and Resorts. 1995.
"InterContinental
Hotels
and
Resorts
Environmental Review," InterContinental Hotels
and Resorts, London, England.
Oliver, R 1997. May 15. Personal communication,
owner, Oliver's Camp. Peterson, D. 1997. May.
Draft newsletter, unpublished document, Dorobo
Tours and Safaris Ltd., Arusha, Tanzania.
Peterson, T. 1997. June 14. Personal communication,
co-owner, Dorobo Tours and Safaris Ltd.
Serena Lodges and Hotels. 1997. "Serena's
Commitment to the Environment," unpublished
presentation, Serena Lodges and Hotels, Arusha,
Tanzania.

Tweedie, K. 1996. December. Draft news article on

Conservation Corporation Africa Zimbabwe
lodges, unpublished document, Conservation
Corporation Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Varty, D. 1996. August. Personal communication,
chairman, Conservation Corporation Africa.
Ti liu c thm
Christ, C. 1995. April. "Report of the Communitybased Tourism Enterprise Workshop," World
Wildlife Fund, Windhoek, Namibia.
Conservation Corporation Africa. Undated. 'An
Integrated Approach to Ecotourism," unpublished
document, Conservation Corporation Africa,
Johannesburg, South Africa.
Hammer, J. 1996. March 4. "Shifting the Balance
between Man and Beast," Newsweek.
Oliver, P, D. Peterson. "Ecotourism Outside
Tarangire National Park in Northern Tanzania,"
unpublished document, Arusha, Tanzania.
PRIVATE SECTOR LODGE CONTACTS
Tortihs
Camp
Ltd.


Kapawi Ecological Lodge
(Amboseli,
Kenya)

c/o Daniel Koupermann

c/o
Stefano
Cheii

Canodros S.A.
PO.
Box
39806

Luis Urdancta
Nairobi,
Kenya

14-18 y Ave Ejercito

Guayaquil, Ecuador
Lizauli Traditional Village
(East
Caprivi,
Namibia)

 Ulu Ai Village
Cornmunity-based
c/o
Maxi
Louis

Tourism Project
Manager, NACOBTA-Life Programme c/o
Borneo Adventures Sdn Bhd
Private
Box
9681

55 Main Bazaar
Windhoek,
Namibia

93000 Kuching
Sarawak, Malaysia
Bishangari Tented Camp
(Lake Langano, Ethiopia)
c/o
Project
Manager

Lisu Lodge

FarmAfrica

C/o Vincent Tabutear,

Managing Director
PO.
Box
5746

East West Siam, Budding One,

11th Floor
Addis
Ababa,
Ethiopia
99 Wireless Road
10330 Bangkok, Thailand

Chng 9
Nhng tip cn mi v qun l du lch sinh thi
da vo cng ng
 
Bi hc t Ecuao
Andy Drum
M u
Cc cng ng a phng coi du lch sinh thi l
mt s la chn pht trin c th tip cn c, n c
th gip h ci thin trnh sc kho v gio dc,
v cht lng chung ca i sng m khng phi bn
i ti nguyn thin nhin hay lm tn thng nn vn
ho ca h. Khi khng c nhng la chn bn vng
khc, vic h tham gia vo du lch sinh thi thng
c nhn thc l cch tt nht thc hin kht
vng pht trin bn vng. Theo kinh nghim ca tc
gi, s tham gia tch cc ca cng ng a phng
vo qu trnh qui hoch v qun l hot ng l quan
trng hon thnh cc mc tiu ca bo tn v pht
trin bn vng ca du lch sinh thi. Chng hn, mt
trong nhng li than phin ph bin ca cc doanh
nghip du lch thin nhin ang s dng hay thu t

ca ngi dn a phng trong hot ng ca mnh

l, mc d c nhng tho thun trc, ngi a
phng vn tip tc sn bn hoc cht cy dc cc
con ng c ch nh l khu vc du lch. Trong
trng hp cng ng a phng tham gia tch cc
vo qui hoch v qun l du lch, nh trng hp
ngi Cofan ca Zabalo (xem Nghin cu in
hnh, cui chng ny), th khng c nhng li
than phin .
Tc gi phn bit gia du lch sinh thi (hm bo
tn, gio dc, trch nhim v s tham gia tch cc
ca cng ng) v du lch t nhin (ging du lch
sinh thi ch xy ra trn cc khu vc t nhin,
nhng khng bao hm mi yu t). Ngay t
u, du lch t nhin li dng s hp dn trn
t thuc cc cng ng a phng hay bn x (h
thng khng c quyn s hu hp php mc d
lu i trn khu vc). Tuy nhin, in hnh l nhng
li ch nm trong tay v cc ti khon ngn hng
ca khu vc t nhn xa cc rng ma, cc sng
sui, cc ni ca i sng hoang d v nhn dn
trn thc t ang sinh sng .
S qun l du lch sinh thi da vo cng ng ni
ti cc chng trnh c thc hin di quyn kim
sot v vi s tham gia ca ngi dn a phng
ang sinh sng hoc s hu mt s hp dn t nhin.

Wesche (1996) trnh by tm quan trng ca s pht

trin hin tng trong cc cng ng bn x vng
Amazon ca Ecuado.
S tham gia ca cc cng ng a phng vo qui
hoach v qun l cc hot ng ca du lch theo
truyn thng l khu yu trong qu trnh pht trin t
du lch t nhin sang du lch sinh thi. Cc cng ng
a phng v bn x c kt np vo du lch t
nhin, nu c cht no, l mt ngun lao ng r mt,
hay mt i tng y mu sc c quan tm trong
cc hnh trnh ca cc chuyn du lch do khu vc t
nhn iu hnh. Cc cng ng thng nhn c
nhng li ch kinh t khng ng k v c t hoc
khng c vai tr trong qui hoch v qun l iu
hnh m h l mt b phn. Trong cc iu kin ,
du lch c rt t bin php khuyn khch cc cng
ng a phng bo tn ti nguyn ca h v khng
cng c cc gi tr vn ho ca h. Du lch t nhin,
ging nh hu ht cc hnh thc du lch khc -v cc
hot ng khai thc ti nguyn khc nh du, khai
khong, chn gia sc v lp cc n in- c xu
hng duy tr cc mi quan h bc lt gia cc cng
ty t nhn v cc cng ng a phng, v gy nn
nhng tc ng tiu cc ln mi trng.
Kinh nghim

Trong nhng nm gn y, Ecuao chng kin s

ra i ca cc t chc chnh tr, cc t chc ny tham
gia ngy cng nhiu vo hot ng chnh tr cp
quc gia. iu ny em li nhng tin b trong
vic cng nhn cc quyn v t ai, ngoi cc li ch
khc. S t tr ang tng v chnh tr trnh ngi
dn thng gp phn lm cho t nc tr thnh
ngi dn u th gii trong s a dng v pht trin
ca cng vic du lch sinh thi cng ng.
Vi quyn hn hp php i vi khu vc rng ln
ca rng ma vng Amazon v do phm vi t
quyt ln hn, ngi dn a phng by gi c th
nm chc cc hot ng du lch (v cc hot ng
da vo ti nguyn khc) din ra trn sn sau ngon
mc v sinh thi ca h. iu lm cho nhiu
doanh nghip du lch t nhin phi luyn tic nhng
ngy p qua khi c t do n cc khu hp dn
t nhin v vn ho. S din bin y trong cc quan
h gia cc cng ng v doanh nghip t nhn
dn n mt ln sng cam kt mi ca mt s
doanh nghip du lch i vi s bn vng, nhng
ngi ny quay sang ch trch cc cng ng
khng thc hin y cng vic bo tn, ly lm
ci c phn i s thay i trong cc quan h
quyn lc truyn thng.

Ecuado, c bit l trong vng Amazon, ang

chng kin mt s pht trin nhanh cha tng c ca
cng vic du lch da vo cng ng. Tuy nhin, do
khng gn th trng nn phn ln hot ng
khng ht kh nng, mc d cc hot ng da vo
cng ng c li th l c th tip xc vi gii dn d
hn cc ng nghip khu vc t nhn.
S bng n trong cc hot ng du lch cng ng
khng theo mt khun mu qun l c bit no,
nhng lm ny sinh mt s chin lc v hnh
mu t chc khc m mc thnh cng hay tht bi
ang cn phi nh gi. Cc nghin cu in hnh
trong chng ny s minh ho mt s v d chnh.
M hnh t chc m mt cng ng ring bit theo
ui khi pht trin mt d n du lch sinh thi c lin
quan ti ng c thc y ban u ca d n. N c
th c gi trong ni b nh mt d n cng ng
thc hin cc mc tiu pht trin, hoc bi cc c
nhn hay gia nh trong cng ng p dng kinh
nghim hot ng v tip xc ni khc. Hoc n c
th pht trin bn ngoi, thng qua mt doanh
nghip du lch c ci nhn i vi mt sn phm
mi, hoc thng qua mt t chc phi chnh ph coi
s pht trin ca du lch sinh thi cng ng l mt
cch bo v mt ti nguyn thin nhin qu gi,

hoc nh l mt con ng i ti pht trin nng

thn.
Mt cch in hnh, cc d n du lch c s tham gia
ca cng ng c cc t chc phi chnh ph hay
cc cng ty t nhn bn ngoi khi xng. Cc
cng ng bn trong hay xung quanh cc khu vc
c thm c xu hng b y ra ngoi l trong qu
trnh qui hoch v trong qun l iu hnh. iu
xut pht t mt cch tip cn t trn xung, hay gia
trng, i khi c cc nh qun l t bn ngoi p
dng. Vic thiu cc quyt nh v qui hoch v qun
l lm xi mn mc tiu ca bo v mi trng bng
cch hn ch s thu ht cc thnh vin ca cng ng
vo lm ngi lm thu hay gn nh lm thu, iu
ny hn ch tc dng "c ng" cn thit cao
vic pht trin s cam kt ca cng ng trong vic
bo v ti nguyn.
Khi no v ti sao cc cng ng
thit lp s iu hnh ca h
Mc d quan nim v du lch l mt hot ng cn xa
l i vi mt s cng ng nng thn v bn x, n
khng hon ton l mt tng mi i vi a s.
Trong nhiu nm nhiu ngi c kinh nghim du
lch vi t cch l nhng lao cng trong nh ngh hay
cng nhn xy dng trn hoc gn lnh th ca h, l

cc nhn vin cp thp lm vic trong bp hay lau

dn nh ca, l ngi li can, v trong trng hp
t xut l ngi hng dn v cung cp cc hng
th cng. Dn bn x cn tham gia vo s hp dn
trong cc hnh trnh ca cc doanh nghip du lch v
ngi dn ng t bn ngoi khu vc ca h. Trong
nhng trng hp ny h tip n khch thm v
cung cp cc "bui biu din vn ho" nh biu din
thi ng x ng hay n mc qun o dn tc chi
nhc v nhy ma. Hn na h c th chng kin
cc li ch kinh t v cc tc ng khc dn v cc
cng ng lng ging b thu ht vo hot ng.
Cc cng ng v cc doanh nghip du lch
Thng c s bt ng no trong quan h gia
cng ng v ngnh cng nghip du lch m cc
hng n vin v cc doanh nghip l i biu, iu
ny dn n vic cc cng ng ch bc b ton b
du lch trong khu vc, tm kim nhng khon c li
vi doanh nghip bn ngoi, hoc t h qun l du
lch.
Chng hn, cc cng ng Quichua ca Anangu v
Panacocha n cy ngang cc dng sui
dn n cc h trn lnh th ca h ngn cc
doanh nghip du lch khng vo c. Cc doanh
nghip du lch mang thc n, cc ti x li xung
my v hng dn vin t bn ngoi cng ng, lm

gim ng k thu nhp v cc c hi o to cho c

dn a phng. iu ny cng lm mt c hi
tng cng mi lin h gia cc li ch ca du lch
v bo tn.
Cc doanh nghip chn thu ngi t bn ngoi ni
n v nhiu l do. H tin tng hn vo cht lng
v tin cy trong cng vic ca i ng nhng
ngi c c s thnh ph. H cng mun trnh chi
ph o to dn bn x. Sau cng, cc doanh nghip
tin rng h c tim nng kim sot ln hn cc nhn
vin v hot ng ni chung nu h em theo cc
cng nhn vin ca mnh thc hin cc vai tr ca
du lch, thay cho thu ngi dn bn x ng cc vai
vi t cch l nhng ngi cng tham gia.
Bc b thc t c th buc cc cng ng a
phng chm dt cc quan h vi doanh nghip "bn
ngoi" hay thay i chng ph hp vi cc nguyn
vng ca cng ng. Cc cng ng c xu hng
mong thu c nhiu li ch kinh t hn trong vic
to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip bn ngoi s
dng nhng hp dn kinh t du lch ca h (cuc
sng hoang d, rng, cnh ng, ao h v sng ngi)
v cho lao ng v cc hng th cng ca h.
Mi quan h in hnh gia cng ng v ngi iu
hnh chuyn du lch khng to ra s n nh ca
cng ng; ngc li n lm cho cng ng d b tn

thng trc s p t li ch kinh t do bn ngoi

nh ot, trc s thay i hnh trnh, v cui cng
l s b ri nu mi quan h khng cn em li li
nhun m doanh nghip mng mun. Chnh p
ng hai tnh hung -li ch kinh t thp v s
khng n nh lin quan n du lch- m nhiu d n
du lch sinh thi cng ng c xng. y l
trng hp ca cng ng Quichua vng Playas de
Cuyabeno, trong khi tip tc l ngun nhn vin lm
thu cho mt doanh nghip ln bn ngoi nh
lm trong su nm qua, h xy dng cc tin
nghi v bt u n tip cc khch du lch theo quyn
ca mnh. Cng c nhng ng c thc y quan
trng i vi ngi Quichua Capirona, ngi
Sionas v ngi Siecoyas vng Laguna Grande
Cuyabeno, v ngi Huaorani.
Cc cng ng v cc t chc phi chnh ph
Mi gn y, cc t chc bo tn phi chnh ph
(NGO), nh l mt phn trong cc chin lc ca h,
bt u b thu ht vo s pht trin cc d n du
lch sinh thi da vo cng ng, coi l mt
phng tin kch thch s pht trin bn vng
nhng vng quan trng v sinh thi. Trong cc
trng hp y, cc NGO thng thay th doanh
nghip du lch vi t cch l ngi lm trung gian
vi th trng, cung cp qu cho cc cng ng v

mt c s h tng, qung co v cc chng trnh o

to. y l trng hp ca Fundacion Maquipucuna,
ch s hu ca khu bo tn 4,500 hecta vng rng
my che ph Andean. T chc phi chnh ph ny
lp cc k hoch pht trin du lch sinh thi v t
chc cc lp o to hng dn vin cho cc cng
ng a phng cng nh ti tr cho c s h tng
du lch (Drumm, 1997a). Khng c nhng sc p v
u tin kinh t nh mt cng ty t nhn, th mt
NGO khng cn phi ct xn mt bn qui hoch y
; ngc li, n tp trung nhng li ch do du lch
sinh thi to ra trc tip v ch yu vo cng ng
a phng.
iu thng xy ra l cc chng trnh c xy
dng vi s gip ca NGO iu hnh thng qua
c s h tng hin c ca t chc v khng chu s
kim sot ca chnh ph v ch thu nh cc
doanh nghip du lch. Do h thng b cc cng ty
du lch t nhn xem nh s biu hin ca cnh tranh
khng cng bng. Tuy nhin, s h tr ca NGO
thng l con ng duy nht m mt hot ng du
lch sinh thi da vo cng ng c th pht trin v
c c may thnh cng.
ng thi, cc NGO thng khng nh gi ng
mc s thiu kinh nghim ca h trong lnh vc pht
trin du lch, iu dn n nhng k vng ho

huyn bn trong cng ng v mt tc thc hin

cng nh mc li ch trong tng lai. i khi,
iu dn n vic xy dng c s h tng cho
"n voi trng", iu ny lm gim nim tin ca cng
ng vo s ng h ca bn ngoi.Trng hp ca
mt d n ln c C quan Pht trin Quc t Hoa
k (USAID) ti tr c tn l SUBIR l mt v d hay.
Cng ng ngi Cofan vng Sinangue thng
ngun sng Aguarico l mt trong nhiu cng ng
bn x c SUBIR ti tr pht trin du lch sinh
thi. Sau , khi cha c mt nh hng v o to
cng ng no, SUBIR xy dng c s h tng
nh trong cng ng, trang b n, lm cho cng
ng hi vng ln, ri sau li t ngt rt i do cc
vn t chc ni b.
Cc mi quan h gia cng ng v du lch
R rng l, khng phi tt c cc cng ng u u
b thu ht vo cc hot ng ca du lch (mt s tht
cn c cc cng ty bn ngoi tn trng). Tuy
nhin, h c th la chn trong mt phm vi cc quan
h ca s tham gia t hoc nhiu. Cc phng n bao
gm:

cho mt doanh nghip thu t pht

trin trong khi ch cn theo di tc
ng;


lm vic nh nhn vin ph ng, mt
phn hay ton b thi gian cho cc doanh nghip bn
ngoi;

cung cp cc dch v la chn nh

chun b thc n, hng dn, vn chuyn hay nh
(hay s kt hp ca nhiu hoc tt c cc dch v )
cho cc doanh nghip;

lp cc lin doanh vi cc doanh

nghip bn ngoi vi s phn chia lao ng, iu ny
cho php cng ng cung cp hu ht cc dch v,
trong khi doanh nghip chm lo vic tip th; v

c lp.

iu hnh du lch cng ng hon ton

Trong tng trng hp, s tham gia y ca cng

ng vo mi giai on qui hoch v qun l l thit
yu m bo s pht trin lnh mnh. iu a
thch hn l trc khi bt u hot ng, cn thit
phi xc nh cc ch tiu x hi v vn ho, cng
nh kinh t v mi trng to iu kin cho vic
theo di cc tc ng ca mi trng. S theo di
hu nh lun thiu vng hay l khng chnh thc v
khng y . Cc cuc hp hng thng thng l
thc t nht, mt ngi iu phi do cng ng
b nhim bo co tnh hnh pht trin, tnh trng ca
cc ch tiu nh (v thu nhp v chi tiu), v

nhng mi quan tm cn c gii p, sau thay

i chng trnh cho ph hp. Tip theo cc lnh o
cng ng c bu ra quyt nh v s phn phi
thu nhp, cc u t v vv...
iu quan trng l cc hot ng ca cng ng cn
c pht trin , phi hp vi cc lng ging ca h
trnh cc xung t v cnh tranh. iu ny thng
c thc hin tt nht nh s tham gia ca t chc
hay lin on m cng ng ph thuc vo. T chc
phi c hng li ch t hot ng v phi c
nng lc m bo rng d n pht trin v li ch
ca tt c cc thnh vin. Chng hn thu nhp ca du
lch nh l ph ca tng khch thm tr cho t chc
c th gip vo vic xy dng nng lc cn thit.
S nht qun v cht lng cc dch v du lch sinh
thi do cng ng cung cp v do , s ng vng
v kinh t ca hot ng, c quan h vi mc
tham gia ca cng ng vo qui hoch v qun l ca
hot ng du lch.
nhng thch thc i vi s qun l da vo cng
ng
o to
cho cng ng c th m ng y vai tr
ca ngi din vin trong s pht trin du lch sinh
thi, th cc c hi o to y v ton din l cn

thit trong mi lnh vc ca s qun l du lch sinh

thi, bao gm hng dn, ngn ng, chun b thc
n, k ton v hnh chnh. Du lch sinh thi c th v
phi b sung nhiu hn cho hot ng kinh t truyn
thng trong cc cng ng. Bi vy, v cc hot ng
ca cng ng thng din ra cp thp, nn vic
o to khng c xem nh mt qu lm mt i bn
sc vn ho hay ph hoi cc hnh mu x hi truyn
thng; ngc li, cn xem n nh s d tr cc k
nng b sung mi phi dng n khi mi thnh vin
ca cng ng yu cu v tham gia mt cch ho
hng. y c mt phm vi rng ln cho cc ph n
tham gia cng nhng c hi nh nam gii, nh
tng s tip cn ca h n cc li ch kinh t trc
tip. Thng thng cc thnh vin tr hn sm vai
tip xc trc tip vi khch n thm v h c kh
nng ngn ng tt hn hoc v nhit tnh hn. i khi
iu ny y h vo qu trnh vay mun vn ho
thng qua vic p dng cch n mc, thi quen v cc
k vng. iu quan trng l cc ngi ln tui trong
cng ng (nam ln n) cn k hp ng lm ging
vin trong cc lp o to cho hon cnh trong
du lch sinh thi s pht trin c nh r l nm bn
trong cng ng v trong cc gii hn c thit lp
v mt vn ho. Mc d cc NGO thng ng vai
tr c tnh cht xy dng trong gio dc v o to
bng cch k hp ng vi cc chuyn gia, nhng
vn cn c s phi hp nhiu hn vi cc doanh

nghip du lch xc nh u tin. Cc c quan chnh

ph, thng l chm trong vic hiu thu quan nim
v du lch sinh thi v ng lc ca trnh cng
ng, cn phi tch cc hn trong lnh vc ny. Tuy
nhin chnh khu vc t nhn li c s quan tm r
rng nht. Tuy nhin, c l r rng l khu vc t
nhn, v nhng l do nu ra trc y, t khi u
t vo vic o to cn thit.
Mt s cng ty lm vic vi cng ng c u t
v o to, t chc cc hi tho thc hnh a
phng, cc chuyn i thc a cho cc thnh vin
ca cng ng trong cc hot ng du lch sinh thi
cc vng khc, v cc chng trnh o to va hc
va lm. Trong cc trng hp y, to c ra
mt cm gic d chu, tin cy, v lm ch. iu ny
lm cho khch du lch ngy cng hi lng, v h nhn
c dch v cht lng tt hn v c cm gic l h
c hoan nghnh trong mt cng ng ang tha
hng li ch ca cng vic du lch.
Cc hng dn vin du lch da vo cng ng b
hn ch v trnh ting Anh, ting c v mt s
ngn ng khc, v hnh nh khng phi l tnh hnh
s thay i trong mt thi gian tng i di na. V
l do , cc doanh nghip du lch sinh thi no cn
mt cht lng phin dch cao s tip tc c cc nh
nghin cu t nhin i theo cc nhm v lm vic

cng vi cc hng dn vin a phng trong cc

cng ng. Cc hng dn vin-t nhin hc t bn
ngoi hay cc th ti c th hng li rt ln nu
h c th tham gia cc lp o to do ngi a
phng hay bn x t chc. Cc hng dn vin-t
nhin bn ngoi thng thiu vn kin thc x hi
v vn ho cn thit bi v s tham gia ca cng ng
trong vic truyn t kin thc a phng thng
khng c coi trng. Vic s dng s thnh tho
ca ngi a phng v bn x lm hun luyn vin
v gio vin s l v cng qu gi va nng cao k
nng ca cc hng dn vin-t nhin bn ngoi va
trao quyn cho cc nam gii v ph n c nhng k
nng v kin thc thng b coi thng.
 
Tip cn th trng
Lin kt sn phm vi khch thm tim tng l im
d b tn thng ca cc t chc kinh doanh du lch
sinh thi. V thc cht chng nng thn v nhng
vng xa xi, khng vi ti cc cng c ca thng tin
du lch-in thoi, fax v th in t. iu ny c
ngha l tr phi c thnh vin no ca cng ng
i ra thnh ph lp vn phng (bn thn vic ny
cng l mt thch thc ln) cn khng th vic khch
du lch lui ti y l c mt s kin ln.

Trong khi cc NGO c th gip v mt ny th

doanh nghip t nhn c t chc v c thng tin tt
li thch hp nht v gip tip th. iu ny
em li cho cc bn c lin quan mt c hi tuyt ho
thit lp cc mi quan h vi cc hot ng da
vo cng ng c li cho c i bn, m khng lo
ngi h l cc i th cnh tranh. Nhiu cng ng
c tho thun bng ming vi mt hay nhiu
doanh nghip du lch c tr s ti thnh ph c
mi lin h vi th trng, i ly vic nhn gi vn
thp trn c s doanh nghip s cng thm tin li
vo. Tuy nhin, nhng tho thun thng thiu s
ch o r rng v bt k iu g ngoi s dn xp gi
c v cc hnh trnh.
C th i chiu thng tin i v cho cc hot ng
ca cng ng trong sch ch dn hay cun sch
mng (xem Wesche and Drumm, 1998), c th c
cc thnh ph th hay ngay cc to i s
nc ngoi, mc d s h tr ca nh nc cho mt
d n nh vy c th i vo kiu nhng vn chnh
tr c nhn mnh di y. Hn na, vic thiu
thng tin t cc thnh ph th vi cc cng ng
lm cho vic t ch kh khn, cho nn i vi mt
khch du lch c mt t xut ti mt cng ng
thng c th c mt yu t ri ro. Hip hi Du lch
Sinh thi Ecuado ang khuyn ngh B Du lch thit
lp mt s quc gia cc chng trnh du lch sinh thi

da vo cng ng nhm to iu kin d dng cho

vic qui hoch v xc tin du lch sinh thi tt
hn (Asociacin Ecuatoriana de Ecoturismo,
1998).
S tham gia vo qui hoch v qun l
Mc d qui hoch v qun l c hiu qu l ti quan
trng i vi hot ng thch hp ca du lch sinh
thi, n vn tip tc vng mt nhiu ni. S kim
sot c hiu qu i vi s pht trin ca du lch
thng qua vic tham gia vo qui hoch v qun l i
hi phi thay i c cu cp quc gia. Trc ht,
cn phi cng nhn rng du lch sinh thi l mt hot
ng c k hoch ho. Qui hoch chin lc du
lch thng do b du lch hay mt c quan chnh ph
cp tng ng thc hin, bao gm vic khoanh
vng s dng t thch hp, vic ch nh cc "vng
dnh cho du lch sinh thi" v vic son tho mt qui
tc v o c du lch sinh thi. N i hi s tham
gia ca nhiu ngnh, bao gm c cc i din cp
cng ng. Cc vng c ch nh dnh cho pht
trin du lch sinh thi i hi phi c k hoch qun
l, v s tham gia ca cng ng trong vic pht trin
cc k hoch l quan trng.
Nhng pht trin c d kin vic xy nh ngh trn
20 ging hay nhng ni n tr tnh c trn 500
khch thm th cn phi nh gi tc ng mi

trng v kinh t-x hi. Cc hip hi du lch sinh

thi v cc cc, s ca chnh ph cn khuyn khch
v tham gia vo mi khu vc c dnh lu ti du lch
sinh thi, bao gm cc cng ng xy dng v
thc thi cc nguyn tc ch o m bo tnh bn
vng. Nhng thm vo , khi cc cng ng i vo
cc tho thun qun l du lch vi cc cng ty t
nhn hay cc NGO, th cc vn bn phi c
lnh o cng ng c bu ra ph duyt v bao
gm cc dn xp v tc nghip v ti chnh, to ra
mt ti liu c rng buc v php l. Sau cng, mt
nguyn tc c bn ca cc hot ng du lch sinh thi
trong cc vng t nhin s hu bi cng ng l tt
c cc nhm phi c ngi hng dn a phng i
km, mc d khng nht thit l c loi tr. Tt c
nhng khuyn co trn c xy dng thng qua s
nht tr ca nhiu ngnh ti Din n quc gia v s
Tham gia ca Cng ng vo Du lch Sinh thi
hp ti Quito nm 1997 (Asociacon Ecuatoriana de
Ecoturismo, 1998).
Chnh tr v Tnh hp php
Hon cnh x hi v chnh tr ca cc cng ng b
thu ht vo du lch sinh thi cn phi c cc doanh
nghip bn ngoi chp nhn. Mt cng ng
thng s thuc v mt lin hip hay mt hip hi
cc cng ng cng s phi b thu ht vo qu trnh,

nh vy l trnh to ra cc xung t x hi v
chnh tr v s chia r gia cc cng ng lng
ging, v vic phn phi li ch c rng hn.
Mt cch in hnh, vi s khuyn khch ca khu vc
t nhn ch cht v du lch t nhin, cc chnh ph
qun mt vic cng nhn nhng nhu cu c bit lm
du lch (v tim nng pht trin kinh t bn vng) ca
cc cng ng bn x vng nng thn xa xi. S
ho lnh, thiu s c ng v hu nh khng c ti
nguyn kinh t ca i b phn cc cng ng khin
h thc s khng c kh nng i ti cc th xa xi
i din vi cc th tc tn km v thng l
quan liu, cng nhc v phc tp thnh lp mt
cng ty iu hnh du lch tiu chun. Ngay c khi h
c th lm c iu d dng, vic chuyn i ca
mt hot ng cng ng sang mt cng ty c th
gy nn nhng mu thun ni b v x hi v vn
ho bn trong cng ng. Nghin cu in hnh v
Capirona v RICANCIE di y s minh ha cc
vn , chng lm xi mn bt k li ch no do
du lch sinh thi to ra cng nh c s hp l ca
s hot ng bn trong cng ng.
Cc Nghin cu in hnh
Mt lot cc nghin cu in hnh t Ecuao s minh
ho cho tnh a dng ca nhng kinh nghim qun l
du lch sinh thi da vo cng ng.

Ngi Huaorani ca Quehueri'ono

Ngi Huaorani l nhm ngi bn x Amazon sinh
sng bn trong v xung quanh Cng vin Quc gia
Yasuni, mt Khu D tr Sinh quyn ca UNESCO
Ecuao. H ang cn giai on u ca qu trnh
vay mn vn ho,tip xc ln u tin vi cc nh
truyn gio Phc m vo nm 1956. Do h rt d
b tn thng bi cc nh hng bn ngoi, nh cc
cng ty du la, cc nh truyn gio v du lch. Du
lch vng ny phn ln thuc loi nhng khch
khoc bal t tin. Cc khch thm thng thu ngi
hng dn v thu cc cng ty du lch cc tnh bin
gii cho cc chuyn du lch cm tri t ba n tm
ngy dc theo cc con sng trn lnh th rmg ma
ca ngi Huaorani. Cc chuyn du lch thng dng
chn mt hay nhiu cng ng ven sng chp
nh cc th dn da v c th mua cc th
cng r tin.
Cc hng dn vin t hoc khng c o to
chnh thc, thng ch ni ting Tybanha, v thng
mang sng ngn lm ra v can m v gim chi
ph nh sn bn kim thc n c th phc v khch
du lch (Drumm,1991). Ngi Huaorani i khi thnh
cng trong vic i l ph qua lng hay lnh th ca
h. L ph c th t 50 n 100US$, tu theo cng
ng hay c nhn gp cc khch du lch, cng nh

tu theo ngi hng dn bn ngoi chun b chi.

Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc hng dn vin c
th tho thun vi mt c nhn trong cng ng v
tr tin trc tip vi anh ta c qua. Nhnh s
thng lng ring t gy ra s chia r v cc vn
ni b trong cng ng. Thng cc hng dn
vin tr thp hay ha hn "ln sau s tr". iu ny
dn n hnh vi th ch i vi cc khch du lch
v hng dn vin v ngay c n vic tch thu cc
thuyn my v my nh. T chc ca nhn dn ngi
Huaorani (ONHAE) th t s kim sot no
i vi cc l ph v cch c x ca du lch nhng
thu c t kt qu, phn ln do s phn i ca cc
hng dn vin v cc cng ty du lch, v thiu nhn
s v ti chnh tip tc theo di.
Mt cng ng xp x 100 ngi Rio Shiripuno,
Quehueri'ono, quan tm n cc tc ng tiu cc
m du lch ang mang li, nhng li bit rt r nhu
cu kim mt ngun thu nhp thay cho vic phi ri
b nh ca i lm cng nhn cho cc cng ty du
la. Nm 1995 dn lng quyt nh thit lp mt
kiu quan h mi vi mt cng ty du lch sinh thi,
Cc Phiu lu Sinh thi TROPIC, t chc ny cam
kt gip h bo v cc ti nguyn thin nhin v
vn ho ca h.Trc gia ch cng ty v cng
ng thit lp quan h trong qu trnh hp tc
a ra trc s ch ca d lun th gii cc vn

ca cng ng vi mt cng ty du la. Cng vi

TROPIC- mt doanh nghip c c s Quito do tc
gi s hu, cng ng xy dng mt tp lu
kiu Huaorani truyn thng c th nhn hng thng
mi ln tm v khch ngh ngi trong hai n su
ngy. iu ny phn nh mt gii hn ca thay i
c th chp nhn c do TROPIC tnh ton, thng
tho v c cng ng chp nhn. Hai bn cm thy
rng, trong trng hp ny, s thay i tim tng v
t chc x hi v vn ho truyn thng, nh s tp
trung thu nhp vo mt gia nh hay vic to ra
nhng thi quen tiu dng nh ht thuc l v s
dng knh rm, i din cho gii hn trc tip hn l
s suy thoi mi trng t nhin do p lc ca khch
thm. Tuy nhin, ri ro ca s thay i x hi v vn
ho l mt trong s kh nh gi nht trong mt cng
ng cha quen vi tc ng lu di ca du lch.
Mt lot cc cuc hp v qui hoch v nh hng
vi ton b cng ng trong mt thi gian chn thng
bao qut nhiu vn , t nhng quan im v du
lch sinh thi v bo v, n cc tc ng mi trng
v vn ho tim tng, qun l, cc mc thu nhp v
phn phi thu nhp, o to v cc vn khc. Vic
quyt nh t lu khch trong rng bn ngoi cng
ng (mt 45 pht i b) l mt trong nhng gi
ca TROPIC v nhm trnh s ph v i sng hng
ngy trong mt cng ng khng thng xuyn c

n thm. Tho thun gia Quehueri'ono vi

TROPIC i hi lun phi c mt hng dn vin
ngi Huaorani i km vi cc khch thm, v mt
nh nghin cu t nhin b sung v phin dch li
thuyt minh ca hng dn vin a phng. Thm
vo c th s dng xung v li xung ngi
Huaorani. Trong thi k u, TROPIC em n
mt ngi nu n t bn ngoi cng ng o to
cc cp dng Ngi Huaorani trong vic ch bin
thc n; sau cng cc cp dng Huaorani s m
nhn cng vic. trnh p lc ln i sng hoang
d, thc n do ngi bn x sn khng c cho cc
khch du lch; ngc li, phn ln thc phm u
c mang n t bn ngoi. Tuy nhin cc hoa mu
rt sn a phng nh bi, sn v chui c
TROPIC mua trong cng ng.
Tin lng cho nhiu cng vic c tnh nhn i
s tin c th nhn c khi lm cng nhn cho mt
cng ty du la. Hn na, cng ng cn c nhn
l ph mi ngi, mi m, cao hn nhiu so vi s
tin cc hot ng khc thng tr. L ph ny c
giao cho v ch tch cng ng trong cuc hp ca
cng ng, thng c t chc khi mi nhm du
lch ti. Nh i vi nm 1997, tin c phn phi
u cho tt c cc gia nh; c k hoch xy dng
mt ti khon tit kim ca cng ng nh
Capirona lm rt thnh cng. Cc cuc hp ca

cng ng cn dng m s giao lu gia ngi

Huaorani vi cc khch thm.
Cc khch thm c phng vn v nc xut s,
ng c thc y h ti v cc thng tin khc. Sau
cng ng trnh by trc cc khch du lch nhng
vn m h quan tm v nh gi s pht trin ca
du lch trong cng ng. Bng cch ny gia ch v
khch c mt cuc i thoi v trao i vn ho
thc s. gip cho vic to kh nng qun l v
mt t chc, c thm mt l ph na (nm 1997,
tng ng 5$) c tr cho ONHAE. Cc khch
n Quehueri'ono phi chi nhiu hn thm lnh
th Huaorani so vi nhng ngi i vo cc lng
khc vi cc hot ng khc. Nhiu nhn xt ca
khch cho thy rng h lm vic mt cch vui v,
bi v i li h nhn c kt qu phin dch c
cht lng v h hi lng khi bit rng cuc ving
thm ca h ang em li li ch thc s. C
TROPIC ln ngi Huaorani u mong mun rng
cuc ving thm ban u s n thun l s khi u
ca mi quan h lu di gia cc khch du lch v
nhng ngi ch. Mt yu t quan trng ca cc
chng trnh ca TROPIC l nhm gy cm hng v
ng vin cc khch thm khi tr v nc h hot
ng, thay mt nhn dn v nhng ni h ti
thm, gy qu v nng cao thc. Theo cch
TROPIC to ra nhng khch hng c ng vin

nc ngoi i vi nhn dn v rng ma vng

Amazon ca Ecuao. iu to ra vic trao i
th t; tng tin ti tr cho cc lp o to, mua
my thu thanh HF, v cc tm pin mt tri; v gip
to iu kin thnh lp mt t chc phi li nhunAccon Amazona, T chc ny tp trung ton b
thi gian h tr v kinh t v chnh tr cho cc
cng ng Amazon , h ang cn gip bo
v s ton vn mi trng v vn ho ca mnh.
T chc ONHAE ca ngi Huaorani xem kinh
nghim ca vng Quehueri'ono nh l mt chng
trnh th im c th i din cho hot ng du lch
mu mc ca lnh th. V thnh cng cho nn m
hnh ny c th c thc hin cc cng ng
Huao rani khc. iu ny c th thay th cc kiu
hot ng hin nay (thng da vo cc th x bin
gii Amazon nh Bans, Coca v Quito), ang tp
trung vo cc khch du lch t tin v cc khch
khoc bal, nhng ngi thng coi nh cc kha
cnh mi trng v vn ho. Nhng hot ng ny c
nhng tc ng tiu cc rng ri: sn bn i sng
hoang d, nh c bng thuc n sng, thu nhp
thp hoc khng c thu nhp, khng tn trng vn
ho, v vn vn.
Tuy nhin, lm vic vi mt cng ng xa nh vy
gp nhng thch thc nht nh. V d, cn phi gii

hn nhng k vng v thu nhp, thng xuyn nhn

mnh v khuyn khch cc hot ng ph nhm trnh
s qu l thuc vo du lch. Hn na cn theo di cc
gii hn ca s thay i c th chp nhn trong khi
khuyn khch nhiu nh du lch lm cho chng trnh
ng gi i vi cng ng. Mi e do ca tc ng
khng lng trc c i vi nn vn ho lun
lun hin hu v c iu l doanh nghip c lng
tm thng nhy cm hn c cng ng ang nhit
tnh vi khch du lch. Vic thit lp mt phm vi cc
ch s lin quan ti cng ng l rt quan trng
gip cho vic theo di s thay i v x hi v vn
ho.
Capirona v Ricancie
Ngi Napo Runa c l l nhm ngi bn x vng
Amazon c nn vn ho lai cng nht sinh sng
chn dy ni Andes hng nghn nm nay. Cc chnh
ph lin tip coi Amazonia l mt "vng trng,"
c ch cho vic gii quyt cc vn x hi v kinh
t phn cn li ca t nc, n l ni di dn hay
mt thuc a ni b khai thc cc ti nguyn
thin nhin. Hnh thc lng vo nn kinh t quc
dn to ra mt nn kinh t a
phng ph thuc vo cc iu kin bn ngoi, da
trn vic s dng khng hp l cc ti nguyn thin
nhin v gp phn vo s suy thoi ngy cng tng

cht lng cuc sng ca ngi dn a phng,

nht l ca ngi bn x. Mi y
nht trong vng, loi du lch xem ngi bn x
nh "mt th hp dn du lch" c cc nh
iu hnh trong nc v nc ngoi xc tin, khng
em li li ch kinh t cho a phng. Do , trong
cc cng ng bn x ny sinh nhiu vn , bao
gm s chia r ni b nh nhiu gia nh tch ra khi
cng ng lm vic vi ng lng t i; s suy
yu ca cc hnh thc t chc x hi nh cc nhm
lm vic cng ng; v trn ht, mt s hc i gp
gp, c bit l trong gii tr.
Vo nm 1990, Capirona, mt cng ng ca Napo
Runa quyt nh xem s tham gia trc tip vo du
lch l mt ngun thu nhp khng ph hoi ti
nguyn thin nhin ca h. T ngy , kinh nghim
chn mi v khc phc c nhiu hn ch v
nhiu vn khc nhau. By gi n l mt m hnh
kt hp vic xc tin thm cc hp dn t nhin v
trao i vn ho vi bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v
pht trin nhng nhu cu ca ngi bn x. Thnh
cng ca kinh nghim Capirona dn ti s quan tm
ca cc cng ng khc ca Napo Run; ngy nay
ang tn ti mt mng li (RICANCIE) gm 12
cng ng. Vi s h tr ti chnh nho nh v pht
trin cng ng ca NGO Ayuda en Action,
RICANCIE pht trin mt c s h tng cho du

lch bao gm cc lu bt trc cc thit k, vt liu v

k thut truyn thng, cc ng mn v vic nu n
trong rng. Ngoi ra RICANCIE o to cc
hng dn vin ca cng ng v t chc cc chuyn
du lch trn gi bao gm cc cuc i b ng di
trong rng, cc chuyn du lch bng xung, cc hot
ng th thao truyn thng, kin thc v phong tc
tp qun, v c hi tham gia cc hot ng hng ngy
vi cng ng- tt c nm trong trin vng ca s
chung sng v trao i vn ho. kim sot c
nhng tc ng c th ln vn ho, x hi, t ra
mt danh sch cc lut l (xem cc nguyn tc ch
o ca Capirona ) m cc khch du lch, hng dn
vin v cng ng phi tn trng.
Vic thnh lp mng li cho php hp l ho v
kim sot dng khch du lch vo cc cng ng, c
bit l vo ma cao im. Hin nay mng li c 200
ging. Nm 1997, 800 khch n thm, gim t con
s 1,200 ngi trong nm 1996. Dng khch ving
thm khng phi l kt qu ca mt chin dch qung
co m ngc li, mt chin dch hn ch trong
nhng ngi bn cc trng i hc tng hp
nc ngoi, cc NGO nghin cu m Ricanie
cng tc cht ch v mt s t c quan du lch m
RICANIE bt u lm vic vi. i b phn cc
khch du lch l sinh vin, cc nh nghin cu, v cc
bn vi thin nhin n t Hoa K v Chu u. Vic

ti u t cc ngun li trnh cng ng ang

cho php m ra nhng hot ng kinh t bn vng
khc, nh s pht trin ngh th cng, chn nui gia
sc nh, thu sn, nng lm nghip v vn vn. Hn
na n ang gii quyt nhiu vn x hi v cung
cp nhng dch v mi, nh vic thnh lp mt h
thng thng tin v tuyn, s vn chuyn bng thuyn
my (chng nhng gip cho du lch m cn gip
mang sn phm ti ch), v mt qu cho cng tc
cu tr. c mt s nh gi li cc gi tr vn ho
v kin thc, khng phi bn cho khch du lch
nh mt th hng ho m l nhng yu t c bn
trong bn sc ca cng ng.
Thnh cng ca RICANCIE li tip thm sinh lc
cho vai tr ca cc v cao tui l nhng nh truyn b
vn ho v cc ph n l nhng kho cha kin thc
truyn thng. Du lch sinh thi hnh nh l mt hot
ng kinh t quan trng, v trn ht l mt ng c
thc y i tm cc phng n bn vng khc, mc
d vic ny l mt nhim v kh khn. Hin nay
nhng n lc chnh ca RICANCIE c tp trung
vo vic cng c cc chng trnh cng ng ca h
thng qua mt qu trnh o ta v k thut, t chc
x hi nhm thit lp s qun l du lch c hiu qu
trong khi tn trng cc iu kin vn ho x hi. S
tht rng ngi bn x mun t xm nhp vo trong

th trng khng c ngha l h s mt i bn sc dn

tc ca mnh.

Nhng nguyn tc ch o ca Capirona

1. Nghim cm khng c tng hoc
trao i qun o v cc dng c nhn
khc vi cc thnh vin ca
cng ng.
2. Gip duy tr li sng cng
ng ca chng ti khng phi bng
cch
cho tin qu c nhn.
3. Nu bn mun trao mt tng phm
cho ton th cng ng, lm n a trc
tip cho cc v lnh o ca
cng ng hay cho cc gim c chng trnh.
4. Hy t rc thi ng ch v lm
n mang i nhng g cc v mang n,
c bit l cc nha.
5. c php chp nh khi xin php v
c cp php.
6. Mi ngi tn hng m thanh ca
rng nhit i; nu bn quyt nh mang
my thu thanh th hy dng
ng nghe v vn nh ting.
7. Nu khng c php trc th
khng c su tm cy ci, cn trng hoc
th vt.

Mt trong nhng hn ch i vi s pht trin ca

cc k hoch ca RICANCIE l lut hin hnh v du
lch khng tn thng du lch do cng ng qun l,
nhng i hi cc cng ng t chuyn thnh cc
cng ty. i vi i b phn, cc cng ty da trn
ch ngha c nhn vi u tin l li ch kinh t.
Yu cu ny mu thun vi hnh thc t chc truyn
thng ca cng ng, v e do t RICANCIE trong
tnh trng khng kim sot ni mt s bng n cc
cng ty con c th xy ra, s bng n ny s to ra s
cnh tranh ni b v gy nn cc cuc xung t vn
ho v x hi..Trc tnh hnh , RICANIE thy
cn thit phi u tranh lut php cng nhn s
qun l du lch sinh thi t mt tng lai ca cng
ng. Yu cu ny khng c nhiu khu vc ang
qun l du lch Ecuao cng nhn bi v cc nh
ca s t chc cng ng khng c din t ng
n.Tuyt nhin RICANCIE khng i hi c i
x u tn hay gia trng trc php lut, ngc li
n i hi lut php cng nhn mt cch iu
hnh du lch khc, khng nh hng ti cc loi iu
hnh khc c lut php cng nhn. Vic cng
nhn chnh thc cc hot ng ca RICANCIE s
cho php n iu chnh thch hp, t s kim sot
cn thit n c th hot ng c hiu qu. Hy
vng rng cui cng th cc n lc ca RICANCIE
cng s c thng bng s cng nhn ca B Du
lch v mt php lut i vi cng vic ca cng

ng. RICANCIE tin tng rng s tha nhn x hi

Ecuao v bn cht l a nguyn s khng b gii hn
bi nhng li tuyn b n gin; ngc li n phi
tr thnh s tht trong khun kh php l
ca nh nc. (Thng mi mt nm 1997,
RICANCIE khng th tip cn cc tn dng v b hn
ch bi tnh "bt hp php" ngn cn vic qung
co sn phm, quyt nh t thit lp thnh mt
Tp on.)
Ngi Cofan ca vng Zabalo
Mt dn tc bn x khc thuc vng Amazon ca
Ecuao, ngi Cofan, c nhiu kinh nghim qun l
du lch sinh thi hn cc dn lng khc. Ngi Co fan
bt u tip cc khch du lch t nm 1979. Sau
Randy Borman, con ca cc nh truyn o Bc M,
sinh ti Ecuado v sng nh ngi Cofan, bt u
hng dn cc nhm do mt doanh nghip nc
ngoi c c s ti Hoa k gi n rng ma gn cng
ng ngi Doreno thng lu sng Agua rico.
Nm 1984, Borman v nhiu gia nh Co fan khc di
c xung h lu, vo su trong rng, cch xa bn
thc dn xm lc v ni rc thi c hi ca
Texaco, tm cng ng ngi Zabalo (Borman,
1995). Sau ny, Khu D tr Cuyabeno k bn c
m rng v bao gm c khu vc xung quanh cng
ng. Borman thnh lp mt "cng ty" gm c nhng

v trng cc gia nh chun b u t lao

ng xy dng cc lu khch v c s h tng
ng mn. Tuy nhin nhng ai khng mun mo
him th cng b loi ra. Cc thnh vin khc ca
cng ng c lm thu tng thi k trong cc vic
nh tr l, cng nhn xy dng v bo tr, li xung,
vv. Ngoi ra, vic bn cc hng th cng l mt
ngun thu nhp cho mi thnh vin ca cng ng,
bao gm ph n v tr em, v ngay c cho cc ngi
h hng t Doreno v cc cng ng Cofan khc n
bn hng ca h; cc hng bn ra thng vt c
tin li ca cng ty (Wunder, 1996).
Qua nhiu nm chng trnh tin trin v thu np
mt s hng dn vin ngi Cofan. Nhng hng
dn vin ny tch lu kinh nghim dn ng cho
khch du lch n thm lnh th ca h hai tun mt
ln; h tng h tng khong bn nhm du khch 12
ngi Ecuao, di c ti vng t nm 1991. Cng
ng cng pht trin chng trnh vi cc doanh
nghip i i v v c c s cc thnh ph khc.
Mt s thnh vin ca cng ng chim c lng
tin th sc mnh nh cc doanh nghip c lp,
xy dng cc lu khch ring nhng ni khc ca
lnh th 10,000 hecta. Nhng tht khng may, v d
gy cm hng ca ngi Cofan khuyn khch cc
cng ng khc trong vng pht trin cc hot ng
cho php n thm cc hp dn du lch t nhin

tng t vi s tin t hn m khng phi thc

hin cc cam kt bo tn. V phn ln cc doanh
nghip du lch t nhn cn c xu hng dnh u tin
cho gi thp hn l cho trch nhim i vi mi
trng, mt s la chn cc cng ng , gp
phn lm tt hn s khch n thm Zabalo.
Hi ngh ton quc v s Tham gia ca Cng ng
vo Du lch Sinh thi (Asociacin Ecuatoriana de
Ecoturismo, 1998) c s tham gia ca tt c cc khu
vc- bao gm cng ng, t nhn, chnh ph v phi
chnh ph- khuyn co nhiu bin php truyn
dn tinh thn trch nhim cao hn trong s pht trin
du lch cc khu vc t nhin. Trong cc bin php
y c mt yu cu, c gi t kinh nghim ca
Zabalo, l cc cng ng phi khoanh vng cc lnh
th ca h v xy dng cc k hoch qun l du lch
sinh thi trnh duyt mt U hi Quc gia Du lch
Sinh thi a khu vc nhn c giy php hot
ng. Mc d kh khn trong thng tin lin lc v
tip cn th trng tip tc l nguyn nhn lm nn
lng i vi ngi Zabalo, cng ng ny vn gi v
tr dn u trong khu vc trong vic lin kt thc tin
bo tn vi li ch ca du lch sinh thi. H phn
vng lnh th ca h thnh cc khu vc sn bn v
khng sn bn/du lch sinh thi. Cc th vt di c t
do t khu vc du lch sinh thi, c dng lm kho
cha, sang khu vc sn bn ni chng c s dng

 lm thc phm. Hn na, mt h thng t kim

sot thu tin pht i vi cc thnh vin cng ng
sn bt cc loi c gi tr v du lch sinh thi nh cc
con chim tu-cng, vt v v vt qu ch tiu s
dng hp l trong vng sn bn.
Kt lun
Ba trng hp nghin cu in hnh trn minh ho
mt phm vi cc m hnh qun l da vo cng ng.
Trong mt thi gian trung bnh, v thiu s tham gia
trc tip, v nhng kh khn v thng tin lin lc, tip
cn th trng, hn ch v ngn ng v cc c hi
o to khng tho ng, nn hnh nh ch c mt s
t cng ng pht trin c kh nng c th t
ng vng hon ton. Nh vy c mt c hi r rng
m mt s t doanh nghip du lch sinh thi v cc
NGO bt u nhn thc c thit lp cc mi
quan h tch cc vi cc ch nhn ca cc hp dn du
lch sinh thi nhm ti s n nh i vi cc hot
ng ca du lch sinh thi v cc ti nguyn t nhin
v vn ho m h ph thuc vo. Tuy nhin, s cng
nhn ca chnh ph v cc hon cnh t nhin, x hi
v vn ho khc nhau m cc cng ng tri qua
l qu chm chp. Cc cng ty du lch khu vc t
nhn s phi khc phc s bc dc ca h i vi ci
m h nhn thc l mt s cnh tranh mi v khuyn
khch cc chnh ph to ra cc khung php l cn

thit cho php cc cng ng m ng vai tr

y ca h trong s pht trin du lch sinh thi v
bo v ti nguyn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
Asociacion Ecuatoriana de Ecoturismo. 1998.
"Politicas y Estrategias Para la Participacion
Comunitaria en el Ecoturismo," Asociacion
Ecuatoriana de Ecoturismo, Quito.
Borman, R- 1995. "Torista Semamba - Una
Experiencia Indigena con el Ecoturismo,"
Ecotutismo en el Eawdor-Trayeaorias y Desaflos,
DDA, Intercooperation, UICN, Quito.
Drumm, A.E 199 1. 'An Integrated Impact
Assessment of Nature Tourism in Ecuador's
Amazon
Region,"
report
prepared
for
FEPROTUR-Naturaleza, Quito. (available from
the author).
Drumm, A.F. 1997 -a. "Evatuacion de la Potencial
Ecoturistico de la Umunidad de Yunguilia,"
unpublished report, Fundacion Maquipucuna,
Quito.
Drumm, A.E 1997b. "Informe Final, Foro Nacional
de Participacion Comunitaria en el Ecoturismo,"
Taller Regiondi Amazonia, tena 5, al 7, de junio,

1997, unpub- lished report.

Ecuatoriana de Ecoturismo, Quito.

Asociacion

Tapuy, T. 1997. "Estrategias Para la Gestian Turistica

de Comunidades Indigena: La Red Indigena del
Alto Napo Para la Convivencia Intercultural y el
Ecoturismo," (RICANCIE), unpublished report,
Ricancie, Tena.
Wesche,
R1996.
"Developed
Country
Environmentalism and Indigenous Community
Controlled Ecotourism in the Ecuadorean
Amazon,"
Geographische
Zeitschrift,
84
jahrgang, 1996, heft 3 and 4, pp. 157-168.
Wesche, R., A.F. Drumm. 1998. Defending Our
Rainforest-A Guide to Community- based
Ecotourism in the Ecuadorean Amazon. In press.
Wunder, S. 1996. "Ecoturismo, Ingresos Locales y
Conservaci6n," El Caso de Cuyabeno, UICN,
Ecuador.

Chng 10
cc nguyn tc ch o cho cc chng
trnh du lch sinh thi da vo cng ng
Nhng bi hc t Innxia
Keith W. Sproule v Ary S. Suhandi
Tng quan
C nhiu t c dng ch mi lin h gia s
pht trin ca du lch vi vic bo v cc ti nguyn
thin nhin v vn ho, l du lch sinh thi, l
hnh da vo t nhin, l hnh mo him, du lch bn
vng v du lch la chn. Mc ch ca chng ny
khng phi l phn bit chnh xc cc t . Tuy
nhin iu ng quan tm l khng c mt tiu chun
no c cng nhn rng ri v ni dung ca nhng
quan nim . Nhiu nh vn v lut s bt u
khng nh rng du lch phi tho mn cc mc tiu
bo tn v pht trin th mi c xem l bn vng
(Lindberg et al., 1996). Mc d nhiu ngun lc
c dnh ht cho s pht trin loi du lch vi
gi thit rng cc mc tiu th t c, cc bi
hc t thc tin nu bt rng nu khng c qui
hoch v s ho hp vi mi trng th cc d n c
nhn c xu hng hot ng ring r, kh tc ng

ng k n bo v v pht trin, hay l s h tr

chnh sch l cn thit bin tim nng thnh kt
qu.
Tuy nhin mi hy vng rng du lch sinh thi c th
hon thnh c hai mc tiu pht trin v bo tn l
cn lu di. Hy vng cng tru ngi bi v y l
mt ci ch khng phi qu kh khn nhn thc
c.
Du lch sinh thi da vo cng ng l g ?
V c bn, du lch sinh thi da vo cng ng ni
ti cc t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi do cng
ng s hu v qun l. Hn na, du lch sinh thi
bao hm mt cng ng ang chm lo n ti
nguyn thin nhin ca mnh c thu nhp nh du
lch, v ang s dng thu nhp lm cho i
sng ca nhn dn mnh c tt ln. N thu ht
cng vic bo tn, cng vic kinh doanh v s pht
trin cng ng.
Trong bt k mt t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi
no da vo cng ng s c nhng ngi tham gia
v hng li trc tip hoc gin tip. iu quan trng
l mt t l ln cng ng c mt mc tham gia v
mt mc li ch no . Mt m hnh qun l cc
doanh nghip da vo cng ng lin quan ti vic
to ra mt u ban qun l gim st cc doanh

nghip . m hnh , nhng ngi tham gia trc

tip s l ban qun l v cc cng nhn thc t b thu
ht vo vic to ra sn phm hay dch v bn.
Trong mt vi trng hp nhng ngi s dng u
tin mt ti nguyn c th b thu ht tham gia d n.
Nhng ngi tham gia gin tip s l nhng thnh
vin ca mt cng ng rng hn c nhim v tuyn
chn u ban qun l ca mt d n v khng s dng
trc tip ti nguyn thin nhin c dnh lu ti t chc
kinh doanh .
Nhng ngi hng li trc tip s l cc nhn vin,
nhng ngi sn xut th cng, cu vn v vn
vn. Nhng ngi hng li gin tip s l ton b
thnh vin ca cng ng l nhng ngi nhn li
ch ca cc d n pht trin, cc d n gio dc, o
to v cc chng trnh khc c ti tr bi tin li
ca du lch. Nhng vn v s tham gia v nhn
dng nhng ngi hng li c gii quyt ra sao
cn tu thuc vo vic nh ngha "cng ng" nh
th no.
khi no ta ni "cng ng"
TA ANG NI V AI ?
Mt cng ng l mt nhm ngi, thng sinh sng
trn cng mt khu vc a l, t xc nh mnh thuc
v cng mt nhm. Nhng ngi trong cng mt

cng ng thng c quan h huyt thng hay hn

nhn, v c th thuc cng mt nhm tn gio, mt
tng lp chnh tr.
Mc d cc cng ng c th c nhiu ci chung,
nhng chng cn rt phc tp v khng nn ngh h
l mt nhm ng nht. Cc cng ng bao gm
nhiu nhm ring, nh t in v a ch, ngi giu
v ngi ngho, ngi nh c lu v ngi mi nh
c. Cc nhm quyn li khc nhau trong mt cng
ng hnh nh b cc thay i lin quan n du lch
tc ng n mt cch thay i. Cc nhm y phn
ng trc nhng thay i nh th no ph thuc
vo mi quan h h hng, tn gio, chnh tr v cc
mi rng buc mnh m c pht trin gia cc
thnh vin ca cng ng qua nhiu th h. Tu
thuc vo vn , mt cng ng c th on kt hay
chia r v t tng hay hnh ng (United Nation
Food and Agriculture Organisation, 1990).
nhng vn cn bit khi pht trin
du lch sinh thi da vo cng ng
"C s cng ng" i vi cc t chc kinh doanh
ca cng ng rt him khi l hon thin. Cc thnh
vin ca cng ng c mt vi bt li ban u nh
nh ti tn, rung t hay thu nhp khng , c xu
hng b loi ra khi s pht trin cng vic du lch.

V tu theo t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi c

tr tnh nh th no th h cng c th b loi khi li
ch ca s pht trin du lch sinh thi.
Vn tham gia
Mc d ngi ta cng nhn thy rng s tham gia ca
cng ng ni chung l cn thit, nhng ai tham gia
v mc tham gia th cn phi bn. Mt cng ng
nh ngha s tham gia nh th no s l quan trng
xc nh mc tham gia no s tho mn cc
mc tiu ca cc d n du lch sinh thi. y l mt
vn rt phc tp. Ngay c ni m s thu ht ton
b cng ng c tr tnh th s tham gia i khi li
c quyt nh trn c s lin kt chnh tr, s hu
t ai, quan h h hng hoc vn gii tnh. Chng
hn, ngy cng c nhiu v d v t chc kinh doanh
du lch sinh thi bao gm ngh qua m cc nh ca
dn lng, vic ngh ngi c gi l " ngh ti nh."
Tuy nhin mt s d n ngh ti nh loi tr nhng
ngi c t thng tin, hoc nh ca h nh qu,
hoc b xem l khng thch hp cha khch bn
ngoi. Trnh gio dc, kh nng ting Anh v
ngay c tui tc cng c s dng hn ch s
tham gia.
Gii tnh l mt vn

Vai tr ca ph n l mt thch thc i vi nhiu

nhm cng ng theo ui t chc kinh doanh du
lch sinh thi. Trong mt s trng hp, vn gii
tnh c x l mt cch thi qu, nh nhng cng
ng qui nh cng vic t chc kinh doanh du
lch sinh thi phi hon ton l vic kinh doanh ca
cc thanh nin. Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc
quyt nh da vo gii khng c cng ng
nghin cu cn thn. Nhiu cng ng v nn vn
ho khng ni r nhng hn ch i vi nhng vai
tr no l thch hp i vi ph n trong cc doanh
nghip . Trong khi du lch sinh thi c th c
ph n nng thn n nhn nh l mt ngun thu
nhp mi, nhiu khi ph n li b hn ch khi cc
mt sinh li ca cng vic, thng ch nu n hay lau
dn.
Tuy nhin, c nhng c hi quan trng khng th
xem thng. Mc d nhiu cng ng c th cho
rng ph n khng thch hp vi cng vic hng
dn vin trong rng, nhng trong mt s trng hp
khc ph n hon ton c th m ng trch nhim
iu khin cc chuyn du lch ca x. V ph n
thng chu trch nhim chun b cc ba n, nn c
th lp cc c cu t h c th nhn tin thanh
ton v thc n. V nhiu ni vic bn th cng
ni ln nh mt cch lm y trin vng nui
dng s tham gia ca ph n.

S bnh ng l nguyn tc ch o cho cc d n da

vo cng ng, mc d t c th thc hin y ,
nu c. Nh vi bt k mt vic kinh doanh no, kh
nng ca c nhn, nh nng lc, s t nguyn mo
him, hoc t nguyn cam kt v thi gian l nhng
nhn t quyt nh. Nhn chung, khi thit k mt
cng vic kinh doanh da vo cng ng, iu quan
trng l phi bit rng nu khng c s cng khai v
cng bng trong vic tham gia lc bt u th sau ny
d n hay chng trnh s b hn ch kt qu.
Du lch sinh thi c th gy chia r
Thm mt mi quan tm trong cc nhm cng ng
lm du lch sinh thi l s ra i ca cc doanh
nghip c th y mnh s chia r trong cc cng
ng ca h v/hoc l to ra nhng doanh nghip
mi. Tnh hnh ny khng ch gii hn trong du lch,
nhng c th gay gt hn trong cc d n cng ng
ch hot ng ny dnh lu n s tip xc rt r
vi ngi bn ngoi nn thu nhp c th c coi l
cao. Nhng vn v s cng bng, cng nh s
ghen ght v s loi tr i din vi nhiu doanh
nghip du lich sinh thi da vo cng ng.
Mt phng php ang c th lm nhiu ni l
duy tr mt ci bng tin ca cng ng trn ghi
mi quyt nh v cng vic. iu ny t ra c bit
c ch ni no quan tm n tin nong. Thng bo

cc gi c c tho thun v cc sn phm v

dch v c bn (ngha l hng dn cc dch v v
ngh ngi ti nh khch ca cng ng) s cho mi
ngi bit c bao nhiu tin thc s b thu ht. C
tng thm sc mnh cho cc quyt nh bng cch
cng b cng khai, v/hay l c to chng ln, iu
c th gip cho mi thnh vin ca mt cng
ng, bao gm c nhng ngi m ch v gn m
ch bit c iu g c tho thun.
Cng khai c bao nhiu tin c thu ht trong t
chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi thng c m t
l "trong sng". Nhiu nhm nhn thy rng vic
gi cc s ghi chp r rng gip lm gim nhng
li t co v gian ln ti chnh hay tham nhng- mt
trong nhng vn gy chia r nht c th xy ra vi
bt k d n cng ng no.
Ra Quyt nh
Mt cng ng c th c nh ngha l nhng
ngi dn a phng c tr mt khu vc c bit,
v mc d v li ch ca cng ng mi ngi nn
tham gia cc qu trnh ra quyt nh c nh hng
n cng ng, khng phi bao gi tt c cc c dn
cng c th cng n mt lc. V th nhng ngi
tham gia trc tip (i khi v tp th gi l U ban
Qun l) c tuyn chn thay mt cho dn c ln
hn, hay nhng ngi tham gia gin tip. V du lch,

cc i biu c cng nhn ra nhng quyt nh

nh: nhng t chc kinh doanh du lch no bt buc
phi lm, ai qun l chng, li ch cho cng ng s
l g, v li ch s c phn phi nh th no.
Nhng v tr qun l c th l s thch thc, v
tnh gy chia r khng phi l him, nhng c th tm
ra c bi v vic kim sot chi tiu thng l mt
yu cu ca s tham gia .
Cc Qu trnh hoch nh
Gn nh chc chn l khi a mt t chc kinh
doanh du lch sinh thi mi vo trong mt cng ng
s xut hin nhng cu hi v s tham gia v phn
phi li ch. Mt cch x l cc vn kh khn
l phi tho lun nhng cu hi lin quan n nhng
xut ca d n, nh s c nu ra sau y. Qui
hoch nhm vo hai vn kp l tham gia v phn
phi li ch c th gip gii quyt sm nhiu vn
tim n. Hy nh li rng y ch l mt vi cu hi
c t ra trong qu trnh lm qui hoch. Chc chn
rng s c nhng cu hi khc ring bit ca cng
ng v ca t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi
c hnh dung.
NH ngha"cng ng"- Cng ng c nh
ngha nh th no? C phi nh ngha n da trn
a l (ngha l mi ngi sinh sng bn trong mt
khu vc), hay l da trn mt nhn t no , nh gia

nh hay th tc? D c nh ngha nh th no,

liu n c c mi ngi c lin quan cng nhn?
Mc d s ngi tham gia ca cng ng vo d n
c th l nh, nhng s ngi ng c ca cng ng
b tc ng c th rt ln.
S THAM GIA - Ai s l mt b phn ca t
chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi da vo cng
ng? Ai s b thi gian v sc lc xc tin cng
vic (ngha l ai s gip xy dng cc ng mn
mi hay xy dng nh khch)? Cng vic s c
chia s nh th no? Liu s tham gia ph thuc vo
kh nng lao ng chn tay, hay c nhng cch tham
gia khc, nh ng tin mt hay ng gp hin vt?
Nam gii v ph n c tham gia bnh ng? Liu c
nhng c hi cho thanh nin v ngi gi? Cho
ngi giu v ngi ngho? Cho ngi ang i hc
v khng i hc? Liu c nhng n lc nhm o to
nhng ngi khng c k nng h c th tham gia
mt cch bnh ng?
AI l ngi quyt nh - Ai s l ngi tham
gia vic ra quyt nh trn thc t? Liu bt k ai
cng c th quyt nh c mi vic? Hay l mt s
t ngi c trao trch nhim ra quyt nh thay mt
nhng ngi cn li? C mt u ban lnh o? Cc
thnh vin ca u ban c xc nh ra sao? H s
c bu ra hay c ch nh? S c bao nhiu

ngi tham gia? Bao nhiu l nhiu? Bao nhiu l t?

Tn ca cc cng vic l g? Nhim v phi thc
hin? C phi n b g khi c tham gia cc u ban
? C cch no hch ton cc hot ng ca cc
thnh vin hi ng?
LI CH - Gi c hng ho v dch v s c
quyt nh ra sao? Ai s thu tin? Tin s c chia
s ra sao (ngha l ngi cung cp dch v hay ngi
thnh lp ngh th cng s c nhn bao nhiu)?
Hay bt k phn no cng s phi np vo qu
chung? Cc s sch k ton s c gi gn ra sao?
C ai c o to gi s ghi chp?
U T TI CHNH - thnh lp mt t chc
kinh doanh th mc u t nh th no l cn thit?
Tin lp qu ly t u? Nu chnh ph hay mt c
quan bn ngoi (ngi tng hay NGO quc t) c
thu ht th vic cp vn da vo tin ban tng hay
cho vay? Khi no t chc kinh doanh d kin c th
hon ton chu c v ti chnh? Cc d kin c
hin thc khng? Cc u t khng phi bng tin,
ch yu l lao ng trong lng hay u t thi gian,
s c n b ra sao?
cc i tc trong qu trnh
Khi pht trin nhng t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh
thi mi, nhiu cng ng nhn thy iu quan trng

l phi lm vic chung phn vi cc t chc khc.

Trong qu trnh pht trin cc cng vic du lch sinh
thi da vo cng ng c nhiu "i tc" quan
trng:

phng du lch ca chnh ph v cc c quan

qun l ti nguyn thin nhin, nht l s lm
nghip hay cng vin;

cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO), c bit l

cc t chc lin quan n cc vn mi
trng, qun l doanh nghip nh v
pht trin cng ng truyn thng;

cng nghip du lch c thit lp, c bit

l cc nh iu hnh du lch;

cc trng i hc v cc t chc nghin cu

khc;

cc cng ng khc, bao gm c lch s

du lch v va mi lm du lch; v

cc i tc b sung trong qu trnh, c th

bao gm cc t chc quc t khc, cc
c quan cp vn cng hay t, cc u ban
vn ho quc gia, v nhiu i tc khc.
Mc sau y s trnh by mt tng quan v ti
sao v nh th no hai trong s cc i tc , cc

chnh ph v cc NGO, c th gip mt cng

ng pht trin thnh cng cc t chc kinh doanh du
lch sinh thi.
cc i tc chnh ph
Cc quan chc chnh ph c mt vai tr quan trng
trong vic son tho cc chnh sch v du lch sinh
thi. Chng hn, c quan cng vin ca chnh ph
thng c trch nhim qun l cc vng t c bo
v, c th bao gm cc cng vin quc gia, cc khu
d tr, cc cnh rng v cc khu bo tn. C quan
cng vin c th cn c trch nhim qun l du lch
i vi nhng vng c bo v, l mt phn
trong cc ngha v ca h. i vi cc t ai c
bo v, cc nguyn tc v iu l c a vo
lut trnh quc gia. V d, cc quan chc chnh
ph c th a ra mt lut v t chc cc h thng l
ph vo ca i vi mt s hay tt c cc cng vin,
v m bo mt phn ca s tin thu c phi quay
v cng vin.
Mc d phn ln cc hot ng du lch sinh thi u
din ra cp a phng, chng cng cn phi n
khp vi cc h thng c ch nh cp quc gia.
Mc can thip m s hi nhp i hi s thay
i mt cch t nhin. Cc quan chc chnh ph cng
cn c trch nhim i vi cc c cu v dch v
bn ngoi khu vc bo v c nh hng ln n du

lch, bao gm cc sn bay, ng x, v ngay c cc

bnh x.
Cc quan chc chnh ph v cc chnh sch ca h c
th d dng thc y hay cn tr s pht trin ca du
lch sinh thi; v vy, chnh ph c th l mt i tc
quan trng trong s pht trin t chc kinh doanh du
lch sinh thi, c bit l khi cng ng nm gn
mt khu vc c bo v. Chnh ph c th gip mt
cng ng pht trin t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh
thi theo nhng cch sau:

iu phi gia mt d n v cc d n khc

c lin quan trong vng;

h tr k thut thng qua cc cc,

s ca chnh ph nh cc mi trng, cc
dch v x hi hay cc hp tc x;

nghin cu th trng v gip v

mt qung co cho cc d n thng
qua phng du lch;

trong mt s trng hp, h tr ti chnh cc

cng vic du lch sinh thi da vo cng ng;

gim, hon hay min np tin thu cho cc

cn ng; v


nghin cu hay thc hin cc chnh sch cho
php pht trin mt cch mm do du lch sinh thi
da vo cng ng.
Sau y l ba lnh vc trong chnh ph c th lm
vic nh mt i tc vi cc cng ng nhm thc
y s pht trin cc t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh
thi.
S nhng quyn
Nhng quyn l cc hp ng vi chnh ph cho
php ngi gi bn hp ng (ngi c nhng
c quyn) "quyn" cung cp cc dch v cho khch
du lch ti thm cc vng bo v. Thng thng tiu
chun tuyn chn mt ngi c nhng c
quyn l m h hay qu nghim ngt nn cc cng
ng kh p ng mt cch y . Nhng iu kin
rng buc c th bao gm cc yu cu v vn, c
u quyn tham d cc cuc hp t chc cc thnh
ph th , hay nhng vn c bn l bit ch
c th lm n t. Khng c quyn nhng th cc
cng ng hu nh khng th pht trin cc cng
vic v du lch sinh thi hot ng hp php bn
trong cc vng bo v. Nu cn lp mt nhng
quyn pht trin cc phng tin du lch gn khu
vc bo v, cc cng ng sng xung quanh phi
c k hoch lp i tc vi s cng vin v vi mt

NGO quen thuc vi thc tin pht trin doanh

nghip nh.
Cc Yu cu v Cp bng/ ng k Hng dn
vin
Cc yu cu ca phng du lch i vi vic cp bng
v ng k hng dn vin thng l kh thc
hin i vi cc nhm cng ng. V d, mt yu cu
tng l n gin, nh mt bi kim tra vit hay mt
ci bng li xe, c th to ra s kim ch i vi cc
cng ng c trnh ch ngha hay thu nhp thp,
lm h mt kh nng s hu chic xe. Cc phng du
lch c th t chc o to hay t ra tiu chun
km nghim ngt cho nhng ngi np n ca cng
ng gip h p ng cc tiu chun qui nh.
Cc Ti liu Qung co
Phn ln cc phng du lch ca chnh ph lm qung
co cc ni n trong du lch quc gia, y l mt
phn trong bn phn ca h. Cc c quan c th
gip cc t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi da vo
cng ng "gi thng ip" v d n ca h ra bn
ngoi. Mt s phng php qung co cho cc d n
bao gm cc t ri, cc bn ch r v tr ca h, v
qung co trong cc cun sch mng v du lch quc
gia ln hn v ton din hn.

Qu trnh chun b ti liu c th l mt cht xc

tc cho s tho lun nghim tc trong cuc hp ca
cng ng. Hy hi mt nhm cng ng xem h
quyt nh nn m t thn xm ca mnh cho cc
khch thm nh th no, hay m t mt hp dn c
bit nh mt thc nc, iu c th gip cho vic
t chc v chn u tin cc tng mi khi c mt
sng kin ca cng ng. Cng th, vic lp bn ,
nht l khi cn tho lun v khong cch v thi gian,
c th t kt qu m mn nu nh nhng vn
c th to ra cc cuc tranh ci.
Nhng v d v cc n lc trong qung co ni
khc bao gm: vic son tho mt cun sch hng
dn du lch da vo cng ng cung cp thng tin
cho khch thm v ng mn tri khp t nc ca
cc t chc kinh doanh da vo cng ng (do B
Du lch v Mi trng Belize hp tc vi mt NGO
son tho); vic sn xut cc cun bng vido gii
thiu cc t chc kinh doanh (Ban Du lch Belize); v
cc chuyn du lch thn mt "fam" nhm gio dc cc
hng l hnh v cc nh iu hnh du lch v cc
sng kin ca cng ng ( do Bo tn Quc t t
chc h tr d n ng mn Scarlet Macaw,
Peten, Guatemala). Nhiu t chc kinh doanh tm
cch a thng tin ca h vo cc sch hng
dn quc t nh Lonely Planet. Chin lc ny i
hi phi vit th tht nhiu, nhng khng th phng

i tm quan trng ca vic ng k cho cc khch

du lch bal. Mt c quan pht trin quc t ca
Hoa k (USAID) ti tr cho d n Rng Maya ca
Guatemala, Mhic v Belize, chi tin xut bn mt
cm nang "Cung cp thng tin thc hnh
qung co cho cc hp dn du lch sinh thi cng
ng" (Pederson, 1995).
cc i tc phi chnh ph
Cc t chc phi chnh ph a phng (NGO) c
th l cc i tc qu gi trong qu trnh pht trin cc
t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi da vo cng
ng hu ht cc khu vc. H c th l cc ngun
cho o to, h tr k thut, t vn trnh quc
gia, v trong mt s trng hp, c th gip v ti
chnh. Hn na, cc t chc thng c cc thnh
vin hay khch hng mun c thng tin v hng dn
v cc vn du lch sinh thi, nn h c th gy nh
hng n cc nh du lch sinh thi.
Nhiu cng ng tng lm vic vi cc NGO a
phng trn cc lnh vc nh sc kho, nng nghip,
pht trin doanh nghip nh hay cc chng trnh bo
tn. Mt vi v d v NGO gip cc nhm cng
ng trong vic pht trin cc t chc kinh doanh du
lch sinh thi c t tm thy trong nghin cu in
hnh ca Bina Swadaya Tours (trang 224).

tng quan v t nc Innxia

t nc Indnsia chim 1.3% din tch tri t, tuy
nhin li cha 10% cc cy ra hoa, 12% loi c v
ca th gii, 16% loi b st v lng c ca th
gii, 17% tt c cc loi chim, v trn mt phn t
cc loi c bin v c nc ngt c bit n. Nhiu
hn o ca qun o l mi trng sng nhiu loi,
t rng ma ng bng, rng x vt, ng c savan,
rng m ly v i vi, cho n cc rng min
ni, cnh ng trn ni cao, v ni ph tuyt trn
nh gn xch o. Khong 59% din tch t ca
Indnsia c ph rng, i din cho phn ln 10%
rng nhit i cn li ca th gii. Khong 110 triu
hecta c xp vo loi rng bo v, v 18.7 triu
hecta c cng b l cc khu vc bo tn- trong
8.1 triu hecta l khu bo tn t nhin chim
mung v th rng v 10.6 triu hecta l din tch
bo tn t nhin. Din tch bo tn t nhin li c
chia thnh 10 triu hecta cc cng vin quc gia,
223,000 hecta cng vin gii tr rng, v 381,000
hecta cng vin gii tr t nhin (KLH, 1995).
du lch sinh thi Innxia: quan im v
nguyn tc
Du lch sinh thi Innxia hin ang cn trong
giai on pht trin rt sm. Trong ngn ng
Indnesia, t "du lch sinh thi" hy cn m h. N

c dch ra nhiu t: "ekowisata" (du lch sinh thi),

"wisata lingkungan" (du lch t nhin), v
"wisata eko" hay "wisata ekologis" (du lch sinh
thi). Mng li Du lch Sinh thi Innxia
(Indecon) s dng t "ekowisata", trong khi cc i
din ca B Mi trng li thch dng "wisata
ekologis."

 
CC chuyn du lch ca Bina swadaya
Mt sn phm lai c o
Bina Swadaya l mt t chc phi chnh ph ln
nht Indonesia. N c lch s 30 nm gip
cc d n pht trin cng ng trn khp qun o
Indonsia. Nm 1988, Bina Swadaya bt u
qung co cc chuyn du lch n nhiu d n
pht trin ni bt nht ca n. Cc chuyn du lch
c t chc theo yu cu ca cc khch thm
quc t quan tm n hc tp nhiu hn v cc
hot ng nng ct trong nc. T nhng khi
u phi truyn thng , cc chuyn du lch ca
Bina Swadaya (BST) bt u.
BST c quan im duy nht l lm mt doanh
nghip v li nhun ni ln t mt NGO pht
trin. BST duy tr nhim v ca c quan pht trin
Bina Swadaya l gip gim ngho i v
bo v mi trng v di sn ca Indnesia trong
khi hot ng vi t cch l mt doanh nghip v
li nhun. BST theo ui s mnh ca mnh thng
qua ni dung cc chuyn du lch c n t chc.
Cc ni n in hnh ca du lch BST gm c
nhng khu vc xa xi v cc bn lng, cng vin
quc gia v cc khu bo v, v cc d n pht
trin Bina Swadaya. BST a tng phm cho

mi d n vo chi ph ca mi chuyn du lch.

BST cng lm vic gip vo gio dc cc
khch du lch sao cho l hnh c trch nhim v
gip h hiu cc vn pht trin t vin cnh
duy nht l s trng thnh ca mt t chc pht
trin cng ng. Mi thnh vin du lch ca BST
u nhn c mt gi ti liu gio dc trc
chuyn d ngoi bao gm cc iu l ca BST v
o c i vi du lch c trch nhim. Trong
nhiu nm qua, cng vi s tng trng ngy cng
mnh m ca du lch n cc vng nng thn,
BST c ku gi t chc cc chng trnh
o to gip cc x v cc nhm cng ng
thnh lp t chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi ca
chnh h. Da vo kinh nghim ca mnh trong
lnh vc pht trin v kin thc kinh doanh ca
mnh v cng nghip du lch, BST tr thnh
ngi bnh vc hng u cho s pht trin du lch
sinh thi da vo cng ng Indonesia. Nh v
gim c ca BST nhanh chng ch ra rng,
gip cc cng ng mi pht trin t chc kinh
doanh du lch sinh thi l cng vic tt i vi
BST; n lm tng con s v tnh a dng ca cc
ni n ginh cho khch hng ca n.
Khi c ngh m t mt khch du lch in
hnh ca BST, ng gim c tr li:
Loi du lch m BST iu hnh thu ht mt

loi la chn khch du lch. Nhng ngi quan

tm mun hiu bit i sng vng nng thn,
ngi dn sng ra sao, h kim sngnh th no.
Phn ln cc chuyn du lch ca chng ti s
dng cc t chc kinh doanh qui m nh, i khi
c ngha l khng c tm bng nc nng, vn
vn. D nhin chng ti c th sp xp bt k
kiu du lch no, bao gm mt kiu vi tin nghi
sang trng, nhng "khch hng trung bnh" ca
chng ti ang tm loi nh l loi chng ti cung
cp (Sumarwoto , 1997).

aaaaacac
CCCA
Mng li Du lch Sinh thi Innxia (Indecon)
t chc mt hi ngh tho lun cc vn du lch
sinh thi ang ni ln, bao gm c mt nh ngha c
th chp nhn c. Da trn cc kt qu ca hi
ngh ny, Indecon nh ngha du lch sinh thi l "l
hnh c trch nhim n cc vng t nhin c bo
v, cng nh n cc vng t nhin khng bo v,
bo tn mi trng (t nhin v vn ho) v ci thin
phc li ca ngi dn a phng" (Indecon, 1996).
V mc ch, nh ngha ny tng t vi li vn v
mc ch ca nh ngha quc t m Hip hi Du lch
Sinh thi (TES) dng.
Thc hin Chng trnh Ngh s 21 ca UNCED, B
Mi trng son tho mt bn bo co quc gia
cho Indnesia. Da vo Chng trnh Ngh s Ton
cu 21 v nhng Nguyn tc Ch o chung ca Pht
trin Quc gia (GBHN), Chng trnh Ngh s 21Innxia to ra mi lin h gia pht trin kinh t v
pht trin x hi, bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v
mi trng; v cung cp mt mu mi t c s
pht trin bn vng Indnesia. Du lch sinh thi
c B xem l mt s pht trin bn vng, nht
qun vi cc nguyn tc ca Chng trnh Ngh s
21- Innxia.

Ph hp vi khun kh ca Chng trnh Ngh s

21- Innxia, Indecon thc hin nm nguyn tc i
vi s pht trin du lch sinh thi trng nc.
1: Trch nhim, quan tm v cam kt i vi s bo
tn

Trong cc giai on qui hoch v thit k,

phI xem xt "kh nng ti" ca cc ni n ca
du lch sinh thi.

Qun l ton b s khch du lch, c s h

tng v cc phng tin du lch ph hp vi kh
nng ti ca ni n.

Nng cao/tng cng s gic ng v mi

trng ca cc cng ng ch v cc khch
thm.

S dng cc ti nguyn a phng mt cch

bn vng.

Gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ca s pht trin

du lch sinh thi.
2: THAM KHO KIN v c s tn thnh
ca cng ng a phng v s pht trin ca
du lch sinh thI


Lp cc i tc vi cng ng a
phng trong qu trnh qui hoch v pht
trin d n du lch sinh thi.

Thng bo r rng v trung thc cho cng

ng a phng v mc ch v pht trin trn
khu vc.

Dnh cho cng ng a phng quyn t

do chp nhn hay t chi cc pht trin du
lch sinh thi trong khu vc

3: Cc li ch cho cng ng a phng

M ra nhng c hi cho cc c dn
ca cng ng a phng tham gia ch
ng hay b ng vo s pht trin du lch sinh thi .

Trao quyn cho cng ng a phng

nng cao li ch kinh t- x hi.

Ci thin k nng v ti chuyn mn ca cng

ng a phng.
4: S NHY CM V tn trng i vi nn vn
ho v truyn thng tn ngng ca a phng

a ra mt b lut v o c cho vi cc
khch du lch v cc nh iu hnh du lch


Lm vic vi cng ng a phng son
tho mt iu l a phng v o c cho cc
khch du lch v cc nh iu hnh du lch
ph hp vi cc gi tr vn ho x hi v truyn
thng tn ngng ca cng ng.
5: Tn trng cc qui nh v lut ca chnh ph

Tn trng cc lut v qun l mi trng.

Tn trng cc lut v bo v ti
nguyn thin nhin v cc h sinh thi
ca chng.

gian.

Tn trng cc lut v qui hoch khng

Tn trng cc lut v qun l khu vc bo v.

Tn trng cc lut v cc qui nh khc ca

chnh ph.
du lch sinh thi trong thc tin

Cochrane (1996) thy trn thc t c nhiu kh khn

pht trin du lch sinh thi cc khu vc c bo
v ca Indnesia, do cc v tr thng rt xa xi ca
khu vc- cc xa cc trung tm ng dn v ch c th
ti c sau nhng chuyn i di, tn thi gian m

nhiu khch du lch min cng phi chu ng. Khi

ti cng vin, khch du lch mong mun c
xem s phong ph ca i sng hoang d v thng
tht vng v cc c tnh ca th vt, chng rt dt,
c n, sng trn cy v hot ng vo ban m.
Hin tng ny l ph bin ti cc cng vin quc gia
v cc khu vc c cng b chnh thc l cc a
im ti ca du lch. Theo thi gian, cc vn v
kh nng i li s c d dng nh cc c s h tng
lin tc c ci thin, c bit l cc mi lin h
bng ng x, thuyn, my bay. Tuy nhin, vic
nh gi cao cc cng vin v cc ni l th khc s
khng thay i tt hn ln nu khng c
chng trnh tng hp qun l khu vc bo v.
Mt rng buc na l thiu s qung co tch cc,
gn vi con s hn ch cc khch thm hin ti. Cn
c s hp tc gia cc cng vin vi Dinas
Pariwisata (ban du lch) trong vic xut bn cc gi
qung co. Cc t ri v cun sch mng do Dinas
xut bn thng c t thng tin v cc hp dn t
nhin. ng thi, bn thn cc cng vin cng xut
bn cc cun sch mng sch hng dn c xu hng
tp trung gn ht vo lit k cc loi, nghin cu sinh
hc v chc nng sinh thi ca khu vc bo v.
Thng tin t mi khu vc c th to ra mt t ri b
ch nu chng c phi hp vi nhau (Sammeng,
1995).

Trng hp nghin cu in hnh s pht trin t

chc kinh doanh du lch sinh thi ti cng vin quc
gia Gunung Halimun, Java, Indnesia, l mt n lc
cp n cc mt hn ch c nu ra trn.
y cng l mt c gng lm cho c hiu qu cc
c ch thu ht cng ng vo s pht trin ca du
lch sinh thi ang c tin hnh Indnesia,
nhm thc hin c hai mc tiu bo tn v pht trin.
Cng nh vi cc d n tng t cc ni khc ca
th gii ang pht trin, d n c bit ny c ti
tr bi C quan Pht trin Quc t ca Hoa k
(USAID), do khng ch tp trung vo thit k v
thc hin m cn theo di v nh gi d n. Nhng
im sau cng ny ch c cp ngn gn, v mc
ch l nu bt cc c ch ca s thu ht cng ng
c tr tnh v thc hin ra sao. Trong chu k
sng ca mt d n, hy cn qu sm nh gi vi
s sng sut no mc cc mc tiu bo tn v
pht trin t hoc khng t, mc d vi nhiu d
n ang thc hin gia chng, nhng ngi ng h
d n tin tng rng cng vic c v tt p.
s pht trin t chc kinh doanh
du lch sinh thi ti cng vin quc gia gunung
halimun (GHNP)
 

Tng quan v d n
c thnh lp t nm 1992, Cng vin Quc gia
Gunung Halimun (Ni sng m) cha ng gii
rng nguyn sinh vng ng bng cn li ln nht
Java v l ni c tr ca 23 loi c v, t nht hai
trong s (con vn Java v con vn bc m) l
c hu v ang b e do. Cng vin cng c trn
200 loi chim, trong 18 l c hu, v trn 500
loi cy. Ngi bn x Kasepuhan v cc cng ng
Sudan khc sinh sng bn trong v xung quanh cng
vin v ph thuc nng n vo cc ti nguyn thin
nhin . Cng vin bo v mt lu vc u ngun
quan trng ca Java. Tuy nhin cc ti nguyn ca
Cng vin Quc gia Gunung Halimun ang b e do
bi nn nng nghip tiu nng v n in, bi s
pht trin c s h tng, khai thc vng qui m nh,
khai thc mt cch khng bn vng g ci v cc sn
phm lm nghip khng phi g.
Tri vi cc mi e do i vi s bo tn nu trn,
nhiu hon cnh tch cc cha tng thy ca s pht
trin bn vng du lch sinh thi ang tn ti nh sau
y:

s tng trng bn vng ca nn kinh t

Indnesia l 6.6% trong nm 1993, 6.9% trong
nm 1994 v 7.2% trong nm 1995;


mt tng lp trung lu ln hn bt k trong
lch s ca Indnesia, tng lp ny khao kht c
nhng c hi gii tr v l hnh da vo t nhin;

vic to ra hai ngy ngh cui tun t thng

T 1995 cho php tng lp trung lu c nhiu thi
gian ngh ngi hn;

vic ch nh vo nm 1992 Gunung Halimun

("ni sng m") l cng vin quc gia, ch
cch Jakarta ba gi ng t;

khng g c th cnh tranh c vi Gunung

Halimun (khu rng lin tc cui cng cn li ty
Java) l mt ngun yn tnh t nhin i vi ngi
Jakarta: mt cng vin khc duy nht gn, Gunung
Gede Pangrango, c bit l b cht nch ti trn
10,000 ngi vo mt ngy cui tun.
chng li cc mi e do i vi khu vc, v
li dng hng lot nhng hon cnh thun li cha
tng c, mt cngxoocxiom duy nht cc t chc
cng n vi mc ch lm vic vi cc cng ng
a phng pht trin t chc kinh doanh du lch
sinh thi v chng trnh nng cao nhn thc bo
tn nhm thu ht thm nhiu khch trong nc v
quc t t ln cn Jakarta. Cngxoocxiom Gunung
Halimun ra i nh th vo nm 1995.
Ti sao phi bao gm cc cng ng a phng?

Nh tho lun trn, mt trong nhng trch

nhim ca s tham gia ca a phng l ngi
dn c mt thc v quyn s hu trong cc d n
v chng trnh nh hng ti h. Thit lp cc c
ch nhn dn tham gia ch ng vi t cch l
nhng ngi s hu v qun l cc t chc kinh
doanh du lch sinh thi l mt u tin trong D n
Pht trin T chc kinh doanh Du lch Sinh thi
Gunung Halimun. V th cc khu vc u tin ca
vic thc thi d n cp ring cc vn phn
phi cng bng v tm kim s tham gia ca cc khu
vc khc nhau trong x hi trong vic ra quyt nh,
chia s li tc v to cng n vic lm.
Ci g ang thc s din ra?
Mi mt x trong ba x tham gia xy dng mt
phc hp nh khch, xy dng cc ng mn vi
cc bin ch dn thch hp, pht trin cc hng th
cng bn c, o to cc hng dn vin t nhin
hc a phng, v c o to mnh m v ch
bin n v ung.
XY DNG NH khch - Cc tin nghi nh khch
cho tm n mi ngi ngh c cc thnh vin
cng ng xy dng trn t ban tng cho cng ng,
v c xy ph hp vi cc thit k v vt liu a
phng. Chng cng p dng cc tin nghi hin i:
cc x my, cc bung tm, cc h rc t hoi, cc h

thng tr nc v cp nc, cc v chn khu tay, v

cc ging tri nm mi ca nh my. Bn cnh mi
nh khch c nh n cng cng, c y bp, bn
n, cc khu vc hnh lang/ngh ngi v cc chiu,
thm th cng. Vn xung quanh mi nh khch
c trng cy a phng.
LM NG MN V bin ch dn - Mi mt
x u xy dng cc ng mn ti cc ni n t
nhin nh thc nc, nh ni. Trong nhiu trng
hp, iu ny lin quan n vic nng cp cc ng
mn lu nay c dn lng s dng i sn, thu
lm lm sn hay cht tre. Cc bin hiu ch hng
i v cung cp t nhiu thng tin c ghi bng ting
Innxia v ting Anh.
SN XUT HNG TH cng - Cc c dn trong
mi lng tri qua o to mnh m trong sn xut
hng th cng s dng i phng hay bn
cho khch thm. Cc kho o to da vo
thit k v k thut xy dng a phng, nhn
mnh v m rng cc sn phm lm theo truyn
thng mi vng. iu c ngha l vic o to
lm hng th cng m ra con ng cho cc c
dn cao tui tham gia vo vic lm li t cc pht
trin du lch sinh thi trong khu vc.
O TO HNG DN vin t nhin hc a
phng - Trong mi cng ng c khong mi c

dn tri qua o to su v hng dn vin

nng cao kh nng hng dn cc khch thm qua
cc con ng mn ri rm v cc thng cnh t
nhin trong khu vc. Cc lp o to bao gm: nhn
dng thc vt v ng vt a phng; hiu bit v
p ng cc k vng ca khch thm; hc v tm
quan trng ca thi gian v khong cch; lng ht
cc kh khn ca ni n; s cu gip ban u; v
o to ngn ng (theo chng mc c th). Cc
hng dn vin nhn khch thm vo trong khu vc
cng vin by gi ang lm vic hp tc vi chnh
quyn qun l cng vin quc gia.
CH BIN N V ung - Cc nhm trong
mi lng tham gia tri qua lp o to su v ch
bin n v ung, c nhn mnh n v sinh.
Cc hc vin phi thc tp hng tun l ti mt
khch sn nh mt thnh ph ln cn v ch bin
thc n.
Cc thnh vin ca Cngxoocxiom gm nhng ai?
Cngxoocxiom GHNP tin trin t vic cng nhn
rng pht trin du lch, thc hin thnh cng cc
mc tiu bo tn th mt lot cc k nng v t chc
l quan trng. Mi mt i tc ca Cngxoocxiom
mang ti d n mt b duy nht cc giy t chng
nhn kh nng. Cc thnh vin ca Cngxoocxiom
bao gm:

Cu lc b cc khoa hc v sinh vt hc

C quan quc t bo v ng vt hoang d

Hoa k

Ban Qun l Cng vin Quc gia

Trng i hc tng hp Indnesia

Tng cng ty McDonald, Indnesia

CU LC B SINH VT HC (BSCC) - CU
lc b cc khoa hc v sinh vt hc lm vic vi
GHNP t hai chc nm nay. Mc d tp trung ban
u vo cc vn a dng sinh hc bn trong cng
vin, BScC tin tng rng cc mi quan tm ca
cng ng v cc c hi pht trin phi c p ng
cng vi cc mi quan tm v bo tn. L ngi u
tin thc thi d n, BScC c cc nh qun l hin
trng lm vic bn trong ba cng ng ca d n.
H ang lm vic tng cng kh nng ca cng
ng nhm p ng cc mc tiu ca d n trong khi
pht trin t chc kinh doanh. iu ang c
thc hin thng qua o to chuyn su v h tr
theo di m bo cc tng, quan nim v kinh
nghim mi c hiu r v p dng.
C QUAN QUC T bo v i sng hoang d
(wpti) - L mt t chc bo tn quc t, WPTI
mang ti Cngxoocxiom vin cnh khu vc v ton

cu v nhng vn bc sc v bo tn. Chng

trnh ca WPTI Indnesia tp trung vo cch gii
quyt c th ng vng v mt kinh t i vi nhng
vn bc xc v bo v a dng sinh hc, gip
v k thut v ti chnh cho d n thng
qua iu phi vin chng trnh Indnesia ca n.
CHNH QUYN QUN l cng vin quc gia:
ban gim c bo v rng v bo tn thin nhin
(phpa), chnh ph indnesia - Ban gim c bo v
rng v bo tn thin nhin (PHPA) l c quan chnh
ph chu trch nhim trng nom cc khu bo v trn
khp t nc Indnesia. PHPA lm vic vi
Cngxoocxiom v nhng mt lin quan ti lut php
v chnh sch ca vic tip cn v s dng cc ti
nguyn trong cc khu vc bo v. Hn na, PHPA v
BScS u hp tc v thit k v xy dng cc ng
mn v lp bng hiu thch hp trong v xung
quanh cc cng ng thuc d n.
TRUNG TM BO V a dng sinh hc, i hc
tng hp indnesia - Trung tm Bo v a dng
Sinh hc (CBC) ti trng i hc Tng hp ca
Indnesia (UI), gip theo di cc tc ng mi
trng, x hi v kinh t ca d n ln cc cng ng
tham gia. Chng hn, cc cng ng xung quanh
Halimun trong lch s sn xut cc hng th cng
bng my, tre nh cc r, m, ln xch tay v cc

dng gia dng truyn thng. Mt k hoch theo di

c son tho m bo rng mi s gia tng
trong sn xut hng th cng bn cho khch du
lch khng dn n s dng khng bn vng cc ti
nguyn .
TNG CNG TY mcdonald - Tng cng ty
McDONALD chng t s tham gia c mt khng hai
ca khu vc t nhn trong vic gip cc c gng
bo tn Indnesia. H lm mt cng vic xut
sc l tp trung cc n lc tip th v lin h cc ti
liu qung co vi khch hng ca khch sn ca
cng ty. Phn ln trong nm 1997, cc tranh v cc
loi ang b e do ca Gunung Halimun v m t
cc c hi du lch sinh thi do cc cng ng tham
gia cung cp, c treo trn tng trong cc ca hng
ca McDonald khp vng th Jakarta.
Cc cng ty du lch sinh thi ca GHNP: Tip th
mc tiu
S phn tch th trng c tin hnh trong giai
on qui hoch d n kt lun rng, so vi cc
cng vin quc gia khc ca Indnesia th Gunung
Halimun c sc li cun t nht i vi cc khch du
lch nc ngoi c thi gian ngh hn ch. Cc th
trng mc tiu i vi Gunung Halimun, theo th t
u tin l:


tng lp trung lu Indnesia sng Jakarta v
cc qun xung quanh;

ngi nc ngoi sng Jakarta v cc qun

xung quanh;

cc hc sinh i hc v trung hc;

cc khch du lch nc ngoi.

Cho ti nay, thng tin v xut x ca du khch thm

dng nh chng t s ng n ca nhng th
trng ny, mc d nhng n lc tip ang nhm
thc hin nhng iu tin on. Nhng n lc tip th
"gii thiu" cc nh khch cho cc i din ca
gii bo ch v nn cng nghip du lch c hnh
thnh bao gm vic ph bin cc chuyn du lch
"fam", chiu phim m bn (slide) v vic gi qua bu
in cc cun sch mng v d n v cc sch bo
xut bn.
Theo di cc T chc kinh doanh ca Du lch Sinh
thi
Cngxoocxiom GHNP ang theo di tc ng x hi,
sinh hc v kinh t ca cc pht trin d n t ngy
m cc nh khch vo u nm 1997.
CC HOT NG theo di v x hi - Hai ch s
u tin c theo di l s tham gia ca cng ng

trong d n v phc li ca cng ng (c xc

nh rng ri). Cc s liu v s tham gia ca cng
ng trong cc hot ng ca t chc kinh doanh
c thu thp v s thnh vin tch cc, gii, tui,
ngh nghip v nhm dn tc. Cc phng php thu
thp s liu bao gm cc s nht k (do ngi qun
l hin trng trong mi lng gi), vic nh gi
nng thn c s tham gia ca b con nng dn (PRA)
v cc cuc phng vn.
CC HOT NG theo di v sinh vt - Cc s
liu theo di c bn v cht lng nc, khai thc vt
liu cho sn xut hng th cng (ch yu l my, tre),
v dn c ng vt c tay v chim mung, c thu
thp trc khi cc hot ng ca d n bt u v
tip tc hng qu. Cc c dn ca mi cng ng
c o to trong qu trnh thu thp s liu v
by gi h ang thc hin mt phn ln cng vic
theo di.
CC HOT NG theo di v kinh t - Cc thnh
vin ca cng ng, c bit l nhng ngi tham gia
cc cng vic thc t ca t chc kinh doanh, bt u
c tr bng tin mt ngay sau khi m mi
nh ngh, v cc dch v bao gm hng dn, khun
vc, nu n, chuyn ch (thng bng xe my), bn
hng th cng v bo v.

Bng 10.1 nu ra nhng con s c bn (son tho cho

nm t thng Ba 1997 n thng Hai 1998), v cc
nh khch ni chung ng Halimun, Bc Halimun
v Nam Halimun. Do gn Jakarta, nh khch ng
Halimun nhn c nhiu khch nht, theo sau l
Bc Halimun v Nam Halimun. Nhng con s bng
tin c tnh theo ng rupi, v khng c qui ra
tin khc v trong thi gian ny t gi thay i mnh.
S liu ny ly vn phng d n Gunung Halimun
(thng tin v a ch lin h c nu trong danh sch
tham kho cui chng ny).
Bng 10.2 nu s phn b li tc ca nh khch v
gii thch chi tit mi hng mc hiu r hn v cc
chi tiu.
H thng phn phi li tc c t ra bi nhng
ngi tham gia t chc kinh doanh trong tng x, vi
s gip ca nhn vin d n. Vic chia s li tc
trn thc t c thc hin bi mt i din chn ra
t mi x, ngi ny c trch nhim trng nom bo
qun s ghi v thanh ton.Tin thu v chi cho tng
khon c tho lun nh k trong cc cuc hp ca
d n. Mi x m mt ti khon ngn hng qun
l tin qu ca d n c cp nht t nhiu khon
khc nhau. Cc ch ti khon bao gm v ch tch v
ngi lin lc d n ca mi x. o to cch ghi
chp l bc u tin cn thit h thng ny hot
ng c hiu qu.

Bng 10.1
NHNG S LIU C BN v Nh khch
(theo ng Rupi)

Hng
mc Bc
Halimun
Nam
Halimun ng Halimun
Thu chnh ph

S
khch
du
lch
ti ................................................................ ........... .......... 845
S
ngy
ngh
trung
bnh ......................................................................... 1.4
ngy
Quc tch

Indnesia .............................................................................. 672 (80%)

Ngi
nc
ngoi ................................................................ 173 (20%)
Mc ch cuc ving thm

Ngh
ngi ........................................................................................ 45%

Thm
him
khu
rng
.....................................................................
. 21%

Nghin
cu ...................................................................................... 2%

Mc
ch
khc ............................................................................ 32.3%
Tng
chi
tiu
ca
khch
du
lch
....................................................
43,851,835Rp
Chi
tiu
trung
bnh
cho
mt
ngi
......................................................
. 51,900Rp
Tch ring cc khon chi

Thu
phng
.................................................................................
. 40.1%

n
v
Ung ................................................................................. 35.8%
Hng dn vin v khun

Bng 10.2
H THNG PHN PHI Li tc Nh khch
ti GHNP
Hng

mc

Bc
Halimun

Nam
Halimun

ngHalimun
Thu chnh ph 5%

5%

5%
Tin
lng
30%

30%


30%
Bo

qun

15%

15%

15%
Qu cng ng 13.3%

15%

10%
Bo

tn

10%

15%

10%
Gio

dc

10%

10%

7.5%
S
hu
t
6.7%

12.5%
Tin

vt

10%


10%

10%
M t cc hng mc trn
Thu chnh ph
Tr
cho chnh quyn a phng
Tin

lng

Tr
lng cng nht cho nhng ngi lm vic ti

nh
khch v lau dn, ng k, bo v,vn vn...

Bo

tr

Bo qun cc tin nghi ti nh

khch, bao gm


sa cha,
c c nh, m mi, thay cc dng c ...
Qu cng ng Dng
cho cc d n lin quan n cng ng do nhng

ngi
tham
gia t chc kinh doanh v cc lnh o

cng ng quyt nh (nh qu dng nng

cp cc

thit b nh tm ti nh th ca cng ng Hi
gio)
Bo

tn

Ch yu o to cc hng dn vin, xy
dng cc

bng hiu
v mua bn treo cc nh khch
Gio

dc

ti tr cho cc chng trnh o to (bao

gm dy

ngoi
ng v o to qun l), v bao cc chi ph i li

tham d cc chng trnh .

S hu t ai Tr
cho cc x dnh t ring xy nh khch
Tin

vt


mua cc th lt vt

Trong qu trnh thc hin t trc n nay

nhng vn no ni ln?
Khng phi lc no hnh nh cng i i vi vic
lm, iu ny c bit ng vi cc d n thu ht
nhiu ngi tham gia, bao gm cc nh ti tr quc
t, cc NGO, cc chnh ph v cc cng ng. Nhng
u tin ca cc thc th khng phi bao gi cng
trng khp vi cc mc tiu hay kt qu mong mun
ca h, mc d trong giai on thit k c t vn v
qui hoch cn thn. Cc phm vi c vn gia
chng ca D n Pht trin T chc kinh doanh du
lch sinh thi c th c tho lun tt nht bng cch
xem chng cp cng ng v cp cngxoocxiom.
 
cp cng ng, cc vn v tham gia v n b
xut hin sm. Khi t xy hai nh khch c
"hin" theo nhiu cch khc nhau trong mi cng
ng tham gia, th cn cp ti cc tho thun v
n b v phn phi tin n b. iu ny c bit
ng i vi mt x ni mnh t do thanh nin
trong lng tng, nhiu nm trc h b cng san
lp lm sn bng. Tho thun rt kh t v nhm
ny c thnh lp khng chnh thc.

Mt vn kh khn khc xut hin vo cui nm

th nht ca d n, khi c tin n rng d n c mc
ch tuyn truyn o C c cho dn chng. Bn
cht t nh ca cc quan h gia cc nhm tn gio
Indnesia bin tin n trn thnh u tin s mt
i vi mi ngi tham gia. Cng nhn vin ca d
n, a phn l ngi theo o Hi, nhanh chng
m cc cuc hp ca x pht biu li v khng
nh li cc mc tiu ca d n vi dn lng. Khng
th xc nh ngun gc ca cc tin n, mc d chc
chn l n xut pht t s thiu hiu bit v d n
hn l t s c hay s trao i ring gia cc nhn
vin ca d n hay cc khch thm. Tnh hung ny
dng nhn mnh mt gio l ch yu trong khi ch
o bt k cng vic g cp cng ng- hu
nh khng bao gi c y thng tin. Mc d chc
chn l mt thch thc, cn thit phi m rng cc
thng tin ra xa, ngoi nhng ngi tham gia tch cc
v nhng ngi tham d cc cuc hp "thng
xuyn".
 
cp cngxoocxiom, mt vn l th l vai tr ca
Tng cng ty McDonald. Bin bn ghi nh ban u
gia cc c quan tham gia nu "s h tr k thut"
nhn c t McDonald l s ng gp bng hin vt
cho vic thc hin d n. Cho n nay, s h tr k

thut ti di dng pht trin chin lc th

trng. Kh c th nh lng s h tr , nhng
iu chc chn l s h tr tip th ca h l mu cht
i vi qung co trong th trng mc tiu ca
Jakarta. Tht vy, McDonald thc hin c hiu
qu mi th h ni h s lm. Vn i vi mt vi
thnh vin khc ca cngxoocxiom l McDonald
cng hng li nh tuyn truyn khp ni s
tham gia ca h vo n lc bo tn.
Mt vn khc l s chn ch ca cc nhn vin
ban qun l cng vin trong vic tham gia vo cc
hot ng pht trin ca cng ng. iu ny c th
do vai tr gi trt t truyn thng ca h cng nh s
thiu thnh tho v o to v du lch v trong vic
lin h vi cng ng. Nhng vn thuc s hp
tc v cng tc gia cc c quan hin ra l m chn
tri nh cc k hoch pht trin khc nhau trong v
xung quanh cng vin c tip tc nu ra ti nhiu
din n khc nhau.
kt lun
Tin ca chng ny l s pht trin thnh cng
du lch sinh thi da vo cng ng- y l cc t
chc kinh doanh tho mn c mc tiu bo tn ln
pht trin- c h tr bi s lin kt gia cc cng
ng a phng, cc c quan chnh ph, cc NGO
v khu vc t nhn. Nhng s lin kt c cng

nhn l ni ln t nhng lnh vc c li ch chung

cho mi khu vc tham gia. Sau cc chnh sch
c coi l nhng c ch hon thnh cc mc tiu
c li chung thng qua cng tc v l s biu th
cng khai nhu cu cng tc v hp tc thc hin
cc mc tiu bo v v pht trin.
Sau , cc lin kt phi c xem l mt b phn
ch yu ca thit k v pht trin cc t chc kinh
doanh du lch sinh thi da vo cng ng v l
khng th thiu c thc hin mt khung chnh
sch v qui hoch tch cc cho s pht trin cc
doanh nghip .
Ti liu tham kho
Cochrane, J. 1996. "The Sustainability of Ecotourism
in Indonesia: Fact and Fiction," Environmental
Change in South-East Asia: People, Politics, and
Sustainable Development, Routledge, London.
Indecon (Indonesia Ecotourism Network). 1996.
Newsletter #2, Jakarta, Indonesia.
KLH. 1996. "Draft of National Strategy on
Ecotourism Development", Jakarta, Indonesia.
Lindberg, K., J. Enriquez, K. Sproule. 1996.
"Ecotourism Questioned: Case Studies from

Belize," Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 23, no.

3, pp. 543-562.
Pedersen, A. 1995. Promotion of Community-based
Ecotourism in the Maya Forest, Management
Systems International, Washington, D.C.
Sammeng.
1995.
"Kebijaksanaan
dan
Langkahlangkah
Strategis
Pengembangan
Ekotourisme," unpublished paper presented at the
National Workshop on Ecotourism Development
in Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia.
Sumarwoto. 1997. Personal communication, director,
Bina Swadaya Tours.
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO). 1990. "The Community's Tool Box,"
FAO, Rome.
a ch lin h vi d n GUNUNG HALIMUN
GHNP Community-based Ecotourism Enterprise
Project
Kantor Konsorsium Pengembangan Ekoturisme
Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun jawa Barat
JL. Samiaji Raya, No. 33, Bumi Indraprasta
Bantarjati, Bogor 16153

Indonesia
Tel/fax (62-0251) 336886
e-mail: bcn-nil6@indo.net.id
Nhng ngi xut bn v nhng ngi
cng tc

nhng ngi xut bn

Kreg Lindberg l mt c vn v nh nghin cu c
lp, v phc v nh mt cn b nghin cu ph trong
Hi Du lch Sinh thi (TES). ng quan tm nghin
cu cc mt khc nhau ca du lch sinh thi cng nh
cc tc ng kinh t v x hi ca du lch ni chung.
ng c xut bn nhiu tp ch chuyn mn khc
nhau, bao gm Cc Bin nin v Nghin cu Du lch,
v trong cc ban bin tp Tp ch Du lch Bn
vng v Tp ch Du lch Thi bnh dng.ng T
VN V CH O NGHIN CU c, Hoa k,
an mch, Trung quc, Indnesia, Thu in v
Belize cho cc t chc nh Cc Du lch Khi Cng
ng Uc, S Cng vin Quc gia Hoa k, cc Cng
vin Quc gia v S ng vt Hoang d ca New
South Wales (Chu Uc), Qu cc ng vt Hoang d
Th gii (WWF-US), Vin Ti nguyn Th gii,

FAO, v Ngn hng Th gii. ng nhn bng Tin s

v khoa hc x hi trong lm nghip v bng thp
hn v kinh t ti Trng i hc Quc gia Oregon.
a ch ca ng: c/o The Ecotourism Society; P.O.
Box 755, North Bennington, VT 05257; Phone: 802
447 2121; Fax: 802 447 2122; e-mail:
ecomail@ectourism.org; Web: www.ecotourism.org.
Megan Epler Wood l Ch tch Hi Du lch sinh
thi (TES). T nm 1990, b lm vic vi cc
thnh vin ca ban, cc c vn v cc thnh vin trn
khp th gii hnh thnh mt t chc, t chc ny
xc nh du lch sinh thi l mt cng c bo v
ti nguyn thin nhin v cung cp cc c hi pht
trin bn vng. B hot ng nh ngi pht ngn
v ging vin cho TES v cc vn v l ging
vin trong cc lp hi tho ti cc nc Trinidad,
Fiji, Costa Rica, Kenya v Brazil. B ging ti hi
tho quc t hng nm v qui hoch v qun l du
lch sinh thi cho Trng i hc Tng hp Geoge
Washington v hng dn hai Hi ngh v Sinh
thi Csta Rica v U.S. Virgin Islands. Epler Wood
l ngi xng mnh m cc nguyn tc ch o
v c chng trnh nh gi cho ngnh cng nghip
du lch sinh thi, v l ngi xut bn cun sch quc
t u tin Nhng Nguyn tc ch o ca Du lch
Sinh thi cho cc Nh iu hnh Du lch T nhin v
l ng-iu phi vin ca Chng trnh nh gi

Xanh cho cc nh iu hnh du lch t nhin

Ecuador. B nghin cu v lm th no ci
thin s tham gia ca cng ng vo du lch sinh thi,
v xut bn mt bo co phn tch vn cho
Phn vin M Latin ca U ban Bo v Thin nhin.
Epler Wood l tc gi, ng tc gi v xut bn
cc th-tin, cc bi bo v cc sch cho Hi Du lch
Sinh thi t nm 1993, v l ngi sng lp phn ban
xut bn ca Hi Du lch Sinh thi. B bng thc
s v Sinh hc i sng Hoang d, l ngi c
nhn Hc bng Fulbright, v c b nhim lm
u vinBan chp hnh ca Who's Who trong cc nm
1999/2000. B cng l mt nh sn xut phim nh v
vi v th gii t nhin, cc phim ny pht hnh
bi The National Audubon Society v The National
Geographic Society. C th tip xc vi b ti The
Ecotourism Society; P.O. Box 755, North bennington,
VT 05257; Phone: 802 447 2121; Fax: 802 447
2122;
e-mail:ecomail@ecotourism.org;
Web:
www.ecotourism.org.
David Engeldrum l mt nh vn v nh xut bn
cho HVS Eco Services, mt cng ty t vn mi
trng, cng hin c bit cho cng nghip du lch.
ng tt nghip i hc Tng hp Quc gia New
York ti Stony Brook v thng vit v cc vn
mi trng. L phng vin bo ch v bnh lun vin
th thao cho United Press International, ng cng

cp n nhiu vn khc nhau. Trc y l u

bp, ng c nhiu cng thc c xut bn trn
tp ch Cc u bp Long Island. a ch ca ng:
HVS Eco Services; 372 Willis Ave., Mineola, NY
11501; Phone: 516 248 8828, ext. 235; Fax: 516 742
3059; e-mail: dce@hvs-intl.com.
nhng ngi cng tc
Alison Allcock l mt ng tc gi ca Chin lc
Du lch SINH THI QUC GIA CA c v hin
nay ang ph trch Phn tch v D bo ti Vn
Phng Nghin cu Du lch ti Cc Cng nghip,
Khoa hc v Du lch ca Uc. C th lin h vi b
ti: the Bureau of Tourism Research; CPO Box
1545, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Phone: 61 2
6213 6935; Fax: 61 2 6213 6983; e-mail:
aallcock@dist.gov.au.

Dr. William (Bill) T.Borrie l ph gio s ti

khoa Gii tr ngoi tri ti trng Lm nghip thuc
i hc Tng hp Montana. Nghin cu ca ng tp
trung vo kinh nghim ca khch thm ti cc vng
hoang d v cc cng vin, v cc mi e do (cng
ngh, qun l, vv) i vi cc kinh nghim gii tr .
Nhng mi quan tm khc bao gm khi nim c
nhn thc v s hoang d, v cch c x ca cc

khch thm khu vc c bo v. ng ging ti cc

lp v qun l vui chi vng t hoang v qun l s
hoang d. ng c b nhim ti trng i hc
Tng hp Melbourne v trng Bendigo, v lm
vic ti cc vng c bo v Uc, c v Hoa k.
ng l ngi xut bn sch v tp ch cho t tp ch
quc t Journal of Leisure Sciences. ng nhn bng
Tin s ti Khoa lm nghip ca Virginia. Da ch
ca ng: School of Forestry, University of Montana;
Missoula, MT 59812; Phone: 406 243 4286; Fax:
406 2436656;e-mail:borrie@forestry.umt.edu;
Web: http://www.forestry.umt.edu/people/borrie.
Hector Ceballos-Lacurain l mt kin trc s v
nh mi trng Mhic. ng hin l Tng Gim c
ca Chng trnh T vn Quc t v Du lch Sinh
thi, c vn c bit v Du lch Sinh thi cho IUCN
( Hi quc t bo v thin nhin) v l C vn cho
Hi Du lch Sinh thi v T chc Du lch Quc t.
ng c ghi nhn sng tc ra t "du lch sinh thi
" v nh ngha u tin ca n vo nm 1983. ng
Ceballos-Lacurain lm cng tc nghin cu v
cung cp t vn cho 63 nc trn khp th gii v tt
c cc mt cu qui hoch v pht trin du lch sinh
thi, bao gm c thit k kin trc cho cc nh ngh
sinh thi v cc phng tin khc hp vi mi
trng. ng l tc gi v ng tc gi ca trn 80

cun sch, bo co v bi bo, v hin ang thc hin

Chin lc Du lch Sinh thi Quc gia ca Yemen.
C th tip xc vi ng ti: Program of International
Consultancy on Ecotourism: Camino Real A1,
Ajusco 551, Col Xolalpa (telepan) Tlalpan, Mexico
City D.F. 14649, Mexico; Phone: 52 5 678 8734;
Fax:
52
5
676
5285;
e-mail:
ceballos@laneta.apc.org.
Costas Christ l Gim c ca on Ho bnh Hoa
k ti Uganda. ng l ng s hu ca Tamu Safaris,
mt nh iu hnh du lch t nhn chuyn v du lch
sinh thi Chu Phi. ng l Gim c Chng trnh
ca Tng Cng ty Bo tn Chu Phi, mt trong
nhng t chc du lch sinh thi ln nht th gii, t
1996 n 1997, v l iu phi vin Khu vc cho
Hi Du lch Sinh thi trong 6 nm trc khi c b
nhim vo Ban Gim c, ti y ng tip tc phc
v. Gia cc nm 1987 v 1995, ng lm Gim c
Khu vc cho Chu Phi v cc Chng TRNH
CHU ti Trng o to Quc t. Hoa k, cc
bi bo v tiu lun ca Costas v l hnh v cng
vic i ngoi xut hin trn t Thi Bo Niu c,
t International Herald Tribune, London Sunday
Times v Boston Globe...ng tt nghip M.A. v
Nghin cu Quc t ti trng i hc Tng hp
Oregon v mi hon thnh cun sch u tin ca
ng, Mi i mt vi S t: Mt cuc hnh trnh

xuyn qua Chu Phi. a ch ca ng: Tamu Safaris;

P.o. Box 247, West Chesterfield, NH 03466; Phone:
1 800 766 9199.
Andy Drumm l mt nh mi trng dnh
nhiu thi gian lm hng dn vin t nhin v th
ln cc o Galapagos v Amazon. ng lm vic
vi t cch Chuyn gia Du lch Sinh thi cho Cc
Bo v Thin nhin v hin l Ch tch ca Cc cuc
Phiu lu Sinh thi TROPIC, mt nh iu hnh du
lch sinh thi c c s ti Ecuador, do ng thnh lp
vo nm 1993. ng l ch tch ca U hi Amazon
ca Hip hi Du lch Sinh thi Ecuador v ca t
chc phi li nhn Accion Amazonia, t chc ny xc
tin vic bo v s ton vn mi trng v vn ho,
trong s hp tc vi cc t chc v cng ng bn x
Amazon. C th tip xc vi ng ti: TROPIC
Ecological Adventures; Avenida Republica, 307 y
Ajmagro, Edificio Taurus, Apto. #1A, Quito,
Ecuador; Phone: 593 2 225 907 hay 93 2 234 594;
Fax: 593 2 560 756; e-mail: tropic@uio.sanet.net;
Web: www.tropiceco.com.
Paul F. J. Eagles l mt gio s v Qui hoch Mi
trng ti i hc Tng hp Waterloo, Khoa Nghin
cu Vui chi Gii tr v c b nhim cho ti
Trng Qui hoch th v qui hoch vng v ti
Khoa Sinh vt hc. ng tt nghip c nhn v Sinh

hc ti i hc Tng hp Waterloo, thc s v Pht

trin Ti nguyn ti i hc Tng hp Guelph v
Tin s v Qui hoch ti i hc Tng hp Waterloo.
ng cho ng trn 200 bi bo trong 25 nm ging
dy v cc vn trong lnh vc rng ln v qui
hoch mi trng v gii tr.ng quan tm c bit
n qui hoch v qun l cc cng vin v c vng
c bo v, v hin l Ch tch n v c bit
v Du lch v cc Vng Bo v, c nhim v trnh
bo ln U hi Th gii v cc Khu Bo v ca Hi
Quc t Bo v Thin nhin (IUCN). C th tip xc
vi ng ti: Department of Recreation and Leisure
Studies, University of Waterloo; Waterloo, Ontario,
N2L 3G1, Canada; Phone: 519 888 4567, ext. 2716;
Fax:
519
746
6776;
e-mail:
eagles@healthy.uwaterloo.cai;
Web:
http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.cai/rec/taskfce.html#Task.
Tracy A. Farell l mt nghin cu sinh tin s ti
Khoa Lm nghip Virginia Tech, chng trnh Gii
tr ti nguyn Thin nhin. B nhn bng Thc s
khoa hc v Qun l Ti nguyn Rng- Gii tr v
Du lch ti trng Khoa hc Mi trng v Lm
nghip SUNY. Lun vn nghin cu ca b gm c
vic theo di c ng mn v v tr cm tri cng
vin Patagonian, v mt nghin cu in hnh so snh
cc cng vin Trung M xc nh tc ng ca
gii tr, du lch v du lch sinh thi v xy dng

cc khun kh ra quyt nh kh d gim nh cc tc

ng khng mong mun ti mi trng. a ch
ca b: Virginia Tech Department of Forestry;
310 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0324;
Phone: 540 231 6958; e-mail: tfarrel@vt.edu.
Jill Grant l ng tc gi ca Chin lc Du lch
Sinh thi Quc gia ca Uc v qun l Chng trnh
du lch sinh thi Quc gia trong hai nm. Hin b
l ph qun l v Du lch Mi trng v Bn x ti
Vn phng Du lch Quc gia, Khoa Cng nghip,
Khoa hc v Du lch, Uc. C th lin h vi b theo
a ch: Office of National Tourism; CPO Box 9839,
Canberra ACT 2601. Australia; Phone: 61 2 6213
7037; Fax: 61 2 6213 7098; e-mail:
jillgrant@dist.gov.au.
Bryan R. Higgins l Gio s a l, iu phi vin
ca Chng trnh Qui hoch, v l Gim c ca
L hnh Gio dc ti Plattsburgh- i hc Quc gia
New York. ng nhn bng c nhn v Sinh hc v
thc s v Tin s a l ti i hc Minnesota. ng
c tng trn 30 tr cp nghin cu ca cc c quan
khc nhau t cp Lin bang n cp quc gia v a
phng ca Hoa k, k c Hc bng Nghin cu
Fulbright nm 1988. Nghin cu ca ng cp n
nhiu ti khc nhau trong a l v qui hoch bao
gm cc chiu nhn vn ca Du lch Sinh thi, qui

hoch mi trng, pht trin kinh t, c ngi Da

Chu M,v qui hoch th v qui hoch vng. C
th tip xc vi ng ti: Department of Geography
and Planning, Plattsburgh- State University of New
York; 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, NY 12901;
Phone:
518
564
2406;
email:higginbr@splava.cc.plattsburgh.edu.
Jeffrey L. Marion phc v vi t cch Lnh o
n v ca n v Nghin cu Cng vin Hp tc
chi nhnh ca Virginia Tech ti Blacksburg. ng bo
co cho n v Nghin cu ng vt Hoang d
Patuxent ca Cc a cht Hoa k. ng chuyn
nghin cu v sinh thi gii tr, mt b mn tm cch
m t cc loi, s lng, v cng thay i sinh
thi do vic thm cc khu vc bo v, bao gm cc
quan h vi cc nhn t qun l, s dng c
lin quan n mi trng. ng ch o nghin cu
v theo di trong nhiu Vn Quc gia ca Hoa k
v cc vng Hoang d v ang bt u cng vic
tng t ti cc khu vc bo v Trung v Nam M.
ng nhn bng Thc s v Tin s v qun l Ti
nguyn Cng vin v Gii tr ti i hc Tng hp
Minnesota. C th tip xc vi ng ti: Virginia Tech
Department of Forestry; 304 Cheatham Hall (0324),
Blacksburg, VA 24061; Phone: 540 231 6603; email: cpsu@vt.edu.

Simon McArthur c 10 nm kinh nghim v du lch

da vo thin nhin v qun l khch thm, v cho
ng nhiu bi v cc mt khc nhau trong cc lnh
vc . ng c kinh nghim quc t trong du lch
vn ho v du lch sinh thi, v xem xt v pht
trin cc k hoch trong cc lnh vc cho nhiu
hot ng du lch khc nhau Mhic, v Trung v
Nam M. Mi y, Simon tham d vic son tho
s pht trin khung chnh sch v chin lc du
lch quc t cho Qu Th gii bo v Thin nhin.
Simon tri qua nhiu nm lm vic trong lnh vc
phin dch vi cc cng vin Tasmania v S ng
vt Hoang d, v nhiu nm hn vi Lm nghip ca
Tasmania, pht trin nhiu chng trnh theo di v
nghin cu khch thm, cc chin lc qun l khch
thm v chnh sch du lch. Trong mt vi nm qua,
vi t cch l c vn, ng lp k hoch v tham d
vo vic thnh lp cc pht trin du lch v du LCH
SINH THI, V D LM VIC c v nc ngoi
vi mt s hot ng du lch mo him quc t. Mt
s trong cc d n mi y trong lnh vc ny bao
gm Chng trnh Gy Uy tn CHO DU LCH SINH
THI QUC GIA CA c, mt Chin lc Du lch
da vo Thin nhin i vi cc vng bo v ca
New South Wales, nhiu M hnh Qun l Tc ng
ca Khch thm, mt m hnh Qun l Ti u Du
lch cho o Kangaroo (NAM NC c), vic pht
trin li Trm Quarrantine ca Sydney, v mt k

hoch qun l mi trng cho hot ng ca khch

sn xanh u tin ca Uc ti v tr ca th vn hi
Olympic nm 2000. Simon l Ph ch tch Hip hi
PHIN DCH CA c trong nhiu nm v l Th k
ca Hip hi Du lch Sinh THI CA c. Bn c
th tip xc vi ng ti: Manidis Roberts
Consultants; Level 4, 88-90 Foveaux St., Surry Hills,
NSW 2010, Uc; Phone: 61 2 9281 9406; e-mail:
simonm@mrc.aust.com.
Dr. Stephen (Steve) F. McCool l Gio s v iu
phi vin ca Qun l Gii tr ti Trng Lm nghip
ca i hc Tng hp Montana. Dr. McCool hin
ang tham gia mt s d n nghin cu v ng dng
v cc mi quan h gia con ngi v mi trng t
nhin, c bit l s thch hp ca cc phng php
nhn thc khc nhau i vi qui hoch ti nguyn
thin nhin, cc chiu ca s tham gia ca cng
chng trong cc qu trnh qui hoch, v mt lot cc
vn gn lin vi qui hoch v qun l vng bo
v. ng gi cc chc v khoa ti i hc Tng
hp Quc gia Utah v i hc Tng hp Wisconsin
ti River Falls. ng nhn bng Tin s ti Di hc
Tng hp Minnesota . T 1987 n 1993, ng lm
gim c Vin Nghin cu Du lch v Gii tr ti i
hc Tng hp Montana, v t 1993 n 1995, ng
lm vic vi t cch ng lnh o ca Ban Khoa
hc X hi ca D n Qun l H Sinh thi Lu vc

Ni Columbia. ng l thnh vin ca U hi Quc t

cc Khu vc Bo v v hin ang lm vic trong Lc
lng c bit ca IUCN v Du lch v cc Cng
vin Quc gia. a ch ca ng: School of Forestry,
University of Montana; Misoula, MT 59812;
Phone: 406 243 5406; Fax: 406 243 6656; e-mail:
smccoo@forestry.umt.edu.
Keith W. Sproule lm vic v cc d n lin quan
n Du lch Sinh thi CHU M LATIN, NG
NAM v vng Carib, ng lm vic cho NGN
HNG PHT TRIN CHU , USAID, Qu
ng vt Hoang d , EarthKind International, PACT,
Hi Du lch Sinh thi v cng nghip du lch khu vc
t nhn. ng lm tr l k thut cho B Du lch v
Mi trng ca Belize t 1992 n 1994, y ng
gip d tho cc chnh sch v lut php quc gia
v pht trin du lch sinh thi. ng l Ph Gim c
cho cc Chng trnh ti Trch nhim Bo v ng
vt Hoang d Quc t (WPTI) trong ba nm, c
quan ny iu hnh cc d n trn khp cc vng
nhit i. ng nhn bng Thc s v cc Quan h
Quc t ti trng i hc Tng hp Johns Hopkins
v ti nhng Nghin cu Quc t Tin tin v
bng c nhn v Nghin cu Mi trng ti i hc
Tng hp Vermont. a ch lin lc ca ng: 240
Echo Place; Boulder; CO 80302; Phone: 303 448
1812; e-mail: kwsproule@aol.com.

George H. Stankey l Nh nghin cu Khoa hc X

hi, lm vic v Chng trnh Con Ngi v cc Ti
nguyn Thin nhin ti Tri Ty bc Thi bnh dng
ca S Lm nghip USDA Corvalis, Oregon. ng
tri qua gn 30 nm tham gia nghin cu, phn
tch chnh sch, v o to, lin quan n qun l cc
khu vc bo v. ng vit nhiu bi bo v vai tr
ca du lch sinh thi trong cc vng bo v v, cng
vi ng tc gi Stephen F. McCool, ch o mt
s hi tho v khn kh ca Nhng Gii hn Bin
i Chp nhn c (LAC) trong vic qun l cc tc
ng ca du lch sinh thi v cc kinh nghim. ng
tt nghip Tin s a l ti i hc Tng hp Quc
gia Michigan. a ch ca ng: Khoa Ti nguyn
rng, i hc Tng hp Quc gia Oregon; Co
rvallis,OR 9733; Phone: 541 737 1496; Fax: 541
737 3049; e-mail: stankeyg@ccmail.orst.edu.
Ary S. Suhandi l iu phi vin ca T chc kinh
doanh Bo tn cho c quan B tn Quc t,
Innxia. ng lm vic v cc d n pht trin
du lch sinh thi khp Indnesia trong khu vc cng
cng v t nhn. ng l c vn cho Ngn hng Pht
trin Th gii, Chnh ph Indonesia v nhiu doanh
nghip t nhn. ng c bng c nhn v Sinh hc
Bo tn ti i hc Tng hp Quc gia Indnesia.
Bn c th tip xc vi ng ti: e-mail:
arys@cbn.net.id

Safari l ni trc kia cc du khch thng ngi trn

lng lc c a i ngm cc ng vt hoang
di. Nhng ngy nay, du khch c t a i qua
ngm cc ng vt hoang di (ch thch ny l
ca ngi dch).
. Ghi ch ca tc gi: Bi vit ny phn ln da trn
tm nm quan st thc a ca ti khi lm vic vi t
cch l mt nh chuyn mn, c vn, v iu hnh
du lch sinh thi vi cc cng ng bn x vng
Amazon ca Ecuao v vi cc cng ng
Campesino trong dy ni Andes, v mi trng v
pht trin bn vng, ch yu l s pht trin ca du
lch sinh thi.
Mc ny c phng theo bi vit ca T. Tapuy,
cng tc vin ca RICANCIE, 1997