Bao Cao TH C Hanh PH Gia T 3 Nhom 2 DHTP4

Bo co thc hnh ph gia
GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn
VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM
MN: THC HNH PH GIA THC PHM

BO CO:
THC HNH PH GIA

Lp: DHTP4
Nhm: 2
T: 3
1. Nguyn Th Thu Hng
08104521
2. Nguyn Th Huyn
08096211
3. Nguyn Trn Thi Hng
08100391
4. Nguyn M Linh
08234201
5. Nguyn Th Phng Tho
08231591
6. ng Th Bch Tuyn
08109511
TP. HCM, THNG 10 NM 2011
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 1
MC LC
Bi 1: Ph gia chng oxy ha
1. TNG QUAN L THUYT...............................................................................8
1.1 Ph gia chng oxy ha.........................................................................................8
1.1.1 Gii thiu.........................................................................................................8
1.1.2 C ch qu trnh oxy ha cht bo.................................................................10
1.1.3 Tng quan v ph gia chng oxy ha Butyl hydroxytoluen (BHT)...............11
1.2Nguyn liu du thc vt....................................................................................13
1.2.1 Tng quan......................................................................................................13
1.2.2 c im........................................................................................................13
1.2.3 Thnh phn....................................................................................................14
1.2.4 Phn loi........................................................................................................16
1.2.5 Bo qun .......................................................................................................16
1.2.6 c tnh ca mt s loi du n.....................................................................17
2. TIN HNH TH NGHIM - KT QU - BN LUN..................................18
2.1 Xc nh ch s acid..........................................................................................18
2.1.1 nh ngha....................................................................................................18
2.1.2 Nguyn tc...................................................................................................19
2.1.3 S tin hnh th nghim...........................................................................19
2.1.4 Thuyt minh quy trnh..................................................................................20
2.1.5 Kt qu th nghim.......................................................................................21
2.1.6 Nhn xt kt qu..........................................................................................23
2.2 Xc nh ch s Iod bng phng php Wijs.....................................................23
2.2.1 nh ngha.....................................................................................................24
2.2.2 Nguyn tc xc nh......................................................................................24
2.2.3 S quy trnh tin hnh th nghim.............................................................24
2.2.4 Thuyt minh quy trnh...................................................................................25
2.2.5 Kt qu th nghim.......................................................................................26
2.2.6 Nhn xt kt qu..........................................................................................27
2.3 Xc nh ch s peroxyt.....................................................................................28
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 2
2.3.1 nh ngha.....................................................................................................28
2.3.2 Nguyn tc.....................................................................................................28
2.3.3 Thuyt minh quy trnh...................................................................................29
2.3.4 Kt qu th nghim.........................................................................................30
2.3.5 S quy trnh tin hnh th nghim.............................................................30
3. TR LI CU HI...........................................................................................31
Bi 2: Ph gia to nh...................................................................45
I.Tng quan..........................................................................................................45
1. H nh tng.......................................................................................................45
1.1 Khi nim..........................................................................................................45
1.1.1 Phn loi h nh tng...................................................................................45
1.1.2 S hnh thnh nh tng.................................................................................46
1.2 Cht to nh.......................................................................................................46
1.2.1 nh ngha......................................................................................................46
1.2.2 Phn loi.........................................................................................................46
1.3 Lecithine............................................................................................................47
1.3.1 c im.........................................................................................................47
1.3.2 Ngun gc.......................................................................................................48
1.3.3 c tnh..........................................................................................................49
1.3.4 C ch tc dng..............................................................................................49
1.4 Lauryl sunfate....................................................................................................50
1.4.1 c im........................................................................................................50
1.4.2 Ngun gc.......................................................................................................51
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 3
1.4.3 c cht..........................................................................................................51
1.4.4 C ch tc dng..............................................................................................52
1.5 Nguyn liu th nghim......................................................................................52
1.5.1 Du thc vt....................................................................................................53
1.5.2 Nc...............................................................................................................53
2. Qui trnh tin hnh th nghim.............................................................................54
2.1 Qui trnh chung..................................................................................................54
2.2 Thuyt minh qui trnh........................................................................................55
2.2.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st h du/nc..............................................................55
2.2.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st h nc/du..............................................................56
3. Kt qu - bn lun................................................................................................56
3.1
Kt qu.........................................................................................................57
3.1.1
Th nghim 1: H du/nc...............................................................57
3.1.2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du...............................................................57
3.2
Bn lun.......................................................................................................58
3.2.1
Th nghim 1: H du/nc...............................................................58
3.2.2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du...............................................................58
4.Tr li cu hi.......................................................................................................59
Bi 3: Ph gia ng c
1.1Tng quan v ph gia..........................................................................................65
1.1 Khi nim..........................................................................................................65
1.2 Gii thiu mt s loi ph gia s dng trong th nghim....................................65
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 4
1.2.1 Triphosphate pentasodium.....................................................................65

1.2.2 Pectin.....................................................................................................65
1.2.3 Agar ......................................................................................................68
1.2.4 Alginat...................................................................................................69
1.2.5 Carragenan.............................................................................................69
1.3 Canxi clorua (CaCl2) ........................................................................................71
2. Tin hnh th nghim ..........................................................................................72
2.1 Th nghim 1......................................................................................................72
2.2 Th nghim 2......................................................................................................74
2.3 Th nghim 3......................................................................................................75
2.4 Th nghim 4......................................................................................................75
3. Kt qu - bn lun................................................................................................75
3.1 Kt qu............................................................................................................... 75
3.2 Bn lun.............................................................................................................76
4. Tr li cu hi......................................................................................................77
Bi 4: Ph gia ci thin bt
1. Tng quan v nguyn liu..................................................................................83
1.1 Bt m.............................................................................................................. 83
1.2 Ph gia ci thin bt m...................................................................................85
1.2.1
1.2.1.1
Vitamin C...................................................................................................86
Tnh cht v ng dng..............................................................................87
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 5

1.2.1.2
1.2.2
ng dng trong ci thin cht lng bt m.............................................88

Na2S2O3.......................................................................................................89
2. Tin hnh th nghim..........................................................................................89

2.1
S quy trnh..............................................................................................89
2.2
Thuyt minh quy trnh...................................................................................90
2.2.1 La chn bt m...........................................................................................90

2.2.2 Cn, phi trn...............................................................................................91
2.2.3 Ra gluten ...................................................................................................91
2.2.4 Xc nh cht lng gluten..........................................................................91
3. Kt qu v bn lun............................................................................................92
3.1 Kt qu............................................................................................................92
3.2 Bn lun..........................................................................................................94
4. Tr li cu hi....................................................................................................94
Bi 5: Enzyme
1. Tng quan............................................................................................................98
1.1 Nhm enzyme....................................................................................................98
1.1.1 Gii thiu v Enzyme.....................................................................................98
1.1.2 Vai tr ca enzyme trong ch bin thc phm................................................98
1.1.3 Nhm cc Enzyme thng c s dng trn th trng................................99
1.1.4 Enzyme pectinas.............................................................................................99
1.1.4.1 c im......................................................................................................99
1.1.4.2 Ngun gc....................................................................................................99
1.2. Nguyn liu da..............................................................................................100
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 6
1.2.1 Ngun gc Phn loi..................................................................................100

1.2.1 Thnh phn dinh dng................................................................................101
1.2.2 ch li t da................................................................................................103
2. Cch tin hnh...................................................................................................104
2.1 Quy trnh..........................................................................................................104
2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh.....................................................................................105
2.2.1 X l.............................................................................................................105
2.2.2 Ct nh..........................................................................................................105
2.2.3 Xay nt..........................................................................................................105
2.2.4X l enzyme.................................................................................................106
2.2.5 Lc................................................................................................................ 106
2.2.6 Xc nh V, oBx, nht, pH, mu sc, trong........................................106
3. Kt qu - Bnh lun............................................................................................107
3.1 Kt qu th nghim...........................................................................................107
3.2 X l kt qu....................................................................................................107
3.3 Nhn xt...........................................................................................................109
4. Tr li cu hi....................................................................................................110
Ti liu tham kho.......................................................................115
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 7
Bi 1: PH GIA CHNG OXY HA

1. TNG QUAN L THUYT
1.1 Ph gia chng oxy ha
1.1.1 Gii thiu
Ph gia chng oxy ha l nhng cht cho vo cc sn phm thc phm nhm
v hot cc gc t do, t gim tc xy ra qu trnh i ha cht bo. C th l
ph gia ny s ko di thi gian hnh thnh nhng hp cht gy ra qu trnh oxi ha.
Ngoi ra, ph gia chng oxy ha cn c chc nng v hot peroxide.
Khi ch bin, c bit l bo qun cc sn phm thc phm thng xy ra cc
qu trnh v cc loi phn ng oxy ha khc nhau lm bin i phm cht v gim
gi tr ca thc phm.
Cc biu hin thng thy ca s oxy ha cht bo l pht sinh mi v xu,
thay i mu sc, thay i nht ca sn phm v lm mt cht dinh dng.
Bin php ngn nga s oxi ha:
S dng bao b c bit cch ly sn phm giu cht bo vi cc tc nhn
lm tng qu trnh oxi ha
Rt y, ht chn khng, lm y khng gian t do bng cch s dng cht
tr.
c bit l s dng ph gia chng oxi ha.
Ph gia chng oxi ha l nhng cht cho vo sn phm thc phm nhm ngn
chn hay kim hm cc gc oxi ha t do ca ct bo - l nguyn nhn dn n s
thay i mu v mi ca sn phm.
Ph gia chng oxi ha c hai loi:
C bn cht axit: axid citric, acid malic, acid ascorbic
C bn cht phenolic: BHA, HBT, TBHQ
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 8
Phm vi ca bi th nghim l xc nh ch s axit, ch s peroxit, ch s iod ca

mu cht bo c b sung ph gia v mu i chng.
BHA (Butylhydroxyanisoile)
BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)
TBHQ (Tert-butylhydroquinone)
Tn
hydroxyanisol
(BHA )
tinh
th
mu etanol,
hydroxytoluen
(BHT)
eter,
Khng
L tinh th trng,
hnh si, khng v,
thong
mi
trng.
dng
m,
trng, i khi hi propan 1,2 60 65oC

vng,c mi thong diol,...
c trng.
Butyl
Liu lng s
nng chy
Du,
Butyl
Nhit
Tnh tan
M t
< 0,5 mg/kg th

trng
tan
trong nc.
Du, m, ru.
Khng
tan
o
trong nc v 69 72 C
propan
1,2
< 0,5 mg/kg th

trng
diol
Tan tt trong
etanol
Tert
butyl
hydroquinon
(TBHQ)
khng 126.5
< 0,5 mg/kg th
L tinh th trng, c Tan
hon ton trong 128.5oC
trng
mi c trng.
nc
Tc dng ca cht chng oxy ha:
Cht chng oxy ha tc dng vi cc cht xc tc ca phn ng oxy ha nn

phn ng khng th xy ra, cht bo khng b oxy ha.
V d: acid citric, polyphenol
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 9
Cht chng oxy ha tc dng vi cc cht cn bo v, to phc cht bn vng

kh b oxy ha
V d: nitrit, nitrat tc dng vi Fe, gi cho Fe (II) khng b oxy ha thnh Fe (III),
trnh lm mt mu tht.
Tc dng vi O2 khng kh: oxy phn ng vi cc cht chng oxy ha ch

khng phn ng vi cht bo nn cht bo khng b h hng do oxy ha.
V d: acid ascorbic, acid erythorbic
Ngn chn s tip xc ca O2 vi thc phm
1.1.2 C ch qu trnh oxy ha cht bo

S t oxy ha cht bo l phn ng dy chuyn c chm ngi bng s to thnh
cc gc t do t cc phn t acid bo.
Giai on khi u:
RH + O2 Ro + oOOH
RH
R o + Ho
Bc khi u c th c tng cng bi tc dng ca ngun nng lng nh khi

gia nhit hoc chiu sng (c bit l ngun nh sng UV). Ngoi ra, cc hp cht
hu c, v c (thng tm thy di dng mui Fe v Cu) cng l nhng cht xc
tc c nh hng rt mnh, kch thch qu trnh oxy ha xy ra.
Giai on lan truyn:
R 0 + O2
ROOo + RH
ROO0 (gc peroxide)

Ro + ROOH (hydroperoxide)
Giai on kt thc:
ROOo + ROOo
ROOR + O2
ROOo + Ro
ROOR
Ro + Ro
R-R
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 10
Cc gc alkyl Ro phn ng vi O2 hnh thnh gc peroxide ROOo. Phn ng gia

alkyl v O2 xy ra rt nhanh trong iu kin kh quyn. Do , nng ca alkyl
rt thp so vi gc peroxide. Gc peroxide hp thu in t t cc phn t lipid
khc v phn ng vi in t ny to thnh hydroperoxide ROOH v mt gc
peroxide khc. Nhng phn ng ny xc tc cho cc phn ng khc. S t oxy ha
lipid c gi l phn ng gc t do. Khi cc gc t do phn ng vi nhau, cc sn
phm khng gc t do s to thnh v phn ng kt thc.
Ngoi hin tng t oxy ha, lipid cn c th b oxy ha bng enzyme
lipoxygenase.
C ch ca cht chng oxy ha:
Nhng cht chng oxy ha ngn chn s hnh thnh nhng gc t do (nhng cht c
electron ring l) bng cch cho i nguyn t hydro. Khi cho i nguyn t hydro,
bn thn nhng cht chng oxy ha cng tr thnh nhng gc t do nhng nhng
gc ny hot tnh km hn. Sau gc t do ca lipid (Ro) kt hp vi gc t do ca
cht chng oxy ha (Ao) to thnh nhng hp cht bn.
Phn ng ca cht chng oxy ha vi gc t do:
Ro
ROo
ROOo
Ro
ROo
+ AH
+ AH
+ AH
+ Ao
RH
ROH
ROOH + Ao
+ Ao
ROOo
+ Ao
+ Ao
+ Ao
RA
ROA
ROOA
V d: BHA, BHT, tocopherol

1.1.3 Tng quan v ph gia chng oxy ha Butyl hydroxytoluen (BHT)
- c im
+ Cng thc ha hc: C15H24O.
+ Tn ha hc: 2,6-Ditertiary-butyl-p-cresol; 4-methyl-2,6-ditertiary-butylphenol.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 11
+ Khi lng phn t: 220,36 (dvC).
+ Cng thc cu to:
- BHT l cht rn mu trng, dng tinh th, hnh si, khng v, thong mi
c trng.
- Tan km trong du, m, ru. Khng tan trong nc v propan 1,2 diol.
- Bn nhit, nhit nng chy 69 72oC.
- BHT c tc dng chng oxy ha km hn BHA do cu to ca n cng
knh hn BHA. S c mt ca st trong mt s sn phm thc phm hay bao b,
BHT c th to ra mu vng.
- c tnh
L hp cht t c, liu lng 50 mg/kg th trng khng gy nh hng ti
sc khe, liu lng gy cht chut LD50 = 1000 mg/kg th trng.
Khi BHT i vo c th qua ng ming s c hp th nhanh chng qua
d dy, rut, sau s c thi ra ngoi theo nc tiu v phn.
ngi, s bi tit BHT thng qua thn c th nghim khi cho n vi
khu phn c cha 40mg/kg th trng. Nghin cu cho thy 50% liu lng ny
c bi tit ra ngoi trong 24 gi u v 25% liu lng cn li c bi tit trong
10 ngy tip theo. S chuyn ha thng qua con ng oxy ha; trong s oxy
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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ha nhm methyl tri loi gm nhm, th v kh, cn s oxy ha nhm tert butyl
th tri ngi.
Th nghim trn ng vt cho thy, liu lng BHT cao khi a vo c th
trong 40 ngy hoc hn s gy c cho cc c quan.
Liu lng BHT cao cc loi vt c th nghim cng gy ra cc nh
hung sau:
- Lm tng s hp thu iod tuyn gip.
- Tng trng lng ca tuyn trn thn.
- Gim khi lng ca l lch, lm chm qu trnh vn chuyn cc acid hu
c, gy tn thng thn.
1.2
Nguyn liu du thc vt
1.2.1 Tng quan

Du n c tinh lc t ngun gc thc vt, nm th lng trong mi trng
bnh thng. C kh nhiu loi du c xp vo loi du n c gm: du liu,
du c, du nnh, du canola, du ht b ng, du bp, du ht hng dng, du
cy rum, du lc, du ht nho, du vng, du argan v du cm go. Nhiu loi du
n cng c dng nu n.
Thut ng du thc vt c s dng trn nhn ca sn phm du n ch
mt hn hp du trn li vi nhau gm du c, bp, du nnh v du hoa hng
dng.
Du thng c kh mi bng cch nhng vo hn hp hng liu thc
phm chng hn nh tho mc ti, tiu, gng trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh. Tuy nhin, phi tht cn thn khi tr du kh mi chng pht sinh
Clostridium botulinum (mt loi vi khun sn sinh ra cht c c th gy ng c
tiu ha).
1.2.2 c im
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 13
- Du thc vt l loi du c chit xut, chng ct v tinh ch t thc vt.

- L hn hp cc triglyxerit c chit xut t thn, ht hoc ci qu ca mt
s loi cy c du nh da, hng dng, thu du... Du v cht bo chit xut t
thc vt bao gm dng lng nh du canola, dng rn nh b, cacao.
- Du v cht bo c hyr ha, bao gm hn hp cc triglyxerit c
hyr ha nhit v p sut cao. Hyr lin kt vi triglyxerit lm tng phn t
khi. Du v cht bo c hyr ha c tng thm kh nng chng oxy ha (i,
thiu), hoc tng thm qunh nht hay nhit nng chy.
- L cht cung cp nng lng nhiu nht (1g lipid cung cp 9Kcal) v d tr
nng lng cho c th.
- L dung mi ha tan cc vitamin: A, D, E, K v cc carotenoit trong thc
phm cung cp cho c th.
- Rt cn cho pht trin c th: tr tu v th lc (c bit l tr em). Theo
khuyn ngh ca Vin Dinh dng Vit Nam (giai on 2005 2010) vi khu phn
2.300Kcal/ngi/ngy, cn 25g du, m/ngy.
- Khng cha cholesterol.
1.2.3 Thnh phn
Thnh phn dinh dng
Lng cht bo va trong lng tiu th thc phm hng ngy l ch thng
xuyn ca nhng tranh lun. Mt vi cht bo c yu cu phi c trong khu phn
n, v cht bo (trong du n) rt cn thit cho nu n. C quan Qun l Dc phm
& Thc phm Hoa K (FDA) khuyn co rng phi c 30% hoc t hn lng calori
tiu th hng ngy nn t cht bo. Nhng nh dinh dng hc khc li n rng
lng calori hng ngy ca 1 ngi m c ngun gc t cht bo khng nn vt
qu 10%. Trong mi trng cc lnh, ch n c 2/3 cht bo th c chp nhn
v nn nh vy, v l do sinh tn.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 14
Trong khi tiu th lng nh cht bo bo ha l rt cn thit th vic tiu th

mt lng cht bo vt qu gii hn cho php c chng minh l nguyn nhn
dn n bnh nhi mu c tim. Du n l mt loi thc phm cha cht bo bo ha
cao gm du da, du c v du nhn c. Du vi lng cht bo bo ha thp hn
v lng cht bo khng bo ha (hay khng bo ha n) cao hn th c xem
nh li cho sc khe hn.
Acid bo no
Cung cp nng lng v to m d tr nng lng cho c th. Gip gan ch
to cholesterol to thnh mui mt. Cc ni tit t v LDLC (cholesterol xu) nu
n qu nhiu thc n cha acid bo no s sinh: mt cn bng chuyn ha to ra cc
chng bo ph, cholesterol/mu cao. X m ng mch, cao huyt p
Acid bo cha no
- Acid bo 1 ni i cn gi l omega 9 hay acid oleic. Tng i tt cho
sc khe, ngoi ra n cn c tc dng bo no chng bi thc cho ngi n (c
trong cc loi du vng, lc, u nnh, hng dng v m ln) khi em chin s
t ni i th mt cc tc dng trn.
- Acid bo nhiu ni i c gi l cc acid bo thit yu cn cho c th
hng ngy, gm c: Acid arachidonic v Acid linoleic c gi chung l omega-6.
C tc dng tt cho tim mch. Nu thiu: tr em tng trng chm. Ngi trng
thnh: suy gim chc nng sinh sn, gan nhim m, d mc bnh ngoi da.
Acid arachidonic l tin cht ca DHA. Acid linoleic l tin cht ca EPA.
Alpha linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentoenoic acid (EPA) v docosahesaenoic acid
(DHA) c gi chung l omega 3. ALA khi vo c th nh men delta 6
desaturase chuyn thnh EPA v DHA.
- Cc loi du cha nhiu acid bo cha no, khi un nng trn 100 oC, s b
bin cht, cc vitamin E, A b ph hy, tt c cc dy ni i b ph v bin thnh
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 15
acid bo no v cc cht c hi, l tc nhn gy ung th, i tho ng v cc bnh

tim mch cho ngi n.
- Cc acid bo no trong du, m khi un n nhit si (mi loi c 1 nhit
si khc nhau) s b phn hy to thnh cc peroxid c hi (bc khi mu xanh),
l tc nhn gy nhiu bnh nguy him cho ngi n v ngi chin (rn) thc n.
1.2.4 Phn loi
Khi la chn du (nu) n, yu t quan trng cn xem xt l sc chu nng
ca du v nn tm loi du ph hp cho tng mn n.
- Du ph hp vi nhit nng cao (trn 280C/500F) gm:
Du canola.
Du hnh.
Du nhn qu m.
Du cy rum c axit oleic cao hay du hoa hng dng.
Du phng.
Du nnh.
Du ht nho.
- Du thch hp cho nhit nng trung bnh gm:

2 Du qu c ch.
3 Du hoa hng dng.
4 Du ht vng.
- Du cha tinh lc nn hn ch s dng trong nhit di 105C/225F
1.1.5 Bo qun
- D c tinh lc hay cha, tt c loi du u nhy cm vi hi nng, nh
sng v phi ngoi kh xy. Du b i c mi kh chu v nm rt chua, tt nhin l
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 16
gi tr dinh dng ca n khng cn na. hn ch qu trnh ny, mt lp kh

tr, thng l nit s c bm vo cc bn cha du ngay lp tc sau khi sn xut.
y c gi l ph b.
Nhng tt hn c l tr du trong t lnh hay ni thong, mt. Du kh m
c nhng khi nhit bnh thng, chng s sm tr v th lng. trnh tc
dng xu ca hi nng v nh sang, ngi ta hay ly du ra khi ni cha ng lnh
trong khong thi gian s dng ngay, khng lu hn.
Du tinh lc c cht bo khng bo ha n cao c th gi c c nm (du
liu c th trong vi nm), trong khi nhng loi du c cht bo khng bo ha
a cao ch gi c trong 6 thng. Du liu th v cc th c th gi t nht 9 thng
sau khi m np. Nhng loi du khng bo ha n c th gi tt ln ti 8 thng
hn, du khng bo ha a cha tinh ch c th c phn na thi gian thi.
1.1.6 c tnh ca mt s loi du n
Nghin cu cho thy nhng loi du c mu sng (tc l tinh lc nhiu) c
im si cao hn. Mc d kt qu ca cuc nghin cu c th khc bit ty vo tng
mu du khc nhau (thng hiu, thnh phn, qu trnh ch bin), nhng nhng d
liu di y cng rt hu ch trong vic so snh c tnh ca cc loi du khc
nhau.
im si ch ra ri ro chy n. Khi s dng du nu n, khi thy du c du
hiu si, nn vn nh la ngay lp tc. Ni chung, chng ta nn chun b k cng
cc dng c cha chy khi nu n, t n gin nh ly np p vo ni hay t hn l
dung bnh cha chy.
Du/cht bo
Bo ha
(%)
Khng bo Khng bo
ha n
ha a
(%)
(%)
im si
(C)
66
30
150
B sa tru lng, b lc
65
32%
190 250
Du canola
62
32
242
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 17
Du da
92
177
Du bp
13
25
62
236
Du ht bong
24
26
50
216
Du ht nho
12
17
71
204
M ln/heo
41
47
12
138 201
Macgarin, m
80
14
16
150
Diacyglycerol (DAG)
3.5
37
59
215
Du liu (cc th)
14
73
11
190
Du liu (th)
14
73
11
215
Du liu (tinh)
14
73
11
225
Du liu (cc trong)
14
73
11
242
Du c
52
38
10
230
Du lc/du phng
18
49
33
231
Du cm go
20
47
33
254
Du rum
10
13
77
265
Du vng (cha tinh)
14
43
43
177
Du vng (bn tinh)
14
43
43
232
Du u tng/du nnh 15
24
61
241
Du hoa hng dng
20
69
246
11
TIN HNH TH NGHIM - KT QU - BN LUN
2.1 Xc nh ch s acid
2.1.1 nh ngha
Ch s acid l s mg KOH cn dng trung ha acid bo t do c trong 1g
du hoc m.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 18
Ch s acid th hin cht lng ca lipid. Nu ch s acid tng th cht lng

sn phm gim v ngc li, ch s acid cng thp th du cng tt v c bo qun
tt.
Di tc dng ca cc enzym thy phn (lipaza, photpholipaza) khi c nc
v nhit, triglycerit s b phn ct mi lin kt este v b thy phn thnh acid bo
t do.
Cc acid khng no hoc c mch ngn (nh du da) d b thy phn hay oxi
ha, phng thch cc acid bo t do c khi lng phn t nh d bay hi gy mi
kh chu.
2.1.2 Nguyn tc
-
Di tc dng ca cc enzyme thy phn (lipase, phospholipase), khi c

nc v nhit, triglyceride s b phn ct mi lin kt este v b thy phn
thnh acid bo t do.
Trung ha lng axt bo t do c trong cht bo bng dung dch KOH phn
ng xy ra:
RCOOH +
KOH RCOOK
H 2O
2.1.3 S tin hnh th nghim
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 19
2.1.4 Thuyt minh quy trnh

un si
Trc khi mu c em i xc nh ch s axit th ta tin hnh un si mu
du trong khong thi gian 30 pht.
Mc ch ca qu trnh un si l cung cp nhit, to iu kin thun li cho
cc enzyme thy phn (lipaza, photpholypaza) hot ng thy phn cc triglecerit
thnh cc axit bo t do. ng thi di tc dng ca nhit v oxi khng kh s
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 20
thc y qu trnh oxi ha cht bo to ra cc hp cht peroxit v cc axit bo t

do
Ta tin hnh un si 3 mu du vi mt mu khng b sung BHT v 2 mu
c b sung BHT vi liu lng 0.1% v 0.2%. Vic b sung cc loi ph gia vi liu
lng nh vy nhm mc ch so snh thy c hiu qu chng oxy ha ca
loi ph gia c s dng.
C ch chng oxy ha ca BHT c trnh by phn tng quan.
Cho cn vo
Cht bo l nhng cht khng ha tan trong nc nhng tan tt trong cc
dung mi hu c, v vy trc khi tin hnh chun ta cho cn vo to dung
mi ha tan cht bo, gip cho phn ng gia axit bo t do v KOH din ra nhanh
v im cui d nhn thy hn, hn ch c sai s.
Cn trc khi s dng cn phi iu chnh v mi trng trung tnh bng ch
th PP trnh lm nh hng n kt qu thu c.
Chun bng KOH
Dung dch chun KOH y c s dng trung ha ht acid bo t do
c trong mu th c ha tan trong dung mi cn trung tnh vi ch th
phenolphthalein.
im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch t mu vng (c trng cho
tng loi du) chuyn sang mu hng nht v bn trong 30 giy.
Phng trnh phn ng xy ra nh sau:
RCOOH
KOH
RCOOK
H2O
Th tch KOH tiu tn s c ghi li, p dng cng thc v tnh ton c
ch s axit ca mu s dng.
2.1.5 Kt qu th nghim
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 21
Mu M0
Mu M1
Mu M2
(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
Ln 1
8.8
7.5
5.6
Ln 2
8.5
7.4
5.4
Trung bnh
8.65
7.45
5.5
Ch s acid c xc nh theo cng thc:
AV =
56.11 V N K
m
Trong :
56.11: Phn t lng ca KOH (vC).
V: Th tch dd KOH 0,01N tiu tn (mL).
N: Nng ca dung dch KOH (= 0.01N).
K: H s hiu chnh ca dung dch KOH 0.01N (K = 1).
m: Khi lng mu du cn phn tch (g).
- Kt qu tnh ton ch s axit:
Kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Mu M0
Mu M1
Mu M2
0.56
0.48
0.35
Page 22
+ Mu M0: Khng thm ph gia chng oxy ha BHT.

+ Mu M1: Thm 0.1% BHT vo mu du.
2.1.6 Nhn xt kt qu
Ta thy mu trng (khng cho BHA) vo c ch s acid cao nht. Mu c
nng BHA cng cao th ch s acid cng thp.
Thng thng cc sn phm du m lu s c ch s acid cng cao. Trong
cc nh my sn xut du thc vt ch s acid l mt trong cc ch s bt buc phi
kim tra m bo cht lng ca sn phm lu thng trn th trng.
Nhng iu cn lu khi tin hnh th nghim xc nh ch s acid (AV)
- y l phng php chun acid baz nn cn s dng phi trung tnh
theo ch th phenolphthalein.
- Cn phi un nng tng qu trnh ha tan du.
- Chn ch th phenolphthalein v ti im tng ng tn ti RCOOK c
tnh kim v pT = 9.
- Bnh tam gic phi c ra sch v sy kh.
- Khi cn mu, nu b dnh mu trn thnh bnh th cho dung mi vo ch b
dnh.
- Qu trnh chun phi lc trn u, trnh bn mu ra ngoi bnh. Thi
gian chun khng nn ko di.
2.2 Xc nh ch s Iod bng phng php Wijs
2.2.1 nh ngha
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 23

-
Ch s iod ca du bo (IV) l s gam iod cn thit cng vo ni kp c

cha trong 100g du bo di cc iu kin thao tc theo quy nh.
Ch s iod c trng cho mc cha no ca lipid. Lipid cng nhiu ni i th

ch s iod cng ln, cng t ni i ch s iod cng thp.
2.2.2 Nguyn tc xc nh
Nhng dy ni khng bo ha ca cc acid bo khng no c kh nng gn iod hoc
cc halogen khc, do ch s it xc nh tng qut cc acid bo khng no trog
cht bo.
R1-CH=CH-R2-COOH + ICl
ICld + KI
R1-CHI-CHCl-R2-COOH
KCl + I2
I2 + 2Na2S2O3
2NaI + Na2S4O6
2.2.3 S quy trnh tin hnh th nghim

15 ml Wijs
10ml du
5ml cloroform
Lc mnh,
trong bng ti 45
ph
10ml KI 10%
Cho vo v lc
mnh
3 git HTB
Chun bng
Na2S2O3 0.01N
30 ml H2O
Ghi nhn V tiu

tn
Tnh kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 24
Kt qu

un si
Mu trc khi em i xc nh cng c tin hnh un si tng t nh
trong bi xc nh ch s axit. Mc ch ca giai on ny c trnh by phn
trn.
B sung cloroform v thuc th Wijs
Cloroform l dung mi hu c c kh nng ha tan tt, c cho thm vo
ha tan cht bo c trong mu.
Trong thnh phn ca thuc th Wijs c hp cht ICl, c cho thm vo
cng hp vo cc ni i trong cc phn t bo c ha tan trong cloroform.
Lng thuc th Wijs cho vo d s tc dng vi KI gii phng ra iot di dng
t do v c nh phn bng dung dch chun Na2S2O3 vi ch th h tinh bt.
Thuc th s dng phi d gn bng mt na so vi lng s dng kt
qu c c trong php chun c tnh chnh xc cao. Ch l lng KI s dng
cng phi d v trong phn ng ny KI va l cht phn ng va l mi trng
ha tan I2 sinh ra. Nu lng KI dng khng th I 2 sinh ra khng c ha tan, n
l cht khng bn nn ngay lp tc s b thng hoa nhit thng, gy sai s ln.
im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch chuyn t mu tm en sang
khng mu.
Phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
R1-CH=CH-R2-COOH + I
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
R1-CH-CH-R2-COOH
Page 25

I
Cl
Lc mnh, trong bng ti

Lc mnh, trong bng ti 1h to iu kin v c thi gian thuc th
tip xc vi cc ni i trong cht bo.
Phn ng phi c tin hnh trong iu kin khng c nh sng v trong hp
cht ICl, iodua th hin tnh kh, n rt d b oxy khng kh oxy ha v dng I 2
theo phn ng
4I- + O2 + 4H+
2I2 + 2H2O
Phn ng ny s c y mnh khi c s hin din ca nh sng. V vy cn
phi thc hin phn ng trong bng ti.
B sung KI v nc
Sau khi thuc th cng hp vo cc ni i th ta s b sung KI vo KI tc
dng vi lng thuc th d
Phng trnh phn ng
ICld
+ KI
KCl
+
I2
Chun bng Na2S2O3
I2 t do trn s c xc nh thng qua vic ghi nhn li th tch Na 2S2O3
tiu tn. Thng s dng Na 2S2O3 0.1N chun nhng gim sai s th trong bi
th nghim s dng Na2S2O3 0.002N chun.
I2
+ 2 Na2S2O3
2NaI
Na2S4O6
V mt s nguyn nhn gii thch trn nn trong phng php ny ta cn

ch mt s iu sau:
+ Tin hnh ch ti, trnh nh sng mt tri.
+ thuc th tip xc vi cht bo trong thi gian cn thit.
+ Thuc th cn phi tha, lng tha cn phi gn bng na lng cho vo.
Ln 1
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Mu M0
Mu M1
Mu M2
(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
10.8
11.2
12.0
Page 26
Ln 2
10.6
11.5
11.9
Trung bnh
10.7
11.35
11.95
Ch s Iod c xc nh theo cng thc:
IV =
0.01269 ( V1 V2 ) N
100
m
Trong :
0.01269: S gam Iod ng vi 1mL N2S2O3 0.1N.
V1: Th tch N2S2O3 0.01N cho mu trng (mL).
V2: Th tch N2S2O3 N2S2O3 0.01N (mL) cho mu th.
N: Nng chnh xc ca dung dch KOH (= 0.1N).
m: Khi lng mu th (g).
- Kt qu tnh ton ch s Iod:
Ch s Iod
Mu M1
Mu M2
0.094
0.181
+ Mu M0: Khng thm ph gia chng oxy ha BHT.

2.2.6 Nhn xt kt qu
i vi 3 mu du, khi tin hnh th nghim ta nhn thy rng mu 0.02%
BHT c th tch Na2S2O3 tiu tn l cao nht, bi v I2 gii phng nhiu nht hay Iod
cng vo ni kp l t nht (tng ng vi ch s iod l thp nht).
Nhng iu cn lu khi xc nh ch s Iod
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 27
- Tin hnh ch ti, trnh nh sng mt tri.

- thuc th tip xc vi cht bo trong thi gian cn thit.
- Thuc th cn phi tha, lng tha cn phi gn bng na lng cho vo.
- Mu th phi c cn chnh xc n 0,0001g. Khi lng mu th ca cc
ln th khng c chnh lch nhiu trnh sai s.
- Cht bo c ha tan trong dung mi (CCl4 : CH3COOH) mu phi khng
cha nc, cho tip xc vi thuc th Wijs trong ti. Phn thuc th tha phn ng
vi KI 10% gii phng ra Iod t do. nh lng Iod t do bng dung dch Na 2S2O3
0.1N vi ch th h tinh bt.
- Mu phi chun trong vng 3 pht th kt thc, sau thi gian s phn
tch b sai.
- Qu trnh chun phi lc mnh, phi chun nhanh. Cho ch th h tinh bt
1% vo chun tip bng Na2S2O3 0,1N n khi dung dch gn mt mu xanh en, lc
mnh, chun tng git mt lc mnh. Cho n khi dung dch mt mu xanh en.
2.3 Xc nh ch s peroxyt
2.3.1 nh ngha
-
Ch s peroxyt (PoV) l lng cht c trong mu th c tnh bng mili

ng lng oxi hot tnh lm oxi ha KI trn 1kg mu di cc iu kin
thao tc theo quy nh
Ch s ny phn nh s i ha ca du m
2.3.2 Nguyn tc
Da vo tc dng ca peroxyt vi dung dch KI to ra I 2 t do (trong mi
trng acid acetic v cloroform). Sau chun I 2 t do bng dung dch chun
Na2S2O3 vi ch th h tinh bt.
im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch chuyn t mu tm en sang
khng mu.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 28
Phng trnh phn ng
I2 + 2Na2S2O3 2NaI + Na2S4O6

2.3.3 S quy trnh tin hnh th nghim
10ml CH3COOH
1ml KI bo ha
10ml du
5ml cloroform
Cho vo v lc
mnh
ph
trong ti 5ph
3 git HTB
Cho vo hn
hp
30 ml H2O
Chun bng
Na2S2O3 0.01N
Ghi nhn V tiu
tn
Tnh kt qu

Kt qu
un si
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 29
Mc ch ca cng on ny c trnh by phn trn.

Cn v erlen nt nhm
Phn ng cn phi thc hin trong erlen nt nhm to mi trng kn,
gim s bay hi ca iot trong qu trnh thc hin, hn ch sai s.
Ha tan
B sung thm CH3Cl to mi trng ha tan hon ton cht bo c trong
mu. B sung CH3COOH : mc ch l to pH mi trng trong khong 4 6.
Phn ng gia KI v peroxyt cn phi tin hnh trong mi trng pH = 4 6 v
trong mi trng axit mnh th d sinh ra phn ng oxi ha vi oxy khng kh, do
s gy sai s tng i ln.
4I- + O2 + 4H+
2I2 + 2H2O
Trong mi trng kim th I2 s b kh thnh iodua, cng gy sai s khi
chun .
I2
+ OH-
IO- + I- + H2O
KI c cho thm vo phn ng vi peroxit gii phng ra I 2 di dng t
do
R1-CH-CH-R2
R1-CH-CH-R2
O O
+ 2KI + 2CH3COOH
O
+ 2CH3COOK + H2O + I2
y bnh, lc mnh
Lc mnh nhm ha tan ht cht bo v to iu kin cho phn ng xy ra
nhanh hn. Phn ng ny cng cn c thi gian v phi thc hin trong iu kin
khng c nh sng. Nguyn nhn gii thch tng t nh bi xc nh ch s Iod.
B sung h tinh bt v chun vi Na2S2O3 n mt mu
H tinh bt c cho thm vo vi vai tr l cht ch th nhn bit c
im tng ng trong php chun gia I 2 sinh ra trn vi Na2S2O3. im
tng ng nhn c khi mu xanh ca h tinh bt v I2 khng cn na
I2 + 2 Na2S2O3
2NaI + Na2S4O6
Sau khi cho h tinh bt vo cn phi tin hnh chun ngay v iot hp th
mnh ln b mt h tinh bt, nu thi gian lu th iot s chui su vo bn trong
cu trc ca h tinh bt, do s gy sai s ln.
Mu M0
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Mu M1
Mu M2
Page 30

(mL)
(mL)
(mL)
Ln 1
12.6
11.8
8.2
Ln 2
12.4
11.5
8.4
Trung bnh
12.5
11.65
8.3
Ch s Peroxyt c tnh theo cng thc sau:
P0 V =
(V1 V2 ) N
1000 (meq/kg)
m
Trong :
N Nng chnh xc dd Na2S2O3 (= 0.01N).
V2 Th tch Na2S2O3 0.01N cho mu th (mL).
V1 Th tch Na2S2O3 0.01N cho mu trng (= 0mL)
M Khi lng mu du cn phn tch (= 4.37g).
- Kt qu tnh ton ch s Peroxyt:
Ch s Peroxyt
Mu M1
Mu M2
1.95
9.61
2.3.6 Nhn xt kt qu
Ch s peroxyt mu khng c ph gia chng oxy ha l cao nht. Mu c
hm lng ph gia 0.02% c ch s thp hn so vi mu c hm lng 0.01%.
Mt s nguyn nhn gy sai s c th xy ra:
+ Ha cht s dng b hng, c bit l vic s dng v bo qun KI. V tuy
c ng trong chai nu c nt nhng KI vn b tc ng bi oxi trong khng kh
lm cho dung dch KI c mu vng l do:
KI + O2 kk
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
I3-(vng)
Page 31

I3- + S2O32-

S4O62-+ I-
+ Chnh lng I3- sinh ra phn ng vi S2O32- dn n kt qu sai.V vy trc

khi tin hnh ht dung dch KI ta phi kim tra li xem c b vng khng. Nu dung
dch b vng nht, ta tin hnh chun li bng cch nh tng git Na 2S2O3 n khi
mt mu. Nu b vng m ta b dung dch ny v thay dung dch KI khc v phi
pha mi lin tc.
+ Thao tc thc hin cha chun xc.
+ Khng ng nht gia cc mu tin hnh th nghim (iu kin nh sng,
nhit , ng np hay m np trong qu trnh i phn ng xy rac th lm tht
thot lng I2 bay ra.)
+ Mu th nng dn n PV tng
+ Bnh tam gic nt nhm ra cha sch, d ch cn mt vi vt x phng st
li sau khi sy cng lm PV tng hay bin i PV. V vy ta phi chn bnh tht
sch.
3
TR LI CU HI
Cu 1. Trnh by ngha ca ch s peroxyt, acid, iod ca du thc vt?

- Ch s peroxyt:
L s gram Iode c gii phng bi peroxyt c trong 100 gram cht bo.
Ch s ny phn nh s i ha ca du m.
Ch s cng gn 1 th cng d b oxi ha. Ch s <1 th t b oxi ha.
- Ch s acid:
L s mg KOH cn thit trung ha cc acid beo t do c trong 1 gam cht
bo.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 32
Ch s acid th hin cht lng ca lipide. Nu ch s acid tng th cht lng

sn phm gim. Lipid s dng c c ch s acid phi nh hn 10 (thng nm
trong khong 3 4).
Cc sn phm du m lu hoc khi b oxy ha s c ch s acid cao.
- Ch s Iode:
L s gram Iode kt hp vo v tr ni i ca 100g glyceride. Ch s Iode
c trng cho mc cha no ca lipid.
Lipid cng nhiu ni i th ch s Iode cng ln v ngc li. Ch s iode
ca m s nh hn so vi du.
Cu 2. Trnh by c ch ca qu trnh oxy ha cht bo?
Qu trnh oxy ha cht bo tri qua 3 giai on:
Khi mo
to
LH
L*
nh sng
Vi cht khi mo to gc t do A*
A*
O2
AOO*
AOO* +
LH
AOOH
L*
A*
LH
AH
L*
L*
Pht trin mch

L*
LOO* +
O2
LH
LOO*
LOOH
LOOH c th b phn hy bi nhit, bc x hoc ion kim loi

T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 33
LOOH
Fe2+
LO*
Fe3+
LOOH
Fe3+
LOO* +
Fe2+
Kt thc
L*
L*
LL
LOO*
L*
LOOL
LOO*
LOO*
LOOL
O2
Khi c mt cht c ch (InH) hoc cht chng oxy ha

LOO*
InH
LOOH
In*
L*
InH
LH
In*
Hoc c th kt thc mch theo phn ng sau:

LOO* +
In*
L*
In*
In*
In*
Cc sn phm khng hot ng.
Cu 3. Trnh by c ch ca qu trnh oxy ha ca rau qu?

Qu trnh oxy ha ca rau qu ch yu xy ra do trn nguyn liu rau qu c
cha cc enzyme oxy ha. Cc enzyme ny c tc dng nh mt xc tc, a oxy
ca khng kh tc dng vi nhng thnh phn khc ca rau qu. Qu trnh oxy ha
ny khin cho mt s vitamin b phn hy (c bit l vitamin C), lm bin i cht
mu v tanin, lm cho rau qu chuyn sang mu sm.
Enzym khi to, thc y cho phn ng ny l polyphenoloxydaza. phn
ng c th xy ra th phi c ion kim loi v oxy. Enzyme polyphenoloxydaza xc
tc cho s oxy ha ngng t cc hp cht phenol vi s tham gia ca oxy phn t t
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 34
khng kh, thc vt c th tn ti 2 dng t do v lin kt. Polyphenoloxydaza l

nhm enzim oxydoreductaza, c nhiu trong m ng vt, thc vt, nm mc
Cu 4. Trnh by c ch chng oxy ha ca ph gia chng oxy ha c bn cht
phenolic v bn cht acid?
Gi AH l cht chng oxy ha cht bo. Phn ng chng oxy ha cht bo
xy ra theo s sau:
Cht tr chng oxy ha cht bo c thm vo tng hiu qu chng oxy

ha.
Cc cht quan trng thng c s dng l acide citric v cc ester
monoglycerid citrat, acid ascorbic v ascorbyl palmitat.
Cc ester lipophilic ca acide citric, acid ascorbic c kh nng ha tan trong
du.
Cc ester lipophilic ca acide citric, acid ascorbic c kh nng ha tan trong
du.
+ Citric + cht chng oxy ha tng hp.
+ Ascorbic + tocopherol.
Cht tr chng oxy ha cht bo c cc chc nng:
- To mi trng acide n nh chng oxy ha cht bo.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 35
- Loi b hot tnh cc ion kim loi (to phc v hi).

- Loi b oxy (oxy ha ascorbic).
- Phc hi chng oxy ha.
- C ch phc hi cht chng oxy ha:
SH + A
AH + S
Xt cho cng cht chng oxy ha cht bo bng ph gia thc cht l:
+ Ngn chn nguyn nhn gy ra phn ng oxy ha.
+ Ngn chn cc phn ng lan truyn.
- Qu trnh chng oxy ha cht bo ph thuc vo cc yu t:
+ Hot tnh ca cc cht chng oxy ha.
+ Nng ca cc cht chng oxy ha.
+ nh sng.
+ Nhit .
+ Kim loi.
Cu 5. Trnh by c ch chng oxy ha ca acid ascorbic?
-
To mi trng acid n nh chng s oxy ho cht bo.
Loi b hot tnh ca cc ion kim loi (bng cch to phc v hot).
Loi b oxy (oxy ho acid ascorbic).
Phc hi cc cht chng s oxy ho.
Cu 7. Nu iu kin hot ng ca ca cc cht chng oxy ha trong bi th

nghim?
iu kin hot ng ca ca cc cht chng oxy ha ph thuc vo cc yu
t:
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 36
- Hot tnh ca cc cht chng oxy ha.

- Nng ca cc cht chng oxy ha.
- nh sng.
- Nhit .
- Kim loi
Cu 8. Nu phng php nh lng acid ascorbic?
- Nguyn tc
Acid ascorbic l mt hp cht cha no c cha nhm editol. Acid ascorbic n
ph hy rt nhanh di tc dng ca cc cht oxy ha v bn trong mi trng acid.
Phng php da trn nguyn tc acid ascorbic c kh nng oxy ha thun
nghch nh trong phnt ca n c nhm editol C(OH)=(OH)C.
KIO3 + 5KI + 6HCl
3I2 + 6KCl + 3H2O.
Lng iod to ra s oxy ha acid ascorbic thnh acid dehydroascorbic. Khi

ht acid ascorbic, iod tha s lm h tinh bt ha xanh:
3 I2 + 3 C6H8O6
6 HI + 3 C6H6O6.
- Phng php tin hnh

+ Ct nh nguyn liu bng dao khng r, cn ly 4g cho vo ci (khi ly mu
trnh dng dng c bng st hoc ng).
+ HCl 1% ngp mu, nghin mu khng qu 10 pht, lc, chuyn vo
bnh nh mc, nh phn n vch bng HCl 1%.
+ Ht 10 ml dch chuyn vo erlen, them vi gii h tinh bt 1%. nh phn
bng I2 0,005N Cho n khi xut hin mu xanh.
+ nh phn 3 ln, kt qu long sai lch qu 0,003mL.
- Tnh kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 37
C% =
Vc : Gi tr trung bnh ca s ml I2 0,001N dng chun .

Vf : S mL dung dch mu em phn tch.
V: Dung tch mu pha long.
m: S gram nguyn liu em phn tch.
0.000440: S gram Vitamin C tng ng vi 1 ml dung dch I2 0.005N.
Cu 9. Nu gi tr INS, ADI, ML ca BHA, BHT, TBHQ, acid citric, acid
ascorbic?
* BHA
- Tn ting Vit: butylat hydroxyl anisol (BHA).
- Tn ting Anh: ButylatedHydroxyanisole.
- INS: 320.
- ADI: 0 0.5.
- Chc nng: Chng oxy ho.
Stt
Nhom thc phm
ML
Sa bt, bt kem (nguyn cht)
200
Cc sn phm tng t s bt v bt kem
100
Thc n trng ming c sa (VD: kem, sa lnh.)
Du v m khng cha nc
200
M th nhu tng
200
Qua kh
100
Hoa qua ngm ng
30
San phm cacao, scla
90
Keo cng, keo mn, keo nuga
100
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Ghi chu
15
Page 38
10
Keo cao su
750
11
San phm dung trang tri thc phm
90
12
Cac loai banh nng
200
13
Banh co sa, trng
25
14
Thit, thit gia cm va thit thu ti
100
Thuy san, san phm thuy san ng lanh, k ca

15
nhuyn th, giap xac, da gai
1000
Thuy san, san phm thuy san xay nho ng lanh, k

16
ca nhuyn th, giap xac, da gai
200
Thuy san, san phm thuy san hun khoi, sy kh, ln

men hoc p mui, k ca nhuyn th, giap xac, da
17
gai
200
Du trn hay gia vi (bao gm cac cht tng t

18
mui)
200
15
19
Nc chm va cac san phm tng t
200
15
Nc giai khat hng liu, bao gm ca nc ung

danh cho th thao, nc ung co ham lng khoang
20
cao va cac loai nc ung khac
1000
15
21
Snack c ch bin t ngu cc
200
15
* BHT
- Tn ting Vit: Butylat hydroxy toluen (BHT).
- Tn ting Anh: Butyated Hydroxytoluene.
- INS: 321.
- ADL: 0 0.3.
- Chc nng: Chng oxy hoa.
STT
Nhom chc nng
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
ML
Ghi chu
Page 39
Sa bt, bt kem kem
100
Thc n trang ming co sa (VD: kem, sa 90
lanh)
3
Du va m khng cha nc
200
Margarin va cac san phm tng t (VD: hn 500
15
hp Margarin va b)
5
Qua kh
100
Cac san phm khac t qua
100
Cacao, socola va cac san phm tng t
200
15
Keo cng, keo mn, keo nuga.
200
15
Keo cao su
750
10
200
11
Thc trang ming lam t ngu cc (VD: banh 90
15
2
putding gao, banh putding t bt sn)

12
Cac loai banh nng
200
15
13
San phm thit, thit gia cm va thit thu xay nho
100
15
14
Thuy san, san phm thuy san xay nho ng 200
15
lanh, k ca nhuyn th, giap xac, da gai

15
Thuy san, san phm thuy san ng lanh, k ca 1000

16
Thuy san, san phm thuy san hun khoi,sy kh, 200
ln men hoc p mui, k ca nhuyn th, giap
xac, da gai
17
Du trn, gia vi (bao gm cac cht tng t 200

mui)
18
Vin xup va nc thit
100
19
100
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 40

20
Nc giai khat co hng liu, bao gm ca nc 1000
15
ung danh cho th thao, nc ung co ham

lng khoang cao va cac loai nc ung khac.
* TBHQ
- Tn ting Vit: Tert-Butylhydroquinon (TBHQ).
- Tn ting Anh: Tertiary Butylhydroquinon.
- INS: 319.
- ADI: 0 0.7.
- Chc nng: Chng oxy hoa.
STT Nhom thc phm
ML
Ghi chu
Thc n trang ming co sa (VD: kem, sa lanh) 200
Du va m khng cha nc
200
Keo cng, keo mn, keo nuga
200
15
200
15
San phm thit, thit gia cm va thit thu nguyn min

5
hoc ct nho
15
100
Thuy san, san phm thuy san hun khoi,sy kh, ln

men hoc p mui, k ca nhuyn th, giap xac, da
6
gai
200
200
15
* ACID CITRIC
- Tn ting Vit: axit xitric.
- Tn ting Anh: citric acid.
- INS: 330.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 41
- ADI: CX.
- Chc nng: iu chinh axit, chng oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai.
STT Nhom thc phm
ML
1500
Sa ln men (nguyn kem)
Ghi chu
Sa ln men (nguyn kem), co x ly nhit sau ln

2
men
GMP
Du va m khng cha nc
100
B va b c c
GMP
Rau, cu ng lanh
GMP
Thit, thit gia cm va thit thu ti nguyn ming

6
hoc ct nho
2000
Thit, thit gia cm va thit thu ti dang xay nho
100
Thuy san ti, k ca nhuyn th, giap xac, da gai

8
ti
GMP
Du trn, gia vi ( bao gm cac cht tng t mui)
GMP
10
Thc n cho tre em di 1 tui
GMP
11
Thc n b sung cho tre ang tng trng
GMP
12
Nc ung khng cn
GMP
13
Nc qua c c (dang long hoc dang rn)
GMP
Necta qua thanh trung pasteur ong hp hoc ong

14
chai
GMP
15
Ru vang
700
ACID ASCORBIC
- Tn ting Vit: axit ascorbic (L-).
- Tn ting Anh: Ascorbic acid (L-).
- INS: 300.
- ADI: CX.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 42
- Chc nng: Chng oxy hoa, n inh mau.

STT Nhom thc phm
ML
500
Du va m khng cha nc
200
B va b c c
GMP
Rau, cu ng lanh
100
Thit, thit gia cm va thit thu ti
2000
Ghi chu
52
Thuy san, san phm thuy san ng lanh, k ca 400

6
50
Nc ep qua thanh trung pasteur ong hp hoc 540

8
ong chai
Necta qua thanh trung pasteur ong hp hoc 400
ong chai
10
Ru vang
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
200
Page 43
Bi 2: PH GIA TO NH
I. Tng quan
1. H nh tng
1.1
Khi nim
L mt h phn tn cao ca t nht hai cht lng m thng thng ha tan c
vi nhau, mt pha l pha phn tn, pha kia l pha lin tc.
V d v h nh tng nh sa, mayonnaise, b,
Hnh: H nh tng (du trong gim (nc))

Phn loi h nh tng
C rt nhiu h nh tng khc nhau. Trong thc phm, phn loi theo pha
phn tn, chng ta thng gp 3 dng:
- H du trong nc: l h m trong cc git du phn tn trong pha lin tc tc
l nc. V d: sa, mayonnaises, kem sa, bnh pht kem(hnh a)
- H nc trong du: l h m tong cc git nc phn tn trong pha lin tc l
du. V d: b, margarine, st dng vi salad,(hnh b)
- H nc trong du trong nc: h nh tng du trong nc m cc git phn
tn ca n c cha nc. y l h kh phc tp trong thc phm v cn nhng
nghin cu su hn v h ny.
1.1.1
a: h nh tng du trong nc
b: h nh tng nc trong du
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 44
Ngoi ra, khi da vo kch thc ca cc git lng chia thnh 2 nhm:
- 0.2 50 mm (Kinetically Stable)
- 0.01 0.2 mm (Thermodynamically Stable)
1.1.2
S hnh thnh nh tng
1.2
Cht to nh
1.2.1
nh ngha
L cht lm gim sc cng b mt ca cc pha trong h v t duy tr c
s n nh cu trc ca h nh tng. Trong cu trc phn t ca cht nh ha c c
phn ho nc (hydrophilic) v phn k nc (hydrophobic).
Cht nh ha c s dng nhm to s n nh ca h keo phn tn trong pha

lin tc bng cch hnh thnh mt b mt in tch trn n. ng thi n cn lm
gim sc cng b mt ca cc git phn tn t gim c nng lng hnh thnh
cc git trong h.
Trong qu trnh s dng, ngi ta thng dng gi tr HBL nh gi mc
a bo hay a nc ca cht nh ha. T c th la chn loi no ph hp vi
sn phm c th.
Nu HBL cao (c nhiu gc a nc hn gc a bo) th cht nh ha ny ph

hp vi h nc trong du v ngc li.
1.2.2
Phn loi
Ph gia lm bn nh tng chia lm 2 loi:
Cc ester ca acid bo v cc polyol hoc axit hu c
-
Mono-&- di-glycerid
Cc dn xut ca monoglycerid.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 45

-
Sucroester & sucroglycerid.
Ester ca propylene glycol.
Ester monoglycerid vi acid bo.
Dn xut ca acid lactic.
Ester ca sorbitol
Cc phospholipid nh lecithine.
1.3
1.3.1
Lecithine
c im
Lecithine l mt thut ng chung ch nh bt k nhm cht bo no c
mu nu-vng trong m ng vt v thc vt v trong lng trng, bao gm acid

phosphoric, choline, axit bo, glycerol, glycolipids, cht bo trung tnh, v
phospholipid (vd: phosphatidylcholine, phosphati dylinositol).
-
Phn tn trong nc.
Tan tt trong du, cc dung mi khng phn cc.
K hiu E 322.
HLB = 3-4 ( i vi lecithin phn cc thp ), HLB = 10-12 ( i vi lecithin

hiu chnh ).
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 46
1.3.2
Ngun gc
Cc lecithin t ban u c tm ra vo nm 1847 bi nh ha hc ngi
Php v dc s Theodore Gobley ch phosphatidylcholine thun tu. Gobley ban

u tch lecithin t lng trng v thnh lp cc cng thc ha hc y cc
phosphatidylcholine nm 1874. Gobley chng minh s hin din ca lecithin
trong tnh mch mu, mt, m no ca con ngi, trng c, tht g v no cu.
Lecithin c th d dng c chit xut t ha hc (s dng hexane ) hoc
bng my mc t nh u nnh v cc loi u. N c ha tan thp trong nc.
Trong dung dch nc phospholipid c th hnh thnh cu trc mixel hoc cu trc
phin mng, ty thuc vo m v nhit . iu ny dn n mt loi cht b
mt c phn loi l amphipathic. Lecithin c s dng nh l mt cht b sung
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 47
trong thc phm v s dng trong y t. Trong nu n, i khi c s dng nh mt

cht nh ha v ngn nga s bm dnh.
1.3.3
c tnh
Lecithine khng c tnh. Trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm c s dng
nhiu nh: trong bnh ko n lm gim nht, thay th cc nguyn liu t hn,
kim sot ng kt tinh v tnh dng chy ca s c la, gip ng nht trong vic
pha trn cc thnh phn, ci thin dng i cho mt s sn phm, v c th c s
dng nh mt lp ph. Trong h nh tng n lm n nh nh tng, gim s bn
tung te trong khi chin, v ci thin kt cu. Lecithine lm gim cc cht bo trong
bt nho, bnh m, trng, gip phn phi cc thnh phn trong bt, n nh qu trnh
ln men, tng khi lng ln, bo v cc t bo men trong bt khi ng lnh, v hot
ng nh cht chng dnh. N ci thin tnh thm t ca a nc bt (v d nh
cht bo protein thp) v bt lipophilic (v d nh bt ca cao), kim sot bt, v gip
bt phn tn hon ton trong nc.
V d, lecithin l cht nh ha m gi ca cao v b ca cao vi mt lp ph
ngoi . Trong b thc vt, c bit l b c cha hm lng cht bo cao (> 75%),
lecithin c thm vo l "chng bn tung te" khi chin .
l s chp thun ca Thc phm v Dc Hoa K cho ngi tiu dng
vi trng thi thng c cng nhn nh an ton. Lecithin c EU tha nhn
nh l mt ph gia thc phm, c ch nh bi s E322. C nghin cu cho thy
lecithin c ngun gc t u nnh c tc dng ng k vo vic gim cholesterol v
cht bo trung tnh, trong khi tng HDL (cholesterol tt) cp trong mu. Tuy nhin,
cc nghin cu v lecithin u nnh khng ph hp v mu thun nhau t nhng
nm 1920.
1.3.4
C ch tc dng
C ch c th ca lecithine xy ra trong h nh tng nh sau. Phn ng ha
hc to cc cht mong mun s xy ra khi ta a lecithine vo cc h nh tng ny

lm bn h nh tng.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 48
C 2 cch cc phn t cht phn ng gp nhau:

-
Cch th nht: Cc phn t phn ng ca lecithine thm qua lp mng cht

hot ha b mt ra ngoi v gp nhau. Nhng thc t th phn ng theo cch
ny l rt nh, khng ng k.
Cch th hai: Khi cc ht vi nh tng ca lecithin v phospholipid ca du

gp nhau, nu c lc tc ng th 2 ht nh c th to thnh mt ht ln
hn. Cc cht phn ng trong 2 ht nh s ha trn, phn ng xy ra trong
lng ht ln v sn phm mong mun c to thnh
Khi cc phn t lecthine v phospholipid ca du gp nhau s to nn sc
cng b mt. Khi 2 cht lng khng tan trn ln vi nhau th gia b mt phn pha
ca 2 cht lng ny s xut hin cc ng sut do sc cng b mt to nn. Nng
lng b mt l i lng t l thun vi sc cng b mt v din tch phn pha.
n nh h nh tng ngi ta cn cho cc cht hot ng b mt nh lecithine. Cc
cht ny lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc, gp phn gim nng lng b mt. Do
lm bn h nh tng.
1.4
1.4.1
Lauryl sunfate
c im
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 49
Cu trc khng gian ca Lauryl Sunfate.

Lauryl sulfate l mt cht ty ra v cht hot ng b mt c tm thy trong
nhiu sn phm chm sc c nhn ( x phng, du gi u, kem nh rng,)
Lauryl sulfate l cht to bt rt hiu qu.
Cng thc ha hc ca n l CH3(CH2)10CH2(OCH2CH2)nOSO3-. i khi s i
din n c quy nh trong tn, v d lauryl-2 sulfate. Cc sn phm thng mi
khng ng nht trong s cc nhm ethoxyl, trong s n l trung bnh, n c ph
bin cho cc sn phm thng mi l n = 3.
1.4.2
Ngun gc
Lauryl sulfate c iu ch bi ethoxylation ca ru dodecyl. Kt qu cc
ethoxylate c chuyn thnh mt este ca axt sulfuric. Lauryl sulfate natri (cn
gi l sodium dodecyl sulfate hay SLS) c sn xut tng t, nhng khng c
ethoxylation SLS v lauryl sulfate ammonium (ALS) thng c s dng thay th
trong cc sn phm tiu dng.
Laurylsulfate l cht hot ng b mt c s dng trong nhiu sn phm
m phm lm sch kem. N tng t nh x phng.
1.4.3
c cht
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 50
Lauryl sulfate l mt kch thch tng t vi cc cht ty ra, vi cc kch

thch tng nng . Lauryl sulfate gy kch ng da ng vt th nghim v trong
mt s th nghim trn con ngi. Lauryl sulfate l mt cht kch thch c bit
n c lin quan n b mt, v nghin cu cho thy rng laureth sulfate cng c th
gy kch ng sau khi tip xc rng mt s ngi.
Nghin cu ca OSHA, NTP, v IARC h tr cc kt lun ca cc m phm,
Toiletry, v Hip hi Fragrance (CTFA) v Hip hi Ung th M rng SLES khng
phi l mt cht gy ung th. Cc C quan Bo v Mi Trng Hoa K phn loi
c cht hc 1,4 - dioxane c th l cht gy ung th (c quan st thy s gia tng
ca bnh ung th trong cc nghin cu ng vt kim sot, nhng khng phi trong
cc nghin cu dch t hc ca ngi bng cch s dng cc hp cht), v c bit
n l mt cht kch thch (khng c tc dng mc 400 mg/m 3) nng cao
hn ng k so vi sn phm thng mi. Theo D Lut 65 ca tiu bang
California, 1,4-dioxane c phn loi l cht gy ung th.
c cht: Dioxane 1,4: cht gy nhim
Mt s sn phm c cha SLES c tm thy c cha cc cc cht gy
ung th mc thp c bit n dioxane-1,4, cc Cc Qun l dc v thc phm
Hoa K ang theo di cc cp ny. FDA khuyn khch cc nh sn xut loi b
1,4 - dioxane, mc d n khng phi l yu cu ca lut lin bang.
1.4.4
C ch tc dng
Cht hot ng b mt lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc. Cc phn t
lauryl sulfate hp ph ln b mt pha lng to thnh mt cht hp ph hydrat ha rt

mnh v hnh thnh mt p sut, to cho cc ht du bn vng rt ln, cn tr s
kt dnh chng li vi nhau.
Lauryl sulfate c cc nhm c cc nh cc hp cht sulfonat hoc etoxysulfat
c gn vo cc chui hyrocacbon. Cc nhm tng hp ny mang in m, chng
ch lin kt yu vi cc ion (ca st, magi, canxi) trong nc v nh kh nng
ca n vn rt tt.
1.5
Nguyn liu th nghim
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 51

1.5.1
Du thc vt
C ngun gc thc vt, nm th lng trong mi trng bnh thng. C kh
nhiu loi du c xp vo loi du n c gm: du liu, du c, du nnh, du

canola, du ht b ng, du bp, du ht hng dng, du cy rum, du lc, du ht
nho, du vng, du argan v du cm go. Nhiu loi du cng c dng nu
n.
Lng cht bo va trong lng tiu th thc phm hng ngy l ch
thng xuyn ca nhng tranh lun. Mt vi cht bo c yu cu phi c trong
khu phn n, v cht bo (trong du n) rt cn thit cho nu n. C quan Qun l
Dc phm & Thc phm Hoa K (FDA) khuyn co rng phi c 30% hoc t hn
lng calori tiu th hng ngy nn t cht bo. Nhng nh dinh dng hc khc li
n rng lng calori hng ngy ca 1 ngi m c ngun gc t cht bo khng nn
vt qu 10%. Trong mi trng cc lnh, ch n c 2/3 cht bo th c chp
nhn v nn nh vy, v l do sinh tn. Trong khi tiu th lng nh cht bo bo
ha l rt cn thit th vic tiu th mt lng cht bo vt qu gii hn cho php
c chng minh l nguyn nhn dn n bnh nhi mu c tim. Du n l mt loi
thc phm cha cht bo bo ha cao gm du da, du c v du nhn c.
Du un nng s lm thay i c tnh ca n. Mt vi loi du rt tt cho
sc khe nhit bnh thng nhng s tr nn khng tt khi un nng ti mt
nhit no . Khi la chn du, yu t quan trng cn xem xt l sc chu nng
ca du, v nn tm loi du ph hp cho tng mn n. Du ph hp vi nhit
nng cao (trn 280C/500F).
D c tinh lc hay cha, tt c loi du u nhy cm vi hi nng, nh sng
v phi ngoi kh xy. Du b i c mi kh chu v nm rt chua, tt nhin l gi tr
dinh dng ca n khng cn na. hn ch qu trnh ny, mt lp kh tr,
thng l nit s c bm vo cc bn cha du ngay lp tc sau khi sn xut.
1.5.2
Nc
Nc l mt hp cht ha hc ca xy v hir, c cng thc ha hc l
H2O. Vi cc tnh cht l ha c bit (v d nh tnh lng cc, lin kt hir v

tnh bt thng ca khi lng ring) nc l mt cht rt quan trng trong nhiu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 52
ngnh khoa hc v trong i sng. 70% din tch ca Tri t c nc che ph

nhng ch 0,3% tng lng nc trn Tri t nm trong cc ngun c th khai thc
dng lm nc ung.
Bn cnh nc "thng thng" cn c nc nng v nc siu nng. cc
loi nc ny, cc nguyn t hidro bnh thng c thay th bi cc ng v teri
v triti. Nc nng c tnh cht vt l (im nng chy cao hn, nhit si cao
hn, khi lng ring cao hn) v ha hc khc vi nc thng.
Nc l mt dung mi tt nh vo tnh lng cc. Cc hp cht phn cc
hoc c tnh ion nh axt, ru v mui u d tan trong nc. Tnh ha tan ca
nc ng vai tr rt quan trng trong sinh hc v nhiu phn ng ha sinh ch xy
ra trong dung dch nc.
Nc tinh khit khng dn in. Mc d vy, do c tnh ha tan tt, nc hay
c tp cht pha ln, thng l cc mui, to ra cc ion t do trong dung dch nc
cho php dng in chy qua
V mt ha hc, nc l mt cht lng tnh, c th phn ng nh mt axit
hay baz. 7 pH (trung tnh) hm lng cc ion hydroxyt (OH -) cn bng vi hm
lng ca hydronium (H3O+). Khi phn ng vi mt axit mnh hn th d nh HCl,
nc phn ng nh mt cht kim:
HCl + H2O H3O+ + ClVi ammoniac nc li phn ng nh mt axit:
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH2. Qui trnh tin hnh th nghim
2.1
Qui trnh chung
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 53
2.2
2.2.1
Thuyt minh qui trnh

Th nghim 1: Kho st h du/nc
Chun b 3 mu: M0, M1, M2 cha 45 mL nc.
Cho ph gia vo 3 mu theo bng sau
M0
Khng ph gia
Khuy 5 pht
M1
0.1 % Lecithine
M2
0.1 % Lauryl sunfate
Cho 5 mL du vo ln lt 3 mu
o thi gian t lc ngng khuy n khi tch lp v o chiu cao tng lp.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 54
2.2.2
Th nghim 2: Kho st h nc/du

Chun b 3 mu: M0, M1, M2 cha 45 mL du.
Cho ph gia vo 3 mu theo bng sau
M0
Khng ph gia
Khuy 5 pht
M1
0.1 % Lecithine
M2
0.1 % Lauryl sunfate
Cho 5 mL nc vo ln lt 3 mu
o thi gian t lc ngng khuy n khi tch lp v o chiu cao tng lp.
3. Kt qu - bn lun
3.1
Kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 55

3.1.1
Th nghim 1: H du/nc
M0
M1
M2
3.1.2
Thi gian
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
Ln
tch lp
lp nc
lp du
lp bt
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
(s)
6
5
5
11
13
11
19
20
21
(cm)
2,6
2,7
2,6
2,4
2,5
2,5
2,6
2,4
2,4
(cm)
0,4
0,3
0,4
0,6
0,5
0,5
0,3
0,3
0,4
(cm)
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
C t bt
C t bt
C t bt
0,2
0,3
0,2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du
Ln
3.2
3.2.1
1
M0
2
3
1
M1
2
3
1
M2
2
3
Bn lun
Thi gian
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
Chiu cao
tch lp
lp nc
lp du
lp bt
(m-s)
02-00
01-47
01-50
15-20
16-38
17-54
17-45
23-10
20-06
(cm)
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,7
0,7
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,2
(cm)
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,0
3,0
2,9
3,0
3,2
3,2
(cm)
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
Khng c bt
0,9
0,9
0,8
Th nghim 1: H du/nc
Gi s thi gian tch lp trong cc ln lp th nghim ca cc mu khng c s
khc bit, ta c thi gian tch lp trung bnh ca cc mu nh sau:

Mu
M0
M1
M2
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Thi gian tch lp

trung bnh (s)
5,3
11,6
20
Page 56
Nh vy ta thy thi gian tch lp ca mu 2 (s dng lauryl sunfate 0.1 %) l

cao nht. iu ny c th thy trong h nh tng du/ nc, lauryl sunfate l cht
to nh tt hn lecithine vi cng nng s dng. iu ny c th c gii thch
nh sau:
-
Lauryl sunfate l mt cht hot ng b mt dng anion, c tnh phn cc

mnh nn c kh nng ha tan trong nc cao nn trong h du trong nc
vi pha lin tc l nc Lauryl Sulfate ng vai tr l mt cht nh ha tt.
Bn cnh Lauryl Sunfate l mt cht c kh nng to bt nn trong qu

trnh th nghim chng ta thy c mt lp bt trng xa ni dnh trn b mt
dung dch.
3.2.2
Th nghim 2: H nc/du
Gi s thi gian tch lp trong cc ln lp th nghim ca cc mu khng c s
khc bit, ta c thi gian tch lp trung bnh ca cc mu nh sau:

Mu
M0
M1
M2
Thi gian tch lp

trung bnh (m-s)
01-52
16-37
20-20
Trong h nc/du th thi gian tch lp ca Lauryl sunfate vn cao hn ca

Lecithine cng nng s dng. Tuy nhin theo l thuyt th i vi h nc
nc/du Lecithine s n nh h nh tng tt hn nhng kt qu thc hin trn th
ngc li. Cho nn c l c sai st trong qu trnh th nghim. V lp trong du
qu t v do tnh cht nc nng hn nn chm xung y v cng mu vi y
pecker, kh o chnh xc thi gian tch lp.
4. Tr li cu hi
Cu 1: Nu cc bc hnh thnh h nh tng thc phm, phn loi h nh
tng
- Cc bc hnh thnh h nh tng thc phm: c s hnh thnh cc git cu
c kch thc kh nh ca cht b phn tn trong mt phn kh ln v th tch ca
pha lin tc, hin tng ny sy ra do cc gc u bo s co cm vo bn trong l
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 57
cc gc u nc bn ngoi (hay ngc li) lm 2 pha khng ha tan trong nhau v

c s tch pha hnh thnh nn h nh tng. Vic hnh thnh h nh tng i i
vi vic to nn mt b mt lin pha quan trng gia 2 cht lng khng trn ln vo
nhau c. B mt chia pha ny s tng theo lut s m khi ng knh ca cc git
gim.
- Phn loi h nh tng: C rt nhiu h nh tng khc nhau. Trong thc
phm, phn loi theo pha phn tn, chng ta thng gp 3 dng:
-
H du trong nc: l h m trong cc git du phn tn trong pha lin tc tc

l nc. V d: sa, mayonnaises, kem sa, bnh pht kem(hnh a)
H nc trong du: l h m tong cc git nc phn tn trong pha lin tc l

du. V d: b, margarine, st dng vi salad,(hnh b)
H nc trong du trong nc: h nh tng du trong nc m cc git phn

tn ca n c cha nc. y l h kh phc tp trong thc phm v cn nhng
nghin cu su hn v h ny.
Cu 2: Trnh by c ch hot ng ca ph gia lm bn h nh tng

Cht to nh l cht gm 2 gc a nc v k nc, phn k nc s tng
tc vi cc cht bo to ra lin kt cu bo v chng li s hp git. Cht lm b nh
tng phi c b mt lin pha bn c kh nng chng li mt cch c hc s hp
git, phi mt sc cng b mt lin pha ln.
Nh l mt hn hp tng i n nh ca mt cht lng trong mt cht lng,
hai cht lng ny khng tan vo nhau. Khi t o nh, s khuch tn pha lng ny
trong pha lng kia lm tng b mt tip xc, ngha l lm tng nng lng t do ca
h thng. V vy, khi c cht hot ng b mt, chng l m gim sc cng b mt
phn chia pha, tc l lm gim nng lng t do b mt, do lm tc kt dnh
ca cc ht chm li nn h tr nn bn hn v mt nhit ng.
Cht hot ng b mt c kh nng to nh (bn nh) l do chng c kh
nng di chuyn n v cht cha trn b mt phn chia pha gia hai cht lng m
trong trng hp ny l b mt cc ht micell.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 58
Cht hot ng b mt l cht c kh nng lm thay i nng lng b mt

m n tip xc. Tnh hot ng b mt c th dn n hai hiu ng hon ton ring
l:
- Lm gim sc cng b mt phn chia pha ca h thng
- Bn ha b mt phn chia pha bi s to th nh nhng lp hp ph.
Cht hot ng b mt gm hai phn: phn c i lc vi n c hay phn u
(head hyprophilic) v phn k nc hay phn ui (tail hyprophilic).
Nu lc tng tc gia cc phn t ca mt cht lng khng tan vo nc

nh hn lc tng tc gia cc phn t cht lng vi cc phn t nc th khi
cho mt lng nh cht lng vo nc, cht lng s lan ra trn b mt thnh mt
mng n phn t. Khi cht lng l cht hot ng b mt th nhm phn cc s
hng vo nc, cn nhm khng phn cc hng ra khng kh.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 59
Chn cht nh tng thng gm 2 cht: mt cht rt ho nc v mt cht rt

ho du, v tm 2 t l ph hp phi trn s c tc dng lm bn nh tng tt
hn nu dng tng cht mt.
Cu 3: Trnh by tnh cht v c ch hot ng ca ph gia s dng trong bi
Ph gia lecithine c s dng trong bi c 2 u a nc v k nc. u a
du s b bao trm bi cc cu bo v u a nc s b bao trm bi cc cu nc
gn kt chng li vi nhau tr thnh nh tng.
Cu 4: Trnh by tc hi c th xy ra khi s dng sai nhng ph gia trong bi
th nghim?
-
Khng t c mc ch ca th nghim.
H nh tng to ra khng t yu cu.
nh hng n mu sc lm gim gi tr cm quan.
Thi gian lm th nghim c th lu.
C th s dng loi ph gia c hi vi c th.
i vi lauryl sunfate l mt cht gy ung th, kch ng da, lot Aphthous th

cng phi cn trng.
Cu 5: Nu phng php xc nh lecithine

Lecithin l mt phospholipide quan trng. Ngi ta xc nh lecithin bng phn ng
v nhng enzyme sau:
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 60
Phospholipase C:
Lecithin + H2O 1-2diglyceride + phosphorylcholine.
Alkaline-phosphatase
Phosphorylcholine + H2O choline + Pi.
Choline kinase:
Choline ATP phosphoryicholine + ADP.

Cu 6: K tn vi h nh tng thng gp v ph gia s dng?
-
Nc tng s dng: Gum Xanthan, natri benzoat, caramel.
Sa chua s dng: carrageenan, alginet, gelatine.
Kem s dng: monoglycerid, polysacchride.
Chocolate s dng: lecithine, caramel.
Cu 7, 8 : Nu gi tr INS, ADI, ML ca lecithin, lauryl sulphate, mono - &diglycerid ca axid bo? K tn nhng thc phm thng s dng lecithin, lauryl
sulphate, mono - &di-glycerid ca axid bo v liu lng c php s dng?
INS (international numbering system) l k hiu c u ban Codex v thc
phm xc nh cho mi cht ph gia khi xp chng vo danh mc cht ph gia thc
phm.
ADI (acceptable Daily Intake) l lng xc nh ca mi cht ph gia thc
phm c c th n vo hng ngy thng qua thc phm hoc nc ung m
khng gy nh hng c hi n sc kho. ADI c tnh theo mg/kg trng lng
c th/ngy. ADI c th c biu hin di dng: gi tr xc nh, cha quy nh
(CQ) v cha xc nh (CX).
ML (MaximumLevel) mc gii hn ti a ca mi cht ph gia s dng
trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn sn phm.
Lecithin
-
Tn ting Vit: lecithin
Tn ting Anh: lecithins
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 61
INS: 322
ADI: CX
Chc nng: chng oxi hoa, nhu hoa, n inh
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Nhom thc phm

Sa ln men (nguyn kem), khng x ly nhit sau ln men
Sa ln men (nguyn kem), co x ly nhit sau ln men
Kem thanh trung, x ly nhit cao (UHT), kem tach beo
Thuy san ti, k ca nhuyn th, giap xac, da gai ti
Thuy san, san phm thuy san ng lanh, k ca nhuyn th, giap
xac, da gai
Thuy san, san phm thuy san hun khoi,sy kh, ln men hoc
p mui, k ca nhuyn th, giap xac, da gai
Mui
Du trn, gia vi ( bao gm cac cht tng t mui)
Ca ph, che, nc ung co dc thao va cac loai ung t ngu
cc, khng k nc ung t cacao
ML
GMP
GMP
GMP
5000
GMP
GMP
GMP
GMP
GMP
GMP
GMP
3000
5000
Mono va diglycerit cua axit beo

-
Tn ting Vit: mono va diglycerit cua axit beo
Tn ting Anh: Mono-and-Di-glycerides of Fatty Acids
INS: 471
ADI: CX
Chc nng:lam day, nhu hoa, n inh, cht n, chng tao bot
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Nhom thc phm

Sa va sa b
San phm sa ln men va sa co cht rennet (nguyn cht)
khng k ung t sa
M va du thc vt
M ln, m ng vt, du ca va du ng vt khac
Thuy san va san phm thuy san, k ca nhuyn th, giap xac, da
gai a qua ch bin
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
ML
2000
100
2500
20000
100000
GMP
5000
Page 62

8
9
10
11
12
Mui
Ca ph, che, nc ung co dc thao va cac loai ung t ngu
cc, khng k nc ung t cacao
Ru vang
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
5000
5000
15000
GMP
18
Page 63
Bi 3: PH GIA NG C
1.Tng quan v ph gia
1.1Khi nim
Ph gia lm ng c, lm dy l nhng cht c cho vo thc phm nhm
lm ng, to keo, lm kt dnh tng khi lng ln, to cu trc, tng dy ca
thc phm.
Cc cht lm c v to ng rt hu ch v lm cho thc phm c cht lng
cao hn. Chng c c tnh nh n nh sn phm, p ng yu cu ca ngi tiu
dung. Ngy nay, cc sn phm b sung ph gia loi ny ngy cng ph bin, a
dng.
1.2 Gii thiu mt s loi ph gia s dng trong th nghim
1.2.1 Triphosphate pentasodium
Sodium triphosphate (STP, i khi STPP hoc natri tripoly hoc TPP) l mt
hp cht v c vi cng thc Na 5P3O10. y l mui sodium polyphosphate pentaanion, l c s lin hp ca axit triphosphoric.Triphosphate pentasodium c sn
xut bng cch nung nng mt hn hp stoichiometric disodium phosphate,
Na2HPO4, v bt phosphate, NaH2PO4, trong iu kin kim sot cht ch.
2 Na2HPO4+ NaH2PO4 Na5P3O10+ 2 H2O
TPP l mt mui khng mu, m tn ti c dng khan v l hexahydrate. TPP
l mt cht bo qun hi sn, tht, gia cm v thc n chn nui. N c ph bin
vi s k hiu E451. Trong thc phm, STPP c s dng duy tr m.
1.2.2 Pectin
Pectin l mt polysaccharide tn ti ph bin trong thc vt, l thnh phn
tham gia xy dng cu trc t bo thc vt. thc vt pectin tn ti ch yu 2
dng l pectin ha tan v protopectin khng ha tan. Di tc dng ca acid,
enzyme protopectinaza hoc khi gia nhit th protopectin chuyn thnh pectin.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 64
Pectin l hp cht cao phn t polygalactoronic c n phn t l

galactoronic v ru metylic. Trng lng phn t t 20.000 - 200.000 vC. Hm
lng pectin 1% trong dung dch c nht cao, nu b sung 60 % ng v iu
chnh pH mi trng t 3,1-3,4 sn phm s to ng. Cu to phn t pectin l mt
dn sut ca acid pectic, acid pectic l mt polymer ca acid D-galacturonic lin kt
vi nhau bng lin kt 1-4-glycozide.
Hp cht pectin c c trng bi 2 ch s quan trng l ch s methoxyl

MI biu hin cho phn trm khi lng nhm methoxyl OCH 3 c trong phn t
pectin v ch s este ha DE th hin mc este ha ca cc phn t acid
galactoronic trong phn t pectin. Da trn mc methoxy ha v este ha, trong
thng mi chia pectin thnh 2 loi: pectin c methoxyl ha cao v pectin c
methoxyl ha thp.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 65
- Pectin methoxyl ha cao (High Methoxyl Pectin HMP): DE >50 % hay MI

> 7%. Cht ny c th lm tng nht cho sn phm. Mun to ng cn phi c
iu kin pH = 3,1 3,4 v nng ng trn 60 %.
- Pectin methoxyl ha thp (Low Methoxyl Pectin LMP): DE < 50 % hay MI

< 7%. c sn xut bng cch gim nhm methoxyl trong phn t pectin. Pectin
methoxy thp c th to ng trong mi trng khng c ng. Chng thng
c dng lm mng bao bc cc sn phm.
Trong qu trnh bo qun c th b tch nc hoc lo ha.

Qu trnh to ng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: ngun pectin, mc
methoxy ha cng cao th kh nng to ng cng cao. Khi s
dng cn phi ha tan pectin vo nc, khi pectin ht nc th
mi s dng cng on cui ch bin. Cc pectin u l nhng
cht keo ho nc nn c kh nng hydrat ha cao nh s gn cc
phn t nc vo nhm hydroxyl ca chui polymethyl
galacturonic. Ngoi ra, trong phn t pectin c mang in tch m
nn chng c kh nng y ln nhau c kh nng lm gin mch
v lm tng nht ca dung dch. Khi lm gim tch in v
hydrat ha s lm cho si pectin xch li gn nhau v tng tc vi
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 66
nhau to nn mt mng li ba chiu rn cha pha lng bn

trong.
Pectin l cht to gel quan trng nht c s dng to ra cu trc gel cho
thc phm. Kh nng to gel ca n c s dng trong nhng thc phm cn c s
n nh ca nhiu pha. Tc dng to gel ca pectin c s dng ch yu trong cc
sn phm mt tri cy v mt ng. Tc dng ca pectin l to ra cu trc mt ng
v mt tri cy khng b thay i trong qu trnh vn chuyn, to ra mi v thm
ngon cho sn phm v gim s ph v cu trc. Trong mt s trng hp, pectin
cn c s dng vi carageenan tng hiu qu to gel.
1.2.3 Agar
c chit t to , ho tan trong nc nng v c tnh chu nhit cao. Bng
cch lm lnh c th to thnh gel chuyn ho nhit. Liu dng : khng quy dnh tu
thuc vo yu cu ca thc phm dng lm cht to gel v n nh trong cng
nghip sn xut trng ming, sa ng, sa scola, nc chm si bt, mn n nh
bp, kem, bnh ko .v.v. Liu dng : khng quy dnh tu thuc vo yu cu ca thc
phm Cht chit t thn cy.
To gel rt bn, cu trc gel cng, dn, trong. Kh nng to gel ph thuc
vo nhit , ban u agar pha lin tc v nc pha phn tn. Khi a nhit
ln cao ln hn 90oC, agar tr thnh pha phn tn v nc l pha lin tc do lc ny
hnh thnh dng dung dch bao gm nhng tiu phn mixen, gia mixen l phn t
agar. Khi h nhit xung 35oC cc ht mixen c bao bc xung quanh mt lp
nc lin kt li to thnh gel dn n s phn b li din tch trn b mt ca
nhng ht mixen. Kh nng hnh thnh gel thun nghch nhit l c im duy nht
lm cho agar c mt s kt hp cn thit trong nhiu ng dng. Khi to gel, cc cu
ni hydro lm tng tnh bn vng ca cu trc mch agar, chng li mt cch mnh
lit s phn ly ca hn hp dch ngay c khi tng kh mnh nhit .
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 67
C ch to gel ca agar
1.2.4 Alginat
c chit t to nu, bao gm axit alginic, alginat natri, alginat kali, alginat
amn, alginat canxi, alginat propylen-glycol. Phng php s dng : s dng rng
ri trong cng nghip sa ng, sa scola, kem, bnh ko, mn n nh bp nu
bng c, cc sn phm tht chn.
Liu dng: 50mg/kg th trng i vi axit alginic, alginat natri v alginat
amn, 25 mg/kg th trng i vi alginat kali v alginat canxi
Trong iu kin nhit cao trng thi si v khi lm ngui s to thnh gel.
Alginat cng c kh nng kt hp vi ion Ca2+ to gel.
C ch to gel ca Alginat
1.2.5 Carragenan
c sn xut thnh cng t loi to bin Rhodophyceae, c cu trc l mt
mch thng ca polysaccharide -Sulphat, cha galactose v anhydrogalac tose vi
cc lin kt 1 - 3 v 1 - 4. Khi nhit cao, carrageenan s lin kt thun nghch
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 68
vi ion kali, ha tan nhit cao v s kt ta cc protein khi iu kin nhit

thp. L mt ch phm dng bt mu trng, khng c mi v, c phn chia
thnh dng k, , , , trong dng k, ho tan tt trong nc nng v c tc dng
to gel rt tt cn dng , , ho tan d dng trong nc lnh v c tc dng to s
n nh, tng lin kt ( pessissant ) cho thc phm.
Carrageenan c phn loi theo hm lng 3,6 - anhydrogalactose v v tr
nhm ester sulfate, to nhiu sn phm c ng khc nhau. Vic thay i thnh
phn 3,6 - anhydrogalactose s nh hng n qu trnh hydrat ha, cu trc v
bn ca cht ng, nhit ng v nng chy. Nhn chung, carrageenan c ba loi
chnh sau:
Kappa carrageenan:
+ Ho tan nhit cao.
+ To khi ng (gel) cng.
+ bn ca khi ng tng ln khi c mt ca mui kali.
Lota carrageenan:
+ C th tan mt phn nhit thp.
+ Ch ha tan hon ton khi un nng dung dch.
+ bn ca gel tng ln khi c mt ca mui kali.
+ Hnh thnh khi ng do v n hi.
Lambda carrageenan:
+ C th tan hon ton nhit thp.
+ To dung dch c nht cao mc d khng to ng.
+ Tng tc vi protein to s n nh cho rt nhiu sn phm c ngun gc t
b v pho mt, ch yu c dng lm tng c v ci tin cu trc thc
phm.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 69
Phm vi ng dng : dng lm cht to gel v n nh trong cng nghip sn

xut n trng ming, sa ng, sa scola, nc chm, mn n nh bp, kem,
bnh ko .v.v. Liu dng : khng quy dnh tu thuc vo yu cu ca thc phm .
Carrageenan c kh nng to gel nng thp ( nh hn 0.5% ). dng gel cc
mch polysaccharide xon vng nh l xo v cng c th xon vi nhau to thnh
khung xng khng gian ba chiu vng chc, bn trong c th cha nhiu phn t
nc (hay dung mi).
S hnh thnh gel c th gy ra bi nhit thp hoc thm cc cation vi mt
nng nht nh. Qu trnh to gel din ra phc tp, c thc hin theo hai bc:
-
Bc 1: khi h nhit n mt gii hn no trong phn t

carrageenan c s chuyn cu hnh t dng cun ngu nhin khng c trt
t sang dng xon c trt t. Nhit ca qu trnh chuyn i ny ph
thuc vo dng v cu trc cc carrageenan, cng nh ph thuc vo dng
v nng ca mui thm vo dung dch carrageenan. Do , mi mt
dng carrageenan c mt im nhit to gel ring.
Bc 2: cc phn pht trin y ca chui xon tp hp li to

thnh cu trc gel. Cn di iu kin khng to gel, cc nng
polymer thp s hnh thnh v hp li ca cc cu trc xon s dn ti
tng nht.
Nh vy, trc ht l s chuyn i cu hnh t dng cun sang xon l xo,

tip l s kt hp cc xon v t hp li to thnh cc xon kp gel. Nh vy do
carrageenan to ra l do s tp hp c trt t ca cc cu trc xon.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 70
C ch chuyn i t dung dch sang gel di tc dng ca nhit

1.3 Canxi clorua (CaCl2)
L hp cht ion ca canxi v clo. Cht ny tan nhiu trong nc. Ti nhit
phng, n l cht rn. Cht ny c th sn xut t vi nhng i vi vic sn xut
sn lng ln th ngi ta to n nh l mt sn phm ph ca cng ngh Solvay.
Do n c tnh ht m cao,ngi ta phi cha mui ny trong cc dng c y np
kn. Clorua canxi c th phc v nh l ngun cung cp ion canxi trong dung dch,
chng hn kt ta do nhiu hp cht ca canxi l khng ha tan trong nc.
Clorua canxi c s dng ph bin nh l cht in gii v c v cc mn, c
tm thy trong cc loi ung dnh cho nhng ngi tp luyn th thao v cc
dng ung khc.
3.1 Tin hnh th nghim
2.1 Th nghim 1
Tm ti
X l
Ph gia
V, u, chn
Ngm ph gia
9
Cn mu trc v
sau ngm
Kt qu
-
Chun b dung dch 200ml TPP 5% v 200ml TPP 10%: cn 10g v 20g TPP
dng bt trng cho vo hai becker 250 ml ri thm nc vo cho 200
ml, ta c dung dch TPP 5% v 10%
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 71

-
Chun b mu: tm ti sau khi mua ch v s c lt b v, u, chn,

ui, sau cn 20g cho vo mi mu:
M0 : 20g tm + 50g nc
M1 : 20g tm + 50g dd TPP 5%
M2 : 20g tm + 50g dd TPP 10%
Mu trng
TPP 5%
TPP 10%
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 72
Tin hnh lp li 3 ln cho mu TPP 5% v TPP 10%
Ta ngm mu trong 30 pht ri ly ra, lau kh v cn li
3.2 Th nghim 2
-
Chun b dung dch: pha dung dch ng 50%, chnh pH dung dich ng
v gi tr 3,5 bng dung dch HCL 5%
Thc hin:
M0: 50g dd ng 50%
M1: 50g dd ng 50% + 1% pectin ( 1% ca 50g dd ng)
M2: 50g dd ng 50% + 1% agar ( 1% ca 50g dd ng)
M3: 50g dd ng 50% + 1% alginate ( 1% ca 50g dd ng)
M4: 50g dd ng 50% + 1% carragenan ( 1% ca 50g dd ng)
un nng tt c cc mu cho cc cht tan hon ton, sau ngui v
quan st.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 73
Alginate
Carrageenan
Pectin
Agar
2.3 Th nghim 3
M0: 30g nc + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M1: 30g nc +1% pectin + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M2: 30g nc + 1% agar + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M3: 30g nc + 1% alginate + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
M4: 30g nc + 1% carragenan + 0.5% [Ca2+] t CaCl2
Ta tnh c s gam CaCl2 cn cho vo l: mCaCl2 = 0.41625g
-
Sau khi cn nc, ta cho pectin, agar, alginate, carragenan ln lt vo cc

mu, bc ln bp cho tan hon ton ri mi cho CaCl2 vo.
Ch khi cho CaCl2 vo cn phi khuy du v nhanh tay trnh hin

tng vn cc.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 74
CaCl2 phi c cho vo cc mu di dng dung dch tc l c ha tan

trong nc, khng c cho trc tip trnh tan khng hon ton, sau
ngui v quan st.
2.4 Th nghim 4
Tin hnh y nh th ngim 3 nhng thay CaCl2 bng 0.1% [K+] t KCl, ta tnh
c mKCl = 0,0573g. Sau ngui v quan st.
3. Kt qu - bn lun
3.1 Kt qu
Th nghim 1
Mu
Trng
5% TPP (1)
5% TPP (2)
5% TPP (3)
10% TPP (1)
10% TPP (2)
10% TPP (3)
Th nghim 2
M0: mu
M1: 1%
trng
pectin
o nht: To gel, do,
1 pht 20
nht
giy
m trc ngm (g)

19,35
19,32
19,68
19,60
19,64
14,49
9,71
M2: 1% agar
M3: 1%
alginate
To gel, cng Khng to gel,
nht tng
m sau ngm (g)

19,36
20,47
19,80
19,73
20,05
14,92
10,13
M4: 1%
carragenan
To ng, do,
n hi
Th nghim 3
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 75

M0: mu
trng
o nht:
12 giy
M1: 1%
pectin
Khng to
gel, nht
tng

M2: 1% agar
Khng to
gel, nht
tng
Th nghim 4
M1: 1% pectin M2: 1% agar
Tng nht
To ng
M3: 1%
alginate
ng, cng,
gin
M3: 1% alginate
Tng nht
M4: 1%
carragenan
Khng to gel,
tng nht
M4: 1% carragenan
To gel gin, trong
3.2 Bn lun
Th nghim 1
Khi lng tt c cc mu sau khi ngm nc v dung dch TPP u tng ln.
Mu ngm nc c khi lng tng ln thp nht, tuy nhin cc mu tng ln khng
u nhau v cng khng c s khc bit r rng i vi cc mu 5 v 10% TPP.
Th nghim 2
Hin tng xy ra r rng v chnh xc
Th nghim 3
Hin tng xy ra ng vi cc mu ch tr agar: mu khng to c gel m
ch tng nht. iu ny ch c th c gii thch l c s sai st trong qu trnh
thao tc, dn n kt qu sai lch
Th nghim 4
Hin tng xy ra r rng v chnh xc.
4. Tr li cu hi
Cu 1 : Trnh by tnh cht v c ch hot ng ca ph gia s dng trong bi?
Agarose c cu to mch thng , trung tnh, t cc gc beta D-galactopyranose
v 3-6- alhidro-L- galactose. C hai gc c s sp xp xen k, bn cc lin kt
khc nhau. Lin kt alpha 1-3 d phn hy bng enzyme to thnh neoagarobiose.
Lin kt Beta 1-4 d thy phn vi xc tc ca acid v to thnh gc agaragarobiose. Agar-agarobiose lm cho Agar-agar trong mi trng nc c kh
nng to gel.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 76
Agaropectin c kh nng to gel thp trong nc, cu trc ca n n nay vn

cha xc nh r. Ch bit rng n c to nn bi s sp xp xen k gia Dgalactose v L-galactose v chng cha tt c cc nhm phn cc trong agar
Acid alginic hay cn gi l Alginate, trong rong Alginic thng dng mui
Alginate Ca, Fe, Mg tham gia vo cu trc ca thnh v mng t bo. L mt
Copolymer mch thng c cu to t 2 gc Uronat l alpha L- gluronat v Beta
D- mannuromat thong qua lin kt 1-4 glucosit.
Cu 2 : Trnh by tc hi c th xy ra khi s dng sai nhng ph gia trong bi
th nghim ?
Khi s dng qu liu lng nhng ph gia nh pectin, agar, alginate,
carrageenan th s khng t c cu trc nh mong mun
Cc tc dng tt ca Polyphosphate:
- Polyphosphates c s dng nh mt ph gia: cht n nh, cht lm ng,
v cht nh ho.
- To phc vi ion kim loi
- Kh nng gi nc
- n nh nh tng
- Gy n
- Dng lm dung dch m
Cc tc dng xu ca Polyphosphate:
Tuy nhin polyphosphates cng gy nhng bt li sau (nu s dng qu liu
lng).
- Lm cho sn phm c cu trc nh cao su.
- Hm lng polyphosphates > 0.3 gy v cht.
- Lm cho sn phm c v tanh ng, c cm gic nga li.
- Hm lng ln nh hng n sc kho: au bng, tiu chy.
Cu 3 : Nu phng php xc nh polyphosphate ?
Phng php nh lng bng sc k ion : Polyphosphat trong mu sn phm
c chit tch bng nc ct kh ion. Dch chit c lm sch bng phng php
chit pha rn (SPE) trn ct chit pha rn C18. Hm lng polyphosphat c trong
dch chit c xc nh trn my sc k ion s dng h thng phn ng sau ct vi
tc cht phn ng l st nitrat trong axit percloric v u d UV ti bc sng l l
330 nm theo phng php ngoi chun.
Cu 4 : K tn vi loi thc phm v ph gia lm ng c, lm dy thng gp
Axit alginic, Kali alginat, Amoni alginat, Canxi alginat, Propylen glycol
alginat, Thch trng (Aga), Carrageenan v mui Na, K, NH4 ca n (bao gm
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 77
Furcellaran), Gm u Carob , Gm Gua, Gm Tragacanth , Gm Arabic, Gm

Xanthan, Gm Karaya, Gm Tara, Gm Gellan, Pectin, Metyl xenluloza, Metyl etyl
xenluloza, Natri cacboxy metyl xenluloza, Gelatin thc phm
Cu 5: Nu gi tr INS, ADI, ML ca pentasodium triphosphate, gelatin, agar,
carrageenan
INS (international numbering system) l k hiu c u ban Codex v thc
phm xc nh cho mi cht ph gia khi xp chng vo danh mc cht ph gia thc
phm.
ADI (acceptable Daily Intake) l lng xc nh ca mi cht ph gia thc
phm c c th n vo hng ngy thng qua thc phm hoc nc ung m
khng gy nh hng c hi n sc kho. ADI c tnh theo mg/kg trng lng
c th/ngy. ADI c th c biu hin di dng: gi tr xc nh, cha quy nh
(CQ) v cha xc nh (CX).
ML (MaximumLevel) mc gii hn ti a ca mi cht ph gia s dng trong
qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn sn phm.
Bng gi tr
Gi tr
Pentasodium
ADI
ML
CQ
CX
Bng
Agar
E406
Khng gii hn
Khng gii hn
Carrageenan
E407
CX
Bng
triphosphate
Gelatin
INS
E451i
Quy nh ca Vit Nam v mc cho php ca phosphate

(theo quyt nh s 3742/2001/Q-BYT ngy 31/8/2001 ca B Y t)
Cc cht cho php i vi tng loi sn phm
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Mc cho
php
Page 78
Mononatri orthophosphate, Dinatri orthophosphate,

Dicanxi orthophosphat ,
Dikali orthophosphate, Tricanxi orthophosphate, Trinatri
orthophosphat
Dicanxi diphossphat, Amoni polyphossphat, Monokali
orthophosphat
Trimagic diphosphat, Monocanxi orthophosphate, Trikali
GMP
orthophosphate,
Dinatri diphosphat, Tetranatri diphosphat, Tetrakali
diphosphat
Pentanatri diphosphat, Pentakali triphosphat, Natri
polyphosphat
Kali polyphosphate, Canxi polyphosphat
Cho php: cc nhm sn phm thy sn chung gm:
- C ti
- Nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai ti
2200
mg/kg
- Cc sn phm c, ng vt nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai

xay nh ng lnh
1100
mg/kg
- Thy sn, sn phm thy sn hun khi, sy kh, p

mui, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai
GMP
Ring axit orthophosphoric: cc nhm sn phm thy sn

chung v thm:
Ring Dikali diphosphat: cho php cc nhm sn phm
thy sn chung v thm:
5000
mg/kg
Thy sn, sn phm thy sn c ch bin dng ln

men, ng hp, k c
nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai
1000mg/kg
- Thy sn, sn phm thy sn ng lnh, k c nhuyn

th, gip xc, da gai
5000
mg/kg
Ring Dimagie diphosphat: cho php cc sn phm trn

5000
v thm thy sn, sn phm thy sn x l nhit, k c mg/kg
nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai
Ring Natri canxi polyphosphat: cho php thy sn v
sn phm thy sn k
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
1000
mg/kg
Page 79
c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai qua ch bin

Ring Diamidon phosphat acetyl ha: Mn amidon
phosphat: cho php
thy sn, sn phm thy sn xay nh ng lnh, k c
nhuyn th, gip xc,
da gai
Ring Trinatri diphosphat
GMP
- Thy sn, sn phm thy sn ng lnh, k c nhuyn

th, gip xc, da gai
2000
mg/kg
- Thy sn, sn phm thy sn ch bin dng ln men,

ng hp, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai
1000
mg/kg
cho php
Ghi ch: GMP (theo qui nh ca Quyt nh s 3742/Q-BYT ngy

31/8/2001 ca B Y t) bao gm cc ni dung sau:
- Hn ch ti mc thp nht lng ph gia thc phm cn thit phi s dng.
- Lng cht ph gia c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, bo
qun, bao gi v vn chuyn c th tr thnh mt thnh phn ca thc phm nhng
khng nh hng ti tnh cht l ha hay gi tr khc ca thc phm.
- Lng ph gia thc phm s dng phi ph hp vi cng b ca nh sn
xut c chng nhn ca c quan c thm quyn.
Tn ting Vit
Carrageenan v mui Na, K, NH 4 ca n (bao
INS:
407
Tn ting Anh
gm Furcellaran)
Carrageenan and its Na, K, NH 4 salts (includes
ADI:
CX
Chc nng
Furcellaran)
Lm dy, nh ho, n nh
STT
1
Nhm thc phm

Sn phm sa ln men v sa c cht rennet
(nguyn cht) khng k ung t sa

Sa ln men (nguyn kem), khng x l nhit sau
3
4
ln men
Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti
Thy sn, sn phm thy sn xay nh ng lnh,
k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
ML
Ghi ch
5000
150
GMP
GMP
21
Page 80
Cc sn phm c, ng vt nhuyn th, gip xc,
da gai xay nh ng lnh

Thy sn, sn phm thy sn hun khi, sy kh,
7
8
9
10
ln men hoc p mui, k c nhuyn th, gip
GMP
xc, da gai
Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui)
GMP
Thc n cho tr em di 1 tui
3000
Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng
GMP
Nc qu p thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc
11
ng chai
Necta qu thanh trng pasteur ng hp hoc
12
ng chai
C ph, ch, nc ung c dc tho v cc loi
13
ung t ng cc, khng k nc ung t cacao

Ru vang
Tn ting Vit
Tn ting Anh
Chc nng
STT
1.
2.
3.
GMP
Gelatin thc phm

Gelatin Edible
Lm dy, n nh, nh ho
Nhm thc phm

ung c sa, c hng liu hoc ln men (VD: sa
s c la, sa cacao, bia trng, sa chua ung, sa c)
Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhit sau ln men
Phomt ch bin
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
51
3000
1000
GMP
GMP
INS:
ADI:
ML
CQ
CX
Ghi ch
10000
10000
5000
Page 81
Bi 4: PH GIA CI THIN BT
1.Tng quan v nguyn liu
1.1 Bt m
Bt m l sn phm c ch bin t ht la m bng qu trnh nghin. Trong
qu trnh ny v cm v phi c tch ra v phn cn li ca ht la m (ni nh)
c nghin nh ti mn thch hp (ra thnh phm l bt m). Bt m hin nay
c lm t nhiu loi bt c nghin trn t nhiu loi la khc nhau. Ngi ta
gi tn nh bt m loi trng, hay nu, en.. ty vo mu sc ca bt v gi l bt
cng hay mm ty vo lng v tnh cht gluten ca bt. Bt m lm bnh m
(bread), gluten cao hn v khe hn, lm cho bnh n khe, gi c hnh dng
ca bnh sau khi nng. Bt m lm bnh kem xp (cake hay gateaux) c gluten
t hn. Bt lm bnh ngt (pastry) c gluten cao hn bnh kem xp cht t, v thp
hn bt lm bnh m.
Cc cht dinh dng trong bt hng cao th d tiu ha hn, nhng bt m
dng thp th c hm lng khong v vitamin cao hn. Bt m gm c gluxit v
lipit, c th v thnh phn dinh dng c chia bng di y:
Bng phn loi bt m
Loi bt v
hng bt
Bt m ho
Thnh phn ha hc trung bnh tnh bng phn trm cht kh

Tinh
Cht
ng
Pentozan
Protit
Xenluloza
Tro
bt
bo
chung
19,5
79
12
0,8
1,8
0,1
0,5
Hng I
2,5
77,5
14
1,5
0,3
0,7
Hng II
3,5
71
14,5
1,9
2,8
0,8
1,2
hng
Bng ch s cht lng ca bt m

ln
Cn li trn
Lt qua
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Hm lng
Page 82

ry % (t
Hng bt
tro
Thng hng
0,75
ry
hn)
Bt la m cng
140/3*
260/12*
Hng 1
1,10
190/3
Hng 2
1,80
Thng hng
Hng 1
gluten %
(ln hn)
32
43/35
32
Mu sc
Hi vng
Hi vng
nht
Hi vng
27/2
38/60
25
Bt la mi mm
0,55
260/14
260/14
28
Trng, hi vng
0,75
190/3
43/50
30
Trng, hi vng
*: t s l s hiu ry, mu s l % khng lt ry
Cc hng bt khc nhau v tro, trng, mn, acid v hm lng

gluten t ( trng v acid khng ph thuc vo ch s tiu chun cht lng
bt). tro l ch s c bn xc nh hng ca bt, thm vo ngi ta cn
dng trng v mn na. Cn axit v hm lng gluten ti khng th c
trng cho hng ca bt v cc ch s ny lun lun bin ng.
Cht lng ca bt m c trng bng s lng v cht lng Gluten. Gluten
ca bt hng cao hn thng c mu sng hn v ht nc ln hn. Bt c hm
lng Gluten cao thng c tnh cht nng bnh cao ph thuc vo cht lng
Gluten.
Kh nng to kh ca bt c c trng bng lng CO 2 thot ra trong mt
thi gian nht nh v ng vi mt lng bt nho nht nh. Kh nng to kh ph
thuc vo hm lng ng v kh nng sinh ng ca bt.
Cc cht dinh dng trong bt hng cao th d tiu ha hn, nhng bt m
dng thp th c hm lng khong v vitamin cao hn.Ty tng loi bt khc nhau
m hm lng protein khc nhau. N c tng dn theo cht lng bt cao n
thp nhng gi tr dinh dng protein bt hng cao c gi tr cao hn.
Protein ca bt m c chia lm 4 loi :
Albumin: ha tan trong nc
Globulin: ha tan trong mui trung tnh
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 83
Glutelin: ha tan trong dung dch kim 0.2% (trong bt m c tn ring l

Glutenin)
Prolamin: ha tan trong ru (trong bt m c tn ring l Gliadin)
bt m hm lng Glutenin v Gliadin chim 80% v t l ca mi loi l
nh nhau. Khi chng c nho trn vi nc to thnh mt khi dnh hay cn gi
l mng phn b u trong khi bt nho c tnh cht va dai va n hi, c tc
dng gi kh lm khi bt nho n c gi l gluten. Sau khi ra lng tinh bt
tri i cn li khi n hi do gi l khi gluten t. Trong gluten t c khong
60-70% nc.
nh gi cht lng bt m ta nh gi qua cht lng gluten. nh gi
gluten c cht lng tt hay xu ngi ta da vo mu sc, n hi, chu ko.
Hm lng gluten t trong bt m dao ng trong phm vi rt ln, t 15 n 55%.
Khi bt m c cht lng bnh thng th t l gluten t ph thuc vo hm
lng protit ca bt. Vi cc loi bt m sn xut t ht b hng, su bnh, ny mm,
do sy nhit qu cao th hm lng gluten t gim v tnh ht nc ca
protit b thay i.
Hm lng v cht lng Gluten bt m ph thuc vo ging la m, iu
kin trng trt, ch sy ht, ch gia cng nc nhit, ch bo qun
Gluten ca bt m cht lng cao thng c n hi tt, chu ko va phi.
Cn nu dng bt m cht lng cao v chu ko nh th bt nho thng b
chy khng t yu cu. Chnh v cht lng ca Gluten c nh hng ln n qu
trnh ch bin v cht lng sn phm nh vy nn trong sn xut ta thng dng
nhng cht ph gia ci to bt m.
1.2 Ph gia ci thin bt m
Ph gia ci to cht lng bt m l loi ph gia lm tng cht lng cu trc
bt v dai, n, kh nng gi kh,... to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ch
bin, tng gi tr cm quan cho thc phm
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 84
tng cht lng gluten, ngi ta thng tng thm cc tc nhn oxi ha nh
Vitamin C, Kali Bromat, Canxi peroxyt, Canxi bromat, Kali v canxi iodate...Cc
cht nh ha lm mm rut bnh v lm mnh bt nho nh Sodium Stearoyl-2lactylate, ethocylated mono...cc enzyme nh protease, amylase...ngc li nhng
cht kh s lm gim cht lng gluten.
1.2.1 Vitamin C
Vitamin C tn ti trong thin nhin di dng ph bin l axit ascorbic, axit
dehydroascorbic v dng lin kt ascorbigen. N ch tn ti dng L trong cc sn
phm thin nhin. Cho ti nay ngi ta pht hin c 14 ng phn v ng ng ca
vitamin C c hot tnh chng bnh hoi huyt v 15 cht ng phn khng c hot
tnh. Cc cht ny phn bit nhau bi s lng nguyn t cacbon, s sp xp ca cc
nhm nguyn t cc nguyn t cacbon bt i v dng kh hoc dng oxy ha.
Cng thc cu to ca vitamin C cho thy n l mt dn xut ca ng:
Khi lng phn t: 176,13 g/mol.
C dng: bt mu trng n vng nht (khan).
S CAS: [50-81-7].
Nhit nng chy: 1930C (phn hy).
pKa : pKa1 = 4,17, pKa2 = 11,56.
Kh nng ha tan trong nc cao.
1.2.1.1Tnh cht v ng dng
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 85
L cht chng oxy ha, to v chua. Thng dng tinh th khng mu hoc
mu trng, i mu khi phi ngoi khng kh hoc iu kin m t. Vitamin C
khng mi, c v chua ca axit. Tan trong nc, etanol v acetol. Khng tan trong
chlorofom, ester. Vi vitamin C, cn ch ti s d phn hy ca n. Nhit phn
hy t 191 194 oC.
Tnh cht kh mnh ca vitamin C ph thuc vo s c mt ca nhm dienol
trong phn t ca n. Chnh v vy m dung dch Feling, bc nitrat hoc mt s hp
cht c mu, c bit cht 2,6-diclophenolindophenol b kh bi axit ascorbic ngay
nhit thng. Trong thc phm c cc cht n nh vitamin nh protein trng,
tht, gan, tinh bt, mui n... Dng ascorbigen ca vitamin C l dng lin kt ca n
vi polypeptid. Trong thc vt n chim ti 70% tng lng vitamin C. Dng
ascorbigen bn vi cc cht oxy ha nhng hot tnh ch bng mt na vitamin t
do. Ngoi dng lin kt vi polypeptid cn c cc dng lin kt khc v d dng lin
kt vi Fe v axit nucleic, vi polyphenol. Vitamin C c tng hp d dng thc
vt. a s ng vt, tr chut bch, kh v ngi, u c kh nng tng hp vitamin
C t ng glucoza. S d ngi khng c kh nng c l v thiu cc enzyme
c hiu xc tc cho s chuyn ha glucoza thnh vitamin C
Trong mi trng axit, vitamin C kh n nh, v vy khi chit rt mnh vitamin
C t cc nguyn liu, ngi ta thng dng cc axit tricloaxetic hoc
metaphosphoric. Nhn chung, khi bo qun qu nhit 0 4 oC s gim st v
vitamin C khng ng k. mt s dch qu, ngi ta nhn thy vitamin C c th b
oxy ha gin tip bi enzyme phenoloxydaza. Chnh v vy khi c mt vitamin C,
dch qu s sm mu chm hn ( do qu trnh ngng t cc hp cht quinol)
Da vo tnh cht chng oxy ha ca axit ascorbic ngi ta thng thm n vo

dch qu ngn cn qu trnh sm mu. Tnh cht chng oxy ha ca n cn c
s dng bo v tocopherol v c vitamin A tht khi bo qun, v axit ascorbic l
ngun d tr hydro, n c th nhng hydro trc tip cho cc peroxyt. gi c
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 86
vitamin C, ngi ta thm mt s cht n nh, v d, ng saccarose, axit hu c,

sorbitol, glixerin hoc mt s hp cht ca antoxian, flavonoit
1.2.1.2ng dng trong ci thin cht lng bt m
Vitamin C lm tng kh nng gi kh ca khung mng gluten, lm tng cng
v n hi ca bt nho v t duy tr hnh dng ca bt nho sau khi v to
hnh, kt qu tng th tch, tng xp, tng cu trc cho sn phm. Cu trc phn
t protid c nh hng ti cht lng gluten, cht lng ca gluten nh hng quyt
nh ti cht lng ca bt m. Nu trong thnh phn ca protid c cha nhiu axit
amin cistein (c nhm SH) th khi c cht oxi ha vo s chuyn lin kt -SH thnh
lin kt -S-S-. T l mi lin kt disulfua tri hn ngha l protid c cu trc bc ba
v bc bn nhiu hn th gluten ca bt cht hn, sc cng ln hn, kh nng to
khung mng gluten bn cht hn, cu trc c ci thin hn.
R-SH
RS
+
____________
R-SH
+ H 2O
RS
Bn cnh cht oxi ha cn c tc dng lm hn ch s hot ng ca h

enzyme -amylase thy phn tinh bt thnh dextrin nh hng n cht lng bt
nho. Phn ng oxy ha xy ra gia axit ascorbic vi lin kt SH trong cystein ca
protein bt nho, cc phn t c a v dng L- dehydroascobic axit, do axit
ascorbic chuyn ha trong qu trnh oxy ha. C ch oxy ha ny c tm thy do
vic hnh thnh cc axit dehydroascorbic do s hin din ca oxy v cht oxy ha
ascorbic. Phn ng tip theo l s gim Hydro ca axit dehydroascorbic. Phn ng
ny hon tt khi oxy ha ht cc nhm SH trong phn t protein do s hin din
ca dehydroascorbic m c th l h thng phn ng NADH + H+
NAD.
Tc dng ca acid ascorbic c th l do cc sn phm trung gian ca cc gc

oxy ha nonenzymatic nh superoxidant.
1.2.2 Na2S2O3
Cng thc phn t: Na2S2O3
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 87
+ Nhit nng chy: 48,30C

+ Nhit si : 1000C
+ tan trong nc : 20,9 g / 100ml (200C)
+ L tinh th khng mu, thng tn ti dng Na2S2O3.5H2O
C ch tc ng: tc ng ch yu ln thnh phn cystein trong cu trc
protein to thnh cystin tng cu trc khung mng gluten thng qua cc cu ni
isunfua gia cc phn t protein.
2 Tin hnh th nghim.
2.1 S quy trnh
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 88
Bt m
Cn
Phi trn
Ra gluten
Dung dch
Iod
Kim tra tinh bt
V trn
Ngm nc
Xc nh cht lng
Kt qu
2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.2.1 La chn bt m
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 89
La chn bt k loi bt m no c sn trn th trng tin hnh xc nh cht

lng. Bt m khng c ln tp cht, c kch thc ht ng u.
2.2.2 Cn, phi trn
Cn 25g bt m cho vo 15 ly nha nh ( 3 ly k hiu l Mo, 3 ly M1, 3 ly M2, 3
ly M3, 3 ly M4)
Chun b 50ml dung dch vitamin C 0,1%, 50 ml dung dch vitamin C 0,2%,
50ml dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1%, 50ml dung dch Na2S2O3 0,2%. Phi trn vo 15 ly
bt m vi hm lng nh sau:
+ 3 mu u (Mo): 15ml nc ct/ mu
+ 3 mu tip theo (M1): 15ml vitamin C 0,1%/ mu
+ 3 mu tip theo (M2): 15ml vitamin C 0,2%/ mu
+ 3 mu tip theo (M3): 15ml Na2S2O3 0,1%/ mu
+ 3 mu tip theo (M4): 15ml Na2S2O3 0,2%/ mu
Trn u cc mu cho n khi khi bt khng dnh vo ly na. Khi nho trn vi
nc thnh phn protein khng ha tan l glutelin v gliadin ht nc trng n to
thnh cu trc khung mng gluten. Gluten l thnh phn quan trng to cu trc cho
sn phm. trong 20 pht cho gluten ht nc trng n, n nh cht lng bt
nho.
2.2.3 Ra gluten
Mc ch: lm tri i lng tinh bt thu c khi do n hi gi l gluten t
xc nh cht lng.
Tin hnh: sau khi 20 pht, ra khi bt nho di vi nc chy nh, cho
khi bt vo lng bn tay, t pha di 1 ry trnh mt gluten, ra n khi nc
ra tht trong. Kim tra bng cch cho vo nc ra mt t dung dch iod, nu sau
khi cho iod vo dung dch c mu xanh tm chng t vn cn tinh bt, ta tip tc
ra. Nu dung dch khng i mu l t.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 90
2.2.4 Xc nh cht lng gluten

Xc nh cng t.
Cn 4g gluten, v thnh hnh cu ri ngm trong nc khong 15 pht. Sau
nc ra, lau kh. Xc nh cng t bng cch dng hai tay ko di khi
gluten trn thc chia milimet cho ti khi t,tnh chiu di t lc t. Thi gian
ko 10 giy. Khi ko khng c xon si gluten. cng t biu th nh sau:
+ cng ngn: 10cm
+ cng trung bnh: 10 20 cm
+ cng di: ln hn 20cm
Xc nh n hi
nh gi n hi, dng khi lng cn li sau khi xc nh cng
t. Dng tay c nh hnh dng khi gluten khong 2cm, sau ko di ming
gluten trn thc khong 5cm ri bung ra.
Nhn nh n hi ca gluten theo 3 mc sau:
+ Gluten n hi tt : gluten c kh nng phc hi hon ton chiu di v
hnh dng ban u sau khi ko hay nn.
+ Gluten n hi km: hon ton khng tr li trng thi ban u v b st
sau khi ko.
+ Gluten n hi trung bnh: gluten c nhng c tnh gia hai loi trn.
Ty theo mc n hi v cng t cht lng gluten c chia thnh
ba nhm:
+ Tt : gluten c n hi tt, cng t trung bnh.
+ Trung bnh: gluten c n hi tt, cng ngn hoc c n hi
trung bnh, cng t trung bnh.
+ Km : c n hi km, b vn, b t khi cng.
3 Kt qu v bn lun
3.1 Kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
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Bng kt qu
Mu
Mu Trng (M01)
Khi lng
cng t
n hi
gluten t (g)
(cm)
(cm)
6,7
16,2
3,5
(M02)
6,62
15,5
3,2
(M03)
6,59
17,1
3,0
Mu 0,1% VTM C (M11)
6,76
18,0
2,1
(M12)
6,71
17,5
2,5
(M13)
6,73
19,1
2,0
6,97
19,8
2,2
(M22)
6,91
19,5
2,2
(M23)
6,93
19,8
2,1
7,22
19,8
2,0
(M32)
7,25
19,8
2,1
(M33)
6,98
20
2,2
Mu 0,2%VTM C (M21)
Mu 0,1% Na2S2O3 (M31)
Mu 0,2% Na2S2O3 (M41)
7,25
20
2,0
(M42)
7,26
>20
2,0
(M43)
7,32
>20
2,0
Ta tnh trung bnh cng cho tng mu c kt qu x l nh sau:

+ Mu trng c chiu di cng trung bnh l 16,3 cm => cng t trung bnh.
Chiu di trung bnh sau khi ko l 3,23cm => n hi trung bnh
=> gluten ca bt m khi khng c ph gia xp loi trung bnh.
+ Mu 0,1% VTM C c chiu di cng trung bnh l 18,2 cm => cng t
trung bnh. Chiu di trung bnh sau khi ko l 2,2cm => n hi tt
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 92
=> gluten ca bt m khi cho VTM C 0,1% xp loi tt

+ Mu 0,2% VTM C c chiu di cng trung bnh l 19,7 cm => cng t
=> gluten ca bt m khi cho VTM C 0,2% xp loi tt
+ Mu 0,1% Na2S2O3 c chiu di cng trung bnh l 19,9 cm => cng t
=> gluten ca bt m khi cho Na2S2O3 0,1% xp loi tt
+ Mu 0,2% Na2S2O3 c chiu di cng trung bnh ln hn 20 cm => cng
t tt. Chiu di trung bnh sau khi ko l 2cm => n hi tt
=> gluten ca bt m khi cho Na2S2O3 0,2% xp loi tt
3.2 Bn lun
T kt qu trn ta thy gluten c cht lng thay i khi thm ph gia vo.
C th l bt m ban u ch c cht lng trung bnh nhng sau khi cho thm
ph gia vo th cht lng bt m ci thin ( c cht lng tt ). T c th
thy vic thm vo mt lng nh ph gia cng lm ci thin cht lng bt m.
Ta c th thy khi cho Na2S2O3 0,1% v Na2S2O3 0,2% th cng t ca
gluten kh di (khong gn 20cm n ln hn 20cm), iu ny khng hp l v
Na2S2O3 lm tng kh nng n hi ca gluten nhng khng lm cho cng t
qu di. Kt qu th nghim c th sai st bi nhng l do sau:
+ Thi gian ko di t hn 10s, v ko nhanh nn gluten s ko di c nhiu
hn so vi vic ko t t.
+ Ha cht c th khng tinh khit dn n kt qua khng hp l
4 Tr li cu hi
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 93
Cu 1: C ch hot ng ca cc ph gia s dng trong th nghim

Ph gia (cc cht c tc dng oxy ha) c b sung vo bt m, sau nho
trn bt cng vi lng nc thch hp, ph gia s l tc nhn hp th protit v tinh
bt, do lm tng kh nng ht nc ca gluten, ng thi lm cht gluten. i
vi bnh m s lm th tch v xp ca bnh tng ln, rut bnh n hi v trng
hn.
Chng hn, Ph gia bnh m l mt hn hp cha rt nhiu cht hot tnh
(enzyme, Emulsifiers, oxy ha...)nhm phn ng to ni vi mng protein ca bt
to nn mt khung protein vng chc c th cha kh ca qu trnh ln men. Hm
lng s dng cht ph gia s ty theo cht lng bt.
Cu 2: Mi quan h ca gluten vi protein trong bt m
Cc hp cht protit ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh mng li
khung gluten. Cc loi bt m c hm lng protein cng cao th kh nng ht nc
cng mnh. Protein trong bt m c nho trn vi nc to thnh mt khi dnh.
Lc ny protit bt nho trng ln v tng th tch nhiu ln. S trng ca hp
cht protit to thnh b khung c cu to xp, do bt nho c tnh n hi v
do, c tc dng gi kh lm khi bt nho n l gluten.
Cu 3: Tiu chun bt m sn xut bnh m, bnh Cookies v m si
Da vo cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng ca bt.
Yu cu
Loi bt m thng dng l loi bt m hng cao( bt thng c sn xut
t la m c trng trong l 95%, thng l loi la m cng, ng thi c cht
lng tt). Chn bt m c hm lng protein khong 10.5 -11 %
Cc ch tiu kim tra
Cht lng bt m c nh gi theo tiu chun nh nc. Cc ch s trong
tiu chun cht lng bt m c c trng bng tnh trng v sinh v hng ca
bt, cc ch s v tnh cht nng bnh khng c tiu chun ha tr hm lng
gluten t trong bt m. Cc ch s cht lng y bao gm v, mi, nhim trng,
hm lng cc tp cht st v m.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 94
Bt khng c mi l, v l, khng b nhim trng. Hm lng cht st khng

qu 3mg/1kg bt. m ca bt phi nh hn 13 13.5%.
Cc hng bt khc nhau v tro, trng, mn, acid v hm lng
gluten t ( trng v acid khng ph thuc vo ch s tiu chun cht lng
bt).
tro l ch s c bn xc nh hng ca bt, thm vo ngi ta cn
dng trng v mn na. Cn axit v hm lng gluten t khng th c
trng cho hng ca bt v cc ch s ny lun lun bin ng.
Cu 4: Tc hi c th xy ra khi s dng sai nhng ph gia trong th nghim
C th lm khung gluten b t gy do khi bt nho ht nc trng n qu
mc, ng thi lm mt tnh n hi ca bt nho, ngoi ra mu ca gluen c th b
nh hng.
Gy nh hng xu n qu trnh ch bin v khi ph gia b s dng sai ( cho
vo bt nho qu nhiu hoc qu t) th lc ny n khng cn mang ngha ci to
cht lng bt m ma. Do , cn s dng hp l cc loi ph gia to ra nhng
sn phm cht lng.
Cu 5:Cc loi ph gia ci thin tnh cht bt m khc nh
Cc tc nhn oxi ha lm tng cht lng gluten nh vitamin C, kali bromat,
canxi peroxyt, calcium bromat, canxi iodate.
Cc cht nh ha lm mm rut bnh v lm mnh bt nho nh sodium
stearoyl-2-lactylate, ethoxylated mono,
Cc enzyme nh protease, amylaselm tng cht lng bt m
Cu 6: Cc ph gia trong ti ph gia bnh m v vai tr ca chng
tng cng cht lng bnh m, ngi ta cho vo cc loi ph gia khc
nhau nh: mt ong, cht thm, cht mu thc phm. Tuy nhin, ch cho ph gia
trong trng hp sn xut bnh m t bt m hng cao.
Ph gia lm n bnh m:
Gi chung l cc ha cht lm n bnh. Ngi ta thng dng hai loi l
amonicacbonat v natri bicacbonat.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 95
(NH4)2CO3 CO2 + 2NH3 + H2O

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Thc t loi 2 s dng nhiu hn v khng to mi NH 3 v thng s dng
hai loi ny vi t l 0,1-0,2% NaHCO3 v 0,2-0,4% (NH4)2CO3
Ph gia lm tng cht lng bnh m
Malt mch v ch phm ca malt mch
Cc ch phm enzyme
Cc cht hot ng b mt
Trong bt nho, cc cht hot ng b mt to thnh hp cht hp ph ca
protid v tinh bt, do lm tng kh nng ht nc ca gluten lm gluten n hi
hn v lm chm qu trnh thoi ha ca bnh m khi bo qun hn.
Cc acid thc phm
Tinh bt h ha
Thm tinh bt h ha vo bt nho s lm tng hm lng ng trong bt,
lm cho bnh c hng v ngon hn, mu sc v p hn v bnh lu b thoi ha.
Cc cht c tc dng chng oxy ha: vitamin C, kali bromat(KBrO4),
canxi peroxyt, calcium bromat, K v canxi iodate
Cc cht ny c tc dng lm cht gluten, lm th tch v xp ca bnh
tng ln, rut bnh n hi v trng hn.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 96
Bi 5: ENZYME
1.
Tng quan
1.1.
Nhm enzyme
1.1.1. Gii thiu v Enzyme

Enzyme l nhng cht c hnh rt t t ng vt, thc vt v cc vi sinh vt.
Enzyme l cht xc tc sinh hc c o, c bn cht protein, xc tc cho hu ht
cc phn ng sinh ha trong c th, m bo s tn ti ca c th sng. Cc ngun
khai thc thu nhn Enzyme:
- T ng vt: prEnzymeuya t d dy b(ch bin phomat), lipaza trong tuyn
nc bt ca b, trypsin, chimotrypsin,
- T thc vt: papain ca u , amylase ca i mch
- T vi sinh vt: l ngun ph bin v gi thnh c ngha kinh t nht nh
gluco-oxydase ly t nm mc, catalaza ly t Aspergillus,
Trong ch bin thc phm Enzyme ngy cng c s dng nhiu hn. S
dng thnh cng Enzyme trong mt qu trnh ch bin cng nghip ph thuc vo
cc yu t sau:
- Qu trnh s dng phi n gin, d thc hin.
- Gi thnh ca ch phm Enzyme phi thp.
- Enzymecoa hot tnh cao, c th hot ng trong iu kin c cht c nng
cao.
- Phi nm vng cc iu kin ti thch cho Enzyme c hot tnh cao nht: pH,
nhit , thi gian, nng c cht
1.1.2. Vai tr ca enzyme trong ch bin thc phm
- Chuyn ha cc sn phm t nhin: Di tc dng ca Enzyme, cc sn
phm t nhin chuyn ha t dng ny sang dng khc, t dng phc tp sang dng
n gin hn.
- Bo qun thc phm: Gip loi b oxy v cc sn phm gy bt li c trong
thc phm.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 97
- Ci thin cu trc v bn thc phm: Amylase lm tng n bnh m;

Protease lm tng gin ca biscuit; Ci thin cht lng cm quan ca thc
phm; Di tc dng cua Enzyme, mi v ca sn phm s c ci thin, gip cho
sn phm c mi thm hn, v m hn.
- Thc hin cc qu trnh k thut: Ct mch cc cht cao phn t thnh nhng
cht nh hn; To mu sc, hng v cho thc phm
1.1.3. Nhm cc Enzyme thng c s dng trn th trng
- Protease(59%): c dung phn ln trong cng nghip sn xut cht ty ra.
Ch khong 20% la Rennet c dng trong sn xut phomai v mt phn nh trong
cng ngh ch bin tht.
- Carbonhydrase(28%): c s dng ch yu l amylase, gluco isomerase,
pectinase.
- Lipase(3%): Xc tc cho phn ng thy phn triaxylglixerol( du thc vt,
m ng vt) to thnh cc axit bo t do glixerol.
- Oxidase v mt s loi khc(10%): c dng ch yu l polyphenoloxidase,
peroxidase.
1.1.4 Enzyme pectinase
1.1.4.1 c im
Enzyme pectinase l enzyme xc tc s phn hy ca cc polyme pectin.
Pectin c vai tr nh mt cht keo lin kt cc t bo hoc l cc thnh phn trong
thnh t bo li vi nhau. S phn hy pectin trong t nhin thng xy ra khi tri
cy chn. Nhng enzyme ny v vy c mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong qu
trnh bo qun tri cy v rau qu. Enzyme pectinase cng c ng dng nhiu
trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm, c bit l kh nng lm trong nc qu. Vic
kim sot hot ng ca enzyme pectinase cng c th kim sot c nht ca
sn phm. Enzyme pectinase c th c phn loi theo c ch tc dng ca chng.
1.1.4.2 Ngun gc
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 98
C th thu nhn enzyme t thc vt, nhng enzyme vi sinh vt l ngun ph

bin v gi thnh c ngha kinh t nht. Hin nay c hai phng php sn xut
pectinase:
-
Thu nhn ch phm pectinase t canh trng b mt

Mi trng s dng nui cy VSV thu nhn pectinase thng l cm go,
hay cm m, b c ci hoc thc mm. Ngun dinh dng b sung thng l cc

mui ammonium, phosphoric
-
Thu ch phm enzyme t canh trng b su

+ Phng php hiu kh: S tch t enzyme trong mi trng c bt u
khi s pht trin ca VSV gn t n pha n nh, khi mi trng b acid ha mnh
v khi lng phospho v c c s dng hon ton. pH ca mi trng nui cy
thng t t 6 7,2 l thch hp.
+ Phng php ym kh: mi trng l b c ci 2%; (NH 4)2HPO4 0,75%;
KH2PO4 0,1%; CaCO3 0,3%; nc chit ng 0,5%
Pectinase cng c khong pH v nhit ti u cho s hot ng ca n.
Enzyme pectinase di dng thng phm c khong pH ti u l 4.5 5.5 v nhit
ti u l 45 550C.
1.2. Nguyn liu da
1.2.1. Ngun gc Phn loi
Da l mt loi c sn nhit i vi mi qu thm, hp dn, ngt cao (16
20oBx hoc cao hn) chua va phi, m qu li p, mu sc bn ngoi p. c
bit trong da c enzyme bromelin, gip tiu ho tt protein nn ngi ta thng
dng da trn vi cc mn khai v. Da c ngun gc ng Bc chu M La Tinh
(Braxin, Guana, VenEnzymeuela). Hin nay da c trng tt c cc nc nhit
i, tp trung nhiu Hawai, Thi Lan, Braxin, Mexico. Vit Nam, da c
trng nhiu Long An, Kin Giang, Tin Giang, Minh Hi, Cn Th, Sc Trng,
Vnh Ph, H Bc, Thanh Ho, Ngh An.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 99
Da c khong 60 70 ging, tm chia thnh 3 nhm l: Hong Hu (Queen),

Cayenne v Ty Ban Nha (Spanish).
- Nhm Hong Hu (Queen): Qu tng i nh, mt li, chu vn chuyn, tht
qu vng m, giu hng thm, v chua ngt m . Loi ny c cht lng cao
nht, trn th gii dng n ti. Loi ny c trng nhiu nht trong 3 nhm
Vit Nam.
- Nhm Cayenne: Qu ln nht c khi n 3 kg, mt phng v nng, tht qu
km vng v nhiu nc, t ngt, km thm hn da Queen.. Do c tnh mt nng,
ph hp vi ch bin cng nghip (d dng loi mt ng lot vi hiu sut thu hi
cao) nn loi Cayenne c trng hu ht cc vng ln trn th gii (Thi Lan,
Hawai. Philippin) trong khi rt t thy Vit Nam.
- Nhm Ty Ban Nha (Spanish): tri ln hn da Queen, mt su, tht qu vng
nht, c ch trng, v chua, t thm nhng nhiu nc hn da hoa. Da thuc nhm
Ty Ban Nha c cht lng km nht.
1.2.2. Thnh phn dinh dng
Thnh phn ho hc ca da thay i theo ging, a im v iu kin
trng, thi gian thu hi trong nm v chn. Thnh phn cc cht c trong 100gr
da gm:
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 100

m
81.3-91.2 g
Tinh cht Ether
0.03-0.29 g
Phosphorus
6.6-11.9 mg
Nitrogen
0.038-0.098 g
Tro
0.21-0.49 g
Calcium
6.2-37.2 mg
Cht x
0.3-0.6 g
Iron
0.27-1.05 mg
Carotene
0.003-0.055 mg
Thiamine
0.048-0.138 mg
Riboflavin
0.011-0.04 mg
Niacin
0.13-0.267 mg
Ascorbic Acid
27.0-165.2 mg
Ngoi ra trong da cn cha lng ln cht bromelin (trong 100ml dch p qu

da c n 800mg bromelin) c tc dng rt tt cho c th.
- Protein: Trong hu ht cc loi da c cha khong 1% cht m v thng
tn ti dng protein chc nng.
- Lipid: Da cha rt t cht bo (0,11%) v hin din di dng lin kt vi
lp cutin bo v b mt v mng t bo. Do lipid chim t l rt t trong da nn
c xem l yu t quan trng phng chng bnh tim
- ng: ng trong da nhiu nht l glucose, fructose v saccharose.Trong
, saccharose chim khong 2/3 tng hm lng ng trong qu.
- Mui khong: Trong da c nhiu loi mui khong khc nhau:
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 101
+ Kali: hnh thnh c h thng m trong c th gip cho c th n nh

c sinh l trc nhng thay i ca mi trng, c tc dng gy hng phn h
thn kinh trung ng v chng t qu (do K+ l cht dn truyn thn kinh n c),
bi xut Na+ ra khi c th v vy m c tc dng chng tng huyt p.
+ Natri: tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn ha nc, ngoi ra cn c vai tr duy tr
tnh n nh p lc thm thu ca nguyn sinh cht v dch sinh hc ca c th.
+ St: tham gia vo qu trnh to mu, ngoi ra cn gi vai tr quan trng trong
cc qu trnh oxi ha v kch thch chuyn ha bn trong t bo. St cn l thnh
phn cn thit ca cc nhn t bo v tham gia vo thnh phn ca enzyme oxy ha.
+ Canxi: c nhiu vai tr quan trng trong c th. Trong c th canxi tp trung
nhiu xng, rng v n gi vai tr ch yu trong xy dng v duy tr m xng
v c trong s hnh thnh rng
- Vitamin: Vitamin l yu t dinh dng rt cn cho c th ngi v vitamin l
thnh phn tham gia vo cu to ca cc enzyme chuyn ha trong c th ngi,
thc vt c kh nng tng hp vitamin. Vitamin c bn c chia lm 2 nhm:
vitamin tan trong cht bo (A, D, E, K) v vitamin tan trong nc (B, C, H, PP).
1.2.3. ch li t da
Tc dng chng vim khp: Trong thnh phn qu da cha mt hn hp
men tiu ha cht m gi l bromelin (tm thy cc thnh phn ca da, c bit
l thn cy), ngoi ra cn c mt s thnh phn khc nh peroxidase, acid
phosphatase, cht c ch protease v canxi, gip gim sng v h tr hi phc sau
phu thut
Da c kh nng lm tan cht nhn cht m v h tr trong hi phc t
bnh lao, gim ho.
Da tt cho tim mch nhng khng nn dng cho ngi b chng xut huyt
hay c bnh v gan, thn. C tc dng gim nguy c mu b vn cc.
Da cung cp lng ln vitamin C (19mg/100g da), ngoi ra cn cung cp
cc thnh phn dinh dng cn thit nh cht khong, canxi, cht x v kali.c
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 102
bit da cha hm lng bo v cholesterol rt thp.Da c tc dng tt trong lm

chm qu trnh oxy ha, gim stress cho c th.
Phng trnh long xng: trong thnh phn da cha nhiu mangan (ti 73%
khi lng) v cc khong cht cn thit trong lin kt cc m, gip hn ch long
xng.
Cha nhiu beta caroten gip h tr rt tt cho mt, ngn nga bnh thoi
ha im vng.
2. Cch tin hnh
2.1. Quy trnh
Da
X l
Ct nh
Cung,
v, ht
Xay nt
Pectinase
X l enzyme
Lc
Xc nh V, oBx, nht, pH, mu sc, trong
Kt qu
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 103
2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.2.1. X l
- Mc ch: X l nguyn liu nhm to iu kin thun tin cho nhng khu
tip theo, loi b nhng phn khng s dng c nh v, mt v loi b bn bm
trn nguyn liu.
- Yu cu: Loi nhng phn khng s dng c v ra sch nguyn liu.
Hn ch thp nht hao ph trong thao tc.
- Thc hin: Da gt b v ngoi, ly mt v ra sch
2.2.2. Ct nh
- Mc ch:Lm nh nguyn liu, thun li cho qu trnh xay
- Thc hin:Dng dao xt da thnh nhng ming nh
2.2.3. Xay nt
- Mc ch: Ph v cu trc mng t bo thu c dch qu ng thi lm
mn v nt tht qu.
- Yu cu:Xay nt thu c hon ton dch qu
- Thc hin: Nguyn liu sau khi ct nh c xay mn bng my xay sinh t,
t l nc : da l 1:1
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 104
2.2.4. X l enzyme
- Mc ch:Kho hiu sut trch ly dch, mu sc, Brix, nht v
trong ca dch sau khi x l qua enzyme.
- Yu cu: Sau khi cho Enzyme phi khuy u Enzyme pectinase phn b
trong ton b dung dch.
- Thc hin:Tin hnh kho st vic x l enzyme vi mu trng ( khng cho
pectinase) v hai mu 0,1% v 0,2% pectinase(mi mu l 100g dch da/ ccv lp
li 3 ln) trong 30 pht. Sau un v hot Enzyme.
2.2.5. Lc
- Mc ch:Nhm tch loi b thu dch qu.
- Yu cu: Lc cho n khi khng cn nh git na.
- Thc hin:Tin hnh lc bng my lc ht chn khng.
Hnh: Dch da trc lc (tri) v dch da sau lc (phi)
2.2.6. Xc nh V, oBx, nht, pH, mu sc, trong

- Mc ch:Kim tra v so snh s liu.
- Thc hin:
-
Xc nh th tch cc mu bng ng ong, so snh gia cc mu trng v mu

c x l enzyme lng khc nhau.
Xc nh oBx bng Brix k v pH bng pH k.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 105
Xc nh nht bng nht k v ng h bm giy.
Quan st mu sc, trong ca tng mu v so snh
3. Kt qu - Bnh lun
3.1. Kt qu th nghim
Mu trng
Mu c 0.1% enzyme Mu c 0.2% enzyme
Ln 1
Ln 2
Ln 3
Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3 Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
V(ml)
89
90
88
90
90
89
90
91
90
pH
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
Bx
7.1
7.2
7.0
7.5
7.6
7.3
7.9
7.7
7.5
22s59
22s48
22s19
22s20 20s33 20s19 20s11 20s23 20s14
nht
(s)
Mu
sc,
Mu vng c
Mu vng nht trong
Mu vng nht trong
trong
trong tng dn theo th t t mu trng n mu c 0.2% pectinase
nht ca nc l: 18s50
3.2. X l kt qu
Ly kt qu trung bnh 3 ln:
Thng s
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Mu trng
0.1% enzyme
0.2% enzym
Page 106
Th tch thu c (ml)
89
89.67
90.33
pH
4.2
4.2
4.2
Bx
7.1
7.47
7.7
nht (s)
22.42
20.24
20.16
Mu sc
Vng
Vng nht
Vng nht
Cng thc tnh mc gim nht ca dung dch sau khi x l bng
pectinase:
N (%) =
ET0 ET1
100
ET0 ETw
Vi:
ET0 : thi gian chy ca dch khng x l enzyme (s)
ET1 : thi gian chy ca dch c x l enzyme (s)
ETw : thi gian chy ca mu nc ct (s) : 18s50
N : mc gim nht ca dch x l enzyme (%)
Cng thc tnh mc tng hiu sut thu hi dch:
=
V1 V0
100
V0
Vi:
V0 : th tch dch thu c m khng x l enzyme (ml)
V1 : th tch dch thu c khi x l enzyme (ml)
Mu c 0.1% enzyme
Ln 1
N(%) 15.52
(%
1.12
T 3 Nhm )2 DHTP4
Mu c 0.2% enzyme
Ln 2 Ln 3 Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3
56.43
50.75
53.05
54.42
49.68
1.14
1.12
1.1
2.27
Page 107
3.3. Nhn xt
Hiu sut thu hi dch qu:
Qua kt qu tnh ton thu c, nhn chung vic s dng enzyme pectinase s lm
tng hiu sut thu hi dch qu v nng b sung 2% pectinase cho hiu qu cao
hn 1%. T cho thy vic x l bng enzyme vi t l cao gip nng cao hiu
sut thu hi dch qu hn nhng phi trong mt gii hn no v lng enzyme
cho vo phi ph hp vi lng c cht trong dung dch, nu lng enzyme cho vo
vt mc lng c cht th hiu qu tc ng ca enzyme khng thay i li lm
tn hao thm lng enzyme s dng.
Theo kt qu ca nhm th ln 2 vi nng 1% pectinase th hiu sut thu hi
dch qu khng tng so vi mu trng v ln 1 vic x l pectinase nng 1%
v 2% pectin cng tng t nhau. S d nh vy c th l do trong qu trnh nhm
lm c gy nn sai s chng hn nh do c th tch thu c cha thc s chnh
xc do o th tch bng ng ong 500ml vi chia nh nht l 1ml.
Brix
Khi x l pectinase th ta thy Bx ca qu tng ln nhng khng ng k.
Vic x l enzyme lm tng hm lng cht kh ha tan nn lm cho Bx
tng
nht
Theo s liu thu c ta thy vic x l bng enzyme lm gim nht ca dch
da kh cao so vi mu trng khng x l. Do di tc dng ca cc enzyme cc h
keo ca nc qu s b ph hy hon ton v vic x l bng pectinase lm pectin b
phn gii thnh cc cht ha tan lm gim nht ca dch qu.
So snh gia 2 nng 1% v 2% pectinase th ln mt tng 41.53%, nhng ln
2 v ln 3 li gim ln lt l 2.01% v 1.07%. Theo nh kin thc trong sch v
m nhm bit th gim nht nng 2% phi cao hn 1% pectinase, kt qu
ca nhm nh vy c th do trong qu trnh lm c sai s. Nguyn nhn c th do
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 108
thao tc ca ngi rt dch vo nht k v ngi bm ng h cha n khp vi

nhau.
Mu sc v trong dch qu
T kt qu th nghim ta thy mu sc ca dch da qua x l pectinase c mu nht
hn v trong hn so vi mu trng v ditc dng ca enzyme pectinase sphn
gii protopectin thnh dng pectin ha tan lm dch qu trong hn.
4. Tr li cu hi
Cu 1: Trnh by v gii thch vai tr ca enzyme pectinase?
Tr li:
- Ph v thnh t bo thc vt nhm nng cao hiu sut thu nc qu. T bo
thc vt c cu to bng v t bo(thnh t bo). V t bo nh mt lp thnh bo
v rt hu hiu v to hnh cho t bo. v t bo thc vt c nhiu cht pectin, cc
cht pectin c xem nh cht ciment gn cc t bo vi nhau. Pectinase s ph v
s gn kt ny to iu kin cho cc vt cht trong t bo thot ra khi t bo gip
qu trnh thu nhn dch qu tt hn.
- Lm trong v n nh cht lng nc qu. Nc qu sau khi c tch khi
t bo thng cha nhiu cht khc nhau.Trong cht pectin chim lng ng k
v pectin thng gy hin tng nht cao v gy c nc qu.Pectinase tham
gia phn gii pectin gian bo lm cho cc t bo kh lin kt vi nhau v tht qu
d dng b mm ra.
- Tng hm lng ng trch ly, ci thin mu sc v gim nht sn phm.
Cu 2: Cc yu t nh hng ti hot tnh ca Enzyme?
Tr li: Cc yu t nh hng ti hot tnh ca Enzyme l:
- Nhit : Tc ca phn ng Enzyme chu nh hng ca nhit . Mi
Enzyme c mt nhit ti u . Khi cha t n nhit ti u ca Enzyme th s
gia tng nhit s lm tng tc phn ng Enzyme. Tuy nhin, khi qua nhit
ti u ca Enzyme th s gia tng nhit s lm gim tc phn ng v c th
Enzyme b mt hon ton hot tnh.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 109
- pH: Mi Enzyme c pH ti u ring.Hot ca Enzymeph thuc vo

pH mi trng v pH nh hng n trng thi ion ho ca cc gc R hoc ca cc
gc acid amin trong phn t E, ion ho cc nhm chc trong trung tm hot ng,
ion ho c cht dn n nh hng vn tc phn ng. pH thch hp ca phn ln
enzyme vo khong 7. Tuy nhin mt s enzyme c pH opt rt thp (pepsin) hoc rt
cao (subtilisin) hoc t thay i trong khong pH xc nh. Cn ch l pH opt ca
mt enzyme ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: c tnh v nhit c cht, dung dch
m, nhit phn ng.
- Nng c cht: Vi mt lng Enzyme xc nh, nu tng dn lng c
cht trong dung dch th thot u hot tnh ca Enzyme tng dn nhng n mt lc
no th s gia tng v nng c cht cng khng lm tng hot tnh ca
Enzyme. l v tt c cc trung tm hot ng ca Enzyme c bo ho bi
c cht.
- Nng Enzyme: Vi mt lng c cht xc nh, nng Enzyme cng
cao th tc phn ng xy ra cng nhanh. T bo c th iu ho tc chuyn
ho vt cht bng vic tng gim nng Enzyme trong t bo.
- Cht c ch Enzyme: Mt s cht ho hc c th c ch hot ng ca
enzyme nn t bo khi cn c ch enzyme no cng c th to ra cc cht c ch
c hiu cho enzyme y.
- Cht hot ha Enzyme: Mt s cht khc khi lin kt vi enzyme li lm tng
hot tnh ca enzymehoc lm cho enzyme khng hot ng thnh hot ng.Cht
hot ha c th l cc anion, cc ion kim loi hoc cc cht hu c khc. C th hot
ng trc tip hoc gin tip.Tc dng hot ha ch nhng nng xc nh, vt
qu gii hn ny c th lm gim hot ng ca enzyme.
- Ion kim loi: C mt sEnzyme chu nh hng bi bn cht v nng ca
ion kim loi. Qu trnh ny rt phc tp bao gm c tc dng ca ion kim loi ti
phn t protein ca enzyme v c tc dng ca ion kim loi n trung tm hot ng
v c ch xc tc ca enzyme.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 110
Cu 3: Ngoi pectinase, c th s dng enzyme no tng hiu sut thu hi

dch qu?
Tr li: C th s dng:
- Enzyme protease thy phn v protein ca v nguyn sinh t bo, lm cho s
thot ca dch d dng.
- Enzyme cellulose, hemicellulose, pectintrancelinutaslm tng kh nng trch
li vt cht ha tan trong t bo qu.
Cu 4: Trnh by tc hi c th xy ra khi s dng qu nhiu hoc qu t
enzyme?
Tr li:
S dng qu nhiu Enzyme
- Nng enzyme qu ln c th lm cn tr vn tc phn ng.
- Lng ph enzyme.
S dng qu t enzyme:
- Thi gian thy phn ko di s d b oxy ha v tp nhim vi sinh vt.
- Hiu sut thu hi dch qu km.
Cu 5: Pectinase c th c ng dng trong nhng sn phm thc phm no?
Tr li:
- Ru vang, nc qu v nc ung khng cn.
Trong sn xut ru vang cng nh nc qu v nc ung khng cn u c th s
dng pectinase mt cch rt hiu qu. Nh tc dng ca pectinase m cc qu trnh
p, lm trong v lc dch qu rt d dng, do lm tng hiu sut sn phm. Khng
nhng vy, pectinase cn gp phn chit rt c cc cht mu, tannin v nhng
cht ha tan, do d lm tng cht lng thnh phm.
- Cc mt hng t qu: nc qu c c, mt nh, mt ng
Trong sn xut cc mt hng t qu (mt nh, mt ng,), pectinase gip thu
c dch qu c nng m c.
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 111
- C ph v c ph ha tan. Trong sn xut c ph, ngi ta dng pectinase

tch lp keo trn b mt ca ht c ph. Trc y ngi ta dng vi sinh vt
nhng qu trnh thng xy ra khng ng u v kh kim tra.
- Nc gii kht.
Cu 6: Nu phng php xc nh pectinase?
Tr li:
Enzyme pectinase th c xc nh hot bng phng php o nht
vi nht k Borosil. Mt n v hot pectinase (UI) l lng enzyme cn thit
lm gim 10% nht ca hn hp cha 180mg pectin di nhng iu kin nh
trn.
Cu 7: K tn vi loi thc phm v enzyme b sung thng gp?
Tr li:
-
Pectinase l enzym thu phn pectin c tc dng lm trong cc loi nc gii

kht, nc qu, ru vanggip cho qu trnh lc c d dng hn. Ngoi
ra, pectinase cng c dng trong sn xut cc sn phm t qu, nc qu
c c, mc ng do tnh to keo ca n khi c ng, sn xut caf v caf
ho tan
Protease ng dng trong sn xut nc chm, nc mm, tng, chao.
Bromelin, papain lm mm tht.
Trong cng nghip sn xut sa cc protease nh renin, pepsin c th lm

ng t sa c dng trong sn xut phomai, sa ng t.
Amilase ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut ru, bia ( giai on ng

ho), sn xut mch nha, mt, ng glucose, sn xut bnh m lm cho bnh
m n xp thm ngon hn.
Cu 8: Nu gi tr INS, ADI, ML ca pectinase, protease?

Tr li:
INS: H thng nh s quc t (International Numbering System)
- Ca Pectinase l 440
- Ca Protease l 1101i
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 112
ADI : Lng n vo hng ngy chp nhn c (Acceptable Daily Intake ADI) l lng xc nh ca mi cht ph gia thc phm c c th n vo
hng ngy thng qua thc phm hoc nc ung m khng gy nh hng c
hi ti sc kho. ADI c tnh theo mg/kg trng lng c th/ngy.
- ADI ca Pectinase: Cha xc nh
- ADI ca Protease: Cha xc nh
ML : Gii hn ti a trong thc phm (Maximum level - ML ) l mc gi hn
ti a ca mi cht ph gia s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l,
bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn thc phm.
-
ML ca pectinase l 16,3%
ML ca protease cha xc nh
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 113
TI LIU THAM KHO

Gio trnh thc hnh ph gia thc phm Nguyn Th Hong Yn, L Phm
Tn Quc, m Sao Mai NXB i hc quc gia TP HCM.
Gio trnh ph gia Trng i hc cng nghip Tp.H Ch Minh
Gio trnh cng ngh ch bin v bo qun lng thc - trng H Cng
Nghip TPHCM - xut bn 2009
Gio trnh ha sinh thc phm - L Ngc T - NXB Khoa Hc V K Thut
H Ni
Gio trnh Enzyme Mai XunLng trng i hc Lt.
K thut sn xut hp rau qu - Nguyn Vn Tip, Quch nh, Ng M
Vn - NXB Thanh Nin.
Gio Trnh Ph Gia v Bao Gi thc phm i hc Cng Nghip TP HCM.
Nguyn c Lng, Phm Minh Tm V sinh v an ton thc phm NXB
i Hc Quc Gia Tp.H Ch Minh.
Cc an ton v sinh thc phm H thng quy chun k thut quc gia v
ph gia thc phm v v sinh an ton thc phm NXB Lao ng x hi.
Nguyn H Diu Trang, Cht nh ha s dng trong sn phm sa v scla,
Tp ch Khoa hc- Cng ngh thy sn, s 1/2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphate
http://hoahocngaynay.com/vi/nghien-cuu-giang-day/bai-nghien-cuu/86pectin-va-ung-dung.html
http://blog.yume.vn/xem-blog/carrageenan-chuc-nang-va-ungdung.nhi46cnsh.35D0A8F2.html
http://nafiqad.gov.vn/b.../attachment_file
http://giaoan.violet.vn/present/show/entry_id/1490125/cm_id/1339974
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 114
http://catscook.blogspot.com/2011/01/bot-accord-polyphosphate-chat-thayhan.html
http://pangasius-vietnam.com/UserFile/.../3649_QD-BNN-CLTY1.pdf
Wikipedia. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pineapple).
T 3 Nhm 2 DHTP4
Page 115

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Bao Cao TH C Hanh PH Gia T 3 Nhom 2 DHTP4

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Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM

MN: THC HNH PH GIA THC PHM

THC HNH PH GIA

3. Nguyn Trn Thi Hng

5. Nguyn Th Phng Tho

TP. HCM, THNG 10 NM 2011

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

1.2.1 Triphosphate pentasodium.....................................................................65

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

ng dng trong ci thin cht lng bt m.............................................88

2. Tin hnh th nghim..........................................................................................89

Thuyt minh quy trnh...................................................................................90

2.2.1 La chn bt m...........................................................................................90

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

1.2.1 Ngun gc Phn loi..................................................................................100

Ti liu tham kho.......................................................................115

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Bi 1: PH GIA CHNG OXY HA

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Phm vi ca bi th nghim l xc nh ch s axit, ch s peroxit, ch s iod ca

trng, i khi hi propan 1,2 60 65oC

< 0,5 mg/kg th

< 0,5 mg/kg th

Tc dng ca cht chng oxy ha:

Cht chng oxy ha tc dng vi cc cht xc tc ca phn ng oxy ha nn

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Cht chng oxy ha tc dng vi cc cht cn bo v, to phc cht bn vng

Tc dng vi O2 khng kh: oxy phn ng vi cc cht chng oxy ha ch

1.1.2 C ch qu trnh oxy ha cht bo

Bc khi u c th c tng cng bi tc dng ca ngun nng lng nh khi

ROO0 (gc peroxide)

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Cc gc alkyl Ro phn ng vi O2 hnh thnh gc peroxide ROOo. Phn ng gia

V d: BHA, BHT, tocopherol

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

+ Khi lng phn t: 220,36 (dvC).

+ Cng thc cu to:

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Nguyn liu du thc vt

1.2.1 Tng quan

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

- Du thc vt l loi du c chit xut, chng ct v tinh ch t thc vt.

Bo co thc hnh ph gia

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Trong khi tiu th lng nh cht bo bo ha l rt cn thit th vic tiu th