()

,
.


,
RC
VS
,
,
,
.

1) (band-pass)
2) (high-pass)
3) (low-pass)
4) (band-reject)
5)(all-pass)
(
: modems
.

:
60Hz

:
,

RC
, ,
, (R) (C). RC


3 :
1. Butterworth
2. Chebyshev
3. Bessel
Butterworth,

Chebyshev,

Bessel
fc ( )
(Fc) Q

,
.
.
,
3 dB,
- 3dB . ,
,
:
,
30db 100 db.
,
, .
, ,
3 dB 3 dB
. 1/2 0,707

Q

, Q

Q=(bi)/ai
Q .

.
Q Q
. Q : Q
Q . ,
Q . Q= (1/Fb)/
(0/). Q ,
Q

 (Q > 1/2)
.
, .
( Q
1/2) , .
, .

. ,
, . ,

,
,
Butterworth (
) Q 12
SallenKey

.
-- (VCVS). VCVS
unity -
2- (12 dB/)
, high-pass bandpass . unity -
Q passband .
SallenKey VCVS
- (, buffer 0 dB ).
R.P. Sallen E. L. Key MIT Lincoln 1955.
,

VCVS .
SallenKey
: ,
buffer. VCVS
, Q
. -
.
Multiple feedback


.
.
,
:

.
,

 Q.

is the DC voltage gain

Butterworth Sallen 2
. Butterworth
-
, , .
, 3dB.
, - 12db/,
- 40db/ 2 .
,
1,586 (4dB), ,
, ,
,

1.
2. Set , 12: 1V/
AC : 1ms/div
3. : 5Vp-p 100 Hz.

4. ,
;
5. 100Hz. Vp-p;
6. (Fin), 5Vp-p.
, .
dB,
dB 710Hz.

7. ,
.


8.
( ),
.
.
, .
,
1 KHz 10 KHz.
- . ,
roll .
Butterworth ;
.
9. roll off , .
, roll 2
KHz 4 KHz. 40dB/ - 12dB/
10.
dB .
0.707 . ,

4. 710Hz.
, - 1.586 4dB,
dB 4dB - 3dB, 1dB.

Input
Frequency

Vin

Vout

(Hz)

100

Measured
Gain

Experimental
dB Gain

Vou/Vin

5V

7,8V

0,64V

12,8dB

200

7,8V

0,64V

12,8dB

300

7,6V

0,65V

13dB

400

7,2V

0,69V

13,8dB

500

6,7V

0,74V

14,8dB

600

6,2V

0,8V

16dB

800

5,2V

0,9V

18dB

1000

4,5V

1,1V

22dB

2000

2,2V

2,2V

44dB

4000

0,8V

6,2V

124dB

5000

0,6V

8,3V

166dB

6000

0,4V

12,5V

250dB

8000

0,2V

25V

500dB

10,000

0,1V

50V

1000dB

Expected
dB Gain*