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88 Levine  S 2002   Food Addiction Food Allergy and Overweight
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89 Salzman  L 2002   Obsessive  Compulsive Aspects of Obesity
The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine Vol3 Issue1
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asp?qsRecord 8015

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91 Parke D 1994 The role of nutrition in the prevention and
treatment of degenerative diseasesSaudi Med J; 15 1 1725

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93 Koriech O 1994  Diet and cancer Journal of Family and
Community Medicine; 12 11
94 Dietz WH Gortmaker SL 1985  Do we fatten our children at
TV set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents
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95 Maffeis C 2000  Aetiology of overweight and obesity in children
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96 Robinson TN 1999  Reducing childrens television viewing to
prevent obesity a randomized controlled trial JAMA; 282 16 
1561 1567
97Alajlan ARMehdi SR 2005 Effects and a dose response relationship
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98 Albright A Franz M Hornsby G Kriska A et al 2000  ACSM
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99 Karlsson M Magnusson H Karlsson C Seeman E 2001  The
duration of exercise as a regulator of bone massBone; 28128 132
100Grundy SBlackburn GHiggins Met al 1999 Physical activity
in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its co morbidities
Med Sci Sports Exerc; 31 suppl S502S508




101 Kelley G 1999  Aerobic exercise and resting blood pressure
among womena metaanalysisPreventive Medicine; 28264 275
102 Chobanian AV Bakris GL Black HR Cushman WC Green
LE Izzo JL et al 2003  The seventh report of the Joint National
Committee on Prevention Detection Evaluation and Treatment
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103 Mancia G et al Guidelines Committee  2003  2003 European
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guidelines for the management of arterial hypertensionJournal of
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104Pescatello SFranklin BFagard Ret al 2004 American College of
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Sci Sports Exerc; 36533 553
105 Dilorenzo T Bargman E Ropp R Brassington G Frensch P
Lafontaine T 1999  Long term effects of aerobic exercise on
psychological outcomesPreventive Medicine; 2875 85

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108 World Health Organization WHO  1997  Promoting Health
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