7 2IHUWD GH PXQF

&& @ _

Probl ema 2 3

+C L!llLC ! lmlllC ]Clm_] l!m1 Lll L!l ! l ]m_ l C7CLl1C ! mL1ll1m1C
_!lCl!lml mlmlm1 ] Ql 1l l1 LC n L!_ll. 1lCLmC mL1l1 _!m1C l1Lm ! L1m1
m7lml Cml L1 T. 1!1 m cu N !lC1m LC 1lL 1!1ml m lmlllCl ] T N 2 ).
VlC1m 1!1ml LC 1lL mlmZ m1lCl.
LmL T N 2 ! ll lQl C7CLl1 mL1ll1m1Cm _!lCl!lml 1!1 1l_1l
LmL T<N<2T 1l1l Lll ! l C7CLl1 ! mL1ll1m1C _!lCl!lml _e n t r ea ga
L1m1 T lm LCl lml1 l1LCmZ L1 _!m CL1 ]L1m1m LC 1lL m
u lt imu lu i es t e N-T);
LmL N=T 1l1l Lll ! l l1LCmZ l!ml lm LCl lml1 l1 _C1CmZ !
1lL mlmlm1
LmL 0<N<T 1l1l Lll ! l l1LCmZ 1C_!m LCl lml1 l1 l1LCmZ
da L N=0 llLl 1l1l Lll ! l l1 l1LCmZ .

1ClCll ClC Clm_1l1l C ClC lm L!l11l LC 11l1l Ql lm 1l_1l _C LmC
ll _!m1C L!lmLm mL1ll1 ll! l!l-pr ofes iona le (l vom n u mi t imp de r ecr eere).
X!l11l Clm_1l1l ll C_CZCl1 Lm 1l 1llL 11l l!1mlL Lu C volu mu l
a ces t u i con s u m. Timpu l de recreere va fi t=2T-N.
1C_CZCl1 _ClCll ClC Clm_1l1l _ll l1lL lm LC 11lll1m1C.

( ) t C t C U log log , + , 0 > .

1Clm_1l l1 Ll_1lC LCLm1 LC Cll11l mlmlml. 1!1 L1 w ra t a s a la r iu lu i
]_C 1l 1lCl 1ll1 l LC 1lL ] Ql _C1_1lC L C1C mLCCmQl _Cl11 m1ll ! l.
1C 1l 11l1l1l LC L!l1 C1C p.

a ) LlC l C1lL lm 11C1m m Clm_1l1l Ql LCL1LC l l1lL lm !lC1Cl LC 1lL .
1C_CZCl1m l mllL l1lL lm !lC1Cl LC 1lL Ql 1m1lll l L!lLl lm _Clt r u
pa r a met r u l ll LmZ1l LmlL 1l mL1l1 l1LCmZ l!ml lm LCl lml1 L!m _m lml.
1l L!l1ll1mCm _!1lCCl C L!llLC L mLCm1 L!lLl lC C1C m1ll L11
b) _C1_1lC mL1 L mL1ll1m1Cm _!lCl!lml m LCl1l LC-a l doilea a du lt
con du ce mena ju l la s u por t a r ea u n u i cos t fix CF. Aces t e chelt u ieli s u nt
n eces a re, de exemplu , pen t r u pr ocu r a rea u n u i a l doilea veh icu l s a u pen t ru
LlCl11lCll _lllL 1_mClCCm L!_lll!. 1C1_1lC L CF s u n t
llLC_ClLCl1C LC L1m1m LC 1lL m LCl1l LC-a l doilea a du lt . Cu m s e va
m!LlllLm C1lL lm 11C1m m Clm_1l1l' 1C_CZCl1m l mllL L1_l1llC (t , C)
a cces ibile mena ju lu i n a ces t ca z;
c) C7_lm l !lC1m LC 1lL m Clm_1l1l ll l1lL lC LC L!11llC ll7C (CF).





Rez ol va re:

a ) Deoa rece mena ju l n u dis pu n e dec t de ven it u r i s a la r ia lC C1lL lm m
11C1m C1C.

N w C p
m1 llmlL L!l1 L t T N 2 CZ1l1 .
T w t w C p + 2 .

Men a ju l a lege C Ql t m1lCl llLm1 m7llZCZC U(C,t) C_CL1mlL C1lL lm
11C1m Ql lm_11l L 1l_1l LC CLCere C1C 1_1 L!lLl lCl T t 2 . 1 m l1m ll
L!llLCmC C1lL lm LC lll1mC m 1l_1l1l LC Ccr eeC CZ1l1 L lmmlCml1l
m1mQm1 !LCl1l1l LC L!_!1mCl1 ml Clm_1l1l C1C.
[ ] wt pC wT t C L + + 2 log log
L!lLl lllC LC !_1lmll1m1C LC !Lll1l I fiind:

'

0 2
0
0
1
wt pC wT
w
p
L
t t
L
C C
L

.
1lClC L!1 CL1m ll l_llL
wt pC

1
mLlL
p
wt
C

.
1!l!llL 1l1lm CL1m lC !1 llC.

1
2 T
t
. V1C L ( ) T t 2
1

+

ClllL
C1lL lm T t 2 .
1CL1LC !lC1m LC 1lL m Clm_1l1l 11lllZmlL Clm lm N=2T-t:
+

1
2T
N
.
! ll ll l11m lm LmlL 1l1l Lll mL1l l l1LCmZ l!ml ]1!1 1l_1l] lm
LCl lml1 l1LCmZ _m lml LmL T<N<2T LCCm LC C CmllZCmZ _Cl11 <1.
+C !1C L 1l_1l LC 1lL C1C llLC_ClLCl1 LC m1m mlml1l1l
Lm1!l1 l!Cl _m1lL1lmC m l1lL lCl LC 11lll1m1C.
1l !L ClCml C Q1lC L Clm lm Lll1C m1m mlml1l1l Cml Ql !lC1m LC
1lL _!m1C ll LCL 1!mC m1 LCLCL 1!mC Lm1!l1 _CZCl Cl 1l1l ClCL1 Le
111l11 lC Ql m 1l1l ClCL1 LC Cll1 ]CL1m lm l1l +l11Y_]. +1l1C mlLl ll l11m lm
_m1lL1lm LmlL LClC L!1 ClCL1C C L!_ClCmZ C7mL1.

1C_CZCl1mCm mllL Lll ll1m l. zz ll11CmZ mLC1 lm_1.
T
+

1
2
T 2T t
@ & ww W

C
1l ll1 -m1 1mm1 1Cl LC_1C LC 11C1 L!C_1lZ 1!mC lm ml!l LllCl1C
a le ra t ei s a la r iu lu i (w]. 1LC1C LC_1C m1 _ml1m Cml L1
p
w
]ll ml!mC m1!l11 ] Ql
ele in t er s ect emZ m1Llm ll _1lL11l t=2T. V m1 m mlml1l1l ml lLlLm1 _Cl1C
Clm_1l1l LCmL L!l11l Lm l1 L!lL1LC lm Lll1mCm
L!_!1mCl11l1l _lllL !lC1m LC 1lL .

1] 1Cl11 m C7_lm C1lL lm 11C1m m Clm_1l1l ll mLC1 LmZ Ll1llC
L!1 l11m ll.
LmlL l1ml 1l mL1l1 C7CLl1 ! mL1ll1m1C mlmlm1 ]pC+wt=2wT). Aces t
ca z es t e va la bil pen t r u T N 0 mLlL T t T 2 ;
LmlL m1ll mL1l l 1l1 mlmlm l Clm_1l 1_!1 L!11llC ll7C CF, ia r
C1lL lm 11C1m LClne: pC+wt=2wT-CF. Ca zu l es t e va la bil pen t ru
T N T 2 < mLlL T t < 0 .
1C1lL lm 11C1m L!C_1lZ 1!mC mLC11l LmZ C1C C_CZCl1m1 LC
CCl11l LC LCm_1 LmC C !1 llC LC_lmmlL ll _! L1 ! Ll1ml Cml L1 CF
C1lL lm 11C1m _CLCLCl1 ]l m-l Lll1m _ml1m]. 1C_CZCl1mCm mllL
es t e n figu ra n r . 23.
0 T 2T t

@ & wA 1 @W

+CCl1ClC LC LCm_1 C_CZCl1mlL C1lL lm 11C1m ll LClC L!1 LmZ1l
s u n t AB Ql AB. 11C ClLCl1 L Clm_1l l1 mlCC llLl!Lm1 1l _1lL1 _C
s egmen t u l HB _Cl11 L m _11Cm mCm mLClmQl llCl ml L!l11l1l L1 1l 1l_ LC
r ecr eer e ma i ma r e. De exemplu , pu n ct u l X LmC L!C_1lLC l11m lCl LmlL Lei doi
mL1l l 1l1 mlmlm l C1C ml _1 ll _ClCm1 LCLm1 _1lL11l X. n pu n ct u l X n u ma i
1l mL1l1 1lLCQ1C Lm _ll CL!l!lm l L11 lC_l 1llL L!11l ll7 ]CF), n ivelu l
con s u mu lu i es t e iden t ic celu i din X.
Men a ju l va a lege, deci, u n cu plu (C, t) s it u a t fie pe AB, fie pe AH.

L] m L11m LC lZ!11lll1m1C LmC 1CLC _ll _1lL11l A. Su n t pos ibile
L!1 LmZ1l. 1l1l LmlL L11m LC lZ!11lll1m1C l1 ll1CCL1CmZ CCl11l AH, a lt u l
LmlL mLC1 l1L1 C ll1m_l . 1l1l LmZ C1C ll11m1 ll ll1m l. 24.

A
A
B
X
X
H
B
C

T 2T t















@ & w% W


n figu ra n r . 24 s -m 1mm1 _1lL1m1 ! lZ!11lll1m1C 1mlCl1 lm AB n pu n ct u l
X
0
. 1LC1m C_CZll1 mlCCCm !_1lml m Clm_1l1l LmL CF=0. X
0
es t e la s t n ga
lu i A LC!mCLC m Z11 L <1.
1CClllL lm LmZ1l LlL11m1 mlLl mlCCCm !_1lml C1C ll _1lL11l A
deoa r ece t oa t e pu n ct ele s it u a t e pe AH cor es pu n d la n ivelu r i de u t ilit a t e ma i
L Z11C. ! mCm t=T Ql N=T ceea ce mm1 L l1ml 1l mL1l1 C7CLl1 !
mL1ll1m1C mlmlm1 _C ll1Cmm L1m1 ]T). Deoa rece t=T CZ1l1 L llCl1l
con s u mu lu i es t e:

pC+wt=2wT; ( ) T wt wT C
p
w
p
2
1
,

ia r n ivelu l de u t ilit a t e a l mena ju lu i n pu n ct u l A devine:

( ) ( )

+
+
1
log log log , , T T T T T U t C U
p
w
p
w
p
w
.

Toa t e pu n ct ele s it u a t e pe s egmen t u l AH vor cor es pu n de la n ivelu r i de
u t ilit a t e ma i mici dec t
+ 1
log T
p
w
.
Pe s egmen t u l AH a vem:

pC+wt=2wT-CF,
de u n de:
p
wt CF wT
C

2

Ql
( ) t t C U
p
wt CF wT
log log ,
2
+

.


1m llmlL L!l1 LC lm_11l L ll _1lct u l H a vem t=T-CF, s egmen t u l AH
L!C_1lLC lm ! mlm lC m 1l_1l1l LC CLCCC ]t): CF T t 0 .
Ma ximu l de u t ilit a t e pe a ces t s egmen t s e a t in ge pen t r u t LmC ClllL
CL1m lm.
B
H
X
0

A
C
A
B
0
dt
dU
,
mLlL .
0
2
+
t wt CF wT
w
,
r ezu lt n d:
w
CF wT
t

+

2
1

.

X!l11l L!C_1lZ 1! mLC11l 1l_ LC CLCCC C1C LC.
( ) +


1
2 2
p
CF wT
p
wt CF wT
C
,

CZ1l1mlL 1l llCl ml 11lll1 ll LC.

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )

+
+

+

+

+
1
1
2 1
1
2
1
2
log log log ,
CF wT
w p w
CF wT
p
CF wT
t C U

C11lC C_CL1m1 L!lLl lm.

( ) ( )

+
+
+

1
1
1
2 1
log log T
p
w CF wT
w p
.

l LmlL1l LlCL1 mm1 L mLCm1 L!lLl lC C1C CLllmlCl1 L1.
( ) [ ] 1 2
1

+ wT CF .

1 l1 m1lCl lll1m m7l _Cl11 L!11llC ll7C ]CF] LmC C_m l11m lm
LmlL 1l ll1 mL1l1 l1LCmZ ]mlCCCm !_1lml m Clm_1l1l llllL _C CCl11l
AB), de cCm LmlL m1ll mL1l l _C1CmZ ! mL1ll1m1C mlmlm1 ]mlCCCm !_1lml
s it u n du -s e a cu m pe s egemn t u l AH).
1!1 mLCm1 lll1 L1 L:

( ) ( ) [ ]

+
1
1 2 , , wT T w L .

XClC L!1 l11m ll 1l1 LCLl LmlL L CF , r es pect iv L CF < .
Al doilea ca z pos ibil es t e a t u n ci c n d izou t ilit a t ea ca re t rece pr in pu n ct u l A
ll1CCL1CmZ CCl11l AB. Acest caz este ilustrat n figura nr. 25.
C


A
M
K

P A

B




0 T 2T t
@ & w W

Cu r ba de izou t ilit a t e ca re t rece pr in A ll1CCL1CmZ AB ll L!1 _1lL1C M
Ql P. Pe gr a fic s -m 1mm1 _1lL1m1 Ql lZ!11lll1m1Cm 1mlCl1 lm CCl11l AB.
Pu n ct u l K C_CZll1 mlCCCm !_1lml .
XmlL1l1l _CLCLCl1 m m 1m1 L ll mLC1 _1lL1 K a vem:
w
CF wT
t

+

2
1

Ql _ll 1mC !lC1m LC 1lL m Clm_1l1l C1C.

( )
CF t T N
w
T

+ +
+
1 1
2
2
.

VlC1m LC 1lL m Clm_1l1l ll mLC1 LmZ L!C_1lLC L!lLl lCl.
( ) , ,T w L CF < .

At u n ci c n d L CF , cu CF<L mC L . [ ]

+

1
1
2 T N .
+C !1C LCLl ! LlL!l1ll1l1m1C ll1C mlm lllC !lC1Cl LC 1lL m
mena ju lu i. At u n ci c n d CF cres c de la 0 la ( ) ( ) [ ]

+
1
1 2 , , wT T w L ofer t a
LC 1lL m Clm_1l1l LCQ1C l!m1C _1 ll ]LC lm
+ 1
2T
, la [ ]

+

1
1
2 T ).
Pen t r u ( ) , , T w L CF > !lC1m LC 1lL mlC L!l1ml1 Ql Cml L1 T.
17l1 LCLl ! LlL!l1ll1l1m1C m11lLl LmlL L!11llC ll7C CF t rec de
( ) , , T w L . 1LC1 _m C_CZll1 1l llCl ml L!11ll! ll7C llLC_mlL LC lm LmC
1l1l Lll LCl L!l mL1l l _ClC l1 ml C7CLl1C ! mL1ll1m1C mlmlm1 .

7 . 2 . Curba l ui La ffer

Probl ema 2 4

1l mLC1 C7CLl l1 C ll11CmZ 1l CZ1l1m1 ml !LCl ll lL!CL!l!lLC
cu n os cu t s u b n u mele de c urba lui Laffe r L!ll! L 1lm ! LCQ1CC C7LCl m
m1Cl l_!Zl11l1l _C Cll11l mlmlml _!m1C L!lL1LC lm ! L LCC m 1Cl
pr ele ll! llLmlC. 1ll mLC1 CZ1l1m1 LCL1C ! lLCC l_l Ql ml1C L !
LCQ1CC m m1Cl LC l_!Zl1mC _!m1C LCL1m_m !lC1m LC 1lL Ql _!m1C CL1LC
ven it u l s a la r ia l n t r -! _!_! lC 1llLlCl1 LC mC _Cl11 Lm Clm_ClC _l 1CmL
ll lllml ml _1 ll l_!Zl1 Lllm LmL m1m l_!Zl11l1l C1C Lll LC ll LC ml
lLlLm1 .

X!llLC 1l Clm_ mlC L 1l _ClCll C _Cl11 L1_l1llC (C,t) s u n t
C_CZCl1m1llC _ll l1lL lm LC 11lll1m1C.
( ) t C t C U + , , 0 C , 0 t ,

u n de C C_CZll1 llCl1l L!l11l1l lm t es t e t impu l de r ecr eere.
l_1l 1!1ml C_m1lZm1 ll1C 1l_ LC 1lL ]N] Ql 1l_ LC CLCCC ]t) es te
n ot a t T (N+t=T).
+ll11l Cll1 LC LmC Ll_1lC Clm_1l C1C L!l1l11l1 LC mlml1l _l 1l1 lm !
m1 111 ]
T
w
1
> ] Ql 1m7m1 L1 ! m1 , cu 0<<1.
1Clm_1l _lCQ1C LCLl 1l Cll1 L1_ l_!Zl1mC Cml L1 (1-)wN. 1C 1l
bu n u r ilor con s u ma t e es t e p.

a ) LC1Cllm l !lC1m LC 1lL m Clm_1l1l. X!Cl1m l Clm lm LmC C7l1 ll1C
!lC1m LC 1lL ]N] Qi pa r a met r ii w Ql ;
b) LmC C1C 1m 1!1ml m l_!Zl11l1l _l 1l1. 1C_CZCl1m l mllL Clm lm Lll1C
1m 1!1ml m l_!Zl11l1l Ql m1m LC l_!Zl1mC .

Rez ol va re:

1C1lL lm 11C1m m Clm_1l1l C1C.

pC=(1-)wN

m1 llmlL L!l1 L N+t=T CZ1l1 .

pC+(1-)wt=(1-)wT.

m ll _lml1l ]t,C] ! L11 LC lZ!11lll1m1C L!C_1lZ 1!mC l1l U(t,C)=u.
Avem:
u t C + ; t u C ; ) (t f C ,
u n de t u t f ) ( . 1C L .
( )
2 1
2
1

t t f Ql ( )
2 3
4
1

t t f .
X11m LC llLllCCl ]lZ!11lll1m1C] C1C LCLl ! L11 LCLCL 1!mC Ql
L!lC7 ] ( ) 0

< t f Ql ( ) 0

> t f ). Pu n ct ele de coor don a t e ( ) ( ) 0 , ,
2
u C t , r es pect iv
( ) ( ) u C t , 0 , C_CZll1 ll1CCL lllC L1 LClC L!1 m7C ]ll1m l. z!].

C

u










u
2
t
@ &w @ g__

Men a ju l a lege cu plu r ile (t,C) m1lCl llLm1 11lll1m1Cm m llC m7l
C_CL1mlL C1lL lm 11C1m . 1C!mCLC L11ClC LC llLllCCl ll1CCL1CmZ
m7ClC C1C m_l!l _!l1ll Lm mlCCCm !_1lml llC ll1-u n u l din pu n ct ele de
ll1CCL lC ]ClLCl1 C1C !1m LC_C _1lL11l LC ll1CCL lC L1 m7m !lZ!l1ml ].
11C ll _!l1ll mC Ql 1l !_1l ll1Cl! mQm L1 CZ1l1 Lll llu r a
n r . 27.
Dr ea pt a AB L!C_1lLC C1lL lCl 11C1mC
( )
( )
p
wT
B
1
, 0 , ( ) 0 , T A . Pu n ct u l E
C1C mlCCCm !_1lml . 1l C1C LmmL1ClZm1 LC Cmll1m1Cm m1Cl mllmlC LC
111l11lC ll1C L!l1 Ql 1l_ LC CLCCC ]RMS
Ct
es t e pa n t a cu r bei de
llLllCCl ll ml!mC m1!l11 ] L1 _ml1m LC_1Cl 11C11l1l ll ml!mC m1!l11
mLlL
( )
p
w 1
.
Avem, deci,
( )
p
w
t RMS
C U
t U
Ct





1
2 1
2
1
.
C




B




A t
@ & w

1CZ1l1 .
( )
2 2
2
1 4

w
p
t

Ql
( )
( )

1 4
1
w
p
p
wT
C .
1l LmZ1l 1l1l !_1l ll1Cl! 1C11lC mC t<T mLlL ( )
2 1
2
1
T
p
w > .
1l LmZ1l LmlL mlCCCm !_1lml C1C Lllm ll _1lL11l A (cu r ba de
llLllCCl C1C 1mlCl1 lm LCm_1m 11C11l1l Lllm ll mLC1 _1lL1] m11lci
( )
2 1
2
1
T
p
w < Ql ll mLC1 LmZ mC t=T Ql C=0.
X11m !lC1Cl LC 1lL m Clm_1l1l N=T-t C1C LCLl LCllll1 _ll.

( )
( )
( )

'

<
>

1 dac , 0
1 dac ,
2 1
2 1 2 2
2
2
2 1 4
T
p
T
p
w
p
w
w T
N

.

V C_CZCl1mC mllL m L11Cl !lC1Cl LC 1lL N ll l1lL lC LC m1m
s a la r iu lu i (w] C1C Lm1 ll ll1r a n r . 28.


E


N

T



=1
=2






( )
2 1
1
1 2 T
p


( )
2 1
2
1 2 T
p

w
@ & w @
2 1
<

+C !1C L !lC1m LC 1lL C1C ! l1lL lC LCL 1!mC LC m1m mlml1l1l
Ql L _C 1 LC m1m LC l_!Zl1mC LCQ1C !lC1m LC 1lL C CL1LC.


1] 1!1 L1 ( ) N w I l_!Zl11l _l 1l1 LC Clm_. 1ll!L1llL _C N cu
C7_Clm LC1Cllm1 lm _1lL11l m] CZ1l1 .

( )
( )
[ ] ( )

'

>
< >

1 dac , 0
1 adic , 1 dac ,
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 2
2
2
2 2 1 4
wT
p
wT
p
T
p
w
p
w T w
I

C n d ra t a s a la r iu lu i (w), t impu l t ot a l dis pon ibil (T] Ql _C 1l 11l1ll! LC
con s u m (p] 1l1 ll7m1C l_!Zl11l _l 1l1 C1C ! l1lL lC LC .
1mL m1m LC l_!Zl1mC
2 1
2
1
wT
p
> m11lLl 1m l_!Zl11l1l C1C l1l
deoa CLC !lC1m LC 1lL 1 C1C l1l .
St u diem ca zu l c n d
2 1
2
1
wT
p
< . 1!1
2
2

,
_

w
p
a Ql !1 llC
( )
( )
1
]
1

2
1

a
T w I . 1lm LClm1 C1C
( )
( )
1
]
1

+

3
1
1

a T w
d
dI
, ia r der iva t a a dou a:
( )
( )
4 2
2
1
2
2

+
aw
d
I d
C1C lCm1l LCLl 1(] C1C ! l1lL lC L!lLm . C11lC 11Llm1
Cl1l _lCl LClm1C. 1LCm1m C ml1lCmZ _Cl11.
( ) a
T

+
3
1
1

ca re es t e o
CL1m lC LC mL1l - ll . 1lLCl1 LCl _1 ll ! L Lll m CL1m lCl 1C11lC llC
Cml . 1mL C1C mLCm1 L Lll CZ1l1 L _1lL11l LC L!!L!lm1C ]*, I(*))
C1C _1lL11l LC m7l ml l1lL lCl 1]).


+ l1 1l C7C_l1 LlllL. 1lC \\\\ ]mlml1l !m] _!\\\ ]_C 1l
CLl1 1ll1m ml 11l1ll! LC L!l1] Ql ! !C. 1CZ1l1 CL1m lm
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ca re a dmit e ll1m L Lll Cml
5
3
. Cu va lor ile n u mer ice pen t r u w, p Ql T
Lm1C l1lL lm 1]) es t e:

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dac , 0
dac , 1 160000
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Pen t r u
5
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< LClm1m ll1ml C ml1lCmZ ll
5
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C1C _!Zl1l _Cl11
5
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Ql lCm1l _Cl11
5
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> . 11lL lm 1]) a re, deci, u n ma xim n pu n ct u l de
coor don a t e

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Ql C ml1lCmZ ll \ Ql
5
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0 3/ 5 4/ 5 1

Fi gura nr. 2 9 : Curba l ui La ffer

11lL lm l_!Zl11l1l C1C C_CZCl1m1 ll ll1m l. z`. 1m mm1 L _Cl11
r a t e de impozit mar i (!\`] LCQ1CCm mLC1Cl m1C CL1LC 1m llLm ll!
fis ca le.

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