UNIT I IC FABRICATION AND CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR ICS

2 Marks: 1. Define an Integrate !ir!"it. An integrated circuit(IC) is a miniature ,low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon.The active components are transistors and diodes and passive components are resistors and capacitors. 2. Menti#n t$e a %antages #f integrate !ir!"its #%er is!rete !#&'#nents. (Ma) 2*1*+ * iniaturisation and hence increased e!uipment density. *Cost reduction due to batch processing. *Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered "oints. *Improved functional performance. * atched devices. *Increased operating speeds. *#eduction in power consumption. ,. Define s$eet resistan!e.(&a) 2*1*+ $heet resistance is defined as the resistance in ohms %s!uare offered by the diffused area. -. .$at is t$e "se #f /"rie n0 1a)er in &#n#1it$i! IC transist#r2(MA3 2*1*+ The buried n& layer provides a low resistance path in the active collector region for the flow of current 4. .$at are t$e t5# !#&&#n &et$# s f#r #/taining integrate !a'a!it#rs2 (&a) 2*1*+ ' onolithic "unction capacitor ' Thin(flim capacitor 6..$at are t$e /asi! 'r#!esses in%#1%e in fa/ri!ating ICs "sing '1anar te!$n#1#g)2 ).$ilicon wafer (substrate) preparation *.+pita,ial growth -..,idation /.0hotolithography 1.2iffusion 3.Ion implantation 4.Isolation techni!ue 5. etalli6ation 7.Assembly processing 8 pac9aging

7. .$at is a!ti%e 1#a 2 .$ere it is "se an 5$)2 (MA389UNE 2*1* + The active load reali6ed using current source in place of the passive load in the collector arm of differencial amplifier ma9es it possible to achieve high voltage gain without re!uiring large power supply voltage. :. .$) #'en 1##' O;<AM; !#nfig"rati#ns are n#t "se in 1inear a''1i!ati#ns2(&a)8="ne 2*1*+ The open loop gain of the op(amp is not a constant and it varies with changing the temperature and variations in power supply.Also the bandwidth of the open loop op(amp is negligibly small.:or this reasons open loop .0(A 0 configurations are not used in linear applications. >. Define %irt"a1 gr#"n #f a O;<A&'2 (&a)8="ne 2*1*+ A virtual ground is a ground which acts li9e a ground. It is a point that is at the fi,ed ground potential (;v),though it is not practically connected to the actual ground or common terminal of the circuit. 1*.List #"t t$e ste's "se in t$e 're'arati#n #f Si ? 5afers. ).Crystal growth 8doping *.Ingot trimming 8 grinding -.Ingot slicing /.<afer policing 8 etching 1.<afer cleaning 11. .rite t$e /asi! !$e&i!a1 rea!ti#n in t$e e'ita@ia1 gr#5t$ 'r#!ess #f '"re si1i!#n. The basic chemical reaction in the epita,ial growth process of pure silicon is the hydrogen reduction of silicon tetrachloride. )*;;C $iCl/ & *=* >? $i & / =Cl 12. .$at are t$e t5# i&'#rtant 'r#'erties #f SiO22 ).$i.* is an e,tremely hard protective coatng 8 is unaffected by almost all reagents e,cept by hydrochloric acid. Thus it stands against any contamination. *.@y selective etching of $i.* , diffusion of impurities through carefully defined windows in the $i.* can be accomplished to fabricate various components. 1,. E@'1ain t$e 'r#!ess #f #@i ati#n. The silicon wafers are stac9ed up in a !uart6 boat 8 then inserted into !uart6 furnace tube. The $i wafers are raised to a high temperature in the range of 71; to ))1;oC 8 at the same time, e,posed to a gas containing .* or =*. or both.The chemical action is $i & *=*. ? $i .*& *=*

1-. .$at is &eant /) &#1e!"1ar /ea& e'ita@)(MBE+2 In the molecular beam epita,y, ilicon along with dopants is evaporated.The evaporated species are transported at a relatively high velocity in a vacuum to the substrate.The relatively low vapour pressure of silicon 8 the dopants ensures condensation on a low temperature substrate.Asually, silicon @+ is performed under ultra high vacuum (A=B) condition of );(5 to );(); Torr. 14. .$at are t$e a %antages an 1i&itati#ns i&'1antati#n #f i#n i&'1antati#n2 AdvantagesC ' Accurate control over doping ' Bery good reproducibility ' 0recise resistance value ' A room temperature process Li&itati#ns: ' Annealing at higher temperature is re!uired for avoiding the crystal damage ' The possibility of dopant implanting through various layers of wafer. 16.Define in'"t #ffset %#1tage. A small voltage applied to the input terminals to ma9e the output voltage as 6ero when the two input terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage. 17. Define in'"t #ffset !"rrent. State t$e reas#ns f#r t$e #ffset !"rrents at t$e in'"t #f t$e #'<a&'. The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op(amp is called as input offset current. The input terminals conduct a small value of dc current to bias the input transistors.$ince the input transistors cannot be made identical,there e,ists a difference in bias currents. 1:. Define CMRR #f an #'<a&'.(DEC *>+ The relative sensitivity of an op(amp to a difference signal as compared to a common D mode signal is called the common Dmode re"ection ratio. It is e,pressed in decibels. C ##E Ad%Ac 1>..$at are t$e a''1i!ati#ns #f !"rrent s#"r!es2 Transistor current sources are widely used in analog ICs both as biasing elements and as load devices for amplifier stages. 2*. 9"stif) t$e reas#ns f#r "sing !"rrent s#"r!es in integrate !ir!"its. (i) $uperior insensitivity of circuit performance to power supply variations and temperature. (ii) ore economical than resistors in terms of die area re!uired to provide bias currents of small value.

(iii) <hen used as load element, the high incremental resistance of current source results in high voltage gain at low supply voltages. 21. .$at is t$e a %antage #f 5i 1ar !"rrent s#"r!e #%er !#nstant !"rrent s#"r!e2 Asing constant current source output current of small magnitude(microamp range) is not attainable due to the limitations in chip area. <idlar current source is useful for obtaining small output currents.$ensitivity of widlar current source is less compared to constant current source. 22.Menti#n t$e a %antages #f .i1s#n !"rrent s#"r!e. (i) 0rovides high output resistance. (ii) .ffers low sensitivity to transistor base currents. 2,.Define sensiti%it). $ensitivity is defined as the percentage or fractional change in output current per percentage or fractional change in power(supply voltage. 2-..$at are t$e 1i&itati#ns in a te&'erat"re !#&'ensate Aener<referen!e s#"r!e2 A power supply voltage of atleast 4 to ); B is re!uired to place the diode in the brea9down region and that substantial noise is introduced in the circuit by the avalanching diode. 24.In 'ra!ti!a1 #'<a&'sB 5$at is t$e effe!t #f $ig$ freC"en!) #n its 'erf#r&an!e2 The open(loop gain of op(amp decreases at higher fre!uencies due to the presence of parasitic capacitance. The closed(loop gain increases at higher fre!uencies and leads to instability. 26. .$at is t$e nee f#r freC"en!) !#&'ensati#n in 'ra!ti!a1 #'<a&'s2 :re!uency compensation is needed when large bandwidth and lower closed loop gain is desired. Compensating networ9s are used to control the phase shift and hence to improve the stability. 27.Define s1e5 rate.(MA3 2*1*+ The slew rate is defined as the ma,imum rate of change of output Boltage caused by a step input voltage.An ideal slew rate is infinite which means that op(ampFs output voltage should change instantaneously in response to input step voltage. 2:..$) IC 7-1 is n#t "se f#r $ig$ freC"en!) a''1i!ati#ns2 IC4/) has a low slew rate because of the predominance of capacitance present in the circuit at higher fre!uencies. As fre!uency increases the output gets distorted due to limited slew rate. 2>. .$at !a"ses s1e5 rate2(DEC *>+ There is a capacitor with(in or outside of an op(amp to prevent oscillation. The capacitor

which prevents the output voltage from responding immediately to a fast changing input. ,*. .$at $a''ens 5$en t$e !#&&#n ter&ina1 #f D0 an D< s#"r!es is n#t gr#"n e 2 (DEC *>+ If the common point of the two supplies is not grounded, twice the supply voltage will get applied and it may damage the op(amp

;#ssi/1e 16 &arks

). .btain the fre!uency response of an open(loop op(amp. *. 2erive the transfer characteristics of differential amplifier or s9etch the transfer characteristics of dual input differential amplifier showing the linear and limiting regions. Comment on the same. -. 2esign an active load for an emitter(coupled pair(differential amplifier) and perform a detailed analysis to find its differential mode gain and the output resistance. /. 2esign a <idlar current source and obtain the e,pression for output current. Also prove that widlar current source has better sensitivity than constant current source.
1. +,plain the supply independent biasing techni!ue using B @+ as the reference voltage.

Also, find the dependence of its output current on temperature. 3. +,plain supply independent biasing using Gener(referenced bias circuit. Also, design a temperature compensated Gener(reference source. 4. 2iscuss about the methods of fre!uency compensation. 5. 2raw and e,plain about the e!uivalent circuit of .0(A 0.( AH *;);) 7. +,plain about 2C characteristics of .0(A 0. .( AH *;);) );. +,plain in detail about slew rate of an .0(A 0( AH%IAJ+ *;);) )). a+ +,plain briefly about manufacturing process of monolithic ICs. /++,plain briefly about construction of monolithic bipolar transistor.

: &arks
). <hat is current mirrorK +,plain( AH *;);) *. 2iscuss in detail about AC performance characteristics of an op(amp. ( AH *;);)

-. +,plain in briefly about open loop and closed loop configurations. /. +,plain in detail about @IT differential amplifier with active loads. 1. +,plain in detail about voltage sources and voltage references.

3. +,plain in detail the process of epita,ial growth in the IC fabrication. 4. +,plain in detail how the mas9ing and etching processes are carried out. 5. <hat are impurities meanK =ow the impurities are diffused in the silicon chipK +,plain. 7. +,plain the fabrication of diodes on a monolithic IC );. +,plain the fabrication of capacitor on a monolithic IC )). <hat is an Integrated resisterK <hat are the different methods available for fabricating the integrating resistorsK +,plain each method in detail.

UNIT< II A;;LICATIONS OF O;ERATIONAL AM;LIFIERS

1. Menti#n s#&e #f t$e 1inear a''1i!ati#ns #f #' ? a&'s. (DEC *>+ Adder, subtractor, voltage Dto( current converter, current Dto( voltage converters, instrumentation amplifier, analog computation ,power amplifier, etc are some of the linear opamp circuits. 2. Menti#n s#&e #f t$e n#n ? 1inear a''1i!ati#ns #f #'<a&'s:< #ectifier, pea9 detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit, log amplifier, anti Dlog amplifier, multiplier are some of the non D linear op(amp circuits. ,..$at are t$e areas #f a''1i!ati#n #f n#n<1inear #'< a&' !ir!"its2 ). Industrial instrumentation *. Communication -. $ignal processing -. .$at is %#1tage f#11#5er2(MA3 2*1*+ A circuit in which output folloes the input is called voltage follower. 4. .$at is t$e nee f#r an instr"&entati#n a&'1ifier2 In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of physical

!uantities is usually done with the help of transducers. The output of transducer has to be amplified $o that it can drive the indicator or display system. This function is performed by an instrumentation amplifier. 6. List t$e feat"res #f instr"&entati#n a&'1ifier: ).=igh gain accuracy *.=igh C ## -.=igh gain stability with low temperature co(efficient /Low dc offset 1.Low output impedance 7. .$at are t$e a''1i!ati#ns #f D<I !#n%erter2 ).Low voltage dc and ac voltmeter *.L + 2 -.Gener diode tester :. Define Ban 'ass fi1ter. (MA3 2*1*+ The bandpass filter is the combination of high and low pass filters, and this allows a specified range of fre!uencies to pass through. >. .rite transfer f"n!ti#n #f #' a&' as an integer. (MA3 2*1*+ The transfer function of the integer is LALE)% #)cf 1*. .$at # )#" &ean /) a 're!isi#n i# e2 The ma"or limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages below the cut D in voltage of the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the feedbac9 loop of an op D amp is called the precision diode and it is capable of rectifying input signals of the order of millivolt. 11. .rite #5n t$e a''1i!ati#ns #f 're!isi#n i# e. ).=alf ( wave rectifier *.:ull ( <ave rectifier -.0ea9 D value detector /.Clipper 1.Clamper 12. Define L#garit$&i! an anti1#garit$&i! a&'1ifier. (MA3 2*1*+ <hen a logarithmic 0J "unction is used in the feedbac9 networ9 of op(amp, the circuit e,hibits log or antilog response. The logarithmic amplifier is a current to voltage converter with the transfer characteristics v;Evi In(If%Ii) Antilog amplifier is a decoding circuit which converts the logarithmically encoded signal bac9 to the original signal levels as given by vlEv#);(9vi

1,. Differentiate S!$&itt trigger an !#&'arat#r. (MA3 2*1*+ !#&'arat#r. ). It compares the input signal with references voltage then yields the output voltage *. It need not consist of feedbac9 -. comparator output need not to bes!uare wave S!$&itt trigger ). It operates between two reference points namely AT08LT0. *. It employs positive feedbac9 -. Its output is s!uare wave. 1-. List t$e a''1i!ati#ns #f L#g a&'1ifiers: ).Analog computation may re!uire functions such as ln,, log ,, sin h, etc. These functions can be performed by log amplifiers *.Log amplifier can perform direct d@ display on digital voltmeter and spectrum analy6er -.Log amplifier can be used to compress the dynamic range of a signal 14. .$at are t$e 1i&itati#ns #f t$e /asi! ifferentiat#r !ir!"it2 ).At high fre!uency, a differentiator may become unstable and brea9 into oscillations *,The input impedance decreases with increase in fre!uency , thereby ma9ing the circuit sensitive to high fre!uency noise.

16. .rite #5n t$e !#n iti#n f#r g## ifferentiati#n . ).:or good differentiation, the time period of the input signal must be greater than or e!ual to #f C) *.T ? # f C) <here, #f is the feedbac9 resistance -.Cf is the input capacitance 17. .$at is a !#&'arat#r2(MA3 2*1*+ A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an opamp with a 9nown reference voltage at the other input. It is an open loop op ( amp with output & Bsat . 1:. .$at are t$e a''1i!ati#ns #f !#&'arat#r2 ).Gero crossing detector *.<indow detector -.Time mar9er generator /.0hase detector 1>. .$at is a S!$&itt trigger2(DEC *>BMA3 1*+ $chmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a s!uare wave

output. The output of $chmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages, which are the reference voltages of the input waveform.

2*. .$at is a &"1ti%i/rat#r2 ultivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used e,tensively in timing applications. It is a wave shaping circuit which gives symmetric or asymmetric s!uare output. It has two states either stable or !uasi( stable depending on the type of multivibrator. 21. .$at # )#" &ean /) &#n#sta/1e &"1ti%i/rat#r2
onostable multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of specified duration in response to each e,ternal trigger signal. It has only one stable state. Application of a trigger causes a change to the !uasi(stable state.An e,ternal trigger signal generated due to charging

and discharging of the capacitor produces the transition to the original stable state. 22. .$at is an asta/1e &"1ti%i/rat#r2 Astable multivibrator is a free running oscillator having two !uasi(stable states. Thus, there is oscillations between these two states and no e,ternal signal are re!uired to produce the change in state. 2,. .$at is a /ista/1e &"1ti%i/rat#r2 @istable multivibrator is one that maintains a given output voltage level unless an e,ternal trigger is applied . Application of an e,ternal trigger signal causes a change of state, and this output level is maintained indefinitely until an second trigger is applied . Thus, it re!uires two e,ternal triggers before it returns to its initial state

2-. Menti#n an) t5# a" i# freC"en!) #s!i11at#rs . i. #C phase shift oscillator ii. <ein bridge oscillator 24. .$at are t$e !$ara!teristi!s #f a !#&'arat#r2 ).$peed of operation *.Accuracy -.Compatibility of the output 26. Define 1#5 'ass fi1ter. A low pass filter allows only low fre!uency signals upto a certain brea9 point f= to pass through. 27. Define Eig$ 'ass fi1ter. A low pass filter allows only high fre!uency signals upto a certain brea9 point f= to pass through

;#ssi/1e 16 &arks
). 2iscuss the need for an instrumentation amplifierK Mive a detailed analysis for the same. *. 2raw the circuit diagram of a second order @utterworth active low pass filter and derive an e,pression for its transfer function and e,plain a second order low pass filter. -. 2etail the logarithmic and anti logarithmic amplifierK /. =ow op(amp can be used as an antilog amplifierK( AH *;);) 1. +,plain briefly about op(amp integrator. ( AH *;);), ( AH%IAJ+ *;);) 3. 2raw and e,plain about voltage to current converter.( AH%IAJ+ *;);) 4. <ith neat circuit diagram e,plain about instrumentation amplifier.(2+C ;7) 5. +,plain briefly abut $chmitt trigger with neat diagram. 7. +,plain the following in briefly (i). precision diode (ii). 0ea9 detector );. 2escribe briefly about clippers and clampers.

;#ssi/1e : &arks
). <hat are the non ideal dc characteristics that add error components to the dc output *. -. /. 1. 3. 4. 5. 7. );.

voltageK +,plain them in detail. 2efine fre!uency response. 2erive the open loop voltage gain of op(amp and hence obtain its fre!uency response plot. 2iscuss on the stability of op(amps and +,plain the operation of the $chmitt trigger. +,plain in detail )) +,ternal compensation and *) Internal compensation methods. 2esign an op(amp summer circuit to produce an output voltage proportional to sum of three input voltage v),v*8v-.(assume in verifying amplifier) .btain the transfer function of a ideal and practical differentiator and plot its fre!uency response. +,plain the design of a differentiator circuit using an op(amp. 2esign an op(amp differentiator that will differentiate an input signal with f ma,E);;=6. 2raw the output waveform for a sine wave of IB pea9 at );;=6 applied to the differentiator <hat is a lossy integratorK Analyse the circuit and obtain its initial conditions.

UNIT< III ANALOG MULTI;LIER AND ;LL

1. List t$e /asi! /"i1 ing /1#!ks #f ;LL: ).0hase detector%comparator *.Low pass filter -.+rror amplifier /.Boltage controlled oscillator 2. Define FSF &# "1ati#n.(MA3 2*1*+ :$N is a type of fre!uency modulation ,in which the binary data or code is transmitted by means of a carrier fre!uency that is shifted between two fi,ed fre!uency namely mar9(logic)) and space fre!uency(logic ;). ,. .$at is ana1#g &"1ti'1ier2(MA3 2*1*+ A multiplier produces an output v;, which is proportional to the product of two inputs v,

and vy B;E 9v,vy -. List #"t t$e %ari#"s &et$# s a%ai1a/1e f#r 'erf#r&ing f#r ana1#g &"1ti'1ier. ' Logarithmic summing techni!ue ' 0ulse height %width modulation techni!ue ' Bariable transconductance techni!ue ' ultiplication using gilbert cell ' ultiplication techni!ue using transconductance techni!ue 4. Menti#n s#&e areas 5$ere ;LL is 5i e1) "se . (DEC 2**>+ ).#adar synchroni6ations *. $atellite communication systems -. Air borne navigational systems /. : communication systems 1.Computers. 6. .$at are t$e t$ree stages t$r#"g$ 5$i!$ ;LL #'erates2 ).:ree running *.Capture -.Loc9ed% trac9ing 7. Define 1#!k<in range #f a ;LL. (MA3 2*1*+ The range of fre!uencies over which the 0LL can maintain loc9 with the incoming signal is called the loc9(in range or trac9ing range. It is e,pressed as a percentage of theBC. free running fre!uency.

:. Define !a't"re range #f ;LL. (MA3 2*1*+ The range of fre!uencies over which the 0LL can ac!uire loc9 with an input signal is called the capture range. It is e,pressed as a percentage of the BC. free running fre!uency. >.Define ;"11<in ti&e. The total time ta9en by the 0LL to establish lo9 is called pull(in time.It depends on the initial phase and fre!uency difference between the two signals as well as on the overall loop gain and loop filter characteristics 1*. .rite t$e e@'ressi#n f#r FSF &# "1ati#n.(MA3 2*1*+ 0vfEf*(f)%9;

11. Define free r"nning &# e .(MA3 2*1*+ An interactive computer mode that allows more than one user to have simultaneous use of a program. 12. F#r 'erfe!t 1#!kB 5$at s$#"1 /e t$e '$ase re1ati#n /et5een t$e in!#&ing signa1 an DCO #"t'"t signa12 The BC. output should be 7; degrees out of phase with respect to the input signal. 1,.Gi%e t$e !1assifi!ati#n #f '$ase ete!t#r: ).Analog phase detector . *.2igital phase detector 1-..$at is a s5it!$ t)'e '$ase ete!t#r2 An electronic switch is opened and closed by signal coming from BC. and the input signal is chopped at a repetition rate determined by the BC. fre!uency.This type of phase detector is called a half wave detector since the phase information for only one half of the input signal is detected and averaged. 14..$at are t$e 'r#/1e&s ass#!iate 5it$ s5it!$ t)'e '$ase ete!t#r2 ).The output voltage Be is proportional to the input signal amplitude.This is undesirable because it ma9es phase detector gain and loop gain dependent on the input signal amplitude. *.The output is proportional to cosO ma9ing it non linear. 16..$at is a %#1tage !#ntr#11e #s!i11at#r2 Boltage controlled oscillator is a free running multivibrator operating at a set fre!uency called the free running fre!uency.This fre!uency can be shifted to either side by applying a dc control voltage and the fre!uency deviation is proportional to the dc control voltage.

17. Define D#1tage t# FreC"en!) !#n%ersi#n fa!t#r. Boltage to :re!uency conversion factor is defined as, Nv E fo % BcE 5fo %Bcc Bc is the modulation voltage fo fre!uency shift 1:..$at is t$e '"r'#se #f $a%ing a 1#5 'ass fi1ter in ;LL2 *It removes the high fre!uency components and noise. *Controls the dynamic characteristics of the 0LL such as capture range, loc9(in range,band(width and transient response. *The charge on the filter capacitor gives a short( time memory to the 0LL

1>.Dis!"ss t$e effe!t #f $a%ing 1arge !a't"re range. The 0LL cannot ac!uire a signal outside the capture range, but once captured, it will hold on till the fre!uency goes beyond the loc9(in range.Thus , to increase the ability of loc9 range,large capture range is re!uired.@ut, a large capture range will ma9e the 0LL more susceptible to noise and undesirable signal. 2*.Menti#n s#&e t)'i!a1 a''1i!ati#ns #f ;LL: ' :re!uency multiplication%division ' :re!uency translation ' A detection ' : demodulation ' :$N demodulation. 21..$at is a !#&'an er IC2 Gi%e s#&e e@a&'1es.(DEC 2**>+ The term companding means compressing and e,panding.In a communication system, the audio signal is compressed in the transmitter and e,panded in the receiver. +,amples C L *4;/( L *4;4 P J+ 14;%14). 22..$at are t$e &erits #f !#&'an ing2 *The compression process reduces the dynamic range of the signal before it is transmitted. *Companding preserves the signal to noise ratio of the original signal and avoids non linear distortion of the signal when the input amplitude is large. *It also reduces bu66,bias and low level audio tones caused by mild interference. 2,. .$at is a fi1ter2 :ilter is a fre!uency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band of fre!uencies and attenuates the signals of fre!uencies outside the band 2-. .$at are t$e e&erits #f 'assi%e fi1ters2 0assive filters wor9s well for high fre!uencies. @ut at audio fre!uencies, the inductors become problematic, as they become large, heavy and e,pensive.:or low fre!uency applications, more number of turns of wire must be used which in turn adds to the series resistance degrading inductorFs performance ie, low O, resulting in high power dissipation. 24. .$at are t$e a %antages #f a!ti%e fi1ters2 Active filters used op( amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as passive elements.

;#ssi/1e 16 &arks

). 2escribe the application of 0LL. ( AH *;);) *. +,plain about the gilbert multiplier cell.( AH *;);). -. 2erive the e,pression for voltage to fre!uency conversion factor. ( AH *;);). /. <ith neat diagram e,plain the operating principles of 0LL.( AH%IAJ+ *;);) 1. +,plain briefly about application of analog multiplier ICs. 3. +,plain briefly about onolithic 0LL IC 131. 4. +,plain about the variable transconductance techni!ue. 5. +,plain about the analog multiplier using emitter coupled transistor techni!ue. 7. <ith a neat s9etch, e,plain the wor9ing of variable transconductance multiplier. );. Consider a lossy integrator circuit for the component values #)E);9Q,#fE);;9Q,CfE);nf ,determine the lower fre!uency limit of integration and study the response for the inputs i) sinewave ii)step input iii)s!uare wave

;#ssi/1e : &arks
). *. -. /. 1. 3. +,plain in detail the design and wor9ing of an instrumentation amplifier. +,plain how a voltage to current conversion is achieved using an op(amp. +,plain the design of a transresistance amplifier. 2raw a sample and hold circuit.e,plain its operation and indicate its uses. 2raw a circuit of a clipper which will clip the input signal below a reference voltage. +,plain the difference between the integrator and differentiator and give one application of each. 4. In a pea9 detector of the type shown in fig.CE;.;)R:,vi E* B pp s!uare wave at ) N=6.2raw the appro,imate output voltage waveform. Assume #f for the diodeE);;Q. 5. +,plain the operation of a s!uare wave generator by drawing the capacitor and output voltage waveforms. 7. 2raw and e,plain the operation of a triangular waveform generator. );. In the s!uare wave oscillator of a figure , calculate the fre!uency of the oscillation if #* E); NQ ,#)E)).3 NQ ,#E);;NQ ,CE;.;)R: .

UNIT< ID ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONDERTERS

1. Na&e t$e essentia1 'arts #f a DAC.(MA3 2*1*+ ' 2rive motors ' Analog devices ' 2eglitcher ' :ilter 2. .rite #5n t$e ra5/a!k #f 5eig$te D8A !#n%erter.

The main disadvantage of binary weighted 2%A converter is the re!uirement of wide range of resister values.As the length of the binary word is increased .the range of resister values needed also increases. ,. List t$e /r#a !1assifi!ati#n #f ADCs. ). 2irect type A2C. *. Integrating type A2C. -. List #"t t$e ire!t t)'e ADCs. (DEC 2**>+ ). :lash (comparator) type converter *. Counter type converter -. Trac9ing or servo converter /. $uccessive appro,imation type converter 4. List #"t s#&e integrating t)'e !#n%erters. ). Charge balancing A2C *. 2ual slope A2C 6. .$at is integrating t)'e !#n%erter2 An A2C converter that perform conversion in an indirect manner by first changing the analog I%0 signal to a linear function of time or fre!uency and then to a digital code is 9nown as integrating type A%2 converter. 7 . E@'1ain in /rief t$e 'rin!i'1e #f #'erati#n #f s"!!essi%e A''r#@i&ati#n ADC. The circuit of successive appro,imation A2C consists of a successive appro,imation register ($A#), to find the re!uired value of each bit by trial 8 error.<ith the arrival of $TA#T command, $A# sets the $@ bit to ). The .%0 is converted into an analog signal 8 it is compared with I%0 signal. This .%0 is low or =igh. This process continues until all bits are chec9ed. :. .$at are t$e &ain a %antages #f integrating t)'e ADCs2 a. The integrating type of A2CFs do not need a sample%=old circuit at the input. b. It is possible to transmit fre!uency even in noisy environment or in an isolated form. >. .$ere are t$e s"!!essi%e a''r#@i&ati#n t)'e ADCGs "se 2 The $uccessive appro,imation A2Cs are used in applications such as data loggers 8 instrumentation where conversion speed is important. 1*. .$at is t$e &ain ra5/a!k #f a "a1<s1#' ADC2(DEC 2**>+ The dual slope A2C has long conversion time. This is the main drawbac9 of dual slope A2C 11. State t$e a %antages #f "a1 s1#'e ADC(DEC 2**>+ It provides e,cellent noise re"ection of ac signals whose periods are integral

multiples of the integration time T. It is defined as the total time re!uired to convert an analog signal into its digital output. It depends on the conversion techni!ue used 8 the propagation delay of circuit components. 12. Define !#n%ersi#n ti&e.(DEC 2**>+ conversion time of a successive appro,imation type A2C is given by T(n&)) where T(((cloc9 period Tc(((conversion time n((((no. of bits 1,. Define res#1"ti#n #f a ata !#n%erter.(MA3 2*1*+ The resolution of a converter is the smallest change in voltage which may be produced at the output or input of the converter. #esolution (in volts)E B:$%*n()E) L$@ increment. The resolution of an A2C is defined as the smallest change in analog input for a one bit change at the output. 1-. Define a!!"ra!) #f !#n%erter. (MA3 2*1*+ A/s#1"te a!!"ra!): It is the ma,imum deviation between the actual converter output 8 the ideal converter output. Re1ati%e a!!"ra!): It is the ma,imum deviation after gain 8 offset errors have been removed. The accuracy of a converter is also specified in form of L$@ increments or S of full scale voltage. 14. .$at is sett1ing ti&e2 It represents the time it ta9es for the output to settle within a specified band TUL$@ of its final value following a code change at the input (usually a full scale change). It depends upon the switching time of the logic circuitry due to internal parasitic capacitance 8 inductances. $ettling time ranges from );;ns. );<s depending on word length 8 type circuit used.

16. E@'1ain in /rief sta/i1it) #f a !#n%erter: The performance of converter changes with temperature age 8 power supply variation . $o all the relevant parameters such as offset, gain, linearity error 8 monotonicity must be specified over the full temperature 8 power supply ranges to have better stability performances. 17. .$at is &eant /) 1inearit)2 The linearity of an A2C%2AC is an important measure of its accuracy 8 tells us how close the converter output is to its ideal transfer characteristics. The linearity error is usually e,pressed as a fraction of L$@ increment or percentage of full(scale voltage. A

good converter e,hibits a linearity error of less than TUL$@. 1:. .$at is &#n#t#ni! DAC2 A monotonic 2AC is one whose analog output increases for an increase in digital input. 1>. .$at are t$e s'e!ifi!ati#ns #f D8A !#n%erter2 The specifications are accuracy, offset voltage, monotonicity, resolution, and settling time. 2*. .$at is &"1ti'1)ing DAC2 a. digital to analog converter which uses a varying reference voltage B# is called a multiplying 2AC( 2AC). If the reference voltage of a 2AC, B# is a sine wave given by B(t)EBin Cos *Vft Then, Bo(t)EBomCos(*Vft & )5;W) 21. .$at is a sa&'1e an $#1 !ir!"it2 .$ere it is "se 2 A sample and hold circuit is one which samples an input signal and holds on to its last sampled value until the input is sampled again. This circuit is mainly used in digital interfacing, analog to digital systems, and pulse code modulation systems. 22 .Define sa&'1e 'eri# an $#1 'eri# .(DEC 2**>+ The time during which the voltage across the capacitor in sample and hold circuit is e!ual to the input voltage is called sample period.The time period during which the voltage across the capacitor is held constant is called hold period. 2,. .$i!$ is t$e fastest ADC an 5$)2(MA3 2*1*+ $imultaneous type A%2 converter(flash type A%2 converter) is the fastest because A%2 conversion is performed simultaneously through a set of comparators 2-. .$at are t$e a %antages an isa %antages #f R<2R 1a er DAC2(MA3 2*1*+ A %antage: ' +asier to build ' Jumber of bits can be e,panded by adding more sections. Disa %antage: ' ore power dissipation ma9es heating, which in turns develops non(linearties in 2AC. 24. Gi%e t$e isa %antages #f f1as$ t)'e A8D !#n%erter.(MA3 2*1*+ The simultaneous type A%2 converter is not suitable for A%2 conversion with more than - or / digital output bits. Then (*n())comparators are re!uired for an n(bit A%2 converter and the number of comparators re!uired doubles for each added bit.

26. Define C"antiAati#n err#r. In A%2 converter the smallest digital step is due to the L$@ and it can be made smaller only by increasing the number of bits in the digital representation. This error is called !uanti6ation error. 27. Define Dit$er. It is a very small amount of random noise(white noise) which is added to the input before A%2 conversion to improve the performance of A%2 converter. 2:. Define De1ta &# "1ati#n. 2elta modulation is a techni!ue in which derivative of the signal is !uanti6ed. The delta modulation shows slope overload for fast input signals and their performance is dependent on input signal fre!uency. 2>. Define s1#'e #%er1#a n#ise an gran"1ar n#ise. $lope overload noise is introduced due to the use of a step si6e delta is too small To follow some portions of the waveform with a step si6e. Mranular noise results from using a step si6e that is too large in parts of the waveform having a small slope. ,*. List #"t t$e "ses #f sig&a e1ta A8D !#n%erters. ' =igh resolution ' oderate speech applications such as digital audio, digital telephony

;#ssi/1e 16 &arks
). +,plain the operation of successive appro,imation type A%2 converter, ( AH %IAJ+ *;);), (2+C *;;7) *. <hat output voltage would be produced by a 2%A converter whose output range is ; to );v and whose input binary number is (i).);(for a *(bit 2%A converter) (ii). ;));(for a /( bit 2AC)K ( AH %IAJ+ *;);) -. @riefly e,plain about dual slope A%2 converter.( AH *;);) /. <hat is delta sigma modulationK +,plain the A%2 conversion using delta modulator. (2+C*;;7) 1. +,plain briefly about the specifications of 2%A And A%2 converters. 3. +,plain briefly about the weighted resister Type 2%A converter. 4. 2escribe briefly about #(*# ladder and its types. 5. 2iscuss about switches for 2%A converters briefly. 7. +,plain briefly about flash type A%2 converter. );. <hat is integrating type converterK +,plain the operation of dual slope A2C

;#ssi/1e : &arks

). *. -. /. 1. 3.

2iscuss the application of 0LL. 2erive the capture range and loc9 in range of a 0LL. +,plain the pin configuration and bloc9 diagram of a 133 BC.. 2erive the output fre!uency of a BC.. 2iscuss on analog multiplier ICF$. 2esign a monostable multivibrator using 111 timer to produce a pulse width of );;ms.verify the values of # and C obtained from the graph of fig 4. Mive the bloc9 diagram of IC 133 BC. and e,plain its operation.

5. +,plain the wor9ing of the following A%2 converters a) 2ual slope b) :lash type 7. +,plain the wor9ing of the following 2%A converters a) #(*# ladder b) <eighted resistor );. +,plain in detail the wor9ing of a monostable multivibrator to produce s!uare wave output.

UNIT< D .ADEFORM GENARATORS AND S;ECIAL FUNCTION ICS

1. Menti#n s#&e a''1i!ati#ns #f 444 ti&er(DEC 2**>+
*.scillator *pulse generator

*ramp and s!uare wave generator *mono(shot multivibrator

*burglar alarm *traffic light control. 2 . List t$e a''1i!ati#ns #f 444 ti&er in &#n#sta/1e &# e #f #'erati#n:
*missing pulse detector *Linear ramp generator *:re!uency divider *0ulse width modulation.

,. List t$e a''1i!ati#ns #f 444 ti&er in Asta/1e &# e #f #'erati#n: (MA389UNE 2*1*+ *:$N generator *0ulse(position modulator -..$at is a %#1tage reg"1at#r2(MA3 2*1*+ A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable dc voltage independent of the load current, temperature, and ac line voltage variations. 4.Gi%e t$e !1assifi!ati#n #f %#1tage reg"1at#rs: (MA3 2*1*+
*$eries % Linear regulators *$witching regulators.

6..$at is a 1inear %#1tage reg"1at#r2

$eries or linear regulator uses a power transistor connected in series between the unregulated dc input and the load and it conducts in the linear region .The output voltage

is controlled by the continous voltage drop ta9ing place across the series pass transistor.

7..$at is a s5it!$ing reg"1at#r2 $witching regulators are those which operate the power transistor as a high fre!uency on%off switch, so that the power transistor does not conduct current continously.This gives improved efficiency over series regulators. :..$at are t$e a %antages #f IC %#1tage reg"1at#rs2 *low cost *high reliability
*reduction in si6e *e,cellent performance

>.Gi%e s#&e e@a&'1es #f &#n#1it$i! IC %#1tage reg"1at#rs: 45XX series fi,ed output, positive voltage regulators 47XX series fi,ed output, negative voltage regulators 4*- general purpose regulator. 1*..$at is t$e '"r'#se #f $a%ing in'"t an #"t'"t !a'a!it#rs in t$ree ter&ina1 IC reg"1at#rs2

A capacitor connected between the input terminal and ground cancels the

inductive effects due to long distribution leads. The output capacitor improves the transient response. 11. Define 1ine reg"1ati#n. Line regulation is defined as the percentage change in the output voltage for a change in the input voltage.It is e,pressed in millivolts or as a percentage of the output voltage. 12.Define 1#a reg"1ati#n. Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in load current. It is e,pressed in millivolts or as a percentage of the output voltage. 1,..$at is &eant /) !"rrent 1i&iting2 Current limiting refers to the ability of a regulator to prevent the load current from increasing above a preset value. 1-.Gi%e t$e ra5/a!ks #f 1inear reg"1at#rs: *The input step down transformer is bul9y and e,pensive because of low line fre!uency. *@ecause of low line fre!uency,large values of filter capacitors are re!uired to decrease the ripple. *+fficiency is reduced due to the continous power dissipation by the transistor as it operates in the linear region 14..$at is t$e a %antage #f &#n#1it$i! s5it!$ing reg"1at#rs2(MA3 2*1*+ *Mreater efficiency is achieved as the power transistor is made to operate as low impedance switch.0ower transmitted across the transistor is in discrete pulses rather than as a steady current flow. *@y using suitable switching loss reduction techni!ue, the switching fre!uency can be increased so as to reduce the si6e and weight of the inductors and capacitors 16..$at is an #'t#<!#"'1er IC2 Gi%e e@a&'1es.(MA3 2*1*+ .pto(coupler IC is a combined pac9age of a photo(emitting device and a photosensing device.+,amples for opto(coupler circuit C L+2 and a photo diode, L+2 and photo transistor, L+2 and 2arlington. +,amples for opto(coupler IC C CT *: , CT *+ . 17. Menti#n t$e a %antages #f #'t#<!#"'1ers: *@etter isolation between the two stages. *Impedance problem between the stages is eliminated. *<ide fre!uency response. *+asily interfaced with digital circuit. *Compact and light weight.

*0roblems such as noise, transients, contact bounce,.. are eliminated. 1:..$at is an is#1ati#n a&'1ifier2(MA389UNE 2*1*+ An isolation amplifier is an amplifier that offers electrical isolation between its input and output terminals. 1>..$at is t$e nee f#r a t"ne a&'1ifier2(MA3 2**>+ In radio or TB receivers , it is necessary to select a particular channel among all other available channels.=ence some sort of fre!uency selective circuit is needed that will allow us to amplify the fre!uency band re!uired and re"ect all the other unwanted signals and this function is provided by a tuned amplifier. 2*.Gi%e t$e !1assifi!ati#n #f t"ne a&'1ifier: (i) $mall signal tuned amplifier *$ingle tuned *2ouble tuned *$tagger tuned (ii) Large signal tuned amplifier. 21. .rite t$e freC"en!) #f #s!i11ati#n (f*+ eC"ati#n f#r triang"1ar 5a%e generat#r.(MA3 2*1*+ f;E#-%/#)C)#* 22. E#5 freC"en!) t# %#1tage !#n%erte #n O;<AM;S. (MA3 2*1*+ A :re!uency to voltage converter produces an output voltage, whose amplitude is a function of fre!uency of the input signal. The input signal may be a sinewave, a s!uare wave or a pulse train. The :%B converter is essentially an : detector or discriminator. 2,. .$at is %i e# a&'1ifier2 (MA389UNE 2*1*+ The video or wideband amplifiers are designed to provide a relatively flat gain versus fre!uency response characteristics for the range of fre!uencies re!uired to transmit video information. 2-. Define M"1ti%i/rat#rs. Menti#n its t)'es.(MA389UNE 2*1*+ ultivibrators are regenerative circuits, <hich are mainly used in timing applications. @ased on their operational characteristics they can be classified into ' Astable ultivibrators ' onostable ultivibrators ' @istable ultivibrators 24. Define Asta/1e M"1ti%i/rat#rs. The astable ultivibrators toggles between one state and the other without the influence of any other e,ternal control signal. It is also called as free running multivibrator. 26. Define M#n#sta/1e M"1ti%i/rat#rs

The monostable multivibrator or one Dshot re!uires an e,ternal signal called a trigger to force the circuitinto a !uasi stable state for a particular time or delay. 27. .$at is a" i# a&'1ifier2 The amplifier receives an input from signal source or from a transducer and gives out an amplified signal to the output device is called an audio amplifier.

;#ssi/1e 16 &arks
). +,plain the operation of op amp as multivibrator.( AH *;);) *. <rite short notes on operation of function generator. ( AH *;);) -. <rite short notes on( AH%IAJ+ *;);) (i). Tuned amplifiers (ii). 0ower amplifiers /. +,plain in detail about the function of 111 timer in monostable and derive the e,pression for fre!uency of oscillation. ( AH%IAJ+ *;);) 1. +,plain the operation of switching regulator.(2+C *;;7) 3. +,plain the functional diagram of L -5; power amplifier.(2+C *;;7) 4. +,plain the following in briefly (i) Triangular wave generator (ii) $awtooth generator 5. +,plain in detail about the functional diagram of ICL5;-5. 7. +,plain in detail about the function of IC 4*- general purpose regulators. );. +,plain the following in detail (i) isolation amplifier (ii) opto coupler

;#ssi/1e : &arks
). 2raw and e,plain the functional diagram of a 4*- regulator. *. 2raw and e,plain the functional diagram of a lm-4) regulator IC. -. 2iscuss on the following switching regulator ICFs. i) A4//;

ii) LJ-5; /. +,plain the function diagram of opto electronic ICFs. 1. +,plain the function diagram of power amplifier IC L5;-5. 3. +,plain the function diagram of isolation amplifier and opto coupler ICFs. 4. +,plain the function diagram of function generator ICFs. 5. Mive the important parts of a series regulated power supply using discrete components. 7. 2esign a second order @utterworth low pass filter having upper cutoff fre!uency ) N=6. Then determine its fre!uency response.

);.2esign a monostable multivibrator with trigger pulse shaping which will drive a L+2 on for ;.1 second each time it is pulsed.