.

.
.

, 2010.

 . , . , .

-
141/2 26.1.2010.

.

ISBN 978-86-7225-041-1




, ,
.
.
.
, RF
.
,

.
RF .
,
.

.
, ,
.
, 2010.


1. ............................................................................................................... 1
2. .................. 5
2.1. ................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2. ....................................................... 7
2.3. ................................................. 11
2.4. ................................................................................................ 13
2.4.1. ............................................................................................................ 14
2.4.2. ..................................................................................................... 18
2.5. , ................................................ 20
2.5.1. ....................... 21
2.5.2. ............................................................. 22
2.6. ................................. 24
2.6.1. ............................................................................................................ 24
2.6.2. ..................................................................................................... 31
2.6.3. ................................................................................................... 31
2.7. ...................................... 34
2.7.1. .................................................................................................... 34
2.7.2. ........................................................................................................ 39
2.7.3. ............................................................................................... 41
2.7.4. .......................................................................................................... 49
2.7.5. ........................................................... 51
2.8. ....................... 53
2.8.1. FR-4 ............................................ 53
2.8.2. ................................................................... 55
2.8.3. ................................................................................................... 56
2.9. ............................................................................................. 56
2.9.1. ...................................................... 57
2.10. ................................................. 61

3. ...................................................................... 63
3.1. ............................................................................................................................... 63
3.2. ........................................................................... 67

3.2.1. ............................................................................................ 67
3.2.2. ........................................................................ 79
3.2.3. .................................................................. 85
3.2.4. ...................................................... 87
3.3. ................. 91
3.3.1.
.................................................................................................................. 91
3.3.2. ................. 91
3.3.3.
...................................................................................................................... 96

4. ........................................................... 107
4.1. ..................................................................... 107
4.1.1. .................................................. 109
4.1.2. .............................................................. 110
4.1.3. ............................................................................................. 111
4.2. (s-)........................................................................... 112
4.2.1. .............................................................................. 112
4.2.2. ...................................................................... 113
4.2.3. ............................................................................ 114
4.3. ............................................................................. 117
4.3.1. , , , ....................................... 118
4.3.2. ................................................................................ 118
4.3.3. ........................................................................................................ 119
4.3.4. ............................................................................................................. 119
4.3.5. .............................................................................................................. 120
4.3.6. ()..................................................................................... 120
4.3.7. ....................................................................................................... 120
4.3.8. ..................................................................................... 121
4.3.9. ............................................................................................................... 121
4.3.10. ......................................................................................... 122
4.3.11. ........................................................................................................ 123
4.3.12. ......................................................... 123
4.3.13. (Y-) ............................................................ 124
4.3.14. ( Y-) ......................................................... 124
4.3.15. E-........................................................................................... 125
4.3.16. H- .......................................................................................... 126
4.3.17. ( )........................................... 126
4.3.18. ......................................................................................... 127
4.3.19. () ............................................................ 127
4.3.20. ............................................................................. 128
4.3.21. ......................................................................................... 128
4.3.22. ................................................................... 128
4.3.23. ( ) ....................................................... 129
4.3.24. .............................................................................................. 129
4.4. ...................................... 130
4.5. ..................................................................... 132
4.5.1. ABCD ( )................................... 133
4.6. ............................................. 135

5. .................................................. 139
5.1. ............................................................................................................................. 139
5.2. .................................................................................................................. 143
5.2.1. .......................................................................................... 144
5.2.2. .............................................................................. 144
5.2.3. ................................................................................................ 145
5.2.4. ................................................................................................... 147
5.3. ..................................................................................................................... 148
5.3.1. .......................................................................................... 150
5.3.2. .......................................................................................... 150
5.3.3. Q- .................................................................................................. 152
5.3.4. .................................................................................... 153
5.3.5. ............................................................................................ 153
5.3.6. ................................................................................................. 157
5.4. ............................................................................................................. 161
5.4.1. .............................................................................. 161
5.4.2. ......................................................................... 162
5.4.3. ......................................... 163
5.4.4. Q- ....................................................................................... 164
5.4.5. ........................................................................................... 165
5.5. ......................................................................................................... 169
5.5.1. ...................................................................................... 172
5.6. ................................................................................................................... 173
5.7. ............................................................................................................ 176
5.7.1. ........................................................................................................................ 176
5.7.2. ................................................................................................................ 178
5.8. MEMS ..................................................................................................... 179

6. .................................... 181
6.1. ............................................................................................................................. 181
6.2. ........................................................................................... 181
6.3. .......................................................................................................... 184
6.4. ........................................................................................................... 187
6.5. .......................................................................................................... 189
6.6. .............................................................................................................. 190
6.7. ...................................................................... 194
6.8. ............................................................................................................ 196
6.9. .......................................................................................................... 200
6.10. .............................................................................................. 207
6.10.1. ..................................................................................................................... 207
6.10.2. ........................................................................ 208
6.10.3. ......................................................... 211
6.10.3.1. ....................................................... 211
6.10.3.2. ...................................................................................... 216
6.10.4. ............................................................ 218
6.10.5. ..................................................................... 225

6.11. ............................................................................................................... 227

6.12. ................................................................................................................. 228
6.13. ............................................................................................................. 232
6.14. ................................................................................................................ 234

7. .......................................................................... 241
7.1. ............................................................................................................................. 241
7.2. ........................... 243
7.3. (L- ).. 246
7.4. ..................................................................... 254
7.4.1. ...................................................... 254
7.4.2. ............................................................... 256
7.4.3. ............................................................... 259
7.5. ..................................................................................... 263
7.6. ............................................................... 266
7.7. ................. 267
7.7.1. ........................................................... 269
7.7.2. ............................................................ 270
7.8.
( ) ........................................................ 273
7.8.1. ...................................................................................... 274
7.8.2. .................................................................................................. 275
7.8.3. .............................................................................................. 275
7.9.
.................................................................................................... 277
7.9.1. ...................................... 277

8. .......................................................................... 281
8.1. ........................................................................... 281
8.1.1. ..................................................................................................... 284
8.1.2. ..................................................................................................... 286
8.1.3. ............................................................. 289
8.1.4. ........................................................................................................... 290
8.1.5. ......................................................................................... 292
8.2. LC- .................................................... 293
8.3. .......................................................................... 304
8.4. ............................................ 309
8.5. ..................................................................... 314
8.6. ................................................................ 318
8.7. ................................................................... 319
8.8. ............................................ 320
8.8.1. ....................................................................................................................... 320
8.8.2. ...................... 321
8.8.3. ...................................................................................... 336
8.8.4. ................................................................................................ 343

................................................................................................... 351

1.
RF , , ,
300 MHz 300 GHz.
. , . (UHF) 300
MHz 3 GHz ( 1 m 1 dm), (SHF) 3 GHz
30 GHz ( 1 dm 1 cm) (EHF) 30 GHz
300 GHz ( 1 cm 1 mm).
,
, RF
, , ,
.
RF
RF . ( - ) RF
,
() .
RF
()
.
RF
, ()
( , ).
.

.
,
, .

, .
,
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, SMD
, .

,
,
, , .
RF ,
.
, , , , ,
( ), , , , ,
, , ,
- .

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. RF
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( ) ,
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,
RF .
.
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.

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.

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.
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RF
.
s- ( ).
RF .

s-.
RF .
, ,
RF .
,
. ,

1.

, , , ,
() MEMS . ,
,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
, , , ,
, , .
( ) ,
.
( ) .
, ,
RF . ,
,

.
. ,
,
,
.
(tuning), ,
.

,
. LC-
, ,
,
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,
.
.
.
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.
,
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2.

2.1.

. , ,
, .
. ,
, .
, (.
),
,
. ,

.

.
.
.
, ,
( ).

.
()
.
. 2.1.
,
( ). .

.
.

(Stripline)

(Microstrip line)

(Slotline)

(Suspendedsubstrate stripline)

(Coplanar line)

(Coplanar waveguide)

-
()

U
(Ridge waveguide)

H
(Double ridge
waveguide)

2.1. .

2.

2.2.

-- 1,
2.2. ,
( ).
. z-
. .
( ).
, ,
, .

1 , 1

2 , 2

2.2. .
, .

. f ,
() = 2f .

E H ,
E1tang = E 2tang , H1tang = H 2tang ,

(2.1)

,
E tang = 0 .

(2.2)

(
) ,
DE + k 2 E = 0 ,

(2.3)

DH + k 2 H = 0 ,

(2.4)

k = e e ,

(2.5)

e , e . (
k = .)

e = - j - j

d
,

(2.6)

d .
, d / .
e = - j

e
,

(2.7)

e = d + .

tg =

Im ( e )
e
,
=

Re ( e )

(2.8)

. ( .)
.
( )
10 GHz , .
FR-4 ( )
2 (0,02) .

e = - j ,

(2.9)

. (
,
).
, e = 0 .
(2.3) (2.4)
z-. (
z- .) ,
E( x, y, z ) = e( x, y ) e-z ,

(2.10)

H ( x, y, z ) = h( x, y ) e-z ,

(2.11)

= + j .
, , , , , .
, (.
) .

FR-4
3 GHz.
2

2.

. , , 3, m-1 , Np/m rad/m .

( )
, = d . ,
, = 0 .
, e( x, y ) h( x, y ) ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
. ,

.
,
.
.
.

( , , 2.2)

. , ,
, . , ,
, ,
.
4.
,
c =

(2.12)

, ,
.
g =

c
f

= 2

2
.

(2.13)

g ( guided) .

. ,

. -
. ,
m 1 .
dB/m (1 Np/m = 8,686 dB/m ).

, ,
, .
4

10

,
()
d -1
cg = .
d

(2.14)

[or04]. ()
( g ( f ) ) .
2.3.
.
,
.

cg

c
z

2.3. .
( e-z )
.

:
1.
2.
3.

0, = 0 .
.
0, > 0 .
.
= 0, > 0
. z .
()
().
.

, 0 .
( )
.

2.

11

() .
(2.10) (2.11),

P = Re E H* dS = Re eh* dS e-2 z = P0 e-2 z .

St

St

(2.15)

,
. ()
,
.
(. ) . ,
,
. ,
. ,
35
, .

2.3.
, ,
, . ,
,
() 5.
. ,
( ),
.
, , .
, .
, ,

dPp
dS

= Rs H tang ,
2

(2.16)

H tang ,
Rs =

p
2 p

p f
p

(2.17)

, p p
.

, , ,
.
5

12

Pp =
Rs H tang dl ,
2

(2.18)

Cp

Cp .
(2.15).
dz (. )
,
=

Pgub

.
(2.19)
2P

= Pp + Pd ,
, Pgub
,
= p + d =

Pp
2P

Pd
.
2P

(2.20)

d ,
. p
.
p =

Pp

(2.21)
2P
. ,
.
.
, ,
. (2.17)
, ().
(, , ,
) (
). , p = 1 p f p ,
,

(surface roughness).
,
MHz6. ,
, . ,
,
.
(2.20)
d ,

, f = 1 GHz 2 m .

2.

13

Pd
.
(2.22)
2P
, ,
,
2.2.
d =

p
. d
(
), . (2.22).
, , ,

.

2.4.

, , . .
7.
( Ez = 0, H z = 0 )
() .
, ( Ez = 0, H z 0 ),
() .
,
( H z = 0, Ez 0 ), () .
,
( )
,
.
(. ), ,
,

( Ez 0, H z 0 ). .

() .
, ,
(2.10) (2.11),
,
E( x, y, z ) = Et ( x, y, z ) + Ez ( x, y, z )i z = [et ( x, y ) + ez ( x, y )i z ] e-z ,

(2.23)

. ,
, , .
7

14

H ( x, y, z ) = Ht ( x, y, z ) + H z ( x, y, z )i z = [h t ( x, y ) + hz ( x, y )i z ] e-z .

(2.24)

t (
).

, , . .
, .
,
.

.
, f c , . f < f c ,
, ,
.
.
,
, ,
. , ,
, .

, (
) , .

(. ) .
.
, 3D
.
, , ,

.
, .
.
.
.
.

2.4.1.

, Ez = 0, H z = 0 .
et ( x, y ) ht ( x, y ) . H z = 0
( 2.2)
t et = 0 ,

(2.25)

t et = 0 ,

(2.26)

et ,

2.

et ( x, y ) = -tV ( x, y ) .

15

(2.27)

V ( x, y ) ,
. (2.26)
,
DtV ( x, y ) = 0 .

(2.28)

E tang = 0 ( et ,tang = 0 ),
et
. ,
.
, ()
. E
,
.
.

ht =

1
i z et ,
Z TEM

(2.29)

e
e

(2.30)

Z TEM =

. ,
, ,
E / H = Et / H t = et / ht = Z TEM , ht
( 2.4).
et ht .
= jk = j e e = + j .

(2.31)

. ,
,
8.

,
.
8

16

E
I 1
+

0 I
H

z
U10
2.4. ()
.
.
(2.12) (2.14).
e e ,
, .

Z TEM =

=0,

= ,

(2.32)

,
,
c = cg =

(2.33)

, (2.27),
,
( ) E ,
B

U AB = VA -VB = E dl = et dl .

(2.34)

,
U ij = Vi -V j . Ez = 0 ,

H dl = I ,

(2.35)

Ct

Ct , I
. ,
.

2.

17

,
r r -1 ,
.

Qi = 0 .
N

(2.36)

i =0

.
, , .
.
, (
, ). N .
( N = 1 ) .
( N > 1 ) .
.
, , ,
, f c = 0 . ,
, () 9.
. ,
(,
), . .
.
(2.29)
, (2.36)
(
i z ) ,

Ii = 0 .
N

(2.37)

i =0

(2.37) (2.34) ,
.
.
,
.
() e (,
, ),
? e / (. tg = 1 ), Z TEM
. Z TEM
(2.32) ,
d =

e
2

= tg .

(2.38)

.
, PCM
.
9

18

. , p , d ,
, .
() ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
,
.

. , ,
(. 2.1. ).
.
, ,
. - .
, .

10. ,
, .

2.4.2.
et , ht hz .
hz

Dt hz + K 2 hz = 0 ,

(2.39)

, H n = 0 . K 2 = 2 + k 2 ,
k 2 (2.5). hz ( x, y )
, ,
().
ht = -

K2

t hz ,

et = -Z TE i z ht ,

(2.40)

,
, ,
.
,
, . ,
.
.
10

2.

19

Z TE =

j e

(2.41)

. , e .

,
Et / H t = et / ht = Z TE , et ht . ,
, K 2 .
,
.
et , ht ez .
o ez (
)
Dt ez + K 2 ez = 0 ,

(2.42)

Etang = 0 .

et = -

t ez ,

ht =

1
Z TM

i z et ,

(2.43)

Z TM =

j e

(2.44)

. e
. ,
, Et / H t = et / ht = Z TM ,

et ht . K 2
,
.
,

.
(.
), ,
.
, d

. , f > f c ,

20

f c 2
= 1 - ,
f

d =

e
2

1
f
1- c
f

tg
f 2
1- c
f

(2.45)

K ,
/ , ,
fc =

K
2

(2.46)

.
c = 1 ( ),

c =

c
f 2
1 - c
f

f 2
cg = c 1 - c .
f

(2.47)

Z TE =

Z TM =

(2.48)

(2.45).
,

p ,

2.5. ,
z ,
e-z ,
, , 0 11.
e+ z ( ).
z-. +z-
i.
z- r.
, ,
,
.
( , ,

11

< 0 .

2.

21

) .
.

2 = K 2 - k 2 . (
K = 0 .) ,
= - K 2 - k 2 = - , ,

, et , ht , ez hz .

. (2.23) (2.24),
Ei ( x, y, z ) = [et ( x, y ) + ez ( x, y )i z ] e-z ,

H i ( x, y, z ) = [ht ( x, y ) + hz ( x, y )i z ] e-z ,

(2.49)

( )
E r ( x , y , z ) = [ e t ( x , y ) - e z ( x , y ) i z ] e + z ,

H r ( x, y, z ) = [-ht ( x, y ) + hz ( x, y )i z ] e+ z .

(2.50)

(
), .
et .
ht ( ) et
, Z T , , n ,
ht =

1
n et .
ZT

(2.51)

z- ( ) ht = i z et / Z T ,

( ) ht = -i z et / Z T .

2.5.1.
z-

P = Re Et H*t dS , dS = i z dS , Et
St

Ht

,
. (, ,
)
Et = Et ,i + Et ,r = ( Ai + Ar )et ,

H t = H t ,i + H t ,r =

1
( Ai - Ar ) i z et ,
ZT

(2.52)

Ai Ar
.
P=

Ai

ZT

St

et dS 2

Ar
ZT

et dS = Pi - Pr ,
2

(2.53)

St

. , ()
.

22

.
(. ) , ,
. (2.53) .
Ai Ar , et
. 12
Bi,r Pi,r = Bi,r

( ) Et ,i Et ,r .
(.
),
a1,2 ,
b1,2 ( a1 , b1 , a2 , b2
), .
(s-)
.

2.5.2.
,
13.
(), , 2.5.
(
. .)
,

. z = 0 z = -D .

0
z

2.5. .
.

Et ,i = Ai0 et e- jz ,

12
13

Et ,r = Ar0et e+ jz .

.
.

(2.54)

2.

23

Et ,r Et ,i ,
,
( z ) =

Et ,r
Et ,i

Ar0 j2z
e
= 0 e j2z
Ai0

(2.55)

. 0
.
0 1 . 0 = 0 , . ,
.
,

Et = Ai0 et e- jz + 0 e+ jz

(2.56)

z- ( 2.6).
,
, (voltage standing wave ratio, VSWR),
=

Et ( x0 , y0 ) max
Et ( x0 , y0 ) min

1 + 0
1- 0

(2.57)

0 ,
, ,
(2.57) 0 ,

z = 0 arg ( 0 ) = -2zm1 .

.
1.6
1.4
1.2

Et ( x0 , y0 , z )
Et ,i ( x0 , y0 , z0 )

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

z/g

-0.4

2.6. .

-0.2

0.0

24

2.6.

()
( ) , .

.

(), ,
, , .
,
, ,
( - )
. , ,
, ,
.

.
, ,
- , ,
.

2.6.1.
2.4.1 2.5 .
,
.
. , ,
e (, ,
tg ) . (
.) . (2.34),
(2.35) (2.52)
,
U i = U i0 e-z ,

U r = U r0 e+ z ,

I i = Ii0 e-z ,

I r = I r0 e+ z .

(2.58)

U = U i + U r , I = I i - I r .
2.7.

2.

Ii
+
Ui

E, Zg

25

Ir

I
+
U

+
Zp

Ur

2.7. .

,
dU
= -Z I ,
dz

dI
= -Y U ,
dz

(2.59)

Z = R + j L ,

Y = G + jC ,

(2.60)

C , L G , ,
.
.
,

, Ce . Ce = C - ( j/ )G
C G . , R , (2.18)
R = Pp I

. ,

L = Le + Li .

, Le = / I .
, ,
Li = R / .
,
.
() ,
.
,
.
C , L , G R .
Z , Y . (2.59)
. Dz ,
L- ( 2.8),

26

() 14.
- , .
/ .

Lz

I ( z)
+
U ( z)

C z

Rz

I ( z + z )
+
U ( z + z )

Gz

z + z

2.8. L- .
(2.59) (2.58),
U i U i0 U r U r0
=
=
=
= Zc .
Ii
I i0
Ir
I r0

(2.61)

Z c .

, Yc = 1/ Z c .


Z
,
Y

Zc =

= Z Y = + j .

(2.62)

() ,
L
,
C

Zc =

(2.63)

, ,
= L C ,

c = 1/ L C ,

= p + d =

R
G
+
.
2 Z c 2Yc

(2.64)

,
c = 1/ ,
C
Zc =

1
,
c C

(2.65)

d (2.32) (2.38).
, (velocity factor),
14 L- .
z = ,
.

2.

27

Fv = c / c0 ,
, r = / 0 , Fv = 1/ r .
- ,

,
re = C / C0 ,
Fv = c / c0 = L0 C0 / L0 C = 1/ re .
( 2.7), 2.5.2

( z ) =

U r U r0 2z
=
e = 0 e 2z ,
U i U i0

(2.66)
U i0 + U r0 = Z p ( I i0 - I r0 ) = Z p (U i0 -U r0 ) / Z c ,

0 =

Zp - Zc

Z p + Zc

(2.67)

U
U

max
min

1 + 0
1- 0

(2.68)

Z p = Z c , ( 0 = 0 ),
.

x
-x

Z p - Z c th( z )
U ( z)
1 + ( z )
th( x) = e - e
,
Z ( z) =
= Zc
= Zc

I (z)
1- ( z )
Z c - Z p th( z )
e x + e- x

(2.69)

Z ( z) = Zc

Z p - jZ c tg( z )
Z c - jZ p tg( z )

(2.70)

Y ( z ) = 1/ Z ( z ) .
( z = -D , 2.7)

Z ul = Z c

Z p + Z c th( D)
Z c + Z p th( D)

Z ul = Z c

Z p + jZ c tg(D )
Z c + jZ p tg(D )

(2.71)

(. D = 1 ) Z ul = Z p .
,
Z k.s. = jZ c tg( D) ,

Z otv. =

Zc
.
jtg( D)

(2.72)

28

. ,
2.9.
, D ,
, D = 2Df . ,
( - + ),
. , f 0
D / g = 1/ 4 + n / 2 ( n = 0,1, 2,K ), ,

. , D / g = n / 2 ( n = 1, 2,K ),
, . (
f 0
.)
, (. Q- ),
()
.
5
4
3

Xk.s.
Xotv.

2
1

X/Zc

0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

D/g
2.9. .
(2.69) (2.70)
( ) .

.
. f = 3 GHz X = 100
Z c = 50 ,

re = 2 .
1 - 5 GHz .
. .
. 2.9 .
.
. (2.72) D = arctg 2 .

2.

29

= 2f re / c0 c0 = 299792458 m/s , D = 12,45 mm .

L = X / = 5,31 nH .
2.9,
.
2.10. : 1.
. ,
.
()
. 2.
,
(. ).
500
400

300
200
100

X []

-100
-200
-300
-400
-500

f [GHz]
2.10. .
. D = 120 mm ,
l = 50 mm , l ,

d = 1 mm r = 2,3 (),
,
. ( )
Z c = 50 . Z p = 50 .
10 MHz - 20 GHz .
.
.
.
, l Z c d
Z c1 = L / C = Z c / r 33 ,

l1 = 18 mm .
, E H
. ,
.

30

.
2.11.
(2.71) (. Matlab-),
. 1 Z1 = Z c ,
( ),

Z 2,4 = Z c1

Z1,3 + jZ c1 tg(1d )
Z c1 + jZ1,3 tg(1d )

= 2f / c0

, Z3 = Z c

Z 2 + jZ c tg( l )
Z + jZ c tg( l1 )
, Z ul = Z c 4
, (2.73)
Z c + jZ 2 tg( l )
Z c + jZ 4 tg( l1 )

1 = r .

ul = ( Z ul - Z c ) ( Z ul + Z c ) . (

(2.66).) 2.12.
,
, . (
f < 1 GHz ul < 0,015 .)
,
, .

.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

ul

COAX2
ID=CX6
EL=21.62 Deg
Fo=1 GHz
Z=50

COAX2
ID=CX4
EL=1.821 Deg
Fo=1 GHz
Z=32.97

COAX2
ID=CX3
EL=60.04 Deg
Fo=1 GHz
Z=50

COAX2
ID=CX2
EL=1.821 Deg
Fo=1 GHz
Z=32.97

COAX2
ID=CX1
EL=60.04 Deg
Fo=1 GHz
Z=50

1
RES
ID=R1
R=50 Ohm

2.11. .

2.

31

0.5

|S[1,1]|
0.4

0.3

ul
0.2

0.1

0
.01

.1

10

20

f [GHz]
2.12. .

2.6.2.
, ,
,
. ,

,
( et ht )
, 2.6. ,
(.
/ ),
,
. , , ,
( 2.5.1),
s-. ,
( ),
s-
.

2.6.3.

, ,
. ,
= Z / Z c = r + j x , r x .
, , = Y / Yc = g + jb = 1/ , g

. p = Z p / Z c

32

p = Yp / Yc = 1/ p .
,
=

-1 1 -
=
,
+1 1 +

1+
,
1-

1-
.
1+

(2.74)

- . , -
-. r = const x = const ( 2.13),
. (. ) r 0 ,
, 1 .

.
.
, , s-,
.

( 2.14) 15.
g = const b = const -. .
, , . ,

. 0 = r0 + j x0 ,
(r0 , x0 ) , ,

, (r1 , x1 ) ,
, 0 = 1/ 0 = g 0 + jb0 = r1 + jx1 .

,
.
15

2.

33

Im()

0,5
0,2
5

0,5

0,25

r =0

Re()

x=0

-4

-1

-2

-0,5

25
-0,

2.13. () .

-2

-0
,5

-1

Im()

5
-0,2

-4

g=0

0,25

0,5

b =0

Re()

0,2
5

0,5

2.14. . ( .)

34

2.7.

: , .
( ), . /
,
16.

2.7.1.
, ,
17.
2.15.
( )
/ ,
, (a + b) , .
, TE11 . ( )
GHz.

a
b

2.15. .

,
Zc =

1 b
ln ,
2 a

(2.75)

, p = R /(2 Z c ) .
16

17

2.

Zc

60
r

ln

b
.
a

35

(2.76)

R =

1 Rs1 Rs2
+
,

2 a
b

(2.77)

Rs1 Rs2 (
),
, L = Le + Li ,
. Le =

0 b
ln ,
2 a

R
(. 2.6.1). ,

L
2
Zc =
, C =
,
C
ln (b / a )
Li =

(2.75), . .
,
. ,
.
, ,
1 1
1
R =
, c
+
p a 2 c 2 - b 2
.
, .

.
,
.
,
.
.
, ( 2.16 2.17).
( )
, 90 dB 18.
,
, .
, , , 20%
(2.77). ,
( 2.16). 1 GHz
0,1 dB/m ,

(
), , .

18

36

.
.

2.16. 50-
ASTROLAB ().

2.17. 75-
FANTON ().
,
19, , r = 2,1; 2,25; 2,55 , .
( ) .
,
, .
( ).
, .

. (PEG).
,
.
50
75 . ( 50 )
p ( b / a 3,59 ) Z c 50 .
.
( 75 ) , ,
. , 75
. 75 .

,
.

19

2.

37

300 ,
4 :1 ( 300 : 75 = 4 :1 ).
. 50-
ASTROLAB 32019 : 2a = 0,051 in , 2b = 0,161 in , Fv = 70,3% ,
(PTFE), .
18 GHz .
. (1 in = 25,4 mm ),
b
= 48,5 .
a
R = 10,9 / m p = R /(2 Z c ) = 0,112 Np/m .

(2.76), Z c = 60 Fv ln
( Ag,20o C = 63 MS/m ),

1
d = tg = 0,107 Np/m
2
= p + d = 0,219 Np/m=191 dB /100 m .

tg = 4 10-4 ,

, = 50 dB /100 ft = 164 dB /100 m (1 ft = 0,3048 m ).

. FANTON A21.210
: 2a = 0,75 mm , 2b = 3,5 mm , Fv = 85% ,
(PEG), ,
// (Al/Pet/Al)
- (CuSn) ( 2.17).
, 1 GHz
, .
.

(2.76)

b
Z c = 60 Fv ln = 78,6 , Fv = 1/ r . (2.77),
a
( Al,20o C = 35 MS/m , Cu,20o C = 58 MS/m ),

R = 4,5 / m ,

p = R /(2 Z c ) = 0,029 Np/m = 25 dB/100 m .

r = 1/ Fv2 = 1,4 .
: Z c = 75 3 , = 26,8 dB /100 m .

(rigid), (semi-rigid)
(flexible). ,
( ).
()
. .
, .
,
.
, (.,
rmin = 50 mm ).
(-- ) ,
- ,
() ,

38

.
( ). ,
2.18,
C =

2
.
1 c 1 b
ln + ln
1 a 2 c

(2.78)

, L = Le = 0 ln (b a ) (2)
2.17. ,
, , C0 .

L C0 = 0 0 .
= L C . , re ,
= re 0 0 . 2.18 re r1 r2 .

c
a
b

2.18. .
2.18 -,
. ,
2.17 .
2.18
2.17. 2.18
,
.
, ? ,
20.
-
(micromachining).
2.19.
.

,
.
20

2.

39

2.19. - .
wi ; 100 m wo ; 250 m .

2.7.2.
2.20.

d
1 0
Zc =
arch ,
2a
0

2
- 2
Rs 2d 2d
-1 ,
R =

a a a

(2.79)

arch( x) = ln x + x 2 -1 . x arch( x) ln(2 x) , ( d ? a )

Z c (120 ) ln

d
,
a

Rs
.
a

(2.80)

(2.80) Z c 10% d a > 3,2 , 1%

d a > 7,2 . , L C = 0 0 .
.

2.20. .
(
2.21) , , .

,
,

40

Zc =

h
1 0
arch .
a
2 0

(2.81)

( h ? a )
Z c (60 ) ln

2h
.
a

(2.82)
a

2.21. .
, r ,

Zc

120
r

ln

d
,
a

(2.83)

,
Zc

60 2h
ln
.
a
r

(2.84)

, , ,
,
, ( 2.22)21. , ,
- .
() . , ,
2.22, a = 0,3 mm , b = 0,5 mm r = 3 , Linpar [LIN99]
C = 45,8 pF/m L = 446 nH/m , Z c = 99 ,

. re = 1,83 .

21

2.

41

2.22. .
,
( /
) +U / 2 -U / 2 . (
, .
), .
( 1 GHz ).
. , ,
r -2 , . . .
.
( , twisted pair)
. (LAN)
(UTP, unshielded twisted pair).
( 2.1, STP, shielded twisted pair).
. PVC
(). FEP (Fluorinated Ethylene
Propylene), .

2.7.3.
,
( ) .
. (, )

().
( 2.23).
. (. 2.1).

2.23. .
( ).
, ,
. ,
, C .
, C0 . ,

42

re = C / C0 . L0 C0 = L C0 = 0 0 L ,
Z c = L / C .
.
. ,
2.23, w = 0,9 mm , h = 0,508 mm (

, 22 h = 20 mil ), t = 36 m (

23), r = 4,6 tg = 0,02 ( FR-4),

f = 1 GHz ( ). .

p = 14 MS/m .
. Linpar L = 308 nH/m , C = 122 pF/m , R = 18,4 /m

G = 13,6 mS/m . Z c = 50,4 ,

re = 3,41 = 4,57 dB/m

( p = 1,58 dB/m , , d 3 dB/m ,

).


.
( 2.24)24. , re
Hammerstad-,

w
+ 1 r -1
1

+
+ 0,04 1- ,
re = r

h
2
2
12h

1 +

w
re =

r + 1 r -1
+
2
2

1
12h
1+
w

w
1 ,
h

w
<1 ,
h

(2.85)

(2.86)

r .
Hammerstad- Schneider-,

: 1 mil = 0,001 in = 25,4 m .
, .
23 () ,
. , 1 oz/sq ft ( ,
22

1 oz = 28,35 g , , 1 ft = 12 in = 304,8 mm ,
= 8,5 g/cm3 ) t = 36 m .

, , , ,
, .
24

2.

Zc =
Zc =

60
re

8h w
ln + ,
w 4h

43

w
<1 ,
h

(2.87)

-1
w

377 w
+ 1,393 + 0,667 ln + 1,444 ,
h

re h

w
1 .
h

(2.88)

Wheler-,
w
4
,
=
h 0,5e A - e- A

w
<2,
h

(2.89)

w r -1
0,61 2
+ ( B -1- ln (2 B -1)) ,
=
ln ( B -1) + 0,39 h
r
r

w
2,
h

(2.90)

A = 2 ( r + 1)
B=

Z c r -1
0,11
,
+
0,23 +
Z 0 r + 1
r

Z0
2 r Z c

(2.91)

(2.92)

Z 0 = 0 / 0 377 .
, t , (
, w , t ).
, w ,
,
2 x
t
we = w + 1 + ln ,

h, w >
,

x=

2w, 2t < w .

(2.93)

,
p =

Rs
.
wZ c

(2.94)

, ,
, (.
2.3). p ,
, [Whe78]

p = p 1 + arctg 1,4 2 ,

(2.95)

p , p
, p = ( p f p )

-1/ 2

44

, .
( , ,
,...).
,
, p ,
(2.95).

d =

re -1 r tg
.
r -1 re g

(2.96)

, :
.
.
. VHF, UHF
, . ,
, , (
).

.
.
1% , ,
f m[GHz] = 2,14

h[mm]

(2.97)

2.

45

2.1. .

(BeO)

(Al2O3) ()
(SiO2)

(mm)

0,112

2,10
2,172,62

1000 tg
10 GHz
0,4
0,92,2

0,10,2

2,172,40

0,91,5

2,47

0,6

6,0

1,8

0,21

10,2

0,86

2,53

0,5

0,26

2,62

2,65

0,5

315

0,51,5

2,32
2,42

0,5
1

2,55
325

1,6
0,55

6,16,6

0,1

9,610,3

0,10,4

3,8

0,1

7,5
12,3

2
1,6

11,7
911,7

5
0,1

45
3,50,05

2030
1,7

0,23

1,65

(GaAs)

FR-4
Rogers RO3035

0.24
0,131,5

,
40 GHz

46

()

()
2.24.
() Microwave Office (MWO) () Ansoft Designer.

2.

47

2.24. WIPL-D Microwave.

-.
( GHz), - ,
, .
, .
, , 2 - 4 GHz

h = 1 mm , 4 - 8 GHz h = 0,5 mm . ,
, , . .
re f , r .
re f 0 , re0 ,

re ( f ) 2.25. re
Getsinger-,
2 -1
f
re ( f ) = r - ( r - re0 )1 + G ,
f p

fp =

1 Zc
.
2 0 h

(2.98)

G . .,
h = 0,635 mm G = 0,6 + 0,009 Z c[ ] .
,
() , , ,
.

w
+ 0,264
re + 0,3 h
l
= 0,412
.
h
re - 0,258 w + 0,8
h

(2.99)

48

(),
.
() , ,
.
r

re(f)
re0

2.25. .
( 2.26)
. h = w ,
, , C 0 w / h .

2.26.
.
h ? w ,
( 2.21), a = w / 4 ,
(2.81) (2.82).
, 25.
2.2
.

,
.

25

2.

49

2.2. ( C ) pF/m 2.26,

.
w
h

Linpar

Hammerstad-
Schneider-

0,01
0,1
1
10
100

8,31
12,7
26,2
115
924

8,32
12,7
26,4
115
924

0w
h
0,0885
0,885
8,85
88,5
885

2 0

2
4h

4h
ln
+ 1
w
w

8,32
12,7
27,0

2.7.4.
( 2.27)
( )
(). ,

26.
, ( 2.27).
( 2.1),
.
w h = 1 , .
w
t

, 0

h
h

2.27. .
( t = 0 2.27
)
:
Zc =

Z 0 K (u )
,
4 K (u )

u=

1
,
w

ch
4h

Z0 =

0
,
0

(2.100)

, ,
(. 3).

26

50

K (u ) , K (u ) =

2
0

(1- u 2 sin 2)

-1 2

d ,

K (u ) = K (u ) , u = 1 - u 2 . K (u ) K (u )
[Hil69]:
1 1 + u

, 0 u 2 ,
ln 2

2
1 - u

K (u )
=

2
K (u )
,
u 1.
1 + u
2

ln 2

1- u

(2.101)

3 10-6 .
,
, , ,
Zc =

A
ln 1 +
A + A2 + 6,27
2
r

30

),

(2.102)

A=

16h
, we = w + Dw , Dw =
we

2
1 0,0796
6
t 1
.
, m =
+
1- ln

3+t / h
2 1 + 4h / t 1,1 + w / t

.
2.27, w = 1,7 mm , t = 18 m , h = 1 mm , r = 2,1 ,
tg = 0,0002 ( ) p = 14 MS/m .
. Linpar

L = 238 nH/m , C = 98 pF/m , R = 10 /m

G = 123 S/m . Z c = 49,5 ,

re = r = 2,1 27,

= 0,9 dB/m . : 1.
. 2.
(2.100)(2.102) .

(
),
.
27

2.

51

2.7.5.

. , ( 2.28).
28.

, , ,
. ,
( 2.28).
,
()
.
( 2.28),
( 2.28).
2b
w

s=2a

2b
w

, 0

s
h

h
()

2b
w=2a

, 0

s
h

()

, 0

()

w=2a

2c
2b
w=2a

, 0

g
h

()

2.28. () , () ,
() ,
() ().

,
2.28. ( 2.28)
Zc =

Z 0 K (u1 )
,
re K (u1 )

(2.103)

() .
3.2.3.
28

52

( 2.28),
Z 0 K (u1 )
Zc =
,
4 re K (u1 )

(2.104)

re = 1 +
u1 =

r -1 K (u1 ) K (u2 )
,
2 K (u1 ) K (u2 )

a
A
, u2 = ,
B
b

a
b
A = sh , B = sh .
2h
2h

(2.105)
(2.106)
(2.107)

a = s / 2 , b = w + s / 2 , a = w / 2 ,
b = s+w/2.
( 2.28)
(2.104),
(2.105),
u1 =

c
a c2 - b2
A C 2 - B2
,
u
, C = sh ,
=
2
2
2
2
2
2h
b c -a
B C -A

(2.108)

A B (2.107) c = g + s + w / 2 .

( 2.28)
Zc =

-1
Z 0 K (u1 )
K (u2 )
,
+

2 re K (u1 ) K (u2 )

(2.109)

K (u1 ) K (u2 ) -1
a
b
a
re = 1 + ( r -1)
+ 1 , u1 = , u2 = th th .

2h

K (u1 ) K (u2 )

2h
b

(2.110)

2.28, ( h )
re = ( r + 1) / 2 .
,
,
.

2.

53

2.8.


,
.

2.8.1. FR-4
( ) ,
.

.
FR-4 ( )
2.1 . ,
( , ,
, ), ,
,
. 2.29
FR-4 10 Hz 10 GHz .
FR-4 .

,
, 2.3.

54
5.6
5.4
5.2

'

5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
10

100

1k

10k

100k

1M

10M 100M

1G

10G

f [Hz]

()
0.16

0.12
''

0.08

0.04
tan

0.00
10

100

1k

10k

100k

1M

10M 100M

1G

10G

f [Hz]

()
2.29. FR-4:
() ,
() .

2.

55

2.3. tg
.
f [GHz]

1000 tg

0,5

10

0,9

20

1,5

2.8.2.

.
.
. ,
,
. ,
.
,
( )
. E
D , D = E , 33 .
,
, y- ,

^

= 0

0
P
0

0 9,40
0
0

0 = 0 11, 60
0 .

^ 0
0
9,40

(2.111)

Dx = ^ E x , Dy = P E y Dz = ^ E z .
, , re = C / C0 .

( 1% 0,1 w / h 10 )

re = 12,0 -

1,21
10 w 2
1 + 0,39 log

(2.112)

56

, -10
. .
. ,
,
.
, ()
.

2.8.3.

.
( , , ).
(
) B H
, B = H , , z,
r
j 0

= 0 - j r 0 .

0
0 1

(2.113)

2.9.

. ,
.
,
, .
2.4.2.
.


. , ,
:
1. (.
),
2. Q- (. ),
3. .

, ( ) .

2.

57

,
( 100 dB).

2.9.1.
2.30.
x- () , y-
() , z- .

y
b
z

,
a

2.30. .
,
, .
:
E x ( x, y , z ) =

j
K

E y ( x, y , z ) = H x ( x, y , z ) =
H y ( x, y , z ) =

j
K

j
K

n
mx
ny - jz
cos
sin
e
,
b
a
b

H0

H0

m
mx
ny - jz
sin
cos
e
,
a
a
b

(2.114)
(2.115)

H0

m
mx
ny - jz
sin
cos
e
,
a
a
b

(2.116)

H0

n
mx
ny - jz
cos
sin
e
,
b
a
b

(2.117)

mx
ny - jz
cos
e
.
a
b

(2.118)

H z ( x, y, z ) = H 0 cos
:
Ez ( x, y, z ) = E0 sin
E x ( x, y , z ) = E y ( x, y , z ) = -

j
K2
j
K

mx
ny - jz
sin
e
,
a
b

(2.119)

E0

m
mx
ny - jz
cos
sin
e
,
a
a
b

(2.120)

E0

n
mx
ny - jz
sin
cos
e
,
b
a
b

(2.121)

58

H x ( x, y , z ) =

j
K

H y ( x, y , z ) = -

E0

j
2

n
mx
ny - jz
sin
cos
e
,
b
a
b

E0

(2.122)

m
mx
ny - jz
cos
sin
e
.
a
a
b

(2.123)

K
K
m 2 n 2
K 2 = + ,
a b

m = 0,1, 2,K ,

n = 0,1, 2,K .

(2.124)

m n
TE mn , TM mn .
m = 0 n = 0 ,
m > 0 n > 0 . TE10 , TE 20 , TE 01 , TE 02 , TE11 , TE 21 ,...,
TM11 , TM 21 , TM 31 , TM12 , TM 22 ,... 2.31
.

TE10

TE11

TM11

TM21

2.31. () ( )
.

2.

59

( ),
. . (2.46)
f c mn =

c
2

m 2 n 2
+ ,
a b

c=

(2.125)

, (2.45) (2.47)
,
f c 2

=
1 - ,
f
c

c =

c
f 2
1 - c
f

f c 2
cg = c 1 - .
f

(2.126)

( a > b ) TE10
f c10 =

c
,
2a

(2.127)

.
TE 20 TE 01 , f c 20 = c / a , f c01 = c /(2b) , b
a / 2 .
. ,
b a / 2 .
. b = a / 2 .
2.4.
(2.15) :
P=

f c 2
ab f 2
H
1
0
f
2 f c2

P=

f c 2
ab f 2
H
1
0
f
4 f c2

P=

f c 2
ab f 2
E
1
f 0
4 f c2

TE10 ,

(2.128)

TE mn , m, n > 0 ,

(2.129)

TM mn .

(2.130)

, d

(2.45). , , , d = 0 .

p (2.21). 2.32
TE10 TE 20 .
, .
, f c 20 , TE 20
,
, . ()
1,25 f c10 0,95 f c 20 .

60

2.4. .

153
IEC-

WR-

R3
R4
R5
R6
R8
R9
R12
R14
R18
R22
R26
R32
R40
R48
R58
R70
R84
R100
R120
R140
R180
R220
R260
R320
R400
R500
R620
R740
R900
R1200
R1400
R1800
R2200
R2600

2300
2100
1800
1500
1150
975
770
650
510
430
340
284
229
187
159
137
112
90
75
62
51
42
34
28
22
19
15
12
10
9
7
5
4
3

[GHz]

fg
fd
0,32
0,35
0,41
0,49
0,64
0,76
0,96
1,14
1,45
1,72
2,17
2,60
3,22
3,94
4,64
5,38
6,57
8,20
9,84
11,9
14,5
17,6
21,7
26,4
32,9
39,2
49,8
60,5
73,8
92,2
114
145
172
217

0,49
0,53
0,62
0,75
0,98
1,15
1,46
1,73
2,20
2,61
3,30
3,95
4,90
5,99
7,05
8,17
9,99
12,5
15,0
18,0
22,0
26,7
33,0
40,0
50,1
59,6
75,8
91,9
112
140
173
220
261
330

[mm]

[MW]

@f
[GHz]

[dB/m]

@ fd @ fg

584,2
533,4
457,2
381,0
292,1
247,65
195,58
165,10
129,54
109,22
86,36
72,14
58,17
47,55
40,39
34,82
28,499
22,860
19,050
15,799
12,954
10,668
8,636
7,112
5,690
4,775
3,759
3,099
2,540
2,032
1,651
1,295
1,092
0,864

292,1
266,7
228,6
190,5
146,05
123,82
97,79
82,55
64,77
54,61
43,18
34,04
29,083
22,149
20,193
15,799
12,624
10,160
9,525
7,898
6,477
4,318
4,318
3,556
2,845
2,388
1,880
1,549
1,270
1,016
0,826
0,648
0,546
0,432

0,386
0,422
0,49
0,59
0,77
0,91
1,15
1,36
1,74
2,06
2,61
3,12
3,87
4,73
5,57
6,46
7,89
9,84
11,8
14,2
17,4
21,1
26,1
31,6
39,5
47,1
59,9
72,6
88,6
111
136,3
174,0
206,0
260,5

0,00078
0,00090
0,00113
0,00149
0,00222
0,00284
0,00405
0,00522
0,00749
0,00970
0,0138
0,0189
0,0249
0,0355
0,0431
0,0576
0,0794
0,110
0,l133
0,176
0,238
0,370
0,435
0,583
0,815
1,060
1,52
2,03
2,74
3,82
5,21
7,50
9,70
13,76

153212
120173
93,4131,9
67,693,3
35,053,8
27,038,5
17,224,1
11,917,2
7,510,7
5,27,5
3,14,5
2,23,2
1,62,2
1,42,0
0,791,0
0,560,71
0,350,46
0,200,29
0,170,23
0,120,16
0,0800,107
0,0430,058
0,0340,048
0,0220,031
0,0140,020
0,0110,015
0,00630,0090
0,00420,0060
0,00300,0041
0,00180,0026
0,00120,0017
0,000710,0010
0,000510,0007
0,000350,0004

2.

61

0,002

TE20

[Np/m]
TE10

0,001

0,000
1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

f /fcTE10
2.32. TE10 TE 20 IEC-R14.

2.10.

.
( ) ( LC ) .
,
,
D= p

g
2

p = 1, 2,K

(2.131)

et = 0 .
, .

.
(. ) ,
. ,
, .
,
(2.131).
.
D = (2 p -1)

g
4

p = 1, 2,K

(2.132)

62

. , ,
29.
.
,
.
,
. ,
, D c
(2.131) g = c / f 0 ,
f0 = p

.
(2.133)
2D
,
Q-. ,

Q = 2 f 0

Wem
.
Pgub

(2.134)

. ,
, Q-. Q-
, Q- .

, Q-
, Q-
.
.

. .

29

3.

3.1.
.
(, ) .
.
1.
.
.
,
( ,
).
, (
, ).
3.1 .
(coupled microstrip lines, 3.1)
.
( ),
() ,
.
,
(coupled striplines, 3.1) (
). ,
.
, . ,
( ,
),

( ) .

64

()

()

()

()

3.1. : ()
, ()
() () .
( ,
),
(broadside-coupled lines, 3.1).
(flat cable, 3.1),
.
,
(flexible circuits), .

(
). , ,
.
.
.
,
( ). , 3.2

(
). 6.
, 3.3
( ) , ,
( ).
8.

3.

65

3.2. ( Protel)
.

3.3. ( Protel)
.
.
, ()
( ). .

66

. ,
( , ,
),
. ,
.

, . ,
.
,
.
, ( , ,
), , ,
.
,
.
, ( ),
.
-.
.

() , () .
.
2. ,
. . (full-wave analysis)
, ,
.
.
,
. f,
= 2 f . , ,
(
). 3.4 .
z- .
( , ), 0 ,
.
,
,

.

.
2

3.

67

3.4. .

3.2.
3.2.1.
, N + 1 ( 3.5).
N . () ,
(, ) ()3.
(D),
( 3.6).
N
.
, . (
) ( ),
, ,
( ). .
( )
( ).
. ,
4. ,
, . ,
,
.
,
.
,
(). ( , ,
)
, ( )
.
4 , ,
.

68

i1
v1
i2
v2

iN
vN
i1 + i2 + L + i N

z
3.5. N .

3.6. .
.
( Qi, i = 1,..., N )
( Vi , i = 1,..., N )5 ( 3.4)

3.

69

V1 + b12
V2 + ... + b1N VN ,
Q1 = b11

V1 + b22
V2 + ... + b2 N VN ,
Q2 = b21

(3.1)

VN ,
QN = bN 1V1 + bN 2V2 + ... + bNN
bij . (3.1)
6
[Q ( z )] = [ B ][V ( z )] ,

(3.2)

t
[Q ( z )] = Q1( z ) Q2 ( z ) L QN ( z )

(3.3)

- () (t
),
b11

L b1N
b12

b
L b2 N
b
21
22

[ B ] =

b
L
b
NN
N 1 N 2

(3.4)

7
[V ( z )] = [V1 ( z ) V2 ( z ) L VN ( z )]

(3.5)

.
. 3.8 ( N = 2 ).
a = 1 mm ,

. d = h = 10 mm ( d , h ? a ). [ B ]
.
. 1,
2. [07]
1
2h
8 a11 =
= a22 (
ln
2 0
a
(2h)2 + d 2
1
(
ln
2 0
d

) a12 = a21 =
).

,
z t, z.
7 [ B ] ,
. ,
( ) . ,
,
.
8 .
6

70

a
a12 5,385 1,446 10 -1
=
10 F m . ()
[ A] = 11

a21 a22 1,446 5,385

9,
b b 20,01 -5,37
pF/m . [ B ] = [ A]-1 = 11 12 =
b b -5,37 20,01

21 22
, ( ).

:
. [ A] [ B ] .
, ,
, 3.8.

(
),
= b11
+ b12
= 14,64 pF/m = c22
, c12
= -b12
= 5,37 pF/m .
c11

3.8.
.
. 3.9 ( N = 2 )
w = 4 mm .
d = 6 mm , h = 10 mm .

[ B ] .

. . Linpar
20,11 -5,56
pF/m .
[ B ] =
-5,56 20,11

, , a = w / 4
3.8 3.9 .

. ,
[ B ] .
9

3.

71

3.9.
.
. ,
r = 4,6 , 3.10.
( ).
60,86 -12,44
pF/m .
. Linpar [ B ] =
-12,44 60,86

3.10.
.
. 3.11 ( N = 2 )
,
10, h ? b . [ B ]
.

, ,
.
10

72

1
2h
1
2h

ln
ln
20
a 2 0
b
,
. [ A] =
1
2h
1
2h

ln
ln
20
b 2 0
b

20
20

b
b

ln
ln
a
a
=0,
[ B ] = [ A]-1 =
. c11
2 0
- 2 0

2h
ln b
ln

a
a
2 0 20
20
=
=
= 0 :
c12
. c11
c22
2h
b
b
ln
ln
ln
a
a
a
.
( )
.
. ,
, ,
2 0 20
2
= 0 , c22
=
=
c11
c12
.
b
b
2h
ln
ln
ln
a
a
a

3.11.
.
. 3.12 ( N = 3 )
( d ? a ). [ A] [ B ] .
. 0.
. ,
.
,

3.

73

11. ,

Q0 = -(Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ) .
Q1 0 , ( Q2 = Q3 = 0 ).

Q0 = -Q1 . ,
2 3 . 1
Q 3d
0 V1 = U10 = 1 ln
, 2
0
a
Q
Q
4d
d
V2 = U 20 = 1 ln
, 3 V3 = U 30 = 1 ln
.
2 0
a
20 2a
Q 2d
Q
2d
Q2 = -Q0 0 Q1 = Q3 = 0 , V2 = 2 ln
V3 = 2 ln
. ,
20
0
a
a
Q d

Q3 = -Q0 0

Q1 = Q2 = 0 ,

V3 = 3 ln .

0 a
1
3d

ln

a
0
1
4
d
[ A] =
ln
a
20

1 ln d

2 0 2a
[ B ] = [ A]-1 .

1
4d
ln
20
a
1
2d
ln
0
a
1
2d
ln
a
20

1
d
ln
20 2a
1
2d
ln .
2 0
a

1
d
ln
0 a

3.12. .
,
. ( ).

. ,
() z (
2.8). , ,
, ,
( ),
,

( ) (
).

11

74

3.13. ,
. , z 0 ,
, 3.5,
,
d[ I ( z )]
= - j [ B ] [V ( z )] , 0 < z < D .
dz

(3.6)

L'11 z
C'11 z
L'12 z

C'12 z

C'1N z

L'22 z
C'22 z

L'1N z

C'12 z

L'2N z
L'NN z
C'NN z

3.13. .
,
:
d[ I ( z )]
= - j [Q ( z )] ,
dz

(3.7)

[ I ( z )] = [ I1 ( z ) I 2 ( z ) L I N ( z ) ]

(3.8)

. (3.2) (3.7)
(3.6).
.
.
( 3.4),
3.13
. , ,
.

3.

75

3.13, z 0 . Ta
d[V ( z )]
= - j [ L ] [ I ( z )] , 0 < z < D .
dz

(3.9)

.
.

( z ) = - j ( L11
I1 + L12
I 2 + K + L1N I N ) ,
Eind1

( z ) = - j ( L21
I1 + L22
I 2 + K + L2 N I N ) ,
Eind2
M

(3.10)

N ( z ) = - j ( LN 1 I1 + LN 2 I 2 + K + LNN
IN ) ,
Eind
Lij .
,
( z )] = - j [ L ] [ I ( z )] ,
[ Eind

(3.11)

( z )] = Eind1
( z ) Eind2
( z ) L Eind
N ( z )
[ Eind

(3.12)

,
L11

L
[ L ] = 21
M
L
N 1

L12

L22
LN 2

L1N

L L2 N

L LNN
L

(3.13)

( ).

d[V ( z )]
( z )] ,
= [ Eind
dz

(3.14)

(3.10) (3.14) (3.9).

. ,
.
, [ B0 ] .
[ B0 ] [ L ]
, [ L ][ B0 ] = 00 [1] , [1] N

N . [ L ] = 0 0 [ B0 ]-1 = 00 [ A0 ] , [ A0 ]
.
:
, [ B ] ,

, [ L ] .

[ A0 ] ( ,

76

),
[ L ] (, , ).
. 3.8.
. [ A0 ] = [ A]
(2h)2 + d 2

0 2h
= L21
= 0 ln
( ) L12
= L22
ln
20
d
2 a
( ). :
,
. ,
,
( ).
. ,
,
( ).
. 3.9 3.10.
=
L11

. [ L ]
599,1 165,6 nH

, [ L ] = 00 [ A0 ] =
.
165,6 599,1 m

[ L ] 3.11 3.12,

= 0 , L11
>0.
3.11 C11

, [ R ] ,

, [G ] .
. ,
. ()
.
, .
.
,
, [Djo94].
(
) . ,
t = 36 m .
Cu = (67 m)

f[MHz] .

MHz.
[ R ]
.
, .
,
.
.
(, , 3.83.10),
,

3.

77

.
( ) ,
. , ,
, [ R ]
.
. [ R ]
.
.
,
( ), . ,
,

, [ L ] = [ Le ] + [ Li] .
[ L ] .
, ,
. ,
[ Le ] , [ Li] [ R ] . [ Li]
1

f , [ L ] [ Le ] .

[ Le ]

( [ L ] = 00 [ A0 ] ), [ L ] .

, [ L ]
, .

12.
( )
.
( FR-4) .
[G ] ,
13. [G ]

. , ,
,
[ Be ] .

[ Be ] = [ B ] - ( j / )[G ] , [ B ]
[G ] . [G ] .
. ,
[G ] = tg [ B ] , .

(Si, GaAs),
.
13 ,
[ B] .
, .
12

78

, ,
. ,
, , [G ] .
[ L ] , [ B ] , [ R ] [G ]
.
.
3.14, w = 0,9 mm , h = 0,508 mm , s = 0,3 mm , t = 36 m ,
r = 4,6 tg = 0,02 , f = 1 GHz . p = 14 MS/m 14.

2.23 2.
301,1 76,2 nH
126,7 -18,1 pF

, [ B ] =
,
. Linpar [ L ] =
-18,1 126,7 m
76,2 301,1 m

19,9 1,29
13,9 -1,34 mS

[G ] =
. (
[ R ] =
1,29 19,9 m
-1,34 13,9 m

)
2.23, , .
3.14 50 ,
50- .

3.14. .

. , (3.6)
(3.9),
d[V ( z )]
= -[ Z ] [ I ( z )] ,
dz

(3.15)

d[ I ( z )]
= -[Y ] [V ( z )] ,
dz

(3.16)

[ Z ] = [ R ] + j[ L ] ,

(3.17)

[Y ] = [G ] + j[ B ]

(3.18)

, .
14

, .

3.

79

3.2.2.
(3.15) (3.16) [ I ( z )] ,

d 2 [V ( z )]

- [ Z ] [Y ] [V ( z )] = 0 .
(3.19)
dz 2
(3.19)
z-, .
[V ( z )] = [V0 ] exp(-z ) ,

(3.20)

[V0 ] (
z = 0 ). (3.20) (3.19)

( [Z ] [Y ] - 2 [1] ) [V0 ] exp(-z) = 0 .

(3.21)

(3.21)
[V0 ] . [V0 ]

( [Z ] [Y ] - 2 [1] ) , ,
det ( [ Z ] [Y ] - 2 [1] ) = 0 .

(3.22)

(3.22) N-
. , , (3.22) N 15 2 ,
2

2
, m = 1,..., N . 2m
m

(. m ), .

( m ),

z-. , - m ,
.
N
(). m , m = 1,..., N .
,
m = m + jm . ( m ) ( Np m ).
20 log10 e 8.686 dB m .

m =

rem

2
=
=
,
cm
c0
m

(3.23)

cm , c0 , rem
, a m .

N- N (),
( ).
15

80

m , m = 1,..., N , (3.21)

[V0m ], m = 1,..., N , 16.

m-
[V m ( z )] = [V0m ]exp( m m z ) ,

m = 1, ..., N .

(3.24)

(3.24) (3.15) ,
[ I m ( z )] = [ I 0m ]exp(m m z ) ,

m = 1, ..., N ,

(3.25)

[ I 0m ] = [ Z ]-1[V0m ] m .

(3.26)

(3.24) (3.25) z ( ),
( ).
, [V0m ] [ I 0m ]
: ,
[ SV ] = [V01 ] L [V0N ] ,

(3.27)

[ S I ] = [ I 01 ] L [ I 0N ] .

(3.28)

[ S I ] = [ Z ]-1[ SV ] [ ] ,

(3.29)

[ ] = diag [ 1 L N ] .

(3.30)

[ ] m ,
, N ()
N (),
(
). .
- , , .
, 2N
17,
[V ( z )] = [Vi ( z )] + [Vr ( z )] = [ SV ] { [Gi ( z )] + [Gr ( z )] } ,
[ I ( z )] = [ I i ( z )] + [ I r ( z )] = [ S I ] { [Gi ( z )] - [Gr ( z )] } ,

(3.31)
(3.32)

i r , .

(3.22) () (3.21), 2m
, [V0m ] (3.21).
16

( N = 1 ) :
.
17

3.
t
[Gi ( z )] = Gi1 ( z ) L GiN ( z ) ,

81

(3.33)

t
[Gr ( z )] = Gr1 ( z ) L GrN ( z ) ,
(3.34)

m
m
Gi ( z ), m = 1,K N , 18, Gr ( z ), m = 1,K N ,
. ,
(3.24), , ,

Gim ( z ) = Gim (0) exp(- m z ) , m = 1, ..., N ,

(3.35)

Grm ( z ) = Grm (0) exp( m z ) , m = 1, ..., N .

(3.36)

(.
z-),
[Vi ( z )] = [ Z c ] [ I i ( z )] ,

[ Z c ] = [ SV ] [ S I ]-1

(3.37)
(3.38)

19. (3.31) (3.32):

[Vi ( z )] = [ SV ] [Gi ( z )] ,
[ I i ( z )] = [ S I ] [Gi ( z )] . , ,
[Vr ( z )] = -[ Z c ] [ I r ( z )] .

(3.39)

,
[Yc ] = [ Z c ]-1 .

(3.40)

, m , m = 1,..., N , [ SV ] [ S I ] .
[ Z c ] [Yc ] .
.

3.12, f = 1 GHz , a = 0,5 mm

d = 5 mm . p = 14 MS/m .

18

. [ SV ]

[ S I ] , , ,
, .
19 ( )
. , (3.37) (3.39)
, .

82

Linpar
(Accuracy
Parameter
4)

1356 814,1 542,1

14,42 -8,27 -3,12

nH

pF
[ L ] = 814,1 1194 597,0
,
[ B ] = -8,27 18,54 -7,14

-3,12 -7,14 18,54 m

542,1 597,0 921,6 m

11,3 5,8 5,5

[ R ] = 5,8 11,3 5,6 . [G ] .

5,5 5,6 11,0 m

1 = (0,0128 + j20,97) m-1 ,

2 = (0,0228 + j20,98) m-1 3 = (0,019 + j20,98) m-1 .

, .
,
0,7887 + j0 0,5095 + j0,0001 0,0020 + j0,0001

[ SV ] = 0,5787 - j0 -0,2941- j0,0002

0,7088 + j0 V

0,2074 + j0

0,8086
+
j0
0,7054
+
j0,0002

1,779 - j0,001 2,173 + j0,003 -2,407 - j0,002

[ S I ] = 0,815 + j0
-4,624 - j0,007 2,422 + j0,002 mA .

-0,824 - j0
4,641 + j0,005
2,398 + j0,003

406,8 - j0,3 244,2 - j0,1 162,6 - j0,1

[ Z c ] = 244,2 - j0,1 358,1 - j0,3 179,1 - j0,1 .

162,6 - j0,1 179,1- j0,1 276,5 - j0,3

.
3.15, f = 1 GHz , w = 0,9 mm , s = 0,3 mm ,
h = 0,508 mm , t = 36 m , r = 4,6 tg = 0,02 . p = 14 MS/m .

3.15. .
.
300,4

[ L ] = 74,0

26,4

20,0

[ R ] = 1,65

0,39

f = 1 GHz

126,7 -18,0 -0,94

74,0 26,4
nH

pF
293,6 74,0
,
[ B ] = -18,0 131,1 -18,0
,
m

74,0 300,4
-0,94 -18,0 126,7
13,9 -1,35 0,006
1,65 0,39

mS
21,0 1,65

[G ] = -1,35 14,1 -1,35

.

1,65 20,0
0,006 -1,35 13,9
1 = (0,5665 + j41,31) m-1 , 2 = (0,5340 + j37,37) m-1

3.

83

3 = (0,5438 + j35,48) m-1 . r1 = 3,884 ,

r2 = 3,180 r3 = 2,865 . (

0,5483 + j0,0006 0,7071 + j0 -0,4329 + j0,0008

15%.) [ SV ] = 0,6314 + j0
0 + j0
0,7907 + j0 V

0,5483 + j0,0006 -0,7071 + j0 -0,4329 + j0,0008

8,764 - j0,0318 15,18 - j0,0046 -12,16 + j0,0031

[ S I ] = 9,597 - j0,0522
0 + j0
21,12 - j0,0029 mA .

8,764 - j0,0318 -15,18 + j0,0046 -12,16 + j0,0031

49,36 + j0,17 9,52 + j0,10 2,77 + j0,04

[ Z c ] = 9,52 + j0,10 48,4 + j0,15 9,52 + j0,10 .

2,77 + j0,04 9,52 + j0,10 49,36 + j0,17

,
, . (
, )
.
( )
. .
( 0 ),
,
[ L ] [ B ] = 0 [1] .

(3.41)

, N-
. ,
m = jm = j 0 = j , m = 1, ..., N . , ,
, cm = 1

0 = c , m = 1, ..., N . , [V0m ]

, ,
1
0
0



0
1
0
1
2
N
[V0 ] = V , [V0 ] = V , ..., [V0 ] = V ,
M
M
M
0
0
1

(3.42)

[ SV ] = [1] V . , [ I 0m ] (
[ S I ] ), 20. ,
, ,
.

20

, [ S I ] = [1] A ,

[ SV ] .

84

[ SV ] = [1] V ,

(3.29)

(3.30),

1
[ S I ] = [ Z ]-1[ SV ] [ ] = j[ Z ]-1 = [ L ]-1 ( ),
c

[ Z c ] = [ SV ] [ S I ]-1 = [ S I ]-1 = c [ L ]

(3.43)

( c = 1/ 0 ). (3.41)
1
[Yc ] = [ L ]-1 = c [ B ] .
c

(3.44)

:
[ SV ] = [ Z ] [ S I ] [ ]-1 =

[ S I ] = [1] A ,

1
[ Z ] = c [ L ] ( ),
j

(3.43).
. 3.16 ,
r = 2,1 . w = 1,7 mm , s = 1 mm , t = 18 m
h1 = h2 = 1 mm . .
.
.

237,8 12,74 nH

[ L ] =
12,74 237,8 m

98,54 -5,28 pF

[ B ] =
. ,
-5,28 98,54 m

0,2567 0,9539
V
c1 = c2 = 206,9 Mm/s = c0 / r . Linpar [ SV ] =
-0,9665 0,3002

6,289 19,12
mA . ,
[S I ] =
-19,98 5,077

, ,
49,20 2,638
, .
, [ Z c ] =
2,638 49,20

(3.43). : Linpar,
1 0
49,20 2,638
A [ SV ] =
V
, , [ S I ] =
0 1
2,638 49,20

3.16. .

3.

85

3.2.3.
( N = 2 ).
3.83.10 3.16. :
21. ,
.
, .

V
Vo
,
[ SV ] = e
(3.45)
Ve -Vo

I
Io
.
[S I ] = e
(3.46)
I e -I o

Z
Zm
.
[Zc ] = s
(3.47)
Z m Zs

3.17
, 3.18
.
22 .
23. ,
.
. 3.17 w = 0,9 mm ,
h = 0,508 mm ,

s = 0,3 mm ,
r = 4,6 , t = 36 m ,
, ,
.

Linpar

301,1 4,14 nH

[ L ] =
,
4,14 301,1 m

126,7 -18,14 pF

[ B ] =
, 156,3 Mm s ,
-18,14 126,7 m

.
.
23
. broadside coupled lines
( 3.1)
.
21
22

86

0,7071 -0,7071
V,
[ SV ] =
0,7071 0,7071

49,18 9,77
.
[Zc ] =
9,77 49,18

175,2 Mm s ,

11,99 -17,94
mA
[S I ] =
11,99 17,94

3.17. .

()

()

3.18. () ()
3.17.
,
.
. ,
je
,
Ve
.
(3.48)
Ie
,
,
Ze =

Vo
.
(3.49)
Io

:
Zo =

Ze = Zs + Z m ,

(3.50)

Zo = Zs - Z m .

(3.51)

. N = 3 . ,

3.

87

.
( ),
(
) . ,
. , ,
,
.
.
, .
.
,
. (
, .)
.
.
( 3.17).
. Z e = 58,96 Z o = 39,41 .
29,48 , 78,82 .

3.2.4.
z = 0 , z = D .
,
.
. (3.33)(3.36)
[Gi ( D )] = [ E ] [Gi (0)] ,

(3.52)

[Gr (0)] = [ E ] [Gr ( D )] ,

(3.53)

[ E ] = diag [exp( - 1 D) L exp(- N D ) ] .

(3.54)

[V (0)] = [ SV ] {[Gi (0)] + [ E ] [Gr ( D )]} ,
[ I (0)] = [ S I ] {[Gi (0)] - [ E ] [Gr ( D )]} ,

[V ( D )] = [ SV ] {[ E ] [Gi (0)] + [Gr ( D)]} ,

[ I ( D)] = [ S I ] {[ E ] [Gi (0)] - [Gr ( D )]} .

(3.55)
(3.56)
(3.57)
(3.58)

(3.55)(3.58) 2N 2N
2N , N [Gi (0)] N
[Gr ( D)] .

88

2N
24,25 ( 3.19). , , [V (0)]
[V ( D )] , [ I (0)] [-I ( D )] .

. [-I ( D )]
z = D ,
. (3.55)(3.58)

[V (0)] [ SV ]
[ SV ] [ E ] [Gi (0)]

=
(3.59)
[V ( D )] [ SV ] [ E ]
[ SV ] [Gr ( D )]

[ I (0)] [ S I ]
-[ S I ] [ E ] [Gi (0)]

=
(3.60)
[-I ( D )] -[ S I ] [ E ]
[ S I ] [Gr ( D)]

.
. (3.59) (3.60)
.
[G (0)]

. (3.60) i
[Gr ( D )]

[ I (0)]

(3.59),
[-I ( D )]

[V (0)]
[ I (0)]

,

[V ( D )]
[-I ( D )]

-1
[V (0)] [ SV ]
[ SV ] [ E ] [ S I ]
-[ S I ] [ E ] [ I (0)]

=
.

[V ( D )] [ SV ] [ E ]
[ SV ] -[ S I ] [ E ]
[ S I ] [-I ( D )]

-1
[ SV ]
[ SV ] [ E ] [ S I ]
-[ S I ] [ E ]

[Z ] =
[ SV ] [ E ]
[ SV ] -[ S I ] [ E ]
[ S I ]

(3.61)

-1
[SI ]
[ SV ] [ E ]
-[ S I ] [ E ] [ SV ]

= [ Z ]-1
[Y ] =
(3.62)
-[ S I ] [ E ]
[ SV ]
[ S I ] [ SV ] [ E ]

. : 4
( ,
).

.
25 . ,
( 2 N 3.28
N + 1 ...).
, . ( N + 1
3.28 2, 2 3, N + 2 4...).
24

3.

89

3.19. 2N .
. 3.17
D = 40 mm . w = 0,9 mm , h = 0,508 mm , s = 0,3 mm , t = 36 m ,

r = 4,6 , tg = 0,02 p = 14 MS/m .

26 ,
4 . Z 0 = 50 .
. 3.20 Microwave Office
.
(FR-4): (Er), (H),
(T), (Rho,
Au = 41 MS/m ) (Tand).
MCLIN.
( ,
Linpar). PORT.
3.19. ,

s11 = s22 = s33 = s44 .

s21 = s12 = s43 = s34 , s31 = s13 = s42 = s24 s41 = s14 = s32 = s23 . je, 16
s-, 4 . 3.20
s- ( ) .
( s11 -24 dB ).
1, 3 (

[06] 4 .

26

90

s21 0 dB ). ,
2 4. 1 GHz 2 7,5 dB
4.
, ( 7,5 dB )27.
MSUB
Er=4.6
H=0.508 mm
T=0.036 mm
Rho=3
Tand=0.02
ErNom=4.6
Name=SUB1

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

MCLIN
ID=TL1
W=0.9 mm
S=0.3 mm
L=40 mm

PORT
P=3
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

()

Coupled microstrips
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
DB(|S[1,1]|)

-30

DB(|S[2,1]|)

-35

DB(|S[3,1]|)
DB(|S[4,1]|)

-40
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (GHz)

1.4

1.6

1.8

()
3.20. .

,
, 3.2.
27

3.

3.3.

91

3.3.1.


.
( 8).
, ,
, = j = 0

(3.41), (3.43) (3.44). [ E ] = [1]exp(- jD ) = [1]e ,

e = exp(- jD) .

[ S I ] = [1] A , [ SV ] = [ Z c ] ( ).

-1
[ Z ] e [ Z c ] [1]
-e [1]

.
(3.61) [ Z ] = c
e [ Z c ] [ Z c ] -e [1]
[1]

-1
[1]
[1]
-e [1]
-e [1]
1 [1] e [1]

:
=

,
-e [1]

[1]
[1]
1 - e 2 e [1] [1]

-e [1]
2N ( 3.19)

[Z ] =

(1 + e 2 ) [ Z ]
cos(D) [ Z c ]

2e [ Z c ]
[Zc ]
1
c

,
= j sin(D )
2
2
[Zc ]
cos( D) [ Z c ]
1- e 2e [ Z c ]
(1 + e ) [ Z c ]

(3.63)

,
cos(D)
1
Zc

.
cos( D)
j sin(D ) 1
[Y ] =

cos( D) [Yc ]
-[Yc ]
1

.
cos(D) [Yc ]
j sin(D) -[Yc ]

(3.64)

3.3.2.
,
3.21.
(). (
). N .
,
[ I (0)]
[V (0)]
= [Y ]
. [Y ]
3.19
[-I ( D )]
[V ( D )]

(3.64),

92

cos(D) [Yc ]
[ I (0)]
-[Yc ]
1

=
[-I ( D )] j sin(D ) -[Yc ]
cos(D) [Yc ]

[V (0)]

. 3.21
[V ( D )]

cos(D)
, [V ( D )] = [0] . [ I (0)] =
[Yc ] [V (0)] .
j sin(D )
, 3.21 [Y ] =

1
[Yc ] .
j tg(D )

3.21. N .
.
N + 1 , 3.22.
(), ()
.
y11 y12 L y1N

y12 y22 L y2 N

.
( ) [Y ] =

M
M
O
M

1N y2 N L y NN
[Y ] ( ymn = ynm ). 3.22
( )
( , ).

3.

93

[Y ]

()

()
3.22. () N ()
.
28.
( 3.22) N (),
()
N ( N + 1)
, .
2
(). m n Ymn = - ymn ,
ymn m n [Y ] .

N- ( )
. N = 3 .

28

94

m Ymm = ymn , . m-
N

n=1

29

[Y ] .

3.21, (
const
3.22)
, const 30.
j tg( D)
,
D, .
= Y cmn , m = 1,..., N ,
Ycmm = c bmn
N

n=1

n=1

= -Y cmn , m, n = 1,..., N , m n , bmn

[ B ] , Y cmn
Ycmn = -cbmn
[Yc ] . 3.23,
.

I1
+

V1
I2

Yc11

Yc12

Yc22

Yc23

Yc1N

V2
Yc2N

IN
+

VN
YcNN

3.23.
3.21.
3.23
,

[ B ]
.
30 c c , c , c
mn
mn
, .
29

3.

95

31. 3.21,
( )
.

( 3.24).
3.21, 3.24
1
[Z ] =
[ Z c ] . ,
j tg( D)
, [Y ] = [ Z ]-1 = j tg(D) [ Z c ]-1 = j tg(D ) [Yc ] .
,
3.23.

(
, ).
.
31

96

()

()
3.24. () N ()
.

3.3.3.

.
. 3.19 3.25. P1 , P2 ,
P3 P4 . . (
.)

3.

97

3.25. .
N = 2 , 3.21 3.24
3.26, 3.27. P1 P2 . 3.26
, .
3.26 3.27,
. -. - ( ,
).
3.26, 3.27.
3.26, 3.27,
g / 4 f 0 = 1 GHz ,
Z e = 100 , Z o = 25 .
Z 0 = 50 . , s11 = s22 .
( s21 ) f 0 .
,
4 f 0 , (3.63) (3.64).
2 f 0 , 4 f 0 . 3.26 3.27,
.

98

()
-Yc12
Yc11+Yc12 Yc22+Yc12

()
Z c11-Z c12 Z c22-Z c12
Z c12

()

Coupled parallel SCTLs

0

180

-5

135

-10

90

-15

45

-20

-25

DB(|S[1,1]|) (L)

-45

-30

DB(|S[2,1]|) (L)

-90

Ang(S[1,1]) (R, Deg)

-35

-135

Ang(S[2,1]) (R, Deg)

-40

-180
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (GHz)

1.4

1.6

1.8

()
3.26. () , ()
() () .

3.

99

()
-Yc12
Yc11+Yc12 Yc22+Yc12

()
Z c11-Z c12 Z c22-Z c12

P1

P2
Z c12

()

Coupled parallel OCTLs

0

180

-5

135

-10

90

-15

45

-20

-25

DB(|S[1,1]|) (L)

-45

-30

DB(|S[2,1]|) (L)

-90

Ang(S[1,1]) (R, Deg)

-35

-135

Ang(S[2,1]) (R, Deg)

-40

-180
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (GHz)

1.4

1.6

1.8

()
3.27. () , () ()
() .

100

3.25.
(3.63), (3.64), N = 2 .

Z c11 cos(D ) Z c12 cos(D )

V1
Z c11
Z c12

Z cos(D) Z cos(D )

V2
Z c12
Z c22
1
c22
c12

V j sin(D)
Z
Z
Z
D
Z
D
cos(

)
cos(

)
c11
c12
c11
c12

V
Z c12
Z c22
Z c12 cos(D ) Z c22 cos(D)

I1

I2

I
3
I
4

(3.65)

V1

V2
,
V
3
V
4

(3.66)

Y cos( D) Yc12 cos( D)

I1
-Yc11
-Yc12
c11

I2
-Yc12
-Yc22
1
Yc12 cos(D) Yc22 cos(D)

I j sin( D) -Y
-Yc12
Yc11 cos(D) Yc12 cos(D)
c11

I
-Yc22
Yc12 cos(D ) Yc22 cos(D)
4
-Yc12
Z cmn [ Z c ] , Ycmn [Yc ] .
.
3.28a
3.25 ( P2 P3 ) . ,

3.25, I 2 = 0 I 3 = 0 , ( P1 P2 .

Z c11 cos(D )

V
Z c12
1

3.28a) (3.65) 1 =

V2 j sin(D)
Z
Z

D
cos(
)
c12
c22

I1
.
I2

3.28. ( D = g / 4 )

( ). D,
3.28. 1
2 - j Z c1 ctg(D ) - j Z c ctg(D ) = - j( Z c1 + Z c ) ctg(D) ,

z11 . z22 = - j(Z c2 + Z c ) ctg(D ) .

, ,
I g 1, 2 .
- j I g Z c ctg(D ) , (
- j I g Z c ctg(D)

Ig Zc

Zc
.
cos(D)
jsin( D)
jsin( D)
z-
Z c = Z c12 (.
)

z12 =

), Z c1 = Z c11 - Z c12 (.

) Z c2 = Z c22 - Z c12 . ,

( Z c11 = Z c22 ), ,

3.

101

Z c = ( Z e - Z o ) / 2 Z c1 = Z c2 = Z o . 3.28
3.26.

()
Zc1

Zc2
c

P1

P2

()

Coupled antiparallel OCTLs

0

180

-5

135

-10

90

-15

45

-20

DB(|S[1,1]|) (L)
DB(|S[2,1]|) (L)

-25

-45

Ang(S[1,1]) (R, Deg)

-30

-90

Ang(S[2,1]) (R, Deg)

-35

-135

-40

-180
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (GHz)

1.4

1.6

1.8

()
3.28. ()
, () () .
3.28 , .
3.28, ,
,
. .
( s11 = s22 = 0 ), Z c = Z 0 ,

102

Z e - Z o = 2 Z 0 . .

. , , ,
Z e - Z o = 2 Z 0 . ,
,
100 .
( 2 GHz ),
( 3 GHz, 5 GHz,... ).
() 3.29, Yc = -Yc12 ,

Yc1 = Yc11 + Yc12 Yc2 = Yc22 + Yc12 32. 3.29 .

3.27 3.28
, 8.
1 GHz - / 2 , / 2 .
, 3.25, 1 3, 2 ,
4 ( 3.30),
2
( 3.30), Z c = Z c11 Yc2 = Yc21
/ Yc22 .
, ( 3.30),
2
Yc = Yc22 Z c1 = Z c21
/ Z c11 . ,
3.30. , | s11 |=| s22 | ,
. 3 GHz, 5 GHz,... .

32

3.29 Yc > 0 ,

<0 .
Yc12 = cb12

3.

103

()

()

Coupled antiparallel SCTLs

0

180

-5

135

-10

90

-15

45

-20

-25

DB(|S[1,1]|) (L)

-45

-30

DB(|S[2,1]|) (L)

-90

Ang(S[1,1]) (R, Deg)

-35

-135

Ang(S[2,1]) (R, Deg)

-40

-180
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (GHz)

1.4

1.6

1.8

()
3.29. ()
, () ()
.

104

()
Zc
Yc2

()
Z c1
Yc

()

Notch filter
0

180

-5

135

-10

90

-15

45
DB(|S[1,1]|) (L)

-20

DB(|S[2,1]|) (L)

-25

-45

Ang(S[1,1]) (R, Deg)

-30

-90

Ang(S[2,1]) (R, Deg)

Ang(S[2,2]) (R, Deg)

-35

-135

-40

-180
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (GHz)

1.4

1.6

1.8

()
3.30. () , ()
() () .

3.

105

3.25
. , 1 2, 3 4
( ), 3.31, .
Microwave Office 3.31. :
,
.
1 GHz ( D = / 2 , 90o ).
Z 0 = Z e Z o , s11 = s22 = 0

, | s21 |= 1 ( 0 dB ).
,
. 3.31.
.

106

()
CLIN
ID=TL1
ZE=100 Ohm
ZO=25 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

()

Meander group delay

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

GD(2,1) (ns)
0
0

2
Frequency (GHz)

()
3.31. .

4.

.
, , .
,
,
, ,

. ,
.
.

.
.
, .

() (
) .
.
,
, .
, ,
.

.

4.1.

, , , . ,

108

.
(circuit) (network).

. , (
) (,
). .
, (terminals)
.
(port)
, : ,
. .
,
( ).
( )
.
,
, .
, , ,
,
, .

4.1, , , .

i(t)
u(t)
4.1. () .
( )
4.1.
, .
() -
.
, .
. ,
.
,
.
. ,
.
(LTI, linear time-invariant).
,
() .

4.

109

. .
(
).
(schematic) , .
,
,
.
(netlist) (script)
.
(subcircuits) (device models).

( , .).
.

4.1.1.


. ,
.


. ,
.
(. )
.
(phasor).
-
.
,
a (t ) = 2 A cos(t + ) a = Ae j ,

.

.
(,
) ,
. ,
.
. .
. .
.
,
, .
,
.

110

, .

4.1.2.
( 4.2)
()
[U ] = [ z ][ I ] ,
U j = z jk I k , j = 1, 2,K , N ,
N

(4.1)

k =1

U1
I1

[U ] = M , [ I ] = M
(4.2)


U
I
N
N
( ) , ,
z11 L z1N

M
[ z] = M O

N 1 L z NN

(4.3)

. z jk = zkj .
N

I1
U1

I2

...

U2

IN
UN

4.2. .
z jk
:
1) I k k .
2) .
3) j .
4)
z jk =

Uj
Ik

; I m = 0 ; m = 1, 2,K , N ; m k .

(4.4)

( 4.2)
[ I ] = [ y ][U ] ,

4.

y11 L y1N

[ y] = M O
M

N 1 L y NN

111

(4.5)

. y jk = ykj .
y jk :
1) U k k .
2) .
3) j .
4)
y jk =

Ij
Uk

; U m = 0 ; m = 1, 2,K , N ; m k .

(4.6)

( , ) ( , )
.

4.1.3.

300 MHz (1 GHz ).
, , ,

. ,
, ,
().
,
:
1) () .
2) .
3) , ,
.
,
, .
,
.

112

4.2. (s-)


. (
) , s-
(scattering parameters).
s-
,
, .
s- Hewlett-Packard
.
s-.

4.2.1.
(port) (terminals)

, .
,
,
.
,
( ,
).
( )
, , (
). ( )
, . ,
,
( ) (
). (
)
: (1) , (2)
(
2.5.1).
4.3, , :
| ak |2 = Pi, k ,

| bk |2 = Pr, k ,

Pk = | ak |2 - | bk |2 ,

P = Pk
N

k =1

k , k = 1, 2,K , N ,
| ak | ak ,
| bk | bk ,

(4.7)

4.

113

Pi,k k ,
Pr,k k ,
Pk k ( k ),

P ( ).
N

b1

a1

b2

Port #1

...

a2

bN

Port #2

aN

Port #N

4.3. .
(
) ,
| U i |2 = PZ
i c,

| U r |2 = Pr Z c ,

a=

Ui
Zc

b=

Ur
Zc

(4.8)

Z c , U i
, U r . ,
( ),
.

( ).
, .

4.2.2.


:
b j = s jk ak ,
N

k =1

j = 1, 2,K , N ,

(4.9)

[b] = [ s ] [a ] ,

b1

[b] = M ,

b
N

s11 L s1N

[s] = M O M ,

L
s
N
1
NN

s jk

a1

[a] = M .

a
N

(4.10)

s-.

[ s ] s-.

114

( ),
. ,
.
k ( )
Z p,k ,
, ak = 0 .
skk k
.
s jk k j.
( )
, ,
Z 0 . 50 75 .
,
.

U k = (ak + bk ) Z 0 k ,
ak =

U k + Z0k I k
2 Z0k

Ik =

bk =

ak - bk
Z0k

U k - Z0k I k
2 Z0k

(4.11)

(4.12)

. .

[b] = [ s ][a ] + [b]g [ s ]
, [b]g
.

RF . (
) ,
. s-
RF ,
,
.

4.2.3.
,

[ y ]0 [U ] - [ z ]0 [ I ] = [ s ]([ y ]0 [U ] + [ z ]0 [ I ]) + 2[b]g ,

(4.13)

4.

[ y ]0 =

Y0k =

Y01

Y02

0
,
M

Y0N

115

[ z ]0 =

Z 01

Z 02

M
0

0
,
M

Z 0N

(4.14)

1
() k.
Z 0k

,
:
1 L 0

[ z ] = [ z ]0 ([1] - [ s ]) ([1] + [ s])[ z ]0 , [1] = M O M .

(4.15)

0 L 1

,
. ,
,
, [b] = [ s ][a ] + [b]g , [b]g -1

.
, sij = s ji :
[ s ] = [ s ]t ,

(4.16)

t .
,
.
, ()
, ,

(an an* - bn bn* ) = 0 ,

N

(4.17)

n=1

| sni |2 = sni sni* = 1 ,

N

n=1

n=1

sni snk* = 0 ,
N

n=1

i = 1, 2,K , N ,

i, k = 1, 2,K , N ,

ik .

(4.18)

(4.19)

,
, s-.
,
. ,
, s21 = s12 | s11 |2 + | s21 |2 = 1 ,
| s11 | | s21 | . ,

116

| s21 |= 1

2 | s11 |= 1- | s21 |2 = 1

2 . , ,

3 (3 dB).
, ,
( 4.4).

a1

a2

b1
Port #1

b2
Port #2

Z01

Z02

4.4. .
,
.
, ,
Z -Z
01
02
Z +Z
02
01
[ s ]spoj =
2 Z 01Z 02

Z 01 + Z 02

2 Z 01 Z 02
Z 01 + Z 02
.
Z 01 - Z 02

Z 01 + Z 02

(4.20)

0 1
,
, [ s ]spoj =
1 0

b1 = a2 b2 = a1 .
,
.
() , ,
s-
(). .
() ( 4.5) s-
0
[ s ]vod =
- j
e

e- j
,
0

= D = 2

D
f

=
0 =
0 ,

F0
0

(4.21)

, , D , f ,
F0 = 0 (2) 0 , = 2f
,
( Z 01 = Z 02 = Z c ). , ,
, , .
D .

4.

117

a1
b1

a2
Port #1

Port #2

Z01

Z02

b2

4.5. .

.
k- lk ,
( ) lk ,
e- j1l1 L
0

[ s ]l = [ ] [ s ] [ ] , [] = M
O
M .
(4.22)

0
L e- j N lN
,
.
s-.
(matched) k skk = 0 .
,
.
.
(matched termination, reflectionless load)
.
(matched source, reflectionless source)

.
(test source)

, 2 V [06].

4.3.

.
,
( , ,
).
. ,
( Z 0 ),

118

.
s- .

.

,
.
.

4.3.1. , , ,
( 4.6) (),

[ s ] = [ s11 ] ,

(4.23)

s11 =

Z - Z0
, Z ,
Z + Z0

s11 = 0 , (),
s11 = -1 , ,
s11 = 1 , .

s11

a
Z

Z0
b

4.6. .

4.3.2.
,
U g Z g ( 4.7),
b=

Zg - Z 0

Zg + Z0

a+

U g Z0

Zg + Z 0

= s11a + bg .

(4.24)

,
Ug
b=
= bg .
2 Z0

4.

Zg

119

s11, bg

a
Z0

Ug

4.7. .

4.3.3.
( 4.8) , ,
,
0
[ s ]vod =
- j
e

e- j
,
0

= D = 2

D
f

=
0 =
0

F0
0

(4.25)

, , D , f ,
F0 = 0 (2) 0 , = 2f
,
( Z 0 = Z c ). ( (4.21).)

I1
Zc , 0

U1

[s]vod

I2
a1
U2

a2

Z0

Z0
b1

b2

4.8. .

4.3.4.
( 4.9) ,

0 0
,
[s] =
G 0

| G |> 1 .

(4.26)

GdB = 20 log10 | G | .

.

120

I1 Z0

Z0 I2
a1

U1

2GU1

GdB

a2

Z0

U2

Z0
b1

b2

4.9. .

4.3.5.
( 4.10) ,

0 0
.
[s] =
1 0

(4.27)

I1 Z0

Z0 I2
a1

U1

2U1

a2

Z0

U2

Z0
b1

b2

4.10. .

4.3.6. ()
()
( 4.11),
0
[s] =
A

A
,
0

| A |< 1 .

(4.28)

AdB = -20 log10 | A | .

a1
Z0

a2
AdB

b1

Z0
b2

4.11. .

4.3.7.
( 4.12)
,

4.

121

0
e- j
[ s ] =
,
- j
0
e
.

a1
Z0
b1

(4.29)

a2
Z0
b2

4.12. .

4.3.8.
( 4.13)
,
n 2 -1
2n

n 2 + 1 n 2 + 1
,
[ s ] =
(4.30)

1- n 2
2n
2

2
n + 1 n + 1
n (
).
.

I1

n:1

U1

I2
a1
U2

n:1

a2

Z0

Z0
b1

b2

4.13. .

4.3.9.
( 4.14) ,

0 -1
.
[s] =
1 0

0 1
, r = -Z 0 ( 4.14).
[s] =
-1 0

(4.31)

(4.32)

122

I1

I2

U1

r = Z0

U2

a1

a2

Z0

Z0
b1

b2

4.14. .

4.3.10.
( 4.15)
1
. U1 = zI 2 , I1 = U 2 , z
z
. :
z 2 + Z 2 -2 zZ
0
0

z2 - Z 2 z2 - Z 2

0
0
[s] =
(4.33)
.
-2 zZ 0
z 2 + Z 02

z2 - Z 2 z2 - Z 2
0
0

Z c = K , z = jK . Z ,
K2
.
Z

Z inv =

Yc = J , z =

J2
j
. Y , Yinv =
.
Y
J

.
: (1) K
, , (2) J
, .
. ,
, , ,
.
.

I1

I2
a1

U1

U2

Z0
b1

K
(J)

4.15. .

a2
Z0
b2

4.

123

4.3.11.
( 4.16)
,
0 0 1

[ s ] = 1 0 0 .
(4.34)

0 1 0

.
.

a1

b2 Z0
a2

b1

b3

Z0
a3 Z0
4.16. .

4.3.12.
( 4.17)
,
0 1 1

1
[ s ] = 1 0 1 .
(4.35)

1 1 0
,
, 1/ 2
, 1/ 4 .

124

I2
U2

R
I1

a2

R
a1

U1

Z0

b1

I3
1
R = Z0
3

Z0
b2
a3
Z0
b3

U3

4.17. .

4.3.13. (Y-1)
( 4.18)
-1 2
2

1
[s] =
2 -1 2 .

2
2
1

(4.36)

I2
U2

a2

I1
a1
U1

Z0
I3

b1

U3
4.18. .

4.3.14. ( Y-)
( 4.19)
1

Y- T-.

Z0
b2
a3
Z0
b3

4.

125

1 -2 -2

1
[ s ] = -2 1 -2 .

-2 -2 1

(4.37)

U2
a2

I2

I1

a1
U1

Z0
b1

Z0
b2
a3
Z0
b3

I3

U3

4.19. .

4.3.15. E-
- ( 4.20)

[ s ] =

1
2
2
2
1
2

2
2
0
-

2
2

2
.
2

2
1
2

(4.38)

a2

a1
3

Z0
b1

Z0
b2
a3
Z0
b3

4.20. -.

126

4.3.16. H-
H- ( 4.21)
1

2
[ s ] =
2

- 1

2
2
0
2
2

1
-
2
2
.
2

(4.39)

a2
3

Z0

a1

b2
a3

Z0
b1

Z0

b3

4.21. H-.

4.3.17. ( )
( 4.22)
-1 1
1
1

1
1 1 -1 1
.
[s] =
1 -1 1
2 1
1
1
1 -1

(4.40)

I2
U2

I1

a2

I3

Z0

b2

a1
U1

U3

a3

Z0

Z0
b1

I4
U4

b3
b4

a4
Z0

4.22. .

4.

127

4.3.18.
,
, . s-
0

j
e
[s] =
0

j
e

e j

e j

e j

e j

e j

0
,
e j

(4.41)

2 + 2 = 1 .

s-

- = - + (2n + 1) ,
n = 0, 1, 2,K . 4.23.

4.23. .
.
1, 2 , 4 , 3
. .

4.3.19. ()
s-
0

0 j

0
j
0
j
.
[s] = e
(4.42)
j
0

0
j
0

- = / 2 , .
= 0 ,

128

[ s ] =
0
j

0
.

0

(4.43)

4.3.20.
s-
0

0 m 0
j
.
[s] = e

0 m 0
0
0

= 0 ,
0
0

0 - 0

.
[s] =

0
0

(4.44)

(4.45)

4.3.21.
= = 1/ 2 ,
0

j
1 e
[s] =

2 0

j
e

e j

e j

e j

e j

e j

0
.
e j

(4.46)

4.3.22.
s-
0
1
0 j

0 j 0
e j 1
.
(4.47)
[s] =
1
2 0 j 0
j 0
1
0

90 QHC (Quadrature Hybrid Coupler).

.
/ 2 .

4.

129

4.3.23. ( )
( 4.24) .
s-
0
1 0 1

0 m1 0
e 1
.
[s] =
(4.48)
1
2 0 m1 0
1 0 1
0

= 0 . 1 H- (Sigma, ),
3 - (Delta, ), 2 4 .
j

1
4.24. .

4.3.24.
( 4.25) .
s-
0

e 1
[s] =
2 0
-1

1 0 -1

0 1 0
.
1 0 1
0 1 0

(4.49)

= - / 2 . 180
rat-race.

4.25. .

130

4.4.

(
) ,
().

.

(1) ,
(2) , (3) (4)
.

,
( ). {[ s ],[ z ]0 ,[b]g } ,
[b] = [ s ] [a ] + [b]g ,
[ z ]0 , [ z ]0 = diag( Z 01 , Z 02 , Z 03 ,K) .

, (1) (2) .
() .
,
. .
.
4.26, : (1) U g ,

Zg

Z 0g , (2)

Z c Z 0v = Z c ,
(3) AdB Z 0a (4)
Z p Z 0p .

[s]g [b]g

[s]v
b1g a1v

[s]a

[s]p
b2a a1p

b2v a1a
AdB

a1g b1v
Z0g

Z0v

a2v b1a
Z0v

Z0a

4.26. .

a2a b1p
Z0a

Z0p

4.

131

4 , ,
1 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 6 ,
2 6 = 12 .
:
b1g =

Z g - Z 0g

Z g + Z 0g

b1v 0
=
b2v e- j

b1a
0
=
b2a 10- AdB

b1p =

Z p - Z 0p

Z p + Z 0p

a1g +
e- j

U g Z0g
Z g + Z 0g

a1v
,
a2v

10- AdB
20

20

a1a
,
a2a

a1p .

:
Z -Z
0g
0v

a1g Z 0v + Z 0g
=
a
1v 2 Z 0g Z 0v

Z 0g + Z 0v

Z 0a - Z 0v
a2v Z 0a + Z 0v
=
a1a 2 Z Z

0v 0a
Z 0v + Z 0a

2 Z 0g Z 0v

Z 0g + Z 0v

Z 0g - Z 0v

Z 0g + Z 0v

2 Z 0v Z 0a
Z 0v + Z 0a

Z 0v - Z 0a

Z 0v + Z 0a

b1g
,
b
1v

b2v
,
b1a

Z -Z
2 Z 0a Z 0p
0a
0p

a2a Z 0p + Z 0a Z 0a + Z 0p b2a
=
.
a1p

2 Z 0a Z 0p Z 0a - Z 0p b1p

Z 0a + Z 0p Z 0a + Z 0p
12 .

Mathematica.
,

. , b1 = 0 ,
b2 = Aa1 .

U1 - Z 01 I1
2 Z 01

=0,

U 2 - Z 02 I 2
2 Z 02

=A

U1 + Z 01 I1
2 Z 01

132

( ): U1 = Z 01 I1 , U 2 = 2 A Z 01Z 02 I1 + Z 02 I 2 .

Z 01 , Z 02 .
, ,
,
:
. ,
( )
U1 = 0 , I1 = 0 . ,

(a1 + b1 ) Z 01 = 0 ,

a1 - b1
Z 01

=0,

, a1 = 0 , b1 = 0 .

( a1 = 0 , b1 = 0 ) .

4.5.

, ,
( S 4.27)

[s]g [b]g

[s]

[s]p
b2 a1p

b1g a1
S
a1g b1
Z0g

Z01

a2 b1p
Z02

Z0p

4.27. .

, .
(return loss)
. ,
1
ARL = 10 log10

P1,i
P1,r

= 20 log10

| a1 |
.
| b1 |

2 ,
b1 = s11a1 ,

(4.50)
Z p = Z 0p = Z 02 , a2 = 0 ,

4.

133

ARL = -20 log10 | s11 | .

(4.51)

(available source power)

.

, Z g = Z 0g , [ s ]g = 0 . ,

Z p = Z 0p = Z 0g , [ s ]p = 0 ,
PAVS =| bg |2 .
(conjugate mismatch loss)


ACML = 10 log10

PAVS
.
Pp,gen

(4.52)

(insertion loss)


AIL = 10 log10

Pp,gen
Pp

(4.53)

4.27 ,
,
AIL = -20 log10 | s21 | .

(4.54)

(transducer loss)

ATL = 10 log10

PAVS
= AIL + ACML .
Pp

(4.55)

(attenuation)
, , [ s ]g = 0 ,
[ s ]p = 0

AAtten = 10 log10

PAVS
Pp

(4.56)

[ s ]g = 0, [ s ]p =0

4.5.1. ABCD ( )

. .
,
() ().
, ,

134

U1 = AU 2 + B(-I 2 )
I1 = CU 2 + D(-I 2 )

(4.57)

U1 A B U 2
U
U
A B
=
, 1 = [ ABCD] 2 , [ ABCD] =

.
(4.58)
I1 C D -I 2
I1
-I 2
C D

[ ABCD] ABCD ,
, , ABCD
. -
.
ABCD 4.28.
1 0

[ ABCD]Y =
Y 1

1 Z

[ ABCD ]Z =
0 1

cos
[ ABCD ] =
jYc sin

jZ c sin

cos

Zc ,

4.28. ABCD , .
ABCD
ABCD .
ABCD ,
, ABCD .
AD - BC = 1 .
A = D .
; ,
.
4.29
Z ul =

AZ p + B
U1
,
=
I1
CZ p + D

(4.59)

H=

Zp
U2
.
=
Ug
AZ p + B + CZ g Z p + DZ g

(4.60)

4.

135

Zg
Ug

I1
U1

[ABCD]
A B

C D

I2
U2

Zp

4.29. ABCD
.

4.6.

, .
,
. ,
.
.

()
Mathematica.
, ,
Zg - Z 0
U g Z0
b =

a+
Z g + Z0
Zg + Z0
.

, s-
,

136

Z -Z
01
02
Z +Z
02
01
[ s ]spoj =
2 Z 01Z 02

Z 01 + Z 02

2 Z 01 Z 02
Z 01 + Z 02
.
Z 01 - Z 02

Z 01 + Z 02

Maple,
Matlab MathCAD.

. SPICE
.
, ,
. :
(1)
(2) .
,
OrCAD PSpice Cadence,
.
HSPICE Synopsys SPICE
.
IsSpice4 ICAP/4 Intusoft
SPICE .
LTspice SPICE .
MDSPICE Zeland Software
SPICE .
,
, Microwave Office Applied Wave Research.
, ()

4.

137

.
( 4.30).

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=10 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=75 Ohm

Magnitude of Scattering Parameters

1

1.5 GHz
0.9798

0.8

0.6

|S(2,1)|
Ideal Junction
|S(1,1)|
Ideal Junction

1.5 GHz
0.2

0.4

0.2

0
1

1.2

1.4
1.6
Frequency (GHz)

1.8

4.30.
AWR Microwave Office.
4.30
( ).

, ,
WIPL-D Microwave,

138

. 4.31
WIPL-D Microwave.

()

()
4.31. () () WIPL-D
Microwave.

Ansoft Designer with Nexxim Ansoft,

.
Eagleware-Elanix GENESYS
Agilent,
. , Agilent,
ADS .

5.

5.1.

( ) .
g / 20 .

(MIC)
. ,
, ,
RF .
(MMIC)
(
5.1) (LTCC ).
(
)
: , ,
, ,
Q-
.
. SMT (Surface-Mount Technology) SMD (Surface-Mount
Devices) ( 5.2 5.3) ()
, ,
, .
.
. ,
()
, ( )
SMD ,

140

( 5.4).
.

()

()

()

()

()

()

5.1. MMIC : () ,
() , () , () , () MIM
() .

5.2. (chip) SMD .

SMD
. ,
, , 1,

, .

, , ,
( , , ).
1

5.

141

SMD .
2. ,
, . . , , 0603
60 30 mil , 0805 80 50 mil , 1206 120 60 mil = 0,12 0,06 in .

.
(,
). ( 5.5).

()
()
5.3. () SMD () (),
() SMD .

SMD

5.4. SMD .

(mil) (USA) (in).

.
2

142

5.5. .

.
(MMIC).
, ,
SIP (System-in-package) SOP (System-on-package). SIP
() . SOP
( 5.6) ,
, - (MEMS)
, SIP ,
.

OPTICAL
DIGITAL

5.6. System-on-package (SOP).

:
s-.
( ,
), (z, y, s,...)
.
s-,
. s : ,
. ,
.

5.

143

, (s-),

() ( 5.7 5.8),
.

5.7. WIPL-D Microwave.

5.8. SMD Coilcraft

s- 0,3 MHz 6 GHz .
( MWO.)

: , , , ,
, , MEMS .

5.2.
, .
()
, . ( 5.9).
,
()
.

144

5.2.1.
(
). 5.9,
,
R = l / S = l / ( t w ) , (1/ =
), l , S = t w .
, t , ,
l / w
R = Rsq

l
,
w

(5.1)

Rsq ,
( l = w ) Rsq , . (
.)
, Rsq = / t .
, ,
, ,
, . (5.1)
,
, Rsq / t .
,
.

t
w
5.9. () ( t = w, l ).

5.2.2.
,
, , , , ,
. (
),
.
,
.

5.

145

.
( T ) ( T ),
R = T T , .
, .

. 1% 20% .
,
, ( 5.10, 5.10
5.11). . ,
5 0,2% .
(Johnson),
.
. ,
f U = 4kRT f , k = 1,38 10 23 J/K
(Boltzmann) , T .

5.2.3.
,
. (
).
,
.
.
(. SMD ),
(
)
( 5.10)3.
,
.

5.10,. R (DC
) (. )
.
, .
SMD
5.10. Lp Cp1 Cp2

.
Cp .

146

5.11
45 MHz 10 GHz .
, .
CAP
ID=C1
C=0.05 pF

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

MLIN
ID=TL1
W=1.25 mm
L=l mm

MLIN
ID=TL2
W=1.25 mm
L=l mm

RES
ID=R1
R=1 Ohm

()

Cp
Cp
Lp

Lp

Lp

R
Cp1

()

()

Cp2

Cp2

Cp1

()

5.10. a a : ()
( Microwave Office), () , ()
() .

5.

147

0.8

0
2.

2.

0.

0.8

Swp Max
10GHz

0.
4

4.

0.

3.

3.

4.

5.0

5.0

0.2

0.2
0
.0

.0

10.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

-2

-1.0

Swp Min
0.045GHz

-0.8

-0
.6

-2

-1.0

-0.8

-0
.6

.0

.
-0

.0

-3

()

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

10.0
-5.

-4

R_1000_ohm
4

.0

0.2

R_100_ohm
-3

.0

R_1000_ohm

.4
-0

-0.

-4

R_100_ohm

R_1_ohm

-10.

-5.
0

R_1_ohm
-0.

10.0

0.2

10.0

-10.

0.

Swp Max
10GHz

1.0

Realni otpornici - merenje

1.0

Realni otpornici - proracun (vod)

Swp Min
0.045GHz

()

5.11. ( Z 0 = 50 )
() ( ) () .

5.2.4.
SMD
( chip) .
10 -100 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82
100 . 12 12
. .
SMD .
(NiCr) (TaN),
(RuO2).
.
.
( 5.12.).
5 250 / kvadrat .
.
850o C .
20 / kvadrat 500 k / kvadrat .
, .
,
,
.

148

5.12. .
(
SMD )
.
SMD .
.

5.3.
.
.
,
L=

,
i

(5.2)

4.

. , ,
( ).
(. 5.5.) ,
, .
(, ,...).

L=

2WL

.
(5.3)
i2
,
.
,
. , ,
.
u L = eind =d / dt , ,
,
u L = L di / dt . Z L = jL .
, ,
,
.
4

5.

149

1 10 nH ,
100 nH .
. ,

.
( 5.13).
.
, (
!) .
( 5.13). ,
Q- .
5.13.
, (
) Q-.
, 5.14.

( ),
, .
.

L
L

Rp

Rp

Cp

Cp

()

()

L
Cp

()

Rp
Lp

Rp1

()
5.13. :
() , () ,
()
() .

150

5.14. Coilcraft. (
.)

.
(. )
. ,
.

5.3.1.

( ) ,
s-, /
. (
) (
). -
, ,
, s. , X L , , RL , .
( 5.13) ()
L = X L / .
,
,
( ), .

5.3.2.
,
( 5.13,, 5.14), (
BL = 0 ). 5.13

5.

fa = a ,
2

a =

Rp2
1
2 .
LCp L

151

(5.4)

f a 1 10 GHz ,
. f < f a
, ( Le = X L / )

.

f r ( f r > f a ) ( X L = 0 ).
, , 5.13.

.
85 nH ( 5.15).
.

( f a f r ).
,
. , , ,
(.
).

, l , 5.
l / 2 ,
l / 2
. ,
f a f r .

(. ) .

152

Swp Max
10GHz
2.

0.

0.8

1.0

Realan kalem - merenje

0.94051 GHz
r 162.28
x 0.040101

3.

4.

0.

5.0

10.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

10.0

2
.0

.0

.0

-1.0

-0.8

-0

.6

-2

.0

-3

.4

-4

-0

S(1,1)
L_85 nH

-5

-0.

-10.

0.2

0.2

2.463 GHz
r 2.6565
x -0.015097

Swp Min
0.045GHz

5.15. ( Z 0 = 50 ) L = 85 nH
. ( f a = 940 MHz ,
f r = 2,463 GHz .)

5.3.3. Q-
5.13 (
). (Q-) Q-
()
,
Q=

X L L
=
.
RL
Rp

(5.5)

Q- . ,
Q- . Q- ,
, ( L Rp ). ,
Q- f1 , f 2 ,
, L Rp , Q2 = Q1 f 2 / f1 .
, , ,
f1 f 2 .
,

RL :

f ,

Q2 = Q1 f 2 / f1 .
, , ,
(. ) ,
,
. ,
.

5.

153

5.3.4.
, Q-,
, ,
() , ,
( ).

( )
.
.
. ,
, .
. ( )
.

5.3.5.

.
5.16.
, .
,
( 5.16).

()

()

()
5.16.
: () , () ,
() .

154

, . ,
.
( 2),
,
.

Cp2
L

Rp

Cp1

Cp1

5.17. 5.16.
Cp2 .
L , Rp Cp1
Cp2 5.17, :
( 5.16)
l
w+t

L [ nH ] = 2 104 l ln
+ 1,193 +
Kg ,
3l
w+t
Cp1 [ pF] = 16,67 10 4 l

re
Zc

Rp =

K Rsq l

2(w + t)

(5.6)

(5.7)

. K g
. ,
,
. K .
:
K g = 0,57 0,145 ln
K = 1,4 + 0,217 ln

w w

, > 0,05 ,
h h

w
w
, 5 < < 100 .
5t
t

(5.8)
(5.9)

w , t h , ,
(. 2), l Rsq
.

5.

155

( 5.16)
a

L [ nH ] = 1,257 10 3 a ln
+ 0,078 K g
w+t

Cp1 [ pF] = 33,33 10 4 a

re
Zc

Rp =

(5.10)
K Rsq
w+t

a ,

(5.11)

a ,
.
( 5.16)
L [ nH ] = 3,937 102

a2 N 2
Kg ,
8a + 11c

Cp2 [ pF] = 3,5 10 5 Do + 0,06 ,

a=
Rp =

Do + Di
,
4

K N Rsq
w

a ,

c=

Do Di
,
2

(5.12)

K = 1 + 0,333 1 + ,
w

(5.13)

N , Do Di ,
, s ,
. K
.
s < w s = h
, ,

N 2 Dsr c1 c2

ln + c3 + c4 2 .
L [ nH ] = 0

(5.14)

Dsr , = ( Do Di ) / ( Do + Di ) ,
c j 5.1.
5.1. (5.14).

c1

c2

c3

c4

1,00

2,46

0,00

0,20

1,27

2,07

0,18

0,13

1,09

2,23

0,00

0,17

1,07

2,29

0,00

0,19

,
, ( 5.18).

156

( 3),
,
. ( .)
( 5.18).

()

()

5.18. : ()
, () .
.

, Q-.
. ,
,
.
,
1 10 nH , Q- 10 ( 10 100)
1 10 GHz . 0,1 mm ,
1 nH , Q- 10, 50 GHz .
, Q-
, w , , s ,
, t , .
,
(. ). ,
,
, Q-.
10-20% Q- . Q w s ,
.
,
, .
.

5.

157

( 5.19). b < h , ()
b
2

h Z
L = 0 1 c0 ,

2 Z c0

(5.15)

Z c0 Z c0
w w a , .
b .
.
b ,
w a , .

.

w
a
b
5.19. .
. ,
(2.71), Z ul = Z c th( D ) . ,
, L = L D .
Z c ,
. , ,
, .

.

5.3.6.
.
,
( ), .
, , ( 5.20).
( )
.

158

()

()

()

5.20. : () , () ,
() .

(. 100 nH ),
( 1 GHz ).
. ,
() , 100 nH ,
1 GHz . .
Q- .

. ( 5.21) ,
k 2
L = 0 ( 2r a ) 1
2

K (k ) E (k ) ,

k=

2 r (r a)
2r a

(5.16)

r , a , E (k ) K (k )
, ,
K (k ) =

/2

d
1 k sin
2

E (k ) =

/2

1 k 2 sin 2 d .

(5.17)

( a = r ) (5.16)
8r
L 0 r ln 2 .
a

(5.18)

N
( 5.21.
N ) N 2
,
8r
L 0 N 2 r ln 2 .
a

(5.19)

5.

159

r
2a

5.21. .
, 5.20,
. r , l ( l ? r ),
N
L = 0

r2N 2
.
l

(5.20)

, . ,
l > 0,8r ,
L [ nH ] =

4 r ( r N )
l + 0,9r

(5.21)

r l .
r 2 N 2 4r 2 8r
0
f1 2

l 3l
L [ nH ] =

l2
2 8r
rN
ln
0,5

0

f1 2
4r
l

( l 2r )

l2
+ f 2 2

4r

(5.22)

( l < 2r ) ,

0 x 1,0
f1 ( x) =

1,0 + 0,383901x + 0,017108 x 2

, f 2 ( x) = 0,093842 x + 0,002029 x 2 0,000801x3 , (5.23)
1,0 + 0,258952 x

.
(.
5.20)
.
, , h w ,
r = ( w + h + a ) / .
,
S , l , , N

160

L=

SN 2
.
l

(5.24)

, h ,
r1 r2 , ,
L=

h N 2 r2
ln ,
2
r1

(5.25)

L = 0 N 2 r r 2 a 2 ,

(5.26)

r a ,
.
, ,
. . ,

.

.
.
(. ) , (.
) .

( ).
. .
,
1200o . ,
. MOFe 2 O3 ,
M .
MnZn NiZn .
,
10.
10.
MnZn NiZn 5.2.

5.

161

5.2. NiZn MnZn .

NiZn

MnZn

( r )

20 850

800 10000

( r )

10 30

10 105

tan / r ( 106 )

30 400

5 35

[ m ]

103 107

0,5 15

[ o C ]

130 150

120 200

5.4.
5.4.1.
() +Q
Q , .
,
C=

Q
,
U

(5.27)

U .
,
( ).
.
(F).
0,1 100 pF ,
0,05 100 pF . , (
) .
. SMD
.
( 5.22), ( 5.23). (
),
5.22 C = 0 r S / d , n ( n = 6 5.23)
n 1

162

5.22. .

S
r

5.23. SMD .
,
.

5.4.2.
:
, , , (
), , .
.

, d . ,
, , , .
()
, ( )
. SMD 50 V 500 V ,
100 V . (Q-)
Q-
. ( )

. .
()
.
.
. SMD 1% 20% ,

5.

163

10% .
, C = T T ,
. T
10

5 o

C .

5.4.3.

, .
.
.
5.24. SMD
1 MHz ,
, 100 MHz , .

Lp

Rp

5.24. .

Z e = Rp + jLp + 1/( jC ) .
f0 =

(5.28)

2 Lp C

. SRF (series resonant

frequency). f < f 0
Rp
Ce =

C
1 2 Lp C

(5.29)

K Ce . f > f 0
.
5.25, s SMD .

164

Swp Max
10GHz
2.

0.

0.8

1.0

Kondenzatori

0.

S[1,1]
Kond_1pF

3.

4.

5.0

0.2

10.0

5.0

4.0

10.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

S[1,1]
Kond_100pF

-10.0

2
-4
.0
-5
.0

.0
-1.0

-0 .8

.0
-2

-0
.6

.
-0

-3

-0.

Swp Min
0.045GHz

5.25. ( Z 0 = 50 ) SMD .
( ( 1 pF ) f 01 = 5,4 GHz ,
( 100 pF ) f 02 = 540 MHz .)

, ,
f 0 .

5.24,
.

5.4.4. Q-

. , Rp ( 5.24),
ESR, equivalent series resistance.
Q- ( ),

. (dissipation factor,
DF), .

Q=

1
,
CRp

DF = CRp =

1
.
Q

(5.30)

5.

165

5.4.5.
SMD
. ,
-- (metal-insulator-metal, MIM)
.
SMD
( 5.23).
,
. ,
, 5.26.

, 5.26.

Z 01
1

Z0 ,

()

Z0 ,

()

5.26. () SMD () .
SMD ,
, 5.27.
1 2
( Lw ),
l / 2 ,
l / 2 ( 5.27). L1 = L1 l / 2 , L0 = L0 l / 2 ,
L1 L0 .
() SMD
. SMD .
.
5.28.

. () D
Yul = Yc th( D ) , C = C D C
. ( .)
,
.
.

166

Lw
1

L1

L0
2

()

()

5.27. () SMD ()
.
.
FR-4, 20 mil .

. , (. ),
C = 0 r S / h .
CS = C / S = 0 r / h . r = 4,6 h = 0,508 mm ,
CS = 0,08 pF / mm 2 .

()

()

()

5.28. : () , () , () MIM.
MIM
. , MIM
, 0,1 m , ( Si3 N 4 ),
6,8 ,
, 300 pF/mm 2 , 50
100 V. ( )

( ).
. ,
, 0,02 m ,
1200 pF/mm 2 .
( Ta 2 O5 ), r 25 .
1400 pF/mm 2 .

5.

167

,
(BSTO), 1000.
10000 pF/mm 2 .
.
, MIM ,

(
, 5.29).

.
(), ( 5.28 5.30),
.
, l + w
.

()

()

5.29. () ( MIM)
() ( ).

w
w
w

l
5.30. .
,

. , ,

. ,
5.30, r N ,

168

C = ( r + 1) l ( N 3) A1 + A2 .

(5.31)

A1 = 4,409 106 pF / m A2 = 9,92 10 6 pF / m .

h

h
A1 = 4,409 10 6 th 0,55

0,45

h
A2 = 9,92 10 6 th 0,52

0,5

pF / m .

(5.32)
5.31.

Rp =

pF / m ,

4 l
Rsq ,
3 N w

(5.33)

Rsq .
( w 5.30),
( Cp,p1,p2 5.31)
( C , C1 ).
Lp

Cp

Rp

Cp

()

Lp1

C1

Rp1

Lp1

Cp2

Cp1

C1

Rp1

Cp1

()

5.31. () ,
() .

: , , . (
, , .)
,

(bias voltage). , E-D ,
(, )
. , ,
2:1
0 V 40 V .
,

.

5.

169

5.5.
.
,
(.
). ,
.
.
( k = 1 ) .
.

, u1 / u2 = N1 / N 2 = n .
.
n :1 ,
1: n ( i1 / i2 = 1/ n ).
.
.
( ),
.
.

.
i1 / i2 = N 2 / N1 = 1/ n .
Z ,
Z ul1 = Zn 2 . .
Z , Z ul2 = Z / n 2 .
,
.
5.32
. , k = 1 ,
u1 / u2 = N1 / N 2 = n = L1 / L2 . Lz ,
i1 / i2 = 1/ n ,
, , 5.32.
( 5.32) 5.33. , ,
. , n 1 L1 + M < 0
L2 + M < 0 , . -
, ,
, k , M k L1 L2
( , ,
).

170

i1

i2

+
u1

k
L1

L2

i1

i2

u2

u1

u2
n :1

()

()

5.32. :
() L1 , L2 k , () ( n ).

, 5.33. k = 1
, 5.33,
, L1 n .
L1 , Z L1 = L1 , 5.33 .

, (
) .
5.34.
Cp1 ,
Cp2 Cp12 , Rp1 Rp2 , Rp3
, k .

, (),
, .
,
4 GHz .
5.35. () (.
), () (.
). .
( .)

5.

171

L1 + M

L2 + M

i1

i2

()

(1 k ) L1

n 2 (1 k ) L2

i1

i2

i1

kL1

i2

L1
n :1

n :1

()

()

5.33. : () -,
() - () .

Cp12
Rp1

n 2 (1 k ) L2

(1 k ) L1

Rp2

i1

i2

Cp1

Rp3

kL1

Cp2
n :1

5.34. .

172

V0

+V1

V1

5.35. .
, ,
, . ,
.
.

5.5.1.

.

. .
2 GHz
.

.
.
5.36. ()
. () ,
, . ()
,
. ()
.
,
, .
() () 0,7 0,9 , () 0,4 0,6 ,
() 0,8 0,95 .

5.

()

()

173

()

()

5.36. .
5.37 MMIC
, , N1 = N 2 = 3 .
0,7 mm . .
, ( 1 dB ) 9,4 14,1 GHz .
7 dB .

5.37. - MMIC .

5.6.

. ,
() .

, .
PIN , . PIN

.
MESFET .

174

PIN
5.38. ,
.
Cp < 1 pF , Lp < 0,5 nH , Rinv = 5 Rdir = 1 .
10 30 mA , (
) 40 60 V .
Lp

R inv

Lp

Cp

R dir

()

()

5.38. PIN : () ( ),
() ( ).
.
5.39.
()
. RF
. RF , ,
.
; ,
.

Z0

Z0

()

Z0

()

5.39. PIN : () , () .

Z0

5.

175

( 5.38)
.
, 5.40.

AIL redno = S 21 = 20 log

Up
U0

AIL parelno = S 21 = 20 log

Up
U0

= 20 log

2Z 0
2Z 0 + Z d

= 20 log

( ),

2Z d
Z0 + 2Zd

(5.34)

( ).
(5.35)

Zd

Z0

Z0
Up

2U 0

Z0

Up

Zd

Z0

2U 0

()

()

5.40. ()
() .
. Cp = 0,1 pF , Lp = 0,4 nH , Rinv = 1 , Rdir = 0,5 , f = 5 GHz
Z 0 = 50 .
,
.
:
Z d,inv = Rinv + jLp +

1
= (1 j306 ) ,
j C p

Z d,dir = Rdir + jLp = ( 0,5 j12,6 ) .

(5.36)
(5.37)

(5.34),
AIL redno (zatv,otv) = 20 log

2Z0
= 0,11 dB ; 10,16 dB ,
2 Z 0 + Z d (dir,inv)

(5.38)

,
AIL paralelno (zatv,otv) = 20 log

2Z d
= 0, 03 dB ; 7, 08 dB .
Z 0 + 2 Z d (inv,dir)

(5.39)

176

(10,05 dB 7,05 dB ). ,
.

5.7.

. ,

6 ( ),

.
, .
,
.

5.7.1.


, , (
5.41).
, .
( ),
, .

. ,
. , ,
.
5.41 ,
( 5.42.). ( 5.6
.) LTCC
( )
. ,
, .

() .

( )
( ).
,
.
.
6

5.

177

(LTCC )
0,15 mm ( 6 mil ).
. MIC MMIC,
, 3 m
0,1 0,01 nH .
, ,
0,01 .

()

()

()

()

5.41. : () ,
() , () , () .

5.42. : ,
.
.
.

, ( 5.41)
MMIC ( 3 GHz ),

178

,
.
,
. , ,

. ()

(. ). , ,
( ),
( !).
.

.

. r h

h + r 2 + h2
Lvia = 0,2 h ln

3
+ r r 2 + h2
2

pH .

(5.40)

(DC) , RDC , . ,

Rvia = RDC 1 +

f
,
f

f = 0 d 2

(5.41)

( d ),

, d .
.
,
( ). ,
( 5.42),
,
.
,
. ,
, () .

5.7.2.

.
( 5.16). (airbridge)
(dielectric crossover) ( 5.43).
.

5.

179

, .
. ,
.
(1,5 3 m ).

5.43. : () , () .
, ,
5.44. ( .)
5.44
.
.
( 5.44) .
Lp / 2
C

Lp / 2

D
Cp

Cp
A

B
()

B
()

5.44. () , ()
. ( CD.)

5.8. MEMS
MEMS - (Microelectromechanical
Systems),
. NEMS
(- ) . MEMS
1 m 1 mm .
,
( , , ,

180

), , , (
) .
MEMS
. PIN MESFET .
, .
.
, ,
, .
( , , RF )
.
( ) .

. MEMS
,
.
(, ,
).
5.45 MEMS
. ()
.
.
.
( ), ,
.

5.45. MEMS (CPW).

LC
, .
MEMS ,
MEMS ,
.

6.

6.1.

.
( . g / 20 ),
(. ).
: , , ,
, , , ,
, , , .
(
) , .
( )
.

6.2.
( , ,
; matched load, load, termination)
.
, , .
Z p = Z c .
Z 0 = Z c s- s11 = 0 .

182

s-
.
( )
( Z p = Z 0 ),
ak = 0 .

6.1. - ,
().

.
( 6.2).

6.1. .

6.2. (1500 W) dummy load

.

Rp = Z c ,
, , , 6.3.
,
(. 6.3).

6.

183

()

()

6.3. () () .

, 6.4 6.4.
( ) 6.4
,
. ,
. ,
(
). , 6.4,
( , ), .
( ),
( ).
()
. g 2 ,
g 1,01.

()

()

6.4. () .
(.
) (sliding load,
6.5). s11 6.5 ( SUBCKT)
(
).
Z 0 ( Z 0 = 50 ,
Rp = 53 ), s11m , s11 . ,

0 = 1 ,
s11m

184

s11 ( 6.6).
s11 .
TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=194.8 Deg
F0=1 GHz

SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="mreza"

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
1

RES
ID=R1
R=53 Ohm

()

()

6.5. () () MWO.

2.
0

0.

3.

4.

5 .0

0 .2

10.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0
2

- 5.
0

.0
.0
.0
-2
-0.8

-1.0

-0
.6

.4

-3

-0

-4

- 0.

-10.

0.2

10.0

1.0

Swp Max
1GHz

6
0.

0.8

1.0

Sliding load

Swp Min
1GHz

6.6. () 6.5 () .
, 4,
s12 s21 0 , s12 s21 s- .

6.3.
( , ; short circuit, short)
s11 = -1 , .
Z p = 0 .

, .

6.

185

( 6.7)

( , , ) .

()

()

6.7. () () .
,
, ( 6.8).
, . ,
. , , ,
.
6.9.

()

()

()

()

6.8. : () , () ,
() () .

Swp Max
10GHz
0
2.

Hsub=0.488

Vija
Trakasti
spoj
.0

0.

4.

5. 0

10.0

4.0
5.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

10 .0

-0 .2

-4
.0
-5
.0

.0
.0
-2

.4

-1.0

-0 .8

-0

.6

-0

-3

Gnd_Strap
ID=IC1
W=1 mm
T=0.05 mm
H=Hsub mm
Rho=3

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

-1 0.

VIA
ID=V1
D=1 mm
H=Hsub mm
T=0.05 mm
RHO=3

0.
2

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

6
0.

0. 8

1.0

Vija i trakasti spoj

Swp Min
0GHz

6.9. () ( MWO)
() 0 -10 GHz .
,
( 6.7)
( 6.10).

186

( 6.7 6.10) ,
, . , ,
, ( 6.10,)

( ), 6.11.
Z c1 = Z c2 , Z ul = Z p . , Z c1 = Z c2 /10 Z ul = Z p /100 .
TEM
4

()

()

()
6.10. : () , ,
() () , .
6.10 (
). , .
, ,
.
b1 < b2 , Z c1 < Z c2 ,
.
6.10.
, .
.

Z c1, g / 4

Z c2 , g / 4

Zp

Z ul
6.11. ,
Z ul = ( Z c1 / Z c2 ) Z p ( 6.4).
2

6.12 ,
.

6.

187

.
( 6.5.)

()

()

()

6.12. () ,
() () .

6.4.

.
( 6.13) Z 0 = Z c , s-

0
[s] =
j
e

e j
,
0

= D =

(6.1)

2f
c0

r D , Z c = L / C .

s12 s21
Z 0 = Z c , Z 0 Z c = k g / 4 ( k = 0,1, 2,K ).

( 6.13) s-
0
[s]
e D

eD
,
0

= + j

2f
c0

(6.2)
r , Z c L / C . 1, ,

[ s ] Z c ,
1

, Q- , .

188

[s] =

sh ( D ) Z c2 Z 02

2Z 0 Zc

2Z0 Z c

sh ( D ) Z c2 Z 02

2 ch ( D ) Z 0 Z c + sh ( D )

Z 02

Z c2

Zc , r , D

Zc =

R + jL
.
G + jC

(6.3)

Z c , r , , D

()

()

6.13. () () .
( , ,
) - ,
, 2.
.
, , ,
, .

().
. ,
, ,
.

, .

( ) ( 6.14)
Z ul = Z c

Z p + Z c th( D)
Z c + Z p th( D)

(6.4)

( 6.14)
Z ul = Z c

Z p + jZ c tg(D )
Z c + jZ p tg(D )

(6.5)

, ,
.
( = / 2 ) , ,

Z ul =

Z c2
,
Zp

(6.6)
zul = 1/ zp .

,
. s-

6.

189

s11,ul = -s11,p ,
zp zul
.
,
, Z c = Z p Z ul .

Z c , , D
Z ul

Z c , , D

Zp

Zp

Z ul
()

()

6.14. () () , .
, 6.11, (6.6)
Z ul = ( Z c1 / Z c2 ) Z p . ,
2

Z c1 = Z c2 , (
Z c1 ? Z c2 )

. (
.)

,
7.

6.5.

(stub). (short-circuited stub)
(open-circuited stub), 6.14
.
( 2).

() () .
,
() . , ,
,
. ,
( ),

190

2. , ,

.

, . ,
,
(. )
.
, , Z ul = Z c2 / ZK.S. , ,
. ,

, . (.
) .
,
, Z ul = Z c2 / ZOTV. , ,
. 6.15.
.
()

Z ul

ZK.S.

()

Z ul

ZOTV.

6.15. () ()
.

6.6.
()
() .

. ,
.
,
s- .

, ,
, .
.

6.

191

, ,
.
, , .
( 6.16).
. ,
, (
6.16).

...

()

()

6.16. () () .
()
0
[s] =
s21

s21
,
0

s21 < 1 .

(6.7)

, (
). (
, s- ).
,
, , , 6.17. R1
R2 s11 = s22 = 0 s12 = s21 .
AIL = - s21 [dB] . s21 s21 (0,1) ,

AIL . R1 R2 3
R1 =

1 s21
Z0 ,
1 + s21

R2 =

2 s21
2
1 s21

Z0 ,

(6.8)

s21 (0,1) .

R1

Z0

R1

R2

Z0 2

6.17. .
3

192

. 3 dB
50 .
.

s21 [dB] = - AIL = -3 dB

(6.8)

R1 = 8,58 , R2 = 141,4 .


, 6.18
.

, SMD
. 6.18.
,
.

()

()

6.18. () ,
() -.
(. PIN ),
, ,
6.19.
.
FEM MESFET ( )
.
.

6.

193

6.19. PIN
( ).

.
.
, .
. 6.20. .
6.20 .
( TE10 ),
, .
6.20
.
( ), , .
.

()

()

6.20. .
,
6.21. ,

. ( , ., [Col01])
. ( 10 )
, .

( 11 ), .
,
.
,
.

194

. s21 = sin 2 ,

. AIL = -20 log10 sin 2 dB , .

,
.

TE10
TE10

TE11

6.21. .


. ,
.
,

.

6.7.
(, minimum insertion loss pad, minimum
loss mathing pad)
, .
,
, (
).
, . (
.)

( ) ( ). , ,
6.22. s21 .
R1 , R2 R3 ,

s21 (0,1) ,
, s21max .
Z 01 Z 02 s21max .

6.

R1

195

R1

R2

Z 01

R3

Z 02 2

U1

()

R2

R3

U2

Z 02

()

6.22. ()
() s21max .
.

Z 01 = R1 + R3 || ( R2 + Z 02 ) ,

(6.9)

Z 02 = R2 + R3 || ( R1 + Z 01 ) .

(6.10)

s21 , s-,
6.22, s21 ,
s21 =

U 2 Z 01
U1 Z 02

max .

(6.11)

(6.9)(6.11) 3 3 .
, , Z 01 > Z 02 .
, , :
R1 = Z 01 ( Z 01 Z 02 ) , R2 = 0, R3 =

Z 02 Z 01
Z 01 Z 02

, s21max =

Z 01 Z 01 Z 02
Z 02

(6.12)

, L- ,
.
s21max

Z 01 / Z 02 . , Z 01 = 75 Z 02 = 50 s21max = -5, 7 dB

( R1 = 43,3 , R3 = 86,6 ). s-

s21 = s12 = -0,2 dB s11 = s22 = -14,0 dB ,

= 1,5 ,
.

, .
s21 Z 01 / Z 02
.

196

6.8.
(phase shifter)
.
,
. ,
, .

.
s-
0
[s] =
e j

e j
.
0

(6.13)

. , ,

, ,
( ),
. .
.
[06].
s-
0
[s] =
e j2

e j1
.
0

(6.14)

1 - 2 = 180 ),

1 = 180o

2 = 0o

( ,

4.

6.23.
,
( ).
. ( 10 ) ,

( 11 ), ,
45o . 11
11 .
11
, (
) ( ).

.
, . , l ,

: .

6.

197

90o ,
11 .
2l , 180o
, .
, l
11 , ,
10 ,
. [Col01]
= 4||l + 2 , ||
,
.
,
.

6.23. .
(Reggia-Spencer )
6.24.
.
, .

. ()
. .

6.24. Reggia-Spencer .

198

6.25.

[06]. , ,
6.23. ,
, TE11 ,
( ). ,
,
()
. .

6.25. .

. PIN
6.26. 6.26
l1 , l2 , ()
. l1 l2
,
.
( RF ) ,
.
,
.

6.

199

()

()

()

6.26. .
6.26
( ) .
,
.
.
( ) ,
(
). ( l )
. [Col01]
tg =

2
,
b

(6.15)

200

b . (
) = l , ( )

= - .

.
6.26 (
) ,
. (
) ( B1 B2 , )
. , (6.15)
, . = / 4 ,
,
. ,
, B2 = -B1 ,
d d1 .
1,2 - / 2 - b1,2 , b1,2 .

6.9.
( , ; power divider) ( 6.27)
() ().
.
.
,
. ( 6.11.)

2
1

N2
3

6.27. 2 .
. ,

. .
(,
, , 6.13,
.) ( 6.10)
.
,
.

6.

201

T- (Y5), T-
(Wilkinson) .
- 6.28.
-, 6.28, H-, 6.28.
T- (. )
6.29. ,
.

1
()

()

6.28. - : () E- () H-.

6.29. T- (Y-) .
T- ( 6.29)
( Z c2 Z c3 )
.
(. ) Z c2
Z c3 Z 0 .

( s22 , s33 0 ), 6 ( s32 0 ).

5
6

T- Y- .
.

202

. , ,
, .
. T-
Z c1 = 50 , ,
P2 : P3 = 1: 2 .
s-,
( Z 01 = Z c1 , Z 02 = Z c2 , Z 03 = Z c3 ).
. Z c2 = 3Z c1 = 150 , Z c3 =

[s] =

0
1
3
2
3

1
3

2
3

2
3

3
Z c1 = 75 ,
2

3
2
.
3

1

3

T- ,
( 6.30), (.
).
, R1 ,
R2 R3 , ,
( .
).

6.30. T-.

( Z c1 = Z c2 = Z c3 = Z 0 )

( P2 = P3 ),
. R1 = R2 = R3 = R .

Z ul2 = R + Z 0 ,

Z ul = R + Z ul2 / 2 . ,

Z ul = Z 0 , R = Z 0 / 3 . s- (
),

6.

[s] =

203

0 1 1
1
1 0 1 .
2
1 1 0

(6.16)

.
( s21 = s31 = 1/ 4 = -6 dB ).
. T-, ,
, T- , ,
.
( )
, .
[Wil60]
, (
) .
.
,
, (
6.31). , l , , Z c ,
R , , .
s- .
TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=Zc Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=Zc Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm
RES
ID=R1
R=R Ohm

PORT
P=3
Z=50 Ohm

6.31. .
s- 6,
6.31 s21 = s31 s22 = s33 ,
l , Z c R :
1.

(. )
,

2.

s11 = 0 ,

3.

s22 = 0 ,

4.

s32 = 0 .

204

.
1, 1 .
, s21 = s31 = 1/ 2 . 2,

2 3 ( z0 = 1 ) l
zc z = 2 .

l = g / 4 zc = 2 . r
3 4. 3,
4. s22 s32 , 2.
6.32. 2 ,
3 ( 6.32 E2 = 2 E , E3 = 0 ). s22 = 0

zul2 = V2 /( Z 0 I 2 ) = 1 .

(even) ( E2 = E , E3 = E ) (odd)
( E2 = E , E3 = -E ).

() r / 2 ,
() z = 2 .
g / 4, zc = 2

I2

V2

z0 = 1

z0 = 1
r

E2
z0 = 1

g / 4, zc = 2

V3
E3

6.32. .
.
, ,
6.33, r / 2 .
z = 2 1 zc2 / z = 1 ,
zul2 = 1 , I 2 = E /(2Z 0 ) , V2 = E / 2 .

6.

g / 4, 2

( E3 = E )
(V3 = V2 )

205

V2

I 2

E2 = E

r/2

. 6.33. .
, ()
, (
6.34). ,
zul2 = r / 2 . zul2 = 1 (. r = 2 ), V2 = V2 = E / 2 , V2 = E ,
I 2 = I 2 = E /(2 Z 0 ) , I 2 = E / Z 0 , zul2 = 1 , .

3 r = 2 , . R = 2 Z 0 .
2

g / 4, 2

V2 I 2

r/2

E2 = E

( E3 = -E )
(V3 = -V2 )
. 6.34. .
, V3 (
6.32) 2 .
V3 = V3 + V3 = 0 . 1 3 ,

s32 = V3 / V2 = 0 , .
( ),
0 1 1
j
[s] =
1 0 0 .

2
1 0 0

(6.17)

. ,
N ( N = 2,3, 4,K ), 6.35.
( .)
Z 0 N N

R = Z 0 . ( s-
.)

206

.
. ,
,
, .

6.35. .
( ) .
6.35 ,
, 4 .

6.36. .
. 6.37.
P3 / P2 = K 2 . K
, Z 0 , R = Z 0 ( K + 1/ K ) ,
Z 02 = Z 0 K (1 + K 2 )
Z 03 = Z 0 (1 + K 2 ) / K 3 . , Z 0 ,
.

6.

207

6.37. .


6.38. 6.38
,
. 6.38

.

()

()

6.38.
() () .

, (.
) .

6.10.
6.10.1.

.
, ,

208

, . ,
,
,
.
. 6.39.
. , [06]
.
. , ,
( , ).
,

,
. ,
.
() -.

4
1

3
()

()

6.39. () ,
() .
,
. (
3.3.)
. ,
.

6.10.2.
( )
. , ,

6.

209

. (,
, ), , .
, 7. S-

s11 s21 s31 s41

s21 s22 s32 s42

.
[s] =
(6.18)

s
s
s
s
31
32
33
43

41 s42 s43 s44

[06] .
. 8 ,
, ,
9
0

j
e
[s] =
0

j
e

e j

e j

e j

e j

e j

0
,
e j

, > 0 .

(6.19)

. 1 ,
, 1 .
,
2 4. , 3 , .
.

,
. ,
0

[ s ] =
0
j

0
,

0

(6.20)

( s-
/ 2 ). ,

, ,
, .
, .
.
8 , s
kk (
) .
9 .
7

210

0
0

0 - 0
,
[ s ] =

0 - 0
0
0

( ).

(6.21)

A = -20 log10 dB , C = -20 log10 dB .

, s .
A = -20 log10 | s21 | dB A = -20 log10 | s43 | dB.
C = -20 log10 | s41 | dB C = -20 log10 | s32 | dB.

I = -20 log10 | s31 | dB

I = -20 log10 | s42 | dB, -20 log10 | skk | dB ( k = 1, 2,3, 4 ).

( ).
(),
,
D = I - C = -20 log10

s31
dB.
s41

(6.22)

( , 10 dB),
. .
> , 10 ,
= = 2 2 , 3 dB. .

.
:
. ()
. () .
, .
(6.19).
,
, .
, ,
.
, , ,
.

.
,
. , ,
,
> . , ,
> , < .

10

6.

211

.
.

, , , Z 0 = 50 .

6.10.3.
,
() . ,
, . ,
() .
, ,
, .
:
(branchline coupler), , (hybrid ring),
.

6.10.3.1.
,
( 6.40). , / 4
f = 1 GHz . :
1 2 Z c1 ( ),
3 4 Z c2 ( ).

. s11 = s22 = s33 = s44 , s21 = s43 , s31 = s42 s41 = s32 .

Z c1 Z c2

, s31 = s42 = 0 .

1 ,
(. Z 0 ). 1
3. ,
3. 3 . 3
. ( ), 3
, .
6.40. 6.40,
2 3. 3 ,
/ 4 . 1, . ,
2 ,
4. ,
6.40.
( 1)
1 ( ) 2. 2
Z 0 , 4.
(, ),
2 4

212

Z 0 . , 2 4
. ,
, .

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL3
Z0=Zc2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=Zc2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL3
Z0=Zc2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL3
Z0=Zc2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

()

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=Zc2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=Zc2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

()

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=Zc2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

()

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=3
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

()

6.40.
( Microwave Office).
4 Z 0 ,

Z c2 = Z 0 . 1
2 2.
Z 0 / 2 . ,
1 ( 1) Z 0 . , 1
Z 0 / 2 Z 0 . 1

/ 4 , , ,

6.

213

Z 0 / 2 Z 0 .
Z0
=
2
0

2 - j
[ s ] =
2 0
-1

Z c1 = Z 0

Z 0 = 50 ,

2
Z 0 . .
2
- j 0 -1

0 -1 0
.
-1 0 - j
0 - j 0

Z c1 35,36 Z c2 = 50 . 6.41
. s21 s41

-3 dB .
.

Branchline Coupler (ideal)

0

-10

DB(|S(1,1)|)
DB(|S(2,1)|)

-20

DB(|S(3,1)|)
DB(|S(4,1)|)
-30
0

0.5

1
1.5
Frequency (GHz)

2.5

6.41.
( Microwave Office).
6.42
, FR-4.
. ,
,
. .
s21 s41 .
6.42 . ,
s21 s41 -3, 4 dB . 6.42
. Protel,
AutoCAD.
Protel
(Gerber ).

214

50 . .
,
. , 3.2 3.3
SMA .

. | s21 |>| s41 |

| s21 |<| s41 | , , ,

| s21 |2 + | s41 |2 = 1 . ,
2.
.

, 6.43. 6.43.

6.

215

w1=1.6
w2=0.914
L1=40.8
L2=37.8

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

MSUB
Er=4.6
H=0.508 mm
T=0.038 mm
Rho=3
Tand=0.02
ErNom=4.6
Name=SUB1

MLIN
ID=TL3
W=w2 mm
L=L2 mm

MLIN
ID=TL1
W=w1 mm
L=L1 mm

MLIN
ID=TL2
W=w1 mm
L=L1 mm

PORT
P=3
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

MLIN
ID=TL4
W=w2 mm
L=L2 mm

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

()

Branchline Coupler (stripline)

0

-10

DB(|S(1,1)|)
DB(|S(2,1)|)
-20

DB(|S(3,1)|)
DB(|S(4,1)|)

-30
0

0.5

1
1.5
Frequency (GHz)

2.5

()

()
6.42. .

216

Zc1=60.85
Zc2=121.7
Zc3=112

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL5
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=Zc3 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL3
Z0=Zc2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=3
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL7
Z0=Zc2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL6
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=Zc1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

()

Branchline Coupler (ideal, multiple)

0

-10

DB(|S(1,1)|)
DB(|S(2,1)|)

-20

DB(|S(3,1)|)
DB(|S(4,1)|)
-30
0

0.5

1
1.5
Frequency (GHz)

2.5

()
6.43. .

6.10.3.2.
( 6.44)
,
, . / 4 ,
3 / 4 .
( Z c ) .
1,
. 1 (,

6.

217

). 3 .
/ 2 , .
.
, 3 .
1 2 (
3 / 4 ), . , 4.
2 3, Z 0 .
, (
1) . ,
1 ( ). 2 3
, Z c = Z 0 2 (,
Z 0 = 50 Z c = 70,7 ). ,
, .
0 - j 0 - j

j
0
2 - j 0
.
[ s ] =
j 0 - j
2 0
- j 0 - j 0

6.44 .
.
6.44
. ( ).
,
. ,
, .
( ) 3h ( h)
, .

Zc=70.7

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL3
Z0=Zc Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=Zc Ohm
EL=270 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=Zc Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=3
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=Zc Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

()

218

Hybrid Ring
0

-10

DB(|S[1,1]|)
DB(|S[2,1]|)

-20

DB(|S[3,1]|)
DB(|S[4,1]|)
DB(|S[4,3]|)

-30
0

0.5

1
1.5
Frequency (GHz)

2.5

()

()
6.44. .

6.10.4.
,
.
/ 4 ,
. 6.45 :
. 1 GHz .
6.45 . s11 s41 ,
. 6.45
( 3.20),
(6.19).

6.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
1

219

CLIN
ID=TL1
ZE=100 Ohm
ZO=25 Ohm PORT
EL=90 Deg P=3
Z=50 Ohm
F0=1 GHz
3
W

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

()

Directional Coupler
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
DB(|S[1,1]|)

-25

DB(|S[2,1]|)

-30

DB(|S[3,1]|)

-35

DB(|S[4,1]|)

-40
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (GHz)

1.4

1.6

1.8

()
6.45. .
6.45
. (
Z c11 = Z c22 )
. Z 0 .
.
, [Z] (3.63).
4 4. (3.63) [Z c ] 2 2.

[S] = [F]([Z] + [Z 0 ])-1 ([Z ] - [Z 0 ]) [F ]-1 ,
[F] [Z 0 ]

(6.23)

220

[F] = Z 0 [1] ,

(6.24)

[Z 0 ] = Z 0 [1] ,

(6.25)

[1] 4 4.
[S] = ([Z ] + Z 0 [1])-1 ([Z] - Z 0 [1]) .

(6.26)

.
:
1 ( , Z 0 ,
= 2 V ),
Z 0 . 6.45,
.
, ,
6.10.3: 1
, 4 11. (3.63)
6.45 (
):
[Z c ]cos D
[Zc ]
1

[I ] .
(6.27)
[V ] =

[Z c ]cos D
j sin D [Z c ]

( / 4 ),
2
1 [0] [Z c ]
[V ] =
[I ] ,
j [Z c ] [0]
, ,

D =

V1
0

V2

= - jZ s 0
V
1
3

V
k

0 1 k

0 k 1

k 0 0
1 0 0

(6.28)

I1

I2
,
I
3
I
4

(6.29)

k = Z m / Z s ( Z s = Z c11 = Z c22 Z m = Z c12 = Z c21 ). k

.
1 , 4 , V4 = 0 I 4 = 0 . (6.29)

V4 = - jZ s (kI1 + I 2 ) = -Z 0 I 4 = 0 V4 = -Z 0 I 4 = 0 .

I 2 = -kI1 . V3 = - jZ s ( I1 + kI 2 ) = - jZ s 1 - k 2 I1 = -Z 0 I 3 ,
I 3 =

jZ s 1 - k
Z0

)I

1.

, : 2
4. 4 3.29 | s21 |>| s41 | .
11

6.

V1 = - jZ s ( I 3 + kI 4 ) =

221

Z s 2 1- k 2
Z0

) I . 6.10.2,
1

6.45 ( V4 = 0 )
,
Z 0 . ,

Zs 2 1- k 2
Z0

)=Z

0,

Z s 1 - k 2 = Z 0 .

Z e Z o = Z 0 , k =

s11 = 0 s41 = 0 . V1 = E / 2 .

Ze - Zo
. ,
Ze + Zo

(6.29) V2 = -Z 0 I 2 = kZ 0 I1 = kV1 , s21 = k . ,

V3 = -Z 0 I3 = Z 0

)I

jZ s 1- k 2
Z0

1=

jZ s 1- k 2
Z0

)V ,
1

s31 =

jZ s 1 - k 2
Z0

) = jZ0 .
Zs

, -20 log10 | s21 |= -20 log10 k , ,

Z0
. | s21 |2 + | s31 |2 = 1
Zs
.
6.45.
Z e = 100 , Z o = 25
-20 log10 | s31 | = -20 log10

Z 0 = 50 .

1
Z s = ( Z o + Z e ) = 62,5
2

1
Z m = ( Z e - Z o ) = 37,5 .)
2
Z - Zo
Z e Z o = Z 0 . k = e
= 0, 6 6.45
Ze + Zo

20 log10 | s21 |= -4, 44 dB ( s21 = k ).

20 log10 | s31 |= -1,94 dB

4, 44 dB , . 6.45
( 1,94 dB )

s31 = jZ 0 / Z s = j0,8 . ,
.
6.10.3.
, , ( Z 0 ),
. ( g / 4 ).
1+ k
1- k
, Z o = Z 0
.
1- k
1+ k
.
.
,
.
,
.
Z e = Z 0

222

3.20 , 3.20
.
3.17, Z e = 58,96 Z o = 39,41 .

, Z e Z o = Z 0 ( Z e Z o = 48, 2 Z 0 = 50 ). ,
( ,
7,5 dB ). ,
. .
().
.
6.46 .

. ,
12 ( r + 1) / 2 , r
. ,
( ).
, ( 6.46).
6.46
, ,
.
.

.
, .
( ). ,
, ,
3.3. 6.47
( 0,5 GHz ),
6.47 .
45 dB .

()

()

6.46. () () .

.
.
12

6.

MSUB
Er=4.6
H=1.575 mm
T=0.036 mm
Rho=1
Tand=0.02
ErNom=4.6
Name=SUB1

Cc=0.47

223

MCLIN
ID=TL1
W=2.15 mm
S=0.25 mm
L=54.4 mm

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
1

PORT
P=3
Z=50 Ohm
3

CAP
ID=Cc1
C=Cc pF

CAP
ID=Cc
C=Cc pF
2

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

()

Graph 1
0
-10

DB(|S[1,1]|)
-20

DB(|S[2,1]|)
DB(|S[3,1]|)

-30

DB(|S[4,1]|)
-40
-50
-60
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
Frequency (GHz)

0.7

0.8

0.9

()
6.47. .
6.47 10 dB (
).

,
h = 1,5748 mm = 62 mil ( 13).
( s = 0, 25 mm )
. ,
.

.
,
.
13

224

( 3.16). (edge
coupling) .
, ( )
(broadside coupling), 3.1.
e ( , ,
).
( 6.48).

()

()

6.48. .

.
/ 4 . . ,
6.49 .
6.45, ( ) 4,7 0,3 dB ,
160 MHz 1200 MHz .

6.

225

Ze1=129 Zo1=2500/Ze1
Ze2=58.4 Zo2=2500/Ze2
CLIN
ID=TL1
ZE=Ze2 Ohm
ZO=Zo2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
1

CLIN
ID=TL2
ZE=Ze1 Ohm
ZO=Zo1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
3

CLIN
ID=TL3
ZE=Ze2 Ohm
ZO=Zo2 Ohm PORT
EL=90 Deg P=3
Z=50 Ohm
F0=1 GHz
3
W

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

()

Directional Coupler
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
DB(|S[1,1]|)

-25

DB(|S[2,1]|)

-30

DB(|S[3,1]|)

-35

DB(|S[4,1]|)

-40
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (GHz)

1.4

1.6

1.8

()
6.49. .

6.10.5.

(, ).
, .
6.50 (

226

50 ). ,
6.10.2.
ATTEN
ID=U1
R=50 Ohm
LOSS=12 dB

RES
ID=R1
R=50 Ohm
PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
RES
ID=R2
R=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

RES
ID=R3
R=50 Ohm

RES
ID=R5
R=50 Ohm

1
o
o
n1 : 1

RES
ID=R4
R=50 Ohm

XFMR
ID=XF1
N=1

PORT
P=3
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=4
Z=50 Ohm

6.50. ( Microwave Office).

1 -. R1 R2
. 6.9,
6.50 ( ).
.
2.
. 12 dB ,
-, 6.6.
2 . .
, 2
.
, ,
R3 , R4 , R5 ,
3 ( ).
4.
4 , , ,
. 4 ,
. 4
, . ,
.
3 .
4 .
3 , 4

6.

227

. , .
4
,
4 2
3. 2
. ,
4 2 ( 12 dB )
.
.

6.11.
(combiner) ()
() 14. N = 2
6.51.
.
.

s31

s32

6.51. N = 2 .
.
. N
,
s N +1, k

max

s N +1, k

( k = 1,K , N )

= 1/ N ,

, . ,
6.51 s-
0 0 1
1
[s] =
0 0 1 ,
2
1 1 0

(6.30)

3 dB . N = 4 6 dB .
, , . ,
(
), . ,
14

, .

228

N
,
15. .

( )
N = 2n , n .
.
( 6.39), , ,
( 6.10.3.2). ,
0 1 0

j 1 0 -1
[s] =
2 0 -1 0

1 0 1

1
0
,
1

(6.31)

1 3 , 2 4 ,
b2 =

a1 - a3
j 2

b4 =

a1 + a3
j 2

(6.32)

2 , 4 . 2 4
- -/, . -
( ,
), s-,
0 0 1
j
[s] =
0 0 1 ,
2
1 1 0

(6.33)

s- ( (6.17)),
.
(. )
.

6.12.

.
. ,
, .
, , ,
,
N 2 ,
15

s N +1,1

max

= 1/ N .

6.

229

.
,
, . s-
0 0
[s] =
.
1 0

(6.34)

(isolator).
.
, AIL [dB] = 20 log s21
, I[dB] = 20 log s12 .
.
, .
6.52 .
( )
. (a / )tg(x / a ) = 1
( B 0 )
z-, .

[06] ( ) .
, ,
( 6.53).
() I = 20 - 30 dB , AIL 0,5 dB .
,
6.52,
.
.
,
6.52.

z
1
()

y
B0

B0

z
1
()

z
2 1
()

6.52. : 1, 2 .

230

6.53.
, ( - ) ( + ) .
6.54 .

. ( Er
6.54) , ( Ei 6.54).
, .

y
B0
z

1
E

Er Ei
x

6.54. : 1, 2 .
6.55 .
( 10 ) .
.
45o .
, TE11 .

( ).
45o ,

6.

231

10 . (
.) ,
45o (
),
.
TE 01
, .

,
.

TE10
TE11
45o + 45o = 0o

45o + 45o = 90o

6.55. : 1 45o ,
2 , 3 .
,
.
( )
. (
), I = 20 - 50 dB AIL 1 dB . 6.56
.

6.56. .
, .

232

6.13.

( 6.57).
Y-
. ,
, .
- ( 6.58),

.

3
3

6.57. () ()
- .

. .
,
.
Y-
() ( 6.58).
: (
6.58),
( 6.58 6.59). 6.59
.

6.

()

233

()

()

6.58. : () ,
() () 16.

()

()

6.59. ()
( )
() .

. 6.60
.

6.60. 4 .
,
( 6.58 ).
( 6.61), (
).
16

, .

234

()

()

()
6.61. () ()
/ () .

6.14.

. . , ,
.

. ,
, .
.
. ,
,
. , , ,

6.

235

.
LC- ( 1 GHz ),

1 MHz 10 GHz ,
1 GHz 100 GHz . , ,
,
( 35)
. -
.
:
.
(
) , .
,
. .
17 .
f r , f 0 f rez (
r , 0 rez ) . LC-
, LC-
,
. , (
)
.
(Q-) 18
Q0 = r

Wtot
,
Pgub

(6.35)

Wtot ( ), Pgub
. (6.35) Q-
Q0 = 2

Wtot
,
Wgub,T

(6.36)

Wgub,T .
, Pgub = Pgub,p + Pgub,d ,
Q-,
Qp,d = r

Wtot
,
Pgub,p,d

Q0

17
18

(6.37)

236

1
1
1
.
=
+
Q0 Qp Qd

(6.38)

, Qd
, Qd = 1/ tg . Qp
. , (6.35)

Q0 = /(2 ) .

(6.39)

,
( , Pgub,k ), ,
Qk = r

Wtot
,
Pgub,k

Q- Q = rWtot

(6.40)

( Pgub,p + Pgub,d + Pgub,k ) .

1
1
1
=
+
.
Q Q0 Qk

(6.41)

19,
Q=

fr

= r .
f

(6.42)

, LC- 6.62 L = 1 nH C = 10 pF .
()
Z 0 , LC- Re = Z 0 / 2 = 25 ,

Q-

RLC-,
Q = Re /(r L) = Re C / L = 2,5 . , s21 ( f ) ( 6.62)
Df = 1,94 GHz -1,304 GHz = 636 MHz .
, Q = 2,5
.

19

, Df , BW (bandwidth).

6.

237

Graph 1
0
PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

IND
ID=L1
L=1 nH

-2

1.304 GHz
-3 dB

-4

CAP
ID=C1
C=10 pF

1.94 GHz
-3 dB

-6

DB(|S(2,1)|)
LC rezonator
-8

DB(|S(1,1)|)
LC rezonator

-10
1

()

1.2

1.4
1.6
Frequency (GHz)

1.8

()

6.62. () LC- () s-
( ).

. ( )

(. 2).
f r ( p) = p

c
2D

p = 1, 2,3,K

(6.43)

c , D .

, 6.63.
6.64. ,
( C0 C3 ) (
), ( C2 )
( C1 ) ( )
( ).

()

()

6.63.
: () () .

238

()

()

6.64. 6.63.
,
D = (1 + 2 p ) g / 4 ,

f r ( p ) = (1 + 2 p )

,
(6.44)
p = 1, 2,3,K .
4D
, ,

.
. , 6.65
, .
.

6.65. .

. .
6.66. .

6.

239

()

()

6.66. () () .
,
( 6.67 ).
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
( 6.67).
.
.
, ,
.

()

()

()

6.67. (),()
() .

240

7.

7.1.
Z
Z g ()
Z = Z g . .
( 7.1).
,
. ,
Z c .

, Z levo = Z desno
. ,
.
( ) .
. , 7.1
.
Z g .
Z* .
, , (
)
. , ,
, .
( ),
, ,
.
,
.

242

. ,
, 7.1.
. ,
, , (
)
7.1.
, .
.
, , ,
( )
, Z c ( 7.2).
,
,
.
.

Zg
E

Zc

()
Zg
E

Zc

Z g*

Z*
1'

2'

()
Zg
E

2
N1

Z g*
1'

3
Zc

Zc
2'

4
N2

Zc
3'

Z*

4'

()
7.1. () , ()
, () .

7.

243

Zc

Zc

7.2. ( ) .

() .
() /
.

:
. ,
.
. (
)
.
.
.
/
, .
.
(, , )
. ,

, , , / 4 .
.
.
.

7.2.

,
.

,
.
, r = const x = const ( r = R / Z 0 , x = X / Z 0

244

a ).
() ,
g = const b = const ( g = G / Y0 , b = B / Y0 a
).
.
,
, , ,
.
( 7.3 7.4).
1.
.
(KST, VSWR, ),
.
, .
(, )
r = const .
r = 1 ( 7.5). ,
( )
()
, . .
3. (,
), . ,
g = const ( 7.4).
g = 1 ( 7.5). ,
, ,
( )
.
, ,

.
.
: (.
), (
) .
, . ,
KST (VSWR), . .
, ,
.
2.

7.

245

()

7.3. .

()

7.4. .

246

g =1

r =1

7.5. r = 1 g = 1 .

, . . ,
, ,
(
) , . . ,
(
) .
, ( x / r ),
,
.

7.3.
(L- )
, r = 1 , (
) ,
7.6.
/ r = 1 .
. , g = 1 ,
, 7.6.
/

7.

247

g = 1 .
.
x = x2
b = b2

z1 = 1

z2 = 1 + jx2

( r2 = 1)

()

y1 = 1

y2 = 1 + jb2

( g 2 = 1)

()

7.6. ()
() ,
.
, ( )
L-.
( 7.7). L-
r < 1 .
x1 ( r = const )
g = 1 . r < 1 , r = 1
( ), r > 1
. , ,
g = 1 .
, L- g < 1 .
x1 (
g = const ) r = 1 . g < 1
, g = 1 (
), g > 1 .
, , r = 1
.

248

x2

x1
x2
zul = 1

x1

zul = 1
()

()

7.7. () ( rp 1 ) () ( g p 1 ) L- .
, r = 1 (. r > 1 , . 7.5)
L-, g = 1 (. g > 1 )
L-,
. L- , 2
4. ,
, VSWR (KST).
, (
) Q- . Q-
, (
) .
. ,
, .
g / 4 ,
, .
. RL R = 20
L = 8 nH Z c = 50
f = 1 GHz L- .
( s11 VSWR) 0,5 1,5 GHz .
( ),
VSWR < 1,5 .
.
,
, . Microwave Office (MWO).
( 7.8)
L-. ,
, , Z = 20 + j50 , z = 0,4 + j1 , y = 1/ z = 0,34 + j0,86 .
r < 1 g < 1 , L-.
( 7.8).
.

7.

249

Potrosac
-2

-0
.6

-0.8

-1.0

Swp
Max
S(1,1)
Load
1GHz

.0

r =1

.4

g =1

-0

-3
.0

-4
.0
-5.
0

2
-0.

-10.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0
5.0

IND
ID=L1
L=8 nH

10.0
10. 0

0.2
5.0

0
4.

3.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

RES
ID=R1
R=20 Ohm

0.

2.
6
0.

0
1.0

0.8

()

Swp Min
1GHz

()

7.8. () RL () ()
.
L-
L- ( 7.9),
(tune) (
r = const ) g = 1 ( 7.10).
( 7.11)
( g = 1 ) ( 7.12).
.
, s11 = 0 . , ,
.
,
(
), .

.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="Load"

IMPED
ID=Zr
R=0 Ohm
X=-0.7604 Ohm

7.9. .

250

S(1,1)
Load
Swp
Max
S(1,1)
Xr1GHz

Desna_L_mreza
-0
.6
.4

.0

-0

-0.8

-1.0

.0
-2

-3

-4
.

- 5.
0

2
-0.

-10. 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0
5.0

10.0
10.0

0.2

5 .0

0
4.
3.

0.

6
0.

2.
0
0.8

1.0

Swp Min
1GHz

7.10. g = 1 .
SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="Xr"

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

IMPED
ID=Zp
R=0 Ohm
X=-100 Ohm

7.11. .

7.

251

S(1,1)
Load

Desna_L_mreza1
-2

-0
.6

-0 .8

-1.0

Swp Max
S(1,1)
Xr
1GHz
S(1,1)
Xp

.0

- 5.

.4

-4

.0

-0

-3

.0

2
-0.

-1 0. 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

10.0
10.0

0.2

5 .0

4.

3.

0.

2.
6
0.

0
0. 8

1.0

Swp Min
1GHz

7.12. .
L- g = 1
7.13 7.14). (.
7.12 7.14) ,
( 7.15).
S(1,1)
Load
Swp Max
S(1,1)
Xr1GHz

Desna_L_2_1
-0

-0 .8

-1.0

.6

-2
.0

-5.

.4
-0

-3
-4

.0

.0
-0.

0
2

-1 0. 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0
5.0

10.0
10.0

0.2

5.0

4.

3.

0.
4

0.

2.
0

0. 8

1.0

Swp Min
1GHz

7.13. g = 1 .

252

S(1,1)
Load

Desna_L_2_2
-0

-0 .8

-1.0

Swp S(1,1)
Max
Xr
1GHz

.6

-2

S(1,1)
Xp

.0

-4

-5.

.4
-0

-3

.0

.0
-0.

0
2

-1 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0
5.0

10.0
10.0

0.2

5.0

0
4.

3.

0.
4

0.

2.
0

0. 8

1.0

Swp Min
1GHz

7.14. .

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

CAP
ID=C1
C=6.176 pF
1

CAP
ID=C1
C=2.129 pF

SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="Load"

SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="Load"

IND
ID=L1
L=6.497 nH

CAP
ID=C2
C=3.898 pF

()

()

7.15. L-: () ,
() .
L-.

7.16. L-
max = 1,5
19% ( f / f 0 0,19 ).

( 7.9 7.11)
( , 7.15).

7.

253

,
.
( )
(
).
Graph 5
2

1.8

1.6

VSWR(1)
Ldesno_CL

1.4

VSWR(1)
Llevo_CL

1.2

VSWR(1)
Ldesno_CC
VSWR(1)
Llevo_CC

1
0.8

0.9

1
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.2

7.16. (VSWR)
.

, ,
g / 4 .
.
,
R = 1 , L = 20 nH ( Z = (1 + j126 ) )
( f / f 0 0,4% ), 7.17
.
, .

254

Izrazito reaktivan potrosac

2

1.8

1.6
VSWR(1)
Ldesno_CL

1.4

VSWR(1)
Llevo_CL
VSWR(1)
Ldesno_CC

1.2

VSWR(1)
Llevo_CC
VSWR(1)
Ldesno_CC_induktivan potrosac

1
0.8

0.9

1
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.2

7.17.
( ) .

7.4.
,

. , , ,
(
) .
. ,

.
.
. L-
, .

. ,
.
.
( ) ,
.
.

7.4.1.
7.18.
d
. d D

7.

255

, zul = 1 . (

) , , X o = X k.s. = Z co tg ( D ) , X o = X otv. = Z co / ( tg ( D ) ) ,

7.18 ( ).
, Z co
, Z c .
xo = X o / Z c

zul

xo
zul

()

xo

()

7.18. () () .
d D
. , ,
, g = 1
d . ( z = 1 z = j x )
. , , xo
. ,
. (
) .
, d
( ).
.
( d D ).
, ,
,
, . ,
, ,
.
MWO
7.18
d D . d = 0 D = 0 ,

256

d g = 1 ( ).
D .
g = 1 . ,
Dotv.

Dk.s. = Dotv. g / 4 , (
D = g / 4 ).
, ,
,
.

7.4.2.
,
.
,
.

.
,
.
.
, 7.19, d d1 .
d g / 8 3 g / 8 . 7.19
, zd .
7.20, 7.20.

d1

zul

xo2

xo1

D2

D1

7.19. .

7.

257

d,

12

zul

3 4

zd
xo1

xo2

D1

D2

()

d,
zul

xo2

xo1

zd

()
7.20. ()
() .
xo1 xo2 zul = 1 .
, , . 1.
, z1 = zul = 1 .
() 7.21.
y1 = y2 + 1/ ( j xo2 ) , 2 g = 1 . 3
= d , 2
2 7.21. = / 4 ( d = g / 8 ).
y3 = y4 + 1/ ( j xo1 ) = 1/ zd + 1/ ( j xo1 ) . 4 , ,
3 g = const . , 4
, 4-.
,
.
, 3,
.
.
, 0 . , ,
g = const 3 ( 7.21) ,

258

.
g = const 3
(. / 2 ) = / 4 , . d = g / 8 .
, d = 3 g / 8 , .
, ,
. , 3,
zd ( 4) g = const 3. 3.
2
( ). 2 g = 1 .
( ) .

g =1

4
2

4-

3
7.21. .
RL R = 20
L = 8 nH
Z c = 50 f = 1 GHz , d1 = 0 ,
d = g / 8 . ( 7.22),
. .

7.

259

4
g =1

7.22. .
d1 = 3 g / 8 ,
,
.

7.4.3.

.
. ,
. 7.23.
12

zul

d 2 , 2

xo3

34

d1 , 1

z
xo1

xo2

D3

56

D2

7.23. .

D1

260

, ( ).
, , .
4 ( 7.23) 7.24 4-.
( , . 5)
4- 21 . 7.24
5-. 5- 4 4-,
. , ,
5 5-, ,
, 5
5-. ,
.

g =1

5-

2
22

4-

21

3
7.24. .
. RL R = 100
L = 18 nH Z c = 50
f = 1 GHz . d1 = 5 g /16
d 2 = g / 8 .
. 1 = 112,5o 2 = 45o ,
7.24. z = 2,00 + j2,26
( 7.25).
.
( 1 ), 7.23.

7.

261

Graph 1
-0.8

-1.0

Swp Max
1GHz

-0.6

0
-2.
4
-0.

-3.
0

1 GHz
r2
x 2.26195

-4.0

-5.0
-0.2

-10.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

10.0
10.0

1 GHz
2
r0.1.40161
x -2.1034

5.0

4.0

z5

3.0

0.4
2.0
0.6

S(1,1)
Load
0.8

1.0

S(1,1)
Prilagodjenje_3

Swp Min
1GHz

7.25. ( z = 2,00 + j2,26 ) ,

( 1 = 112,5o , 2 = 45o ), ( ).
(. ) ,
.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL5
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=112.5 Deg
F0=1 GHz
1

TLOC
ID=TL3
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=0 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC
ID=TL2
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=0 Deg
F0=1 GHz

SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="Load"

TLOC
ID=TL1
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=0 Deg
F0=1 GHz

7.26. MWO.
, ,
.
g / 4
() . , ,


, . g / 4 . MWO 7.26.
( , xo1 )
.

262

g = const . , D1 = g /12 (
1 = 30o ), 5 z5 = 1,40 j2,10
( 7. 25).
, z5 ( 5)
. () 5
21 = 225o . 4 g = const
g = 1 22 = 90o ( 3). 3
22 = 90o , g = 1 ( 2). ,
g = 1 . MWO

() . , ,
( .
) .
: 1 = 27,5o , 2 = 51,8o 3 = 143,3o ( 7.27).
g / 4 , g / 4 (
g / 2 ). , ,

3k.s. = 143,3o 90o = 53,3o .
() ,
,
VSWR max = 1,5 .

Graph 1
-0.8

-1.0

Swp Max
1GHz

-0.6

0
-2.

4
-0.

-3.
0

-4.0

-5.0
-0.2

-10.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0
5.0

10.0

10.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

0.4
2.0
0.8

1.0

S(1,1)
Prilagodjenje_3

0.6

S(1,1)
Load

7.27.
MWO.

Swp Min
1GHz

7.

263

,
. MWO
(lumped) ( )
, ( ).
,
, . .

7.5.

, ZS Z L ( 7.28).
.
.
,
. 7.29
.
Z c
Z 0 ,
() Z c .
( 7.29,
7.29) . L ( 7.29) g L < 1 , L- (
7.29) rL < 1 ( ). ZS
Z L (. s-

Z 0 = Z c ) S L .

Zc

Z S , S

ZL , L

Zc

7.28.
.

264

d,

d,
x

D
1

zL

zL

()

()

x2

x1
x2

zL

x1

zL
()

()

7.29. : ()
, () , () L-,
() L-.
.
f = 4 GHz S = 0,475 166o
L = 0,844 70,4o 7.29.
. .
7.30 7.31 MWO, 7.32
() . (
7.30 .)
VSWR g = 1 .
L .
. = 39o , B = 63 mS .
, .

7.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

265

LTUNER
ID=TU1
Mag=0.844
Ang=70.4 Deg
Zo=50 Ohm

LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=50 Ohm

7.30.
MWO.

LOAD
ID=Z1
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=38.58 Deg
F0=4 GHz

ADMIT
ID=Y1
G=0 S
B=-0.06294 S

7.31. MWO.

266

Graph 1
-0.8

-1.0

Swp Max
4GHz

-0.6

-2.
0
4
-0.

-3.
0

-4.0

-5.0
-0.2

-10.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

10.0
10.0

0.2
5.0

4.0

3.0

0.4

S(1,1)
Gama_L
2.0
0.6

0.8

1.0

Swp Min
4GHz

7.32. .

7.6.

Z c , Z ,
Z ul = Z c 2 / Z , Z 0 .

.
.
Z c = Z 0 Z . 7.33.
Z = 4 Z 0 .

,
( ).
, , ,
. ( .)

7.

267

Graph 1
1

|S(1,1)|
Cetvrttalasni transformator
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

0.5

1
Frequency (GHz)

1.5

7.33.
Z = 4 Z 0 .

7.7.

,
o .
7.34.
. , Z 0 < Z Z 0 < Z1 < Z 2 < L < Z .

. , , .

Z0

Z1

Z2

ZN

7.34.
( = / 2 ).
,
, .

Z , 7.35.

268

Z 2 Z1
,
Z 2 + Z1

1 =

T21 = 1 + 1 ,

2 =

Z1 Z 2
= 1 ,
Z1 + Z 2

3 =

Z Z2
,
Z + Z2

(7.1)

T12 = 1 + 2 = 1 1.

(7.2)

= 1 + T12T213e j2 2 3e j2 = 1 +
n=0

T12T213 e j2
1 2 3 e j2

(7.3)

,
. (7.3) T12 , T21 2
1 ,

(7.1) (7.2)

j k = 1, j , k = 1, 2,3 ,
= 1 + 3e j2 .

(7.4)

, , .
D =
Z1

T12

T21

Z2

7.35. .
, N ( 7.34)
=

n ( e j2 )
N

(7.5)

n=0

n =

Z n +1 Z n
, Z N +1 = Z .
Z n +1 + Z n

(7.6)

, N- e j2 .
() .
g / 4 f 0 ( ),
=

f
,
2 f0

(7.7)

( f ) 2 f 0 .

n =

Z n +1 Z n 1 Z n +1
ln
,
Z n +1 + Z n 2
Zn

(7.8)

7.

269

( x 1) /( x + 1) ( ln x ) / 2 x = 1 2.
() = , .
. ,
() =

Z Z0
,
Z + Z0

(7.9)

. ()
, (7.5) (7.8),
() =

n = 2 ln

n=0

n =0

Z n +1 1 Z
= ln
,
Zn
2 Z0

(7.10)

(7.8) (7.9).
,
0 = N , 1 = N 1 , 2 = N 2 ,K . . (7.5)

= 2e jN 0 cos N + 1 cos ( N 2 ) + L .

(7.11)

(7.11) N ( N 1) / 2 cos , N
1
2

N / 2 . .

n (7.5) (7.11), .
), .
,
(maximally flat)
(equal-ripple).
.

7.7.1.

() , N ,
= / 2 .

= A 1 + e j2

(7.12)

() ( )
. A () =

1
2

( ln z ) = A 2 N .

(7.8)
Z 0 ,
zn +1 = zn z

(2

CnN

),

n = 0,1, 2,K , N 1,

z0 = 1 ,

(7.13)

270

N
N!
.
CnN = =
n

N
n )!n !
(

. (7.13)
0,5Z 0 < Z < 2 Z 0 ,

. , N = 2 z = 4 , z1 = z1/ 4 = 1,41 z2 = z 3/ 4 = 2,83 ,

Z 0 = 50 Z = 200 , Z1 = 70,71 Z 2 = 141,42 .
7.36,
.
MWO, Z 2 (.
Z 2 = 180 ), Z1 (
), o 7.36.
Graph 3
1

|S(1,1)|
Binomijalni transformator
0.8

|S(1,1)|
Cetvrttalasni transformator
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

0.5

1
Frequency (GHz)

1.5

7.36.
( N = 2 ) Z = 4 Z 0 .

7.7.2.

. ,
m ,
( ) 0 m .
.
( ) .

7.

271

T1 ( x) = x
T2 ( x) = 2 x 2 1
T3 ( x) = 4 x3 3 x
T4 ( x) = 8 x 4 8 x 2 + 1
TN ( x) = 2 xTN 1 TN 2 .
1 < x < 1 1 1 (
7.37). ,
. x = cos ( 1 < x < 1) ,

TN (cos ) = cos N ,

0<<,

(7.14)

1 < x < 1 TN < 1 ,

cos cos N cos .

7.37. .
, ,
, N , m
m < < m 1 < x < 1 .1
x = cos / cos m ,
cos
TN
cos m

(7.15)

(7.11) (
),
1

, m .

272

cos
() = m e jN TN
.
cos m

(7.16)

m () ,
1
ln z = m e j N TN ( sec m ) = mTN ( sec m ) ,
(7.17)
2
/
sec = cos 1 . ,
,
() =

m =

ln z
.
2 TN ( sec m )

(7.18)

(7.16) (7.11),
cos
mTN
cos m

= 2 0 cos N + 1 cos ( N 2 ) + L ,

(7.19)

cos , N .
.
(7.8)
,
zn +1 = zn e2n , n = 0,K , N 1 .

(7.20)

. ,
z = 2 , m = 0,05 . .
m . (7.18)
T2 ( sec m ) = 2sec 2 m 1 =

ln 2
1

= 6,67 ,
2 0,05 3 0,05

m = 1,04 . (7.7),
f ( m ) m
=
=
= 0,675 .
f 0 0
/2
(7.19),
cos
mT2
cos m

cos 2

2
=

1 = 20 cos 2 + 1 = 20 2 cos 1 + 1 ,
m 2
cos

0 =

m
2cos m
2

= 2 = 0,099 ,

z1 = z0 e 20 = e20 = 1,219 ,

1
1 = m
1 = 0,148 ,
cos 2

z2 = z1e 21 = 1,639 .

7.

273

7.38.
f / f 0 = 0,6655 ,
( 0,675 ) 1,5% .

Graph 1
0.35

|S(1,1)|
Schematic 1

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1

1.333 GHz
0.05

0.6675 GHz
0.05

0.05
0
0

0.5

1
Frequency (GHz)

1.5

7.38. z = 2 ,
N = 2 , m = 0,05 , f 0 = 1 GHz .

7.8.

( )

.
( 7.39).
(tapered).

zc = 1

z ( x)

zp

x
7.39. .
.
(. z ( x) ) , ( f ) , .

274

,
, ( f ) , z ( x) .
,
. (7.8)
(7.4)
, dz ,
d 0 =

z + dz z dz 1 d

=
( ln z ) dx .
z + dz + z 2 z 2 dx

(7.21)

d = d 0 e j2x = e j2x

1 d
( ln z ) dx ,
2 dx

(7.22)

= 2f / c .
,
() =

1 j2x d
e
( ln z ) dx .
2 0
dx

(7.23)

[Col01]. .

7.8.1.
,
1
ln zp .
(7.24)
D
(7.23) z (
)
z ( x ) = e x ,

() =

1
sin D
ln zp e jD
.
2
D

(7.25)

7.40. g / 2 ,
.

7.

275

2lnz p
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
D

7.40.
.

7.8.2.
d ( ln z ) / dx ,
d ( ln z )
dx

x
4 2 ln zp
= D
4 D x ln z
p
D 2

0 x

D
2

D
x D.
2

(7.26)

sin ( D / 2 )
1 jD
e
ln zp
.
2
D / 2
2

() =

(7.27)

. ,
D = 2 , D = .

7.8.3.
, D ,
.

, D , .
[Col65] [Klo56].

ln z =

1
2x

ln zp + 0 A2
1, A ,
2
ch A
D

(7.28)

276

x I1

( x, A) = ( x, A ) =
0

( A 1 y ) dy ,
2

x <1,

A 1 y2

(7.29)

I1 ( x) .
() = 0 e jD

cos

( D ) 2 A2
ch A

D < A (7.30) cos

D A .

( D ) 2 A2

(7.30)
ch A2 ( D ) .
2

0 (. 0 ),
0 =

zp 1
zp + 1

1
ln zp .
2

(7.31)

D > A ,

m =

0
.
ch A

(7.32)

,
, .

, 7.41.

()

7.

277

()
7.41. () ()
(), () () ().

7.9.


,

.
. ,
, (.
, )
.
, ,

.
.

.

7.9.1.

. ( )
GPS (Global Positioning System).
( Z 0 = 50 )

278

880 960 MHz 1700 1900 MHz (GSM DCS ),

m = 9,6 dB ( VSWR max = 2 ).
(
) .
h = 8 cm .
a = 2 mm . , 50-
7.42.
, .
(
7.43).
( MWO), N = 5
( 7.44).

Graph 3
0
-2
-4
-6

DB(|S(1,1)|)
monomob

-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
0.7 0.8 0.9

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Frequency (GHz)

2.1 2.2

7.42. 50- .

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=44.56 Ohm
EL=44.83 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL3
Z0=67.1 Ohm
EL=63.08 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL5
Z0=34.1 Ohm
EL=72.01 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL7
Z0=70.29 Ohm
EL=62.97 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL9
Z0=126.4 Ohm
EL=168.3 Deg
F0=1 GHz

SUBCKT
ID=S1
NET="monomob"

TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=94.88 Ohm
EL=176.1 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=89.52 Ohm
EL=10.39 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL6
Z0=49.66 Ohm
EL=23.83 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL8
Z0=56.36 Ohm
EL=12.82 Deg
F0=1 GHz

7.43. .

TLIN
ID=TL10
Z0=168 Ohm
EL=78.63 Deg
F0=1 GHz

7.

279

Graph 2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14

DB(|S(1,1)|)
Schematic 1

-16
-18
-20
0.7 0.8 0.9

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Frequency (GHz)

2.1 2.2

7.44. .

280

8.

8.1.

. ,
.
.
.
,

. , H ( s ) ,
s = + j , (Laplace) .

, H ( j) , ,

M () =| H ( j) |

() = arg( H ( j))

H ( j) = M () exp( j ()) . M () () ,

f = (2) , . M ()
, () .

,
() = -d () d , .
(dB),
, M dB () = 20 log10 M () ,
. log10 ( (rad / s)) log10 ( f Hz)
, 2, .
(), deg () = ()180 .

, (Bode) .

282

, (attenuation).
(gain, amplification).

s , H ( s ) = N ( s ) D ( s ) , N ( s ) D ( s )
. N ( s ) = 0 ,

D( s ) = 0 .
-
.
. 8.1
( ),
. ,

. .

8.1. .
. , ,

H (s) =

3,901109 s 2 + 2,1110 29

s 3 + 6,355 109 s 2 + 4,745 1019 s + 2,111029

s .
sz1,2 = j7,355 109 rad/s .
sp1 = -5,128 109 rad/s ,

sp2,3 = (-0,613 j6,385) 109 rad/s . ( ,

, , Filter Solutions.)
(Q-) sp Q = -| sp | (2 Re( sp )) .
Q- .
. ,
, H ( s ) = H 0 (( s - sz1 )( s - sz2 )...) (( s - sp1 )( s - sp2 )...) .
D ( s ) , .
,
( ) ( ).
.
(
).

8.

283

-
1
. , ( )
,
,
75 .
, (s-),
s21 .
(design)
().
()
.
.
, . ,
(
) .
(fine tuning, trimming, ).

().
(Monte Carlo) .
().
,
.
, ,
.
( , Agilent ADS, Ansoft
Designer, AWR Microwave Office, Eagleware Genesys WIPL-D Microwave)
.
(3D EM)
, , , WIPL-D Professional, Zeland IE3D Ansoft HFSS.


,
.
.
,
, .
H ( s ) H ( j) . ,
.
rad/s Hz,
radian-frequency f Hertz-frequency.

RF .

.

284

, ,
, , , ,
, , GPS, WLAN, WiMAX Bluetooth
. 8.2.

8.2. [Bes03].

-
. ,
.

8.1.1.
.
.
. . 8.3
.

A
As

A
As

A
As

Ap
0
0

Ap
0
0

Ap
0
0 Fs1 Fp1 Fp2 Fs2 f

Fp Fs
()

Fs Fp
()

()

8.3. ( ) : ()
, () , () .
(lowpass, LP)
8.3. 0 < f < Fp (passband)

Ap . f > Fs (stopband)

8.

285

As . Fp < f < Fs (transition),

.
(highpass, HP)
8.3. f > Fp , Ap .

0 < f < Fs , As .
Fs < f < Fp .

(bandpass, BP)
8.3. Fp1 < f < Fp2 , Ap .
0 < f < Fs1 f > Fs2 , As .
, Fs1 < f < Fp1 Fp2 < f < Fs2 .

F0 = ( Fp1 + Fp2 ) 2

F = Fp2 - Fp1 , b = F F0

b% = 100b .

8.3 , ,

f < Fp1 Fp2 < f . ,
, (allpass,
AP).

. ,
.

.

. .

s21 ( j) s11 ( j) . , s22 ( j) .
(return loss),
-20 log10 | s11 ( j) | , -20 log10 | s22 ( j) | , , 14 dB.
(voltage standing wave ratio,
VSWR).
,
, . , ,
, ()
, .
.

. ,
,
(, ) .

- .

286

. ,
, ,
.
, (
, footprint ), ()
.

8.1.2.

.
:
, . . ,
H ( j) = 1 | |< H ( j) = 0 | | , ? ,
, (Fourier)
2.
.
.


, . LC-. LC- s .
2

, H ( j) , 2
, 2
.
dB
.
( ,
, ...).
(Butterworth), 8.4,
AdB () = 10 log10 (1 + ( 3dB ) 2 n ) ,

(8.1)

: 3 dB ( 3dB )3
( n ).
. n , n
. () ,
. 6n ( 3.3
).
+

1
1
sin(t )
H ( j)e jt d =
e jt d =

2 -
2 -
t

t <0.
.

8.

287

(Chebyshev Tschebyscheff) , 8.4,

AdB () = 10 log10 (1 + 2Tn2 ( )) ,

(8.2)

0 < < ,
(ripple factor)
A = AdB ( ) = 10 log10 (1 + 2 ) , n , Tn ( x)
n . , A , .

> , .
n , n .
10n , ,
.
.
,
.
.

()

()

8.4. () () .
(Cauer) , 8.5,
.
AdB () = 10 log10 (1 + 2 Rn2 ( , )) ,

(8.3)

0 < < ,

, n , Rn ( x, )
n .
[Lut01].
n , n n .

.
. ,

, ,
( ).

288

(Bessel), 8.5.
. .
.
.

(Gauss). .
.
.

()

()

8.5. () () . ,
, .
, ,
(Chebyshev Type II), (Legendre),
, , . ,
, () .

, .
.
.
RLC, .
, , [Djo03].
, ,
,
.
,
, , .

.
,
.
AADE Filter Design
Nuhertz Technologies Filter Solutions.

8.

289

8.1.3.

, . , ,
, , .

. ()
. ,
.
8.6.
,
. ( 8.6)
(doubly terminated) .
(singly terminated) (
), 8.6.
, .

Rg

Rg

Ug

Rp

Ug

()

()

8.6. :
() , () .
,
8.7.

Rg
1

Ug

Rp

8.7. .
,
.

( 8.8). ,
, , ,
; RLC
. .

290

, ,
.
, ,
( ).
() ( 8.8)
.
.

.

Rg
Ug

Z2

Z4

Z6

Y1

Y3

Y5

...

Rp

8.8. .
LC-
.
(, ,
) (, ).


,
s - .
.
, ,
.

. ().
( ),
,
.

8.1.4.

. ,
4 5.
(
).
4 . ,
, , .
5 . , SMD .

8.

291

.
,
.
(. 5), .
,
, ,
. , , 6.

:
SMD (Q-)?
?
? ?
?
,
?
.
, ,

. 3D EM (
WIPL-D Professional) s- ,
. ,
.
, ,
.

.
, ,
SMD ,
(footprint) .
( , PDA GSM
) .
,
.

().
( , )
, (
).
(time-to-market)
,
.
,
. ,
( ) .

.

292

, (no-tune
design). , ,
.
:
( ) (
, ).
.
, ,
, , .

8.1.5.
()
() .
, ( +
) .
( )
, .
.
SMD
( 0,1 pF )
(pad), ( nH). ,
, ( )
s- (. 5.8).
( 5.13 5.24)
() . Q-
Q( f ) = Q0 ( f f 0 )a .
(), .
Q- 5
Q-
.
Q-, ,
.

. (
) :

( 2 f 0 , 3 f 0 , 4 f 0 , K ),
( 3 f 0 , 5 f 0 , 7 f 0 , K ).

( )
,
.

.

8.

293

. ,

.
( );
(), .
, ()
, Q-, .

8.2. LC-
7 LC- ,
( 8.9)
p = p,proto = 1 rad s ,

Rg = Rg,proto = 1 . ,

. ,
, LC- ( 8.1).
, LC. ( ,
LC-) .

, , ,
, ,
.

. ,
( AWR Microwave
Office (MWO) Filter Synthesis Wizard).
proto.

( )
( ).

294

Rg

L1

Ug

L3
C2

Rg
Ug

L5
C4

L2

L4

L6

C1

C3

C5

C6 . . .

Rp

...

Rp

8.9. LC-
.

g 0 = 1,

2i -1
g i = 2sin
, i = 1, 2,K , n ,
2n

(8.4)

g n+1 = 1,

Lk ,proto = g k
Ck ,proto = g k

Rg,proto
p,proto
p,proto
Rg,proto

= g k 1H,
= g k 1F,

(8.5)

Rp,proto = g n+1 Rg,proto = g n+1 1 .

( g 0 = g n+1 ).

Ap [dB]
,
z = ln cth

17,37

x = sh

z
,
2n

2i -1
i
ai = sin
, bi = x 2 + sin 2 , i = 1, 2,K n,
2n
n
4
a
a
a
g 0 = 1, g1 = 2 1 , g i = i-1 i , i = 2,3,K n,
x
bi-1 gi-1
1, n = 1,3,5,K
g n+1 = 2 z
cth , n = 2, 4, 6,K ,

(8.6)

8.

Lk ,proto = g k
Ck ,proto = g k

Rp,proto

Rg,proto
p,proto
p,proto
Rg,proto

295

,
,

(8.7)

g n+1 Rg,proto ,

= 1

R
, .
g n+1 g,proto

( g 0 = g n+1 )

( n = 1,3,5,K ).

g-,
(8.7). , 8.10
()
.

8.10.
( g 0 = 1 , 1 s ).
LC-
Rg
p = 2Fp ,
Lk =
Ck =

Rg

p,proto

Rg,proto

Rg,proto p,proto
Rg

Lk ,proto
Ck ,proto

(8.8)

Rp = Rg Rp,proto .
. LC- ,
n = 5 , Fp = 2 GHz ,
Ap = 3 dB Rg = 50 .

, .

296

. MWO Filter Synthesis Wizard

8.11. 8.12.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

IND
ID=L1
L=L0 nH

IND
ID=L2
L=L0 nH

CAP
ID=C1
C=C0 pF

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

CAP
ID=C2
C=C1 pF

CAP
ID=C3
C=C0 pF

C0=0.9832
C1=3.182
L0=6.435

()

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

IND
ID=L1
L=L0 nH

()

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

IND
ID=L2
L=L0 nH

CAP
ID=C1
C=C0 pF

CAP
ID=C2
C=C1 pF

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

CAP
ID=C3
C=C0 pF

IND
ID=L1
L=L0 nH

IND
ID=L2
L=L1 nH

CAP
ID=C1
C=C0 pF

C0=5.541

C0=3.58831

C1=7.222

C1=1.27757

L0=3.032

C2=0.276993

()

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

CAP
ID=C2
C=C1 pF

CAP
ID=C3
C=C2 pF

L0=4.41358
L1=2.01501

()

8.11. LC- (lowpass):

() , () , () , () .

Magnitude Response

GD(2,1) (ns)
Bessel Filter

Group Delay

1.6

GD(2,1) (ns)
Butterworth Filter

1.4

-10

1.2

-20

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Bessel Filter

-30

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Butterworth Filter

-40

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Chebyshev Filter

GD(2,1) (ns)
Chebyshev Filter

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

-50

2
Frequency (GHz)

()

2
Frequency (GHz)

()

8.12. 8.11: () ,
() .

8.

297

.
LC-, ,
,
.
. ,
.
LC-

Rg
1
1

Lk ,HP =
Rg,proto p p,proto Ck ,proto
Ck ,HP =

Rg,proto
Rg

1
1
.
p p,proto Lk ,proto

. LC-
, 500 MHz , 0,4 dB ,
50 .
. (8.6) g- ,
g 0 = 1,

g1 = 1,49088,

g 2 = 1,118,

g3 = 1,49088,

g4 = 1 .

.
, MKSA , (8.7),
Rg,proto = 1, C1,proto = 1,49088, L2,proto = 1,118, C3,proto = 1,49088, Rp,proto = 1 .

,
Rg = Rp = 50 , L1,HP = 10,7 nH, C2,HP = 5,69 pF, L3,HP = 10,7 nH .
LC- 8.13.

298

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

CAP
ID=C1
C=C0 pF

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

IND
ID=L1
L=L0 nH

IND
ID=L2
L=L0 nH

C0=5.694
L0=10.68

Highpass Filter Response

Highpass Filter Response

-0.2
-0.4
-20
-0.6

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Highpass Filter

-0.8
-1

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Highpass Filter
-40

-1.2
-1.4
-60
-1.6
-1.8
-2

-80
0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1
1.3
Frequency (GHz)

1.5

1.7

1.9 2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
Frequency (GHz)

0.7

0.8

0.9

8.13. LC- (highpass).

. 400 MHz
20 dB , ?
. , (8.2),
, ,
.
8.2
. n = 7 . 8.14
LC- AADE Filter Design.

8.

299

8.14. LC- (highpass)

.

300

LC- p1 p2

Rg,proto p,proto
Ck ,BP =
Ck ,proto
Rg p2 - p1
Lk ,BP =

1
,
p2 p1Ck ,BP

Ck ,BP =

Lk ,BP =

1
p2 p1 Lk ,BP

p,proto

Rg

Rg,proto p2 - p1

Lk ,proto

, Lk ,BP Ck ,BP = 1/( p2 p1 ) .

. LC-
800 MHz f 900 MHz , 0,4 dB ,
75 .
. LC- 8.15.
SLC
ID=LC2
L=L1 nH
C=C1 pF

PORT
P=1
Z=75 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=75 Ohm

PLC
ID=LC1
L=L0 nH
C=C0 pF

PLC
ID=LC3
L=L0 nH
C=C0 pF

C0=31.64
C1=0.2636
L0=1.112
L1=133.5

Bandpass Filter Response

0

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Bandpass Filter

Bandpass Filter Response

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Bandpass Filter

-0.2
-10
-0.4
-20
-0.6
-30
-0.8

-40

-1
0.7

0.8

0.9
Frequency (GHz)

0.75

0.8

0.85
Frequency (GHz)

0.9

8.15. LC- (bandpass).

0.95

8.

301

LC- ,
p1 p2 ,

Lk ,BS = Rg
Ck ,BS =

1
1
p2 - p1 Ck ,proto p,proto Rg,proto
1

p2 p1 Lk ,BS

Lk ,BS =

1
p2 p1Ck ,BS

Ck ,BS =

Rg,proto
1
1
Rg p2 - p1 Lk ,proto p,proto

, Lk ,BP Ck ,BP = 1/( p2 p1 ) .

. LC- ,
f 800 MHz 900 MHz f ,
0,4 dB , ,
75 .
. LC- 8.16.

302

PORT
P=1
Z=75 Ohm

PLC
ID=LC2
L=L1 nH
C=C1 pF

PORT
P=2
Z=75 Ohm

SLC
ID=LC1
L=L0 nH
C=C0 pF

SLC
ID=LC3
L=L0 nH
C=C0 pF

C0=0.4394
C1=18.98
L0=80.07
L1=1.854

Bandstop Filter Response

Bandstop Filter Response in Passband

-10

-0.2

-20

-0.4

-30

-0.6

-40

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Bandstop Filter

-50

-0.8

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Bandstop Filter

-1
0

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Frequency (GHz)

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

8.16. LC- (bandstop).

(8.6) (8.7),
.

,
() .
,
?
. ,
,
.
LC-
. 8.17

. (MWO Filter
Synthesis Wizard)
. (
Q-, .)
(
) .

8.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

IND
ID=L1
L=L0 nH

CAP
ID=C1
C=C0 pF

303

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

CAP
ID=C2
C=C0 pF

SRL
ID=RL1
R=1.097 Ohm
L=L0 nH

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

PRC
ID=RC1
R=9397 Ohm
C=C0 pF

C0=5.081

PRC
ID=RC2
R=9397 Ohm
C=C0 pF
C0=5.081

L0=8.727

L0=8.727

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Ideal Filter

-0.5

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Lossy Filter

Magnitude Response

-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
0.5

1
Frequency (GHz)

8.17. LC- .

1.5

304

8.3.
,
. () ,
, () - -
. ABCD
ABCD ( 8.18)
.
1 0

[ ABCD]Y =
Y 1

1 Z

[ ABCD ]Z =
0 1

cos
[ ABCD ] =
jYc sin

jZ c sin

cos

Zc ,

8.18. ABCD , .
, = 1 , ABCD
, cos 1 .
, ,
sin , Y jYc . ,

, sin , Z jZ c .

= d = 2

d
= d L C = 0 = f 0 ,
f0
g
0

(8.9)

, d , g , = 2f

, L , C , 0
0 = 2f 0 f .

LC- ( 8.9)
.
,
.
Z c,max ,
Z c,min .
0 = L0 Z c,max = Lproto p,proto Rg ( Rg,proto Z c,max ) ,

0 = C 0 Z c,min = Cproto p,proto Rg,proto Z c,min Rg .

d = 0 g (2) . 0

, 0 = p = 2Fp .
0 .

stepped-impedance high-Z-low-Z .

8.

305

. ,
, 150 .
Z c,min 20 Z c,max 100 .
Z c .
,
.
0,2 mm . ,

.

, .
[ ABCD] .
. ,
2,5 GHz , ,
20 dB 4 GHz 50 .
20 120 .
. , ,
Ap = 3 dB .
. F3dB = 2,5 GHz .

, As = 20 dB ,
Fs = 4 GHz ,

AdB ( f ) = 10 log10 (1 + ( f F3dB ) 2 n ) , AdB ( Fs ) As n 5 ,

(8.10)

g 0 = 1, g1 = 0,618034, g 2 = 1,61803, g 3 = 2, g 4 = 1,61803, g5 = 0,618034, g 6 = 1 ,

Rg = Rp = 50 , Fp = F3dB , Z c,min = 20 , Z c,max = 120 , ,
01 = 14,16, 02 = 38,63, 03 = 45,84, 04 = 38,63, 05 = 14,16 .

8.19. ,
. ,
. ,
?
,
.

306

TLIN
ID=TL1
Z0=Zcmin Ohm
EL=14.16 Deg
F0=Fp GHz

PORT
P=1
Z=Rg Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=Zcmax Ohm
EL=38.63 Deg
F0=Fp GHz

Fp=2.5

TLIN
ID=TL3
Z0=Zcmin Ohm
EL=45.83 Deg
F0=Fp GHz

Zcmin=20

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=Zcmax Ohm
EL=38.63 Deg
F0=Fp GHz

Zcmax=120

TLIN
ID=TL5
PORT
Z0=Zcmin Ohm P=2
EL=14.16 Deg Z=Rg Ohm
F0=Fp GHz

Rg=50

Stepped Impedance Response

0
-5

2.5 GHz
-3.466 dB

-10
-15

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Butterworth LC Realization

-20

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Stepped Impedance Realization

-25
-30
0

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
3
Frequency (GHz)

3.5

4.5

8.19. Stepped-impedance .

8.20. , r = 2,33 ,
h = 10 mil = 0, 254 mm , tg = 0,002 .
TXLINE 2003 AWR
Microwave Office.
( 8.21). (layout) 8.22.
40 mm .

? ,
( 8.23).
.
( ). ,
() 50 . ,
, , .

8.

307

( , WIPL-D Microwave)
.

MLIN
ID=TL1
W=2.504 mm
L=3.234 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

MLIN
ID=TL2
W=0.1111 mm
L=9.705 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

MLIN
ID=TL3
W=2.504 mm
L=10.47 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

MLIN
ID=TL4
W=0.1111 mm
L=9.705 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

MLIN
ID=TL5
W=2.504 mm
L=3.234 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

MSUB
Er=2.33
H=0.254 mm
T=0.05 mm
Rho=4
Tand=0.002
ErNom=2.33
Name=TeflonARDj

Microstrip Implementation Response

0
-5

2.5 GHz
-3.466 dB

-10
-15

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Butterworth LC Realization

-20

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Microstrip Implementation on Teflon

-25

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Stepped Impedance Realization

-30
0

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
3
Frequency (GHz)

3.5

4.5

8.20. Stepped-impedance .

308

MLIN
ID=TL1
W=2.504 mm
L=4.138 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

MLIN
ID=TL2
W=0.1111 mm
L=10.95 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

MLIN
ID=TL3
W=2.504 mm
L=8.849 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

MLIN
ID=TL4
W=0.1111 mm
L=10.26 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

MLIN
ID=TL5
W=2.504 mm
L=5.499 mm
MSUB=TeflonARDj

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

MSUB
Er=2.33
H=0.254 mm
T=0.05 mm
Rho=4
Tand=0.002
ErNom=2.33
Name=TeflonARDj

Optimized Response
0

-5

2.5 GHz
-2.635 dB

-10

4 GHz
-20.03 dB

-15

-20

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Microstrip Implementation on Teflon

-25
0

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
3
Frequency (GHz)

3.5

4.5

8.21. Stepped-impedance .

8.22. (layout) stepped-impedance

2:1.

8.

309

Optimized Response in Wide Range

0
-5

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Microstrip Implementation on Teflon

-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
0

5
6
7
Frequency (GHz)

10

11

12

8.23. stepped-impedance .

8.4.
,
Z k.s. = jZ c tg 0 < < 2 ,

Z k.s. = jLk.s. . Yotv. = jYc tg

0<< 2

Yotv. = jCotv. .

= tg = tg(0 0 )
, .
.
LC-
. LC-

Yc = C 0 = Cproto p,proto Rg,proto Rg . LC-

Z c = L0 = Rg Lproto p,proto Rg,proto .

0 = / 4 , d = g 8 ,

g f 0 = 0 (2)

310

Fp .

commensurate line all-stub (stub ).

f 0 ( 8.24).
d = g 8
L

d = g 8

Z c = L 0

=>

=>

Yc = C0

8.24. .
.
, 1 GHz
50 .
. , n = 3 ,
g 0 = 1 , g1 = 1 , g 2 = 2 , g 3 = 1 , g 4 = 1 . ,

L1,proto = g1 , C2,proto = g 2 , L3,proto = g 3 .

Z c1 = 50 ,

Rg = Rp = 50 .

Z c2 = 25 ,

0 = 4 = 45

Z c3 = 50 .

f 0 = Fp = 1 GHz .

Ap = 3 dB Fp .
8.25.
. 8.25
LC-, . 2 f 0

= / 2 ,
, . 4 f 0

2 f 0 .
, ,
4 f0 .

8.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

311

IND
ID=L1
L=L0 nH

L0=7.951

IND
ID=L2
L=L0 nH

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

TLSC2
ID=TL1
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLSC2
ID=TL3
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

CAP
ID=C1
C=C0 pF
PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

C0=6.361

TLOC
ID=TL2
Z0=25 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

Stub Realization Response

0

-20

1 GHz
-3.01 dB

-40

DB(|S(2,1)|)
LC Realization

-60

DB(|S(2,1)|)
Stub Realization
-80
0

2
3
Frequency (GHz)

8.25.
.

.
, .
, 8.26.
8.26 ,
, .
,

.

312

Z
n2 = 1 + 2
Z1

Z1,

Z2,

n 2 Z1 ,

<=>

n2Z 2 ,

8.26.
.

Z1 n 2 ,

Z1 ,

Z2,

<=>

Z2 n2 ,

Z
n2 = 1 + 2
Z1

8.26.
.


. ,
,
0 , .
.

8.

313

d = g 8
(unit element, U.E.),
.
.
8.25
.
,
( 8.27).

, 8.25.
, 50 ,
.

TLSC2
ID=TL1
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLSC2
ID=TL3
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC
ID=TL2
Z0=25 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL5
Z0=50 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

8.27. .

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=100 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC
ID=TL1
Z0=100 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL5
Z0=100 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC
ID=TL2
Z0=25 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

TLOC
ID=TL3
Z0=100 Ohm
EL=45 Deg
F0=1 GHz

8.27.
.

314

8.5.
4 ( 4.3.10)
.
.
g / 4 ,
.

, 8.28. .
= 2
Zc = K

= 2

Zc = K

Zc

K 2Y

8.28.
0
jK
.
. ABCD
j K 0

= 2
Yc = J

= 2

Yc = J

Zc

J 2Z

8.28.
0 j J
.
. ABCD
jJ
0

,
.

Ypar = jCpar + 1 ( jLpar ) , .

, Z c = K ,
,
Z red,eq = K 2Ypar = jLred,eq + 1 ( jCred,eq ) , Lred,eq = K 2Cpar , Cred,eq = Lpar K 2 .
Lred,eq Cred,eq = Lpar Cpar . K

Z red,eq . , ,

K = Lred,eq Cpar .

.
LC- ( 8.29)

8.

315

( 8.29).
( ).

Rg

L4
...

Ug

C4

L3

L2

C2

C3 L1

C1

Rp

8.29. LC-
( Lk Ck = 1/( p2 p1 ) = const. , 8.2).

R0g

Kn+1

L02

C02

K2

L01 C01 K1

...

Ug

R0p

8.29.
( L0 k C0 k = Lk Ck = 1/( p2 p1 ) = const. ).
:

K1 =

L01 R0p
C1 Rp

L L
L0 n R0g

0 k 0 k -1 , k = 2, 4, 6,K

L C

Cn Rg
k k -1

, Kk =
, K n+1 =
L L

L0 n R0g Rg

k
k
0
0
1

, k = 3,5, 7,K
,

C
L
Ln
k k -1

n neparno
(8.11)
n parno .

8.29. R0p

L01

K1 . k- ( k = 2,3,K , n )

L0k K k . , (n + 1)- ,

R0g K n+1 . C01 ,K , C0 n

L0 k C0 k = Lk Ck = 1/( p2 p1 ) = const. .

LC- 8.29

( 8.30).
.

316

R0g

Jn+1

J2
. . . L02

Ug

C02

J1
L01

C01

R0p

8.30.
( L0 k C0 k = Lk Ck = 1/( p2 p1 ) = const. ).
:

C C
C0 n

0 k 0 k -1 , k = 2, 4, 6,K
,

L C
Cn R0g Rg

C01
k
k
1

J1 =
, J k =
, J n+1 =

C C

C1 R0p Rp
C0 n Rg

0 k 0 k -1 , k = 3,5, 7,K

Ln R0g
Ck Lk -1

n neparno
(8.12)
n parno .

. L0 k C0 k = Lk Ck = 1/( p2 p1 ) = const.
L01 ,K , L0 n .

. ,

, .

,
( 8.31).
0
j

-L

j L

-L
L

0
jC

j
C
0

-C

-C
C

0
j

jL

0
jC

L
-L

j
C
0

C
-L

-C

-C

8.31.
ABCD .
LC-
() ,
( ),
8.32. .

8.

317

8.32
(. 8.29.), T- 8.31.
8.32 (.
8.30), - 8.31.
, ,
(
) .

...

...

...

...

8.32.
().

,
8.33.
,
= , .

.

318

-j

0
Yc tg
ABCDC =

- jYc tg
0

tg 2
C = Yc
J = Yc tan
2

0
- jZ c t tg

ABCD L = - j

0
Z c tg

tg 2
L = Zc
K = Z c tg
2

Yc

Yc

Zc

Zc

8.33.
.

8.6.

0 = 2 0 = 2f 0 .
0
( 8.34). ,
Yk.s. , , Y LC , 0 .
Yk.s. =

1
j
( - 0 ) , YLC = jC +

2 Z c 0
j L =
0

jZ c tg
2

j2C ( - 0 ) , (8.13)

LC

Yk.s. = YLC

Zc =

L
= L0 =
.
4 C 0
4
4 C

(8.14)

0 .
0 =

, 0 =
2

Zc =

L
4 C

1
LC

8.34.
.

8.

319

, 8.30
.
0
( 8.35).
, .
0 =

, 0 =
2

Yc =

1
LC

C
4 L

8.35.
.

, 8.29
.

8.7.

0 = 0 = 2f 0 .
0
( 8.36).
, .
0 = , 0 =

Zc =

L
2 C

1
LC

8.36.
.

, 8.30

320

.
8.33 - 8.31,
.
, ,
( 8.30).
, , - 8.31.
.

, .

. , ,

.

8.8.
8.8.1.

() .
,
. , ,
, 8.5. (
)
(
). ,
. ,
3.3.3.
.
, .
,
.
( ,
): , . ,
.
,
8.2.
( ,
). ,
( ),

8.

321

. , ,
8, .

8.8.2.
8.37

. (, n = 5 )
9.
.
( )
.
().
( Z 0 ).
(n).
,
(, n + 1 = 6 ), 8.38.

.

8.37.
.

,
.

, WIPL-D.
9 ,
.
, ,
.
8

322

PORT
P=1
Z=Z0 Ohm
1

CLIN
ID=TL0
ZE=ZE0 Ohm
ZO=ZO0 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=f0 GHz
W

CLIN
ID=TL1
ZE=ZE1 Ohm
ZO=ZO1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=f0 GHz

CLIN
ID=TL2
ZE=ZE2 Ohm
ZO=ZO2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=f0 GHz

CLIN
ID=TL3
ZE=ZE3 Ohm
ZO=ZO3 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=f0 GHz

CLIN
ID=TL4
ZE=ZE4 Ohm
ZO=ZO4 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=f0 GHz

CLIN
ID=TL5
ZE=ZE5 Ohm
ZO=ZO5 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=f0 GHz

PORT
P=2
Z=Z0 Ohm

()
TLOC2
ID=TL1
Z0=ZO0 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC2
ID=TL3
Z0=ZO0+ZO1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
TLIN
ID=TL2
Z0=(ZE0-ZO0)/2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC2
ID=TL5
Z0=ZO1+ZO2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL4
Z0=(ZE1-ZO1)/2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC2
ID=TL7
Z0=ZO2+ZO3 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL6
Z0=(ZE2-ZO2)/2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC2
ID=TL9
Z0=ZO3+ZO4 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL8
Z0=(ZE3-ZO3)/2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC2
ID=TL11
Z0=ZO4+ZO5 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL10
Z0=(ZE4-ZO4)/2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLOC2
ID=TL13
Z0=ZO5 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

TLIN
ID=TL12
Z0=(ZE5-ZO5)/2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

()
8.38. () ()
8.37.
8.38
3.28. ,
. 8.38
n + 2 ( ) n + 1 (
). 8.38
, 8.5.
8.38
.
3.28. 3.28 ,

, 8.38 . ,

8.

323

8.38
( Z 0 = 50 ). 8.38
50 100 ,
. ,
.
, n. 8.38
, 8.38
.
:
(, , ), ( Z 0 ),
( , 1 2 ), (
) (
, ).
(n),
8.2 g-
.

8.38.
,
b = (2 - 1 ) / 0 ,

(8.15)

0 = (2 + 1 ) / 2

(8.16)

.
( K i ,i +1 , i = 0,..., n )

K i ,i +1
Z0

2 ,i=0

g 0 g1

= 2
, i = 1,..., n -1
g i gi +1

2 , i = n.

g
g

n n +1

(8.17)

K i ,i +1 K i ,i +1

, i = 0,..., n ,
Z e i ,i +1 = Z 0 1 +
+

Z 0
Z
0

(8.18)

324

K
K i ,i +1 2

i ,i +1
, i = 0,..., n .
Z o i ,i +1 = Z 0 1 +

Z 0
Z0

(8.19)

. f1 = 0,95 GHz f 2 = 1,05 GHz ,

Z 0 = 50 .
n = 5 0,1 dB .

. f 0 = 1 GHz ,

b = (2 - 1 ) / 0 = ( f 2 - f1 ) / f 0 = 0,1 = 10% .
8.1.
(8.17), a
(8.18) (8.19). g (
),
.
8.1. n = 5

10%.
i

gi

K i ,i +1 / Z 0

Z e i ,i +1 []

Z o i ,i +1 []

0,3701

75,4

38,3

1,1468

0,1253

57,0

44,5

1,3712

0,0954

55,2

45,7

1,9750

0,0954

55,2

45,7

1,3712

0,1253

57,0

44,5

1,1468

0,3701

75,4

38,3

8.39 .
Microwave Office10.
8.1 (
). 8.39 LC- ,
. 8.39
,
. , 8.39
. (
SMD 0,5 pF ),
(
1 nH ),
(
1 mm ), . ,
, ,
() 8.37.
10

8.

325

LC-11 ( ,
),
.
.
8.40
8.39 . ,
8.39 ,
8.39 . 8.40 ,
. 8.39
. LC- ,
. 3 f 0 ,
12. ,
( , )
, .

11

LC .

.
, .
(
-). ,
.

12

326

ZE0=75.3533

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
1

ZO0=38.3438
CLIN
ID=TL1
ZE=ZE0 Ohm
ZO=ZO0 Ohm
ZE1=57.0477
EL=90 Deg
ZO1=44.5214
F0=1 GHz
CLIN
ID=TL4
3
W
ZE=ZE1 Ohm
ZE2=55.2281
ZO=ZO1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
ZO2=45.683
F0=1 GHz
CLIN
ID=TL7
4
3
1
W
W
ZE=ZE2 Ohm
ZO=ZO2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
CLIN
ID=TL10
2
4
3
1
W
W
ZE=ZE2 Ohm
ZO=ZO2 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
2
4
3
1
W
W

CLIN
ID=TL13
ZE=ZE1 Ohm
ZO=ZO1 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz
1

CLIN
ID=TL16
ZE=ZE0 Ohm
ZO=ZO0 Ohm
EL=90 Deg
F0=1 GHz

4
PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

()

C1=0.232719
C0=36.5042

L1=109.118

L0=0.69564

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

L2=0.403933
SLC
ID=LC2
L=L1 nH
C=C1 pF

PLC
ID=LC1
L=L0 nH
C=C0 pF

C2=62.8663

SLC
ID=LC4
L=L1 nH
C=C1 pF

PLC
ID=LC3
L=L2 nH
C=C2 pF

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

PLC
ID=LC5
L=L0 nH
C=C0 pF

()
8.39. () () LC-
8.1.

8.

327

LC and TL Bandpass Filters

0

DB(|S[1,1]|)
LC Filter

-5

DB(|S[1,1]|)
TL Filter

-10

DB(|S[2,1]|)
LC Filter

-15

DB(|S[2,1]|)
TL Filter

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0.85 0.875 0.9 0.925 0.95 0.975 1
1.02 1.05 1.08
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.13 1.15

()

LC and TL Bandpass Filters

0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60

DB(|S[1,1]|)
LC Filter
DB(|S[1,1]|)
TL Filter
DB(|S[2,1]|)
LC Filter
DB(|S[2,1]|)
TL Filter

-70
-80
0 0.250.50.75 1 1.251.51.75 2 2.252.52.75 3 3.253.53.75 4 4.254.54.75 5
Frequency (GHz)

()
8.40. 8.39 ()
() .
,
.
( ,
). ( ,
),
. ,

328

, 13,
.
.
, . ,
. (
.) , ,
,
14.
. 8.39 . ,
3.25,
h1 = h2 = 1,575 mm = 62 mil , r = 2,33
tg = 0,0002 . t = 18 m .
. Linpar (w)
(s) 8.1.
8.2. 49,1 mm
( r = 2,33 ).
( 300 mm ).
8.2.
8.1.
i

Z e i ,i +1 []

Z o i ,i +1 []

w [mm]

s [mm]

0, 5

75,4

38,3

1,8

0,16

1, 4

57,0

44,5

2,4

0,8

2, 3

55,2

45,7

2,5

1,0

8.41
, 8.41 .
15 1,55 dB
. ,
.
( )
8.37, . 2,5 mm .

, Linpar.
.
15
.
13
14

8.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
1

SCLIN
w0=1.8
ID=01
s0=0.16
W=w0 mm
S=s0 mm
L=Len mm
3
W

329

SSUB
Er=2.33
B=3.15 mm
T=0.018 mm
Rho=3
Tand=0.0002
Name=SSUB1
SCLIN
w1=2.4
ID=02
s1=0.8
W=w1 mm
S=s1 mm
L=Len mm
3
W

Len=49.1

SCLIN
w2=2.5
ID=03
s2=1
W=w2 mm
S=s2 mm
L=Len mm
3
W

SCLIN
ID=04
W=w2 mm
S=s2 mm
L=Len mm

SCLIN
ID=05
W=w1 mm
S=s1 mm
L=Len mm

SCLIN
ID=06
W=w0 mm
S=s0 mm
L=Len mm

3
PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

()

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Stripline

Ideal and Stripline Bandpass Filters

0

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Ideal

-5
-10

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Stripline

-15

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Ideal

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0.85 0.875 0.9 0.925 0.95 0.975 1
1.02 1.05 1.08
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.13 1.15

()
8.41. () 8.1
() (
8.39).

( ,

330

,
).
,
( ,
) .
s0 s6 (0,16 mm).
, (18 m). ,
.

.
16.
. ,
, FR-4, h = 1,575 mm ,
r = 4,6 , tg = 0,02
t = 36 m .

. Linpar 8.3.
,
.

0,32 mm .
8.3.
8.1.
i

Z e i ,i +1 []

Z o i ,i +1 []

w [mm]

s [mm]

ree

reo

D [mm]

0, 5

75,4

38,3

2,15

0,32

3,631

2,916

41,6

1, 4

57,0

44,5

2,8

1,5

3,726

3,109

40,7

2, 3

55,2

45,7

2,85

3,716

3,155

40,5

8.42 .
8.42.
.
( , )17.
,
8.42
.
,
(suspended-substrate stripline). (
, ), .
17 FR-4. ,

(). Rogers 4003,
, FR-4.
, , , .
16

8.

331

f 0 , 8.43.

.

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
1

MCLIN
w0=2.15
ID=TL1
s0=0.32
W=w0 mm
L0=41.6
S=s0 mm
L=L0 mm
3
W

MCLIN
w1=2.8
ID=TL2
s1=1.5
W=w1 mm
L1=40.7
S=s1 mm
L=L1 mm
3
W

f 0

MSUB
Er=4.6
H=1.575 mm
T=0.038 mm
Rho=3
Tand=0.02
ErNom=4.6
Name=SUB1

MCLIN
w2=2.85
ID=TL3
s2=2
W=w2 mm
L2=40.5
S=s2 mm
L=L2 mm
3
W

MCLIN
ID=TL4
W=w2 mm
S=s2 mm
L=L2 mm
W

MCLIN
ID=TL5
W=w1 mm
S=s1 mm
L=L1 mm

MCLIN
ID=TL6
W=w0 mm
S=s0 mm
L=L0 mm

3
PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

()

Ideal and Microstrip Bandpass Filters

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Microstrip

0
-5

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Ideal

-10

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Microstrip

-15

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Ideal

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0.85 0.875 0.9 0.925 0.95 0.975 1 1.02 1.05 1.08
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.13 1.15

()
8.42. () 8.1
()
( 8.39)

332

Ideal and Microstrip Bandpass Filters

0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Microstrip

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Microstrip

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Ideal

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Ideal

-40
0

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
3
Frequency (GHz)

3.5

4.5

8.43. 8.42 .

, .
8.41 8.42,
( , ,
...), (
) .
( ) (
, ,
).
.
.

. ,
(
).
,
,
10%. ,
.

(offset broadside-coupled lines,
8.44). 3.1,
, .
, ,
, 6.10.

8.

333

8.44.
.
,
. (
),
(
).

(
).
U,
8.45. , 8.45
(hairpin filtr).
,
. , ,
. 8.38.
, 8.45,
( 8.38).
,
, . .
,
5h ( h ),
h1 + h2 ( h1 h2 h1 h2 ).

334

()

()
8.45. ()
() .
8.45
8.37 8.38.
(
), , .
. ,
8.41.
. 8.45.
(
Microwave Office ,
Linar ).
8.41, , .

8.46.
8.47
. 12
8.45 .

, ,
.
.

8.

335

w0=1.34 w1=2.7

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
1

S2CLIN
ID=TL1
W1=w0 mm
W2=w1 mm
S=s0 mm
L=arm mm
Acc=1

W1

s0=0.136
s1=0.73
s2=1

S1LIN
ID=TL2
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

SSUBL
Er1=2.33
Er2=2.33
Tand1=0.0002
Tand2=0.0002
H1=1.575 mm
H2=1.575 mm
T=0.018 mm
Rho=3
Name=SSUBL1

Len=48.9
bend=5
arm=Len-0.5*bend

S2CLIN
ID=TL7
W1=w1 mm
W2=w1 mm
S=s1 mm
L=arm mm
Acc=1

W2

W1

S1LIN
ID=TL3
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

S2CLIN
ID=TL8
W1=w1 mm
W2=w1 mm
S=s2 mm
L=arm mm
Acc=1

W2

S2CLIN
ID=TL9
W1=w1 mm
W2=w1 mm
S=s2 mm
L=arm mm
Acc=1

W1

S1LIN
ID=TL4
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

W2

W1

w2=2.5

S1LIN
ID=TL5
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

W2

S2CLIN
ID=TL10
W1=w1 mm
W2=w1 mm
S=s1 mm
L=arm mm
Acc=1

W1

S1LIN
ID=TL6
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

S2CLIN
ID=TL11
W1=w1 mm
W2=w0 mm
S=s0 mm
L=arm mm
Acc=1

W2

W1

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

W2

()

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Hairpin

Ideal and Hairpin Bandpass Filters

0

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Ideal

-5
-10

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Hairpin

-15

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Ideal

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0.85 0.875 0.9 0.925 0.95 0.975 1
1.02 1.05 1.08
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.13 1.15

()
8.46. ()
()
8.39.

336

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

S12CLIN
ID=TL12
W1=w0 mm
W2=w1 mm
W3=w1 mm
W4=w1 mm
W5=w1 mm
W6=w1 mm
W7=w1 mm
W8=w1 mm
W9=w1 mm
W10=w1 mm
W11=w1 mm
W12=w0 mm
S1=s0 mm
S2=bend mm
S3=s1 mm
S4=bend mm
S5=s2 mm
S6=bend mm
S7=s2 mm
S8=bend mm
S9=s1 mm
S10=bend mm
S11=s0 mm
L=arm mm
Acc=1

SSUBL
Er1=2.33
Er2=2.33
Tand1=0.0002
Tand2=0.0002
H1=1.575 mm
H2=1.575 mm
T=0.018 mm
Rho=3
Name=SSUBL1

w0=1.34 w1=2.7

13

W1
2

S1LIN
ID=TL2
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

s0=0.136
s1=0.73
s2=1

Len=48.9
bend=5
arm=Len-0.5*bend

14
W2

S1LIN
ID=TL1
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

15
W3

16
W4

17
W5

18

S1LIN
ID=TL4
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

W6

S1LIN
ID=TL3
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

19
W7

20
W8

21
W9

10

22

S1LIN
ID=TL6
W=w1 mm
L=bend mm
Acc=1

W10
11

23
W11

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

12

24
W12

8.47.
12 .

8.8.3.

( 8.48).

8.

337

.
. .
.
, ,
.
, . , ,
. , , (
).
.
.
.

, .

()
()
()
8.48. .
.

8.48. ,
8.8.2. ( 8.48)
(open-circuited transmission line, OCTL), ( 8.48)
(short-circuited transmission line, SCTL).
() (tap taper)18.
8.48 .
, 2 .

. 8.8.2,
,
( )
8.8.2.
, , ,
.
,
.
18

8.8.2.

338

.
,
( ,
).
, ,
.
1
[Yc ] , , [B ] = [Yc ]
c
1
[Z c ] , [L ] = [Z c ] . .
c

, , (, ,
3.1, 6.10 6.10). .
. ,
[B ] [L ] ,
[B ] [L ] . ,
,
[B ] .

. ,
[B ]

[L ] . [B ]
.
,
[Yc ]
. ,
,
.
.
( ). . ,
.
8.48
2.
19, 8.8.2.
, .
. ,
, ,
f1 = 0,9 GHz f 2 = 1,1 GHz ( 20%),
0,2 dB , 50 . ,

3.37,
, .
.
19

8.

339

h1 = h2 = 1,575 mm , r = 2,33
tg = 0,0002 . t = 18 m .
. 8.49 .
.
: 20
21.
. ,

. 8.49 22.
s11 -13,5 dB (
), s21

-25 dB 50 MHz

23. 8.49.
8.49 LC- .

.
.
21 ,
( ,
). (
g- ).
, ( ,
) .
22 Microwave Office
. ,
.
(
),
.
23 | s | .
21
, .

20

340

SSUBL
Er1=2.33
Er2=2.33
Tand1=0.0002
Tand2=0.0002
H1=1.575 mm
H2=1.575 mm
T=0.018 mm
Rho=3
Name=SSUBL1

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

S7CLIN
ID=TL1
W1=w1 mm
W2=w2 mm
W3=w3 mm
W4=w4 mm
W5=w3 mm
W6=w2 mm
W7=w1 mm
S1=s1 mm
S2=s2 mm
S3=s3 mm
S4=s3 mm
S5=s2 mm
S6=s1 mm
L=48.8 mm
Acc=1

w1=1
w2=1.538
w3=1.072
w4=0.9141
s1=0.49
s2=1.24
s3=1.48

W1
2

9
W2

10
W3

11
W4

12
W5

13
W6

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

14
W7

()

Interdigital Stripline Filter

0
-5

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Ideal

-10

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Ideal

-15

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Stripline

-20

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Stripline

-25
-30
-35
-40
0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95
1
1.05
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

()
8.49. ()
() LC- .

8.

341

. , ,
24.
.
8.50, 8.50.
, .
,
. 8.51
.

.
, , ,
.
.

.

. FR-4
,
8.8.2.

24

342

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

MSUB
Er=2.33
H=1.575 mm
T=0.018 mm
Rho=3
Tand=0.0002
ErNom=2.33
Name=SUB1

M7CLIN
ID=TL1
W1=w1 mm
W2=w2 mm
W3=w3 mm
W4=w4 mm
W5=w3 mm
W6=w2 mm
W7=w1 mm
S1=s1 mm
S2=s2 mm
S3=s3 mm
S4=s3 mm
S5=s2 mm
S6=s1 mm
L=53.56 mm
Acc=1

w1=0.2006
w2=2.053
w3=2.649
w4=2.425
s1=1.397
s2=2.495
s3=2.787

W1
2

9
W2

10
W3

11
W4

12
W5

13
W6

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

14
W7

()

Interdigital Microstrip Filter

0
-5

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Ideal

-10

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Ideal

-15

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Microstrip

-20

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Microstrip

-25
-30
-35
-40
0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95
1
1.05
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

()
8.50. ()
() LC- .

8.

343

8.51. 8.50.
8.51.
50 .
, .
.
,
.
,
- . 8.51 .
. ,

. , ,
, !
. -
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.

, (
).
,
. ,
( ) .

8.8.4.
8.52. .
(n) .
25. , .
(
25

344

) . , ,
( n - 2 ), .
3.3.
8.52 .
, 3.21. 3.23
.
, .
, 8.52
8.52.

()

()
8.52. .
8.52 .
, , g / 8 ( ,
). 8.52

8.

345

. g / 4 ,
.
.
( ).
.
. 8.52
,
.

.

. g / 4 ,
.
. ,
m g / 2, m = 1, 2,... .
,
.
g / 4 ,
. ,
. n -1 . ,
, .
,
26.
, ,
.
( , ),
(). Q-
27.
. , Q-
28.
(
),
, .
27 Q- .
, Q = 1 / tg .

26

28

Q- (. g / 4 )

Q = /(2 ) , , ,
R C G L
+
.
2 L
2 C
,
L
L L D , Q
. ,
R
= L C =

346

FR-4,
.
,
. :
.

. ,
. ()
( SMD ),
, .
( , ),
.
.
8.50.
D = 25 mm .
. 8.53 ,
8.53 .
C = 2,2 pF .
,
. | s21 |
.
, LC- ( )
.
8.53 .
| s21 | .
.

().
, . SMD
, .

, , C C D Q
, Q = 1 / tg .

C
.
G

8.

347

MSUB
Er=2.33
H=1.575 mm
T=0.018 mm
Rho=3
Tand=0.0002
ErNom=2.33
Name=SUB1

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm

C1=2.2
C2=2.2
C3=2.2

M7CLIN
ID=TL1
W1=w1 mm
W2=w2 mm
W3=w3 mm
W4=w4 mm
W5=w3 mm
W6=w2 mm
W7=w1 mm
S1=s1 mm
S2=s2 mm
S3=s3 mm
S4=s3 mm
S5=s2 mm
S6=s1 mm
L=25 mm
Acc=1

w1=1.06
w2=1.193
w3=1.941
w4=2.035
s1=0.2
s2=1.747
s3=2.38

W1

CAP
ID=C1
C=C1 pF

CAP
ID=C2
C=C2 pF

CAP
ID=C3
C=C3 pF

CAP
ID=C4
C=C2 pF

CAP
ID=C5
C=C1 pF

9
W2
10
W3
11
W4
12
W5
13
W6

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

14
W7

()

Combline Microstrip Filter

0
-5

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Ideal

-10

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Ideal

-15

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Microstrip

-20

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Microstrip

-25
-30
-35
-40
0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95
1
1.05
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

()
8.53. ()
() LC-
.

, 8.54. 8.54
,
.
. 8.54

348

8.52 . 8.54 .

8.52.

()
()
()
8.54. .
. ,
FR-4 8.54.
. 8.55 .
, .
.
19 mm ,
2,7 pF .
( Q-).
2,15 dB . , 0,2 dB , 0,7 dB
, , 0,6 dB
29.
( ),
8.53,
( ). ,
.
8.53 8.55
,
.
8.56 8.55
. 4,5 GHz .

, . , ,
| s11 | . .
,
.
29

8.

349

PORT
P=1
Z=50 Ohm
MSUB
Er=4.6
H=1.575 mm
T=0.036 mm
Rho=3
Tand=0.02
ErNom=4.6
Name=SUB1

CAPQ
ID=C1
C=C pF
Q=QC
FQ=1 GHz
CAPQ
ALPH=
ID=C2
0
C=C pF
Q=QC
FQ=1 GHz
CAPQ
ALPH=
ID=C3
0
C=C pF
Q=QC
FQ=1 GHz
CAPQ
ALPH=
ID=C4
0
C=C pF
Q=QC
FQ=1 GHz
CAPQ
ALPH=
ID=C5
0
C=C pF
Q=QC
FQ=1 GHz
CAPQ
ALPH=
ID=C6
0
C=C pF
Q=QC
FQ=1 GHz
CAPQ
ALPH=
ID=C7
0
C=C pF
Q=QC
FQ=1 GHz
ALPH=0

C=2.7
QC=250
1

M7CLIN
ID=TL1
W1=w1 mm
W2=w2 mm
W3=w3 mm
W4=w4 mm
W5=w3 mm
W6=w2 mm
W7=w1 mm
S1=s1 mm
S2=s2 mm
S3=s3 mm
S4=s3 mm
S5=s2 mm
S6=s1 mm
L=L1 mm
Acc=1

W1
2

10

11
W4

12

W5

12
W5

13

W6
7

10
W3

11

W4
5

L=19
L1=6.119
L2=L-L1

W2

W3
4

w1=2.262
w2=1.668
w3=1.77
w4=1.805
s1=0.7474
s2=2.145
s3=2.554

W1

W2
3

M7CLIN
ID=TL2
W1=w1 mm
W2=w2 mm
W3=w3 mm
W4=w4 mm
W5=w3 mm
W6=w2 mm
W7=w1 mm
S1=s1 mm
S2=s2 mm
S3=s3 mm
S4=s3 mm
S5=s2 mm
S6=s1 mm
L=L2 mm
Acc=1

13
W6

14

W7

14
W7

PORT
P=2
Z=50 Ohm

()

Combline Microstrip Filter

0
-5

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Ideal

-10

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Ideal

-15

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Microstrip

-20

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Microstrip

-25
-30
-35
-40
0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95
1
1.05
Frequency (GHz)

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

()
8.55. ()
FR-4 () LC- .

350

Combline Microstrip Filter

0
DB(|S[1,1]|)
Ideal

-5
-10

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Ideal

-15

DB(|S[1,1]|)
Microstrip

-20

DB(|S[2,1]|)
Microstrip

-25
-30
-35
-40
0

0.5

1.5

2
2.5
3
Frequency (GHz)

3.5

4.5

8.56. 8.55 .

( ,
).
(
3.3),
. .

.
,
( ).

30. ,
.
( -).
.
( ,
), .
,
. , ,
.

-,
.
36.
30


[05] , ., , ., , ., , ., , ., , .,
, ., , ., RF
WiFi , 2, 6154, , 20052007.
[06] , . ., , . ., , ,
, 2006.
[07] , . ., , , , 2007.
[AAD] AADE Filter Design, http://www.aade.com
[ADS]
ADS, Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95051,
USA. http://www.agilent.com
[All70] Alley, G. D., Interdigital Capacitors and Their Application to Lumped-Element
Microwave Integrated Circuits, IEEE Trans. MTT, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 111222,
Jan 1970.
[ANS]
Ansoft Designer with Nexxim, Ansoft, Inc., 225 West Station Square Drive, Suite
200, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. http://www.ansoft.com.
[Bah03] Bahl, I, J., Lumped elements for RF and microwave circuits, Artech House, Boston,
2003.
[Bes03] Besser, L., Gilmore, R., Practical RF Circuit Design for Modern Wireless Systems,
volume I: Passive Circuits and Systems, Artech House, Boston, 2003.
[Col01] Collin, R. E., Foundations for Microwave Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York,
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