H phn tn (NW605)

I. Gii thiu
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. H phn tn l g? Kin trc Cc thch thc Tng quan v cc nguyn l v m hnh Gii thiu mn hc

H thng phn tn l g?
nh ngha ca Andrew Tannenbaum
H phn tn l mt tp hp cc my tnh c lp m, i vi ngi dng, n nh th mt h thng n gn kt.

nh ngha yu hn, gn thc t hn

H phn tn l mt tp hp cc my tnh c lp c s dng mt cch kt hp thc hin mt tc v n hoc cung cp mt dch v n.
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H thng phn tn l g?
V d v cc h phn tn:
T hp cc Web server: c s d liu phn tn cho siu vn bn v ti liu a phng tin H thng file phn tn trong mt mng LAN Dch v tn min (Domain Name Service - DNS) Cray XT5 & CLE (multiprocessor quy m ln)

Cc v d khc?

H phn tn

u im ca h phn tn
Chi ph: nu s dng phn cng thng dng cho cc my tnh thnh phn, thu c t l gi/hiu nng tt hn Hiu nng: do s dng kt hp kh nng lu tr v x l ca nhiu nt, c th t c mc hiu nng vt ra ngoi tm ca cc my tnh trung tm Kh nng m rng. Cc ti nguyn nh kh nng lu tr v x l c th c tng theo cp s cng

tin cy. do c cc thnh phn d tha, khi mt my tnh hng, c th h thng chung vn tip tc hot ng bnh thng.
Tnh phn tn c hu. Mt s ng dng nh Web c tnh phn tn mt cch t nhin.
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Nhc im ca h phn tn
Thnh phn mi: mng. Cn c mng kt ni cc nt c lp. Mng chu gii hn v hiu nng v cng l mt im c th gy tht bi cho h thng. Bo mt: h phn tn d b xm phm hn do bao gm nhiu thnh phn hn phc tp ca phn mm: pht trin cc phn mm phn tn phc tp hn v kh hn so vi phn mm truyn thng; dn ti chi ph cao hn v kh nng b li cao hn Kh xy dng v kh hiu cc h thng phn tn.
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Kin trc ca h thng phn tn

Kin trc phn cng
Uniprocessor Multiprocessor Multicomputer

Kin trc phn mm:

Uniprocessor OS Multiprocessor OS Network OS (NOS) Distributed OS (DOS) Middleware

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Multicomputer
Cc nt tnh ton ring bit ni vi nhau qua mt mng my tnh. Tnh cht:
Mi nt c ti nguyn ring (cc b vi x l, b nh, a...) Nt ny khng th truy nhp trc tip ti nguyn ca nt kia Lin lc qua mng ng nht / khng ng nht (cc nt thnh phn c kin trc vt l ging nhau hay khng)
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H iu hnh phn tn

Tnh cht:
kin trc cha cc dch v quan trng: b nh phn tn dng chung, phn cng tc v gia cc b vi x l.... tnh trong sut cao, hnh nh v h thng n phn cng ng nht V d: Amoeba, Plan 9, Chorus, Mungi
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Middleware

Tnh cht:
giao din lp trnh phn tn c lp vi h iu hnh tng tnh trong sut (v d:che du tnh khng ng nht) cung cp dch v (v d: naming service, transaction, v.v..) cung cp m hnh lp trnh (v d: cc i tng phn tn)
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Middleware
Ti sao middleware thng dng hn?
xy dng trn cc tru tng ha thng dng v cc h iu hnh mng (tin trnh v truyn thng ip) v d RPC, NFS, CORBA, DCOM, J2EE, .NET cc ngn ng (hoc sa i ngn ng) c thit k c bit cho tnh ton phn tn (vd. Erlang, Ada, Limbo...)

u im:
thng chy ti khng gian ngi dng tng mc tru tng ha trong lp trnh gy li c lp vi h iu hnh, giao thc mng, ngn ng lp trnh, v.v.. tnh linh hot

Nhc im:
c cc giao din rm r rc ri thiu hiu qu
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H phn tn v tnh ton song song

Tnh ton song song: nng cao hiu nng bng cch s dng nhiu b vi x l cho mi ng dng Hai dng:
1. Cc h thng dng chung b nh
Multiprocessor (nhiu b vi x l dng chung 1 bus v mt n v b nh) H iu hnh h tr SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) n gin hn h phn tn Tnh m rng c khng cao Multicomputer (nhiu nt ni vi nhau qua mng) L hnh thc ca h thng phn tn Chia s nhiu vn c bn n trong mn hc ny Tnh m rng cao hn, chi ph thp hn
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2. Cc h thng b nh phn tn

H thng phn tn trong ng cnh

Mng:
Giao thc mng, giao thc nh tuyn, v.v.. H phn tn: dng n cc mng my tnh

H iu hnh:
Qun l ti nguyn cho cc h thng n H phn tn: qun l cc ti nguyn phn tn

Mn hc ny:
Cc gii php tng qut cho cc vn v thch thc ca cc h thng phn tn Phn mm h tng c s gip xy dng cc ng dng phn tn
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Cc vn v thch thc cn bn
Bn cht phn tn ca cc h phn tn ny sinh cc thch thc sau:
Tnh trong sut Kh nng m rng Tnh ph thuc Hiu nng Tnh mm do

C th c coi l cc mc tiu hay cc tnh cht mong mun ca mt h phn tn

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Tnh trong sut

Che du s tch bit gia cc thnh phn ca mt h phn tn
(hnh nh v mt h thng n nht)

Cc hnh thc khc nhau ca tnh trong sut:

Truy nhp: ti nguyn a phng v xa c truy nhp theo cng kiu V tr: ngi dng khng nhn bit v a im ca cc ti nguyn Di c: c th chuyn ch ti nguyn m khng i tn Sao lp: ngi dng khng nhn bit v s tn ti ca nhiu bn sao ti nguyn Tht bi: ngi dng khng nhn bit v tht bi ca cc thnh phn ring bit Tng tranh: ngi dng khng nhn bit v vic chia s ti nguyn vi nhng ngi khc.

khng phi lc no cng c mong mun. khng phi lc no cng t c

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Tnh m rng c
Mt h thng c tnh m rng c nu ngi ta c th tng s ngi dng v b sung ti nguyn m khng gy gim hiu nng hoc tng phc tp qun tr mt cch ng k. (B. Clifford Neuman) H thng m rng theo ba chiu:
Kch thc: tng s ngi dng hoc ti nguyn (qu ti) a l: tng khong cch gia ngi dng v ti nguyn (lin lc) Qun l: tng s lng cc t chc tham gia qun l cc phn ca h thng (ri rm v an xen v qun tr)

Lu
Tnh m rng c thng xung t vi hiu nng (h thng nh) Tnh m rng c thng b khng nh mt cch phin din
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Tnh m rng c
K thut m rng h thng:
Phi trung tm ha Che du tr lin lc (lin lc khng ng b, gim lin lc) Phn tn (d liu v iu khin) Sao lp (to cc bn sao ca d liu v tin trnh)

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Tnh m rng c
Phi trung tm ha
Trnh tp trung:
dch v (vd. trnh dng mt server n) d liu (vd. trnh lu tr tn ti mt th mc trung tm) thut ton (vd. trnh da vo thng tin y )

V cc thut ton phi tp trung:

Khng c my no cha thng tin hon chnh v trng thi h thng Cho php cc nt ra quyt nh da trn thng tin a phng Mt nt tht bi khng lm hng thut ton Khng c gi thit rng c mt ng h ton cc chung
ng h mi my mi khc v kh c th ng b ha ng h mt cch chnh xc

phi trung tm ha l mt cng vic kh

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Tnh ph thuc
Tnh ph thuc ca cc h thng phn tn l con dao hai li:
cc h thng phn tn ha hn mc sn c cao hn
sao lp

Nhng tnh sn c c th suy gim

nhiu thnh phn tim tng nhiu im tht bi

Tnh ph thuc i hi tnh nht qun, bo mt h thng, v kh nng chu li

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Hiu nng
h thng no cng cn c gng t n hiu nng ti a trong cc h phn tn, hiu nng xung khc trc tip vi mt s tnh cht c mong mun khc:
tnh trong sut bo mt tnh ph thuc tnh m rng c

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Tnh mm do
Xy dng h thng t cc thnh phn cn thit C th i hoc thm thnh phn/dch v Tnh m ca giao din v c t
cho php ci t li theo c t v m rng tnh nng

Kh nng hot ng tng giao Tch bit gia chnh sch v c ch

cc giao din ni b c chun ha

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Li thng gp
Cc quan nim sai lm ph bin:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Mng ng tin cy Mng an ton Mi th u ng nht T p mng khng thay i tr bng 0 Bng thng v hn Chi ph vn chuyn bng 0 Ch c mt ngi qun tr h thng
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Nguyn l
Mt s nguyn l quan trng ng sau mi h phn tn:
Kin trc h thng (system architecture) Lin lc (communication) Sao lp v tnh nht qun (replication & consistancy) ng b ha (synchronisation) Tn (naming) Chu li (fault tolerance) Bo mt (security)

y cng l cc ch chnh ca ni dung mn hc

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M hnh
Hu ht cc h thng phn tn c xy dng da trn mt m hnh c th
B nh dng chung (shared memory) i tng phn tn (distributed objects) H thng file phn tn (distributed file system) Ti liu dng chung (shared documents) Cng tc phn tn (distributed coordination) Tc t (agents)

3 m hnh sau l ch dnh cho cc bo co thu hoch

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Cu trc mn hc
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Gii thiu Kin trc h thng v lin lc Sao lp v tnh nht qun, b nh dng chung phn tn Middleware, i tng phn tn, publish/subscribe, SOA ng b ha v phi hp Tnh ph thuc v kh nng chu li Bo mt Naming H thng file phn tn (nu cn thi gian)
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Ti liu tham kho

Ti liu mn hc Distributed Systems (COMP9243), i hc New South Wales, c http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs9243/ Andrew S. Tanenbaum & Maarten van Steen, Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms, 2002, Pearson Prentice Hall George Coulouris, Jean Dollimore & Tim Kindberg: Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design, 3rd ed, 2003, Addison-Wesley
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Thng tin khc

nh gi: 01 bi tp (h s 0,3)
lp trnh phn tn dng Java RMI + CORBA

01 bo co thu hoch (h s 0,2)

c v tm tt bi bo khoa hc

Thi cui k (c dng ti liu, h s 0,5) Gian ln (chp / cho chp bi thi, bi tp, bo co) trt, khng c thi li

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