trachea

breath

adventitious

fremitus

Normal

Resonant Resonant

Chronic bronchitis

early inspiratory crackles/expiratory

late inspiratory crackles

Early left sided heart failure Resonant

Late inspiratory Dullbronchial (@involved crackles@ Consolidation airless area) involved area INCREASED shifted ABSENT/INCRE Dulltowards absent/bronchial (RUL ASED RUL Atelectasis airless affected side atelectasis) atelectasis None DECREASED/AB shifted SENT/INCREASE Pleural towards decreased/absent/bron None/crackles D (large effusion Dull-fluid opposite side chial (large effusion) effusion) (pleural rub)

Pneumothorax

Hyperesonant

shifted towards opposite side

decreased/absen t none/pleural rub

decreased/a bsent (pleural air)

COPD

Hyperesonant (diffusely)

decreased/absen none/crackles/wheeze t s/ronchi decreased

Asthma

Hyperesonant/Res onant

obscured by wheezes

wheezes/crackles

decreased