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Vin khoa hc v cng ngh xy dng giao thng

Trng i hc GTVT
Huuphamduy@gmail.com
LI TC GI
Hin nay xu th trn th gii v Vit Nam l ngy cng nng cao cht lng vt
liu, cht lng cng trnh xy dng nht l cc cng trnh cu ng.
Cun sch ny phn no cung cp cho c gi cc kin thc hin i v b tng xi mng,
b tng cng cao, b tng t phan v vt liu Polime. Cc l thuyt v cc tiu chun
mi cng c trnh by trong cun sch ny. Ln ti bn ny c b sung thm cc kt
qu nghin cu v b tng nm 2003-2005.
Sch c dng lm ti liu hc tp chnh cho hc vin cao hc ngnh Xy dng
Cng trnh Giao thng, ngoi ra cn l ti liu tham kho cho cn b nghin cu v k
s.
Do thi gian v trnh c hn, chc chn cun sch cn c nhng thiu st.
Tc gi mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca cc c gi v ng nghip
ln ti bn sau c hon thin hn.

PGS.TS. PHM DUY HU













CC T KHA
2
Phm Duy Hu; Vt liu xy dng mi; B tng cng cao; B tng cht lng cao;
Cu trc ca b tng; B tng siu do; B tng asphalt; Vt liu Polyme; Ct si
cacbon; Ct si thy tinh.
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CHNG 1
CC YU CU CHUNG I VI
B TNG XI MNG POC LNG
1.1. Khi qut
B tng xi mng poc lng c thnh phn l xi mng poc lng, ct liu nh, ct
liu th, cc cht ph gia v nc. Thnh phn b tng c ch to theo yu cu v
cng , tnh cng tc theo yu cu ring, c tnh kt cu tiu chun v vt liu cng
trnh.
B tng xi mng poc lng theo TCVN v ACI c phn loi theo cng nn
28 ngy. Tnh cng tc ca b tng phi m bo yu cu k thut hoc trong cc quy
nh c bit. B tng c in c cng t 10-20MPa. B tng thng c cng
nn t 20-50MPa, cn b tng cht lng cao v rt cao c cng nn t 50-200MPa.
Trong cc trng hp c bit c th yu cu tui 3, 7, 26 ngy. B tng c ba trng thi
(t, mm, cng rn) v tng trng thi c nhng yu cu ring.
1.2. Vt liu
c b tng m bo yu cu cht lng vt liu phi c ch u tin. Yu
cu v vt liu c quy nh cho tng vt liu ch to b tng vi yu cu v kt cu v
cng ngh ch to b tng thch hp.
1.2.1. Xi mng Poc lng
Xi mng poc lng phi ph hp vi yu cu tiu chun quc gia hoc theo cc tiu
chun quc t khc. Cng chu nn theo ngy, cng chu ko, thnh phn
khong vt, thi gian ninh kt, tnh n nh th tch v bn l nhng yu cu chnh.
Loi xi mng c bit ph hp vi cc yu cu trong cc quy nh c bit. Nu
khng c yu cu no c nu trong cc quy nh c bit xi mng phi ph hp vi
yu cu ca AASHTO M85 loi I hoc loi II hoc TCVN.
Mc xi mng thng c xc nh theo cng nn (xem bng 1.1)
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Bng 1.1. Tng hp v cc loi xi mng trn th gii
Phng php th
Cng chu nn
MPa
Nc S hiu
Vt liu
Kch thc,
mm
To mu N/X 1 3 7 28
30 X/C=1/3 40x40x130
(250cm
3
)
Rung 0.5 - 12 - 30
35 15 35
40 20 40
45 25 45
50 25 50
c
55 25 - 55
275 1/2.5 40x40x160
(25cm
3
)
- 0.44 - - 16 28
325 - - - - - 12 19 33
425 - - - - - 16 25 43
525 - - - - - 21 32 53
625 - - - - - 27 41 63
Trung
Quc
725 - - - - - 36 - 73
4 1/3 40x40x160 0.4 - - - 40
00 50
500 55
550 60
Nga
600
OPC 1/3 70.6 Chn ng 0.4 - 23 - 42
12000
400.2'

OPC b tng 101.6 m 0.6 - 13 - 30
Anh
1/2.5/3.5
M
OPC
Type 1
1/2.75 50 m 0.485 - 13 20 29
PC 30 1/3 40x40x160 chn ng 0.4 30
PC 40 40
Vit
Nam
PC 50 50

5
Tt c xi mng dng trong vic ch to b tng c ti ch i vi cc b mt ca
cc b phn ging nhau ca mt kt cu phi dng mt loi.
Ngi k s phi xc nh cc t l hn hp trn c s cc th nghim thc hin vi
cc vt liu c s dng trong cng trnh. Cc t l phi m bo sn xut b tng
vi hm lng xi mng nm trong dung sai 2,5% i vi cc loi b tng ang sn xut.
Lng xi mng dng phi ln hn lng xi mng ti thiu v nh hn lng xi mng ti
a do tiu chun quy nh sn xut c b tng c do v tnh gia cng quy nh
m khng vt hm lng nc ti a. Lng xi mng ti thiu l 300kg/m
3
. Lng xi
mng ti a l 525kg/cm
3
b tng.
Hm lng xi mng, hm lng nc, ct liu th, st v trng lng gn ng
ca ct liu nh v th i vi mi loi b tng phi theo ch dn.
1.2.2. Ct liu
Khi lng ct liu nh v th c xc nh trong thit k v da trn cc phng
php tnh v th nghim quy nh. Nn s dng th tch ct liu ln nht c th v ng
knh ct liu th nh nht c th.
Cc khi lng tng i ca ct liu nh v th c tnh vi n v xi mng da
trn vic s dng ct thin nhin c m un mn trong phm vi 2,6-3,2, v cc phng
php b tng khng cn n tn s chn ng cao.
Khi dng ct c c ht th, lng tng i ct liu nh phi tng ln. i vi ct
mn hn lng tng i ct liu nh phi gim.
Khi lng ct liu c tnh bng kilgam hm lng xi mng v s lt nc quy
nh cn thit cho mi loi b tng. Cc t l ny khng c thay i trong khi tin
hnh d n xy dng.
Khi lng theo m ca cc ct liu c thit k cn c hiu chnh khi
lng vi m thc t.
Khi nh lng ct liu i vi cc kt cu c khi lng b tng khng ln (15m
3
)
nu khng th t c tnh d v d gia cng mong mun c th thay i khi lng
ct liu hoc dng ph gia nhng khng c trng hp no hm lng xi mng ch nh
ban u b thay i.
1.2.3. Nc
Trong cng tc b tng ct thp thng, nc bo dng, ra ct liu v
trn khng c c du v khng c cha qu 1g/lt clorit nh Cl, cng khng cha
qu 1,3h/lt sunpht nh SO
4
.
Ngoi cc yu cu trn, nc bo dng b tng khng c cha cc tp cht
vi lng lm mt mu b tng hoc n mn b mt.
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1.2.4. Ph gia
Hin nay thng dng ph gia tng do, ph gia gim nc v lm chm rn chc
i vi B tng xi mng poc lng, b tng ng sut trc, cc kt cu c sn v ng b
tng ct thp. Lng ph gia s dng phi ph hp vi liu lng do nh sn xut quy
nh, vi s chp thun ca ngi k s. Lng ph gia s dng phi trong phm vi 0,15
ti 0,25% tng lng xi mng cho mt m n v ca b tng trn v cho php gim hm
lng xi mng ti ti a 10% ca lng quy nh vi cc yu cu cng nn.
Cc ph gia ha cht, khi s dng phi ph hp vi cc yu cu ca AASHTO
M194.
Khng c dng cc ho cht ph gia c bit thay xi mng, cc ph gia cha
clorit nh Cl qu 1% theo trng lng khng c s dng trong b tng ng sut trc
v b tng ct thp. Nu dng ph gia ht khng kh, gim t l nc - xi mng,
lm chm hoc lm tng nhanh thi gian ng cng, hoc tng nhanh s pht trin
cng chng phi c s dng vi t l liu lng do nh sn xut khuyn co theo
quy nh trong cc quy nh c bit theo ch dn ca ngi k s.
Liu lng cc ph gia phi c cn bng ong chnh xc cho tng m b tng
bng cc phng php c chp thun.
Tr khi c quy nh khc i vi cht ht khng kh, cc mu ph gia kin ngh s
dng phi do Nh thu np cho ngi k s trc v s dng v lm th nghim
xc nh s ph hp vi cc tnh cht cn c. Cc ph gia cha qua th nghim khng
c s dng.
Mi loi ph gia bt k u phi n nh v tnh cht trong ton b qa trnh s
dng n vo cng trnh. Nu thy rng cht ph gia cung cp khng n nh v tnh cht
phi ngng ngay vic s dng.
Ph gia pha ch dng lng, ph gia lng phi c kh nng mt ln ton
b khi lng cn thit cho mt m trn. Ph gia lng c vo nc trc khi vo
mt m trn. Nu dng nhiu hn mt loi ph gia lng, mi loi phi c pha ch bng
thit b ring chng khng chu nh hng ln nhau.
Cht ht khng kh: Cht ht khng kh cn ph hp vi cc quy nh ca ASTM
C260.
Cht gim nc: Khi s dng cc cht gim nc liu lng cho php ca cht ph
gia khng vt qu liu lng dn n s co ngt trong b tng khi kh qu 20% khi
c dng trong b tng ng sut trc c sn; 10% khi dng trong b tng ng sut
trc ti ch; 10% khi dng trong b tng mt ng khng c ct thp.
Cht gin nc phi lm gim yu cu v nc ca b tng cho t nht 7% khi
dng vi liu lng ti a m nh sn xut khuyn co. Khng c dng cht lm chm
ng cng vi liu lng ln cc lng m nh sn xut khuyn co, cng khng nhiu
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hn m liu lng t c vic lm chm mong mun. Cng ca b tng cha
cht ph gia vi lng do ngi k s ch nh tui 48 gi v lu hn khng c nh
hn cng ca b tng tng t khng c cht ph gia. Ph gia khng c nh
hng c hi n hm lng khng kh trong b tng.
1.3. Yu cu b tng trong giai on ng cng
1.3.1. Yu cu v cng nn
Yu cu v cng nn l yu cu quan trng v ti thiu i vi b tng trng
thi cng rn. Cng b tng ph thuc vo lng nc, cng ngh ch to b tng,
thnh phn v cht lng thi cng b tng.
Khi cht lng b tng c ch nh bng cng nn, cn xc nh cht lng
bng cch th cc m th i vi cc vt liu c thit k chnh xc vi cc thit b
trn v cc phng thc thi cng d nh cho d n. Vic b tng c cng quy
nh khng bt u cho ti nh thu sn xut mt m th theo thit k hn hp c s
dng v ph hp vi cc yu cu v cng m th. Cng b tng c th xc nh
trn mu hnh tr hoc hnh lp phng c kch thc 15cm. Cng nn trung bnh
ca ba mu th b tng c lin tip, phi bng hoc ln hn cng nn quy nh
tui 28 ngy hoc tui quy nh c th l 3,7,14 hoc 90 ngy khng c qu mt trong
cc mu th c cng nh hn cng quy nh v mu th phi c cng t
nht bng 90% cng quy nh th nghim theo AASHTO hoc theo tiu chun quc
gia.
Vi m vt liu th yu cu thit b trn, phng thc v kch c ca vt liu phi
ging nh khi s dng trn cng trnh.
Cng b tng dng cho cng trnh s c xc nh t cc th nghim trn cc
mu th. Mt th nghim cng phi gm c cng trung bnh ti thiu 3 mu
th, ch t vt liu ly t mt khi duy nht ca b tng. Khi mt mu th no cho
thy r vic ly mu hoc th nghim khng ng n, mu th phi loi b v th
nghim cng phi ly cng ca cc mu cn li.
Cc mu b tgn th nghim c bo dng ti a im lm vic t nht trong
mt ngy v sau mang n im th khi cc mu c bo dng theo m
tiu chun cho ti thi gian th nghim.
Trong cc trng hp cn thm s liu c th s dng phng php khng ph hoi
mu.
1.3.2. Yu cu v bin dng
B tng cn c m un n hi thch hp v bin dng do t bin v co ngt ph
hp vi kt cu.
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1.4. Yu cu i vi b tng trng thi t
Sau khi nho trn b tng trng thi t cn c do nht nh m bo vic vn
chuyn. B tng t cn m bo ng nht khng phn tng v phn ly. do,
khng phn ly v phn tng l nhng ch tiu cht lng chnh m bo vic khun,
m chc b tng d dng nht m vn to ra c b tng c cht cn thit. Do yu
cu c th s dng cc loi ph gia iu chnh st v thi gian gi st, thi gian
rn chc, ninh kt.
do ca b tng c xc nh bng cn Abram vi b tng do v bng dng
c o cng vi b tng cng ( st 0 cm) vi b tng cng, do b tng c
xc nh bng thi gian c th m chc b tng tnh bng giy. do ca b tng
cng khong 60-120 giy (b tng siu cng m chc bng lu chn ng dng trong xy
dng ng).

B tng do hoc siu do thng c st, c th theo cn Abram bin i t 4-
10cm v 10-20cm.
Cc loi b tng do v siu do thng c t l N/X = 0,3 - 0,4 v c s dng ph
gia do hoc siu do, trong trng hp c bit cso th dng N/X n 0,25. st
thng t 8-20cm. Vi b tng t m cn xc nh chy st (D 80cm) v thi gian
chy trong dng c th nghim.
Yu cu sau khi trn xong b tng phi c do ph hp vi yu cu v do v
phi gi c do trong thi gian t 30-60 pht. Mc gim do trong thi gian
trn khng nn qu 10%. trng thi t b tng cn gi nc, tc bay hi chm
trnh gy nt trng thi t.
m bo c cc yu cu trn l rt kh khn v phi c kim tra thng xuyn
trong qu trnh ch to b tng. m bo cc yu cu trn chc chn s to ra b tng c
cht lng cao.
1.5. Yu cu i vi b tng trng thi mm.
B tng cn trnh b tc ng c hc gy nt. trng thi ny cn bo dng cht
ch pht trin cng , trnh co ngt ln gy nt (do mt nc).
1.6. Cc yu cu khc
Ngoi bn yu cu trn b tng c bit phi tho mn cc yu cu c bit. Vi b
tng lm cu, tu theo cng ngh c th yu cu cng b tng m bo tui
3,7,14,28 hoc 56 ngy. B tng cho cu ln thng yu cu c cng cao tui sm
(3,7 ngy).
B tng trong cc cng trnh thy cng thng yu cu chng thm cao. B tng
cc khu vc ni ghp cu khng co ngt hoc n khi rn chc. B tng nhng kt cu
9
qu nhiu ct thp hoc kt cu c nhiu gc cnh khng c kh nng m chc cn c
tnh t c li (gi l b tng t m).

1.7. Yu cu v iu kin bo dng b tng



Vic bo dng b tng nhm to ra mi trng b tng pht trin cng v
phi tun theo cc quy nh ring.
Phng php nc: B tng phi gi lin tc m t bng cch ti nc trong
mt thi gian ti thiu l 7 ngy sau khi b tng c c. C th s dng bng, gi,
thm hoc ct m ph ln lm mt mi trng bo dng gi m trong thi gian bo
dng.
Khi s dng bng, gi, thm hoc ct ph ln gi m bng cch ti nc vi
mt vi nc to ra mt lp sng ch khng thnh tia nc cho ti khi b mt b tng
c ph bng mi trng bo dng. m vi vi phun khng c a trc tip
bng p lc vo b tng v khng c php tch t trn b mt b tng vi khi lng
ln to ra mt dng hoc trn trn b mt. Cui thi k bo dng cc b mt b tng
phi lm sch mi th.

Phng php mng bo dng chng thm: B mt b tng l ra khi hon thin
phi c phun nc, dng mt vi phun m to thnh mt lp sng ch khng phi
thnh tia, cho ti khi b tng ng cng, sau ph mng bo dng.
Mng bo dng phi gi ti ch trong mt thi gian khng t hn 72 gi.
Giy chng nc phi gi ph hp vi cc yu cu k thut ca AASHTO M139.
Cc tm do (polietilen) phi ph hp vi cc quy nh ca AASHTO M171.
Giy chng thm nc hoc mng do phi lm thnh tng tm c b rng
ph ton b b mt b tng.
Tt c cc khe ni ca cc tm phi gn kn vi nhau bng xi mng sao cho khe ni
khng thm nc. Khe ni phi ph ln nhau t nht 10cm.

CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by v cc vt liu thnh phn ch to b tng xi mng;
2. Cc yu cu ca b tng cc trng thi khc nhau.
10
CHNG 2
CU TRC V CNG CA B TNG XI MNG
Cng b tng ph thuc vo c ca b tng. Nng cao trnh cng ngh,
la chn hp l thnh phn b tng s c cu trc hp l, c v cng b tng
cao. Nh vy gia cu trc v cng b tng c mi lin h chc ch. Ci tin cu
trc s n n nhng bin i v cng b tng.
2.1. Cu trc vi m ca b tng
Hn hp b tng l hn hp cha cc thnh phn ch yu: xi mng, nc,ct, ct
liu ln (si, ). Ngy nay khi a s b tng u c s tham gia ca ph gia th ph gia
tr thnh thnh phn quan trng trong hn hp b tng hin i c tc ng n cu trc
vi mo ca hn hp b tng. Khi nho trn cc thnh phn khong vt ca xi mng vi
nhau s xy ra phn ng thy ho cc cht cu thnh nn xi mng (thnh phn chnh
C
3
S
2
, C
2
S, C
3
AF, C
3
A) to nn cc cht ngm nc (C
2
SnH
2
, CSH, C
3
AF.n
2
H
2
O, CFH,
C
3
A.n
3
H
2
O, CAH v Ca(OH)
2
) v tr thnh hn hp cht kt dnh gc trong hn hp b
tng. Dung dch dnh lin kt cc ct liu nh (ct) to nn dung dch h kt dnh va xi
mng (y l cht kt dnh th cp). Cui cng dung dch h kt dnh va xi mng b
chui vo k h ca cc ht ct liu ny v chng to ra cu trc hn hp b tng hon
chnh. Tm li c th phn cu trc hn hp b tng thnh cu trc con:
- Cu trc xng ca ct liu ln.
- Cu trc vi m ca h kt dnh va xi mng (nh l mi trng lin kt cc ht ct
liu ln trong cu trc b xng khung).
- Cu trc tip gip gia h xi mng v b mt ct liu ln (vng tip gip ct liu):
vi khung xng ct liu ln c biu hin qua lc dnh va xi mng ln b mt cc ht
ct liu ln (v lc dnh ny ch hnh thnh khi kt thc qu trnh ninh kt v hn hp b
tng c cu trc n nh v mt hon ton tnh do). Vng tip gip ny tn ti cc l
rng do nc tch ra li v l vng yu nht trong cu trc b tng. Ti y c th
xut hin cc vt nt v cc vng ng sut cc b u tin trong b tng khi chu lc v
chu tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng.
2.1.2. Cu trc ct liu ln
Cu trc ct liu ln to nn khung chu lc ph thuc cng bn thn ct liu
ln, tnh cht cu trc (din tip xc gia cc ht ct liu) v cng lin kt gia cc
ht. Tuy nhin, thng cng bn thn ca ct liu ln l cao nn ta loi ra khi din
yu t nh hng. Trong vic ch to hn hp b tng ngi ta lun mong mun xy
dng mt m hnh hn hp b tng trong cc ht ct liu ln tip xc nhiu chiu vi
nhau v c h kt dnh va xi mng lin kt gia chng. Xy dng m hnh ny nhm
11
a cu trc ct liu ln tr thnh cu trc chnh, quyt nh tnh cht cu trc vi m ca
b tng v quyt nh tnh cht chu lc hn hp ca b tng. Lc ny cu trc ca va xi
mng chuyn xung th yu v ch c tnh cht lin kt. V mt chu lc va xi mng
ch chu lc tng tc do lin kt gia cc ht ct liu ln trong b khung m khng chu
lc ni tng trong lng n. Cch xy dng m hnh cu trc b tng nh vy c kh nng
to ra b tng mc rt cao v gim c nhng tc ng v cng phc tp ca cu trc
h kt dnh va xi mng vi tnh cht cu trc vi m ca b tng. Tuy nhin, m hnh
a ra ny ch thun tu l thuyt m rt kh hay khng c kh nng to c trn thc
t nhng n a ra nguyn tc cho tt c cc cng ngh b tng l tng mnh ca cu
trc b xng khung ct liu trn c s:
+ Tng din tip xc gia cc ht ct liu ln (gia hai ht vi nhau v ca cc ht
xung quanh mt ht).
+ Khng gian h trong b khung xng l nh nht.
+ Chiu dy ca lin kt h xi mng vi cc ht ct liu l hiu qu (ch nhm mc
ch lin kt).
Vy cc yu t nh hng c bn ti cu trc b tng l ct liu (kch thc, tnh
cht b mt), phng php thit k thnh phn b tng (cp phi), c tnh k thut ca
ct liu, k thut tc ng c hc, ngoi ra c mt yu t quan trng l tnh linh ng
ca dung dch h va xi mng (khi dung dch va xi mng cng linh ng do th cu
trc ct liu ln cng mnh). Nhng ton b tnh cht phc tp trong cu trc vi m ca
b tng li nm lin kt gia va xi mng vi cc ht ct liu.
2.1.2. Cu trc vi m ca xi mng.
Cc ht xi mng khi thu ho bao quanh cc ht l lp nc v qu trnh thy ho
thc hin dn t ngoi ht vo bn trong ngay tc khc to lp mng kt dnh bao quanh
ht xi mng m bn cht l lin kt ion gia phn t hn hp xi mng v phn t nc,
lp mng ny dy theo thi gian thy ho v ngoi n l lp nc t do. Tuy nhin, lp
mng lin kt ny li cn tr s thm nhp ca nc v cng vi thi gian tnh linh ng
ca cc phn t nc v xi mng gim dn do vy lm gim dn tc thy ho. Lp
lin kt ht xi mng - nc dy dn cng vi n lp nc t do bao ngoi ht xi mng
mng dn, thm vo s linh ng ca cc ht xi mng phn do mng nc gy tnh
nht cho cc ht (c th tnh nht ny c b sung do tc ng ca ph gia) phn do tc
ng ca vic trn hay tc ng c hc c iu kin gn nhau dn dn hnh thnh lin kt
v xo b ranh gii gia cc ht xi mng. Mng lin kt xi mng nc bao quanh cc ht
ct liu nh v ko chng vo hnh thnh cu trc h kt dnh va xi mng C th m t
tm tt cu trc vi m ca va xi mng trong hn hp b tng nh sau:
Cc ht xi mng lin kt vi nc (loi lin kt ion) to nn lp dnh (bao quanh ht
v dy theo tin trnh thy ho) lm c s lin kt cc ht xi mng vi nhau (lin kt
12
c hc) xo b ranh gii cc ht v ng thi chng cn lin kt c hc vi ct liu nh
(ct) to nn cu trc con va xi mng lin kt cu kt dn v to nn cu trc n nh c
tnh cht c l. Nhng phn ng thu ho vn tip tc xy ra, do vy trong cu trc vn
tn ti b phn li ht l khi xi mng khan v khng gian, gia cc ht xi mng lin kt
l khong rng c cha nc.
Cc yu t tham gian vo cu trc:
+ Vai tr ca ht ct: Mi nhn c th ngh s tham gia ca ht ct l tha, nhng
n li c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong phn tng cng n nh khng gian ca cc ht
xi mng lin kt, n c tc dng nh cht hot tnh tng cng s linh ng ca cc ht
xi mng v phn t nc kch thch qu trnh thu ho, ng thi di tac ng ca c
hc v s linh ng ca bn thn trong dung dch huyn ph (giai on nc lin kt keo
gia cc ht xi mng) lm gim bt s cn tr ca mng lin kt xi mng nc to cho s
thm nhp ca phn t nc vo bn trong ht thy ho tip. Do tc dng cui
cng l gim lng l rng trong cu trc, tng bn, kh nng chu lc ca cu trc.
+ Cc ht xi mng thy ho: Tuy rng lc dnh kt cc ht xi mng tu thuc phn
ln vo loi xi mng (hm lng cc thnh phn trong xi mng), nhng mc linh
ng ca cc ht xi mng - nc ph v th cn bng tm thi lm cho cc ht xt nhau
hn to nn th cn bng n nh hn v gim cc l rng, lc dnh cc ht cng cao hn.
Thi im v khong thi gian tc ng c hc c nh hng ti lc dnh ny. Ngoi ra
tc , mc phn ng thu ho nh hng ti hm lng ht xi mng c thy ho,
mong mun ht thi gian bo dng b tng hoc thi gian bt u chu lc th hm
lng xi mng trong li ht xi mng cha c thy ho l nh nht. y cng l mt
yu t tng cng ca xi mng.
13
Mt s c im ca phn ng thu ho ht xi mng
- L loi phn ng chm dn v ko di rt lu. Mt s l thuyt cn nu rng y l
loi phn ng rt kh kt thc (iu ny l gii phn no cng ca b tng tng dn
theo thi gian tt nhin l khng xt ti nh hng ca mi trng, iu kin chc lc).
- Thng thng theo th nghim thy rng hm lng xi mng cha thu ho sau 28
ngy khong di 20% hm lng ton b ht.
- y l loi phn ng c sinh nhit lng (ch yu l do thnh phn C
3
A, C
3
S thy
ho sinh ra). Nu b qua tc ng ca bn ngoi tng lng nhit ph thuc vo loi xi
mng v lng xi mng.
Tc v mc ca phn ng thu ho ph thuc vo yu t sau: mn ca ht
xi mng, nhit ni ti trong hn hp, tc ng c hc (tuy nhin nu thi gian m m
ln li gim tc thy ho), ph gia tc ng, tc to nhit.
+ Cc l rng trong cu trc: L rng lun tn ti trong cu trc va xi mng v
nh hng rt ln ti tnh bn ca cu trc ny. Phi tm cch gim ti a hm lng l
rng. Nguyn nhn to ra l rng:
- Do tnh khng th xt c ca cc ht xi mng khi lin kt.
- Do lng nc t do (lng cn li sau phn ng thu ho v lng nc t do
ny thng chim 10-20% tng lng nc s dng, tu theo loi b tng).
- Do hm lng bt kh to ra trong qu trnh trn.
Nh vy nguyn tc gim rng (tng cht) l:
- Gim ti a c th lng nc khng cn cho thy ho.
- To linh ng cho cc ht xi mng khi thy ho.
- Tc dng c hc hp l gim tr lc ca lin kt xi mng nc lc u gip
cc ht xt nhau hn. L rng c tn ti di hai dng. L rng trong khong khng
gia cc ht v l rng tn ti di dng cc mng li mao dn.
Tnh cht cu trc va xi mng c biu hin qua lin kt gia cc ht xi mng
v hm lng ht xi mng c thu ho. L rng trong cu trc l lun lun tn ti
ngay c khi lng nc s dng l ti thiu (ch cn cho thu ho ton b lng xi
mng), lng l rng ny s tng mt cch t nhin theo mc tng hm lng nc
ngoi thy ho v s tng hm lng xi mng cng nh kch thc ht xi mng.
Cu trc vi m ca va xi mng ng vai tr quan trng trong to lp cu trc b
tng v trong b tng cng cao tc ng ca n vi tnh cht cu trc b tng cn
hn c tc ng ca cu trc ct liu ln.
Mun tng mnh ca cu trc ny phi tng linh ng ca bn thn cc ht xi
mng, tc ng c hc hp l tng kh nng xp xt ca cc ht xi mng lm gim
hm lng lo rng t nhin. Gim ti a lng nc tha khng cn cho thy ho cho
14
ton b xi mng, gim lng bt kh to thnh, kch thch phn ng thu ho sao cho
hm lng li xi mng khan ca ht l t nht khi ht giai on bo dng.
2.1.3. Cu trc vng tip gip gia h xi mng v ct liu
vng tip gip gia va xi mng v ct liu tn ti cc lp va xi mng p st b
mt ct liu, cc vng cha nc do s tch nc bn trong ca va xi mng, cc l rng
do nc bc hi v cc ht CaO t do cn li.
vng ny tn ti lc dnh gia xi mng v ct liu. Cu trc tt nht vng
tip gip to ra lc dnh kt ti a v c l rng ti thiu. S thay i m vng ny
chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra cc bin dng theo thi gian cho b tng. Loi b tng thit
k vi t l N/X thp, c trn hp l, c m chc hp l s to ra vng tip gip tt
nht v to ra lc dnh cao nht. Vng tip gio ny l vng quan trng nhng yu nht
ca cu trc b tn. Vi b tng truyn thng vt nt u tin trong b tng xut hin ti
y v pht trin trong cu trc h xi mng ng cng. Vi b tng cng cao do
lng nc s dng t hn v do tc ng ca mui Silc, cu trc vng tip gip c
ci thin ng k, khng c CaO t do, m thp, lc dnh c nng cao, to ra cht
lng mi cho b tng xi mng.
2.2. Cc giai on hnh thnh cu trc vi m ca hn hp b tng: c th chia thnh 3
giai on sau:
- Giai on cha hnh thnh cu trc: Lc ny b tng l hn hp bin ng, c
tnh k t thi gian trn tt c thnh phn ca b tng cho ti khi bt u ninh kt. Tnh
do ca hn hp vn bo ton, hm lng xi mng thu ho trong giai on ny l ln
nht. Cc ht xi mng bt u ninh kt (mi trng tip xc gia cc ht xi mng chuyn
t dng huyn ph sang dng keo).
- Giai on hnh thnh cu trc khng n nh: lc ny hn hp bt u pht sinh
lc kt dnh, nhng lc kt dnh kt tinh cn nh, hnh thnh cu trc cn bng mi
bn vng hn v lm lc dnh pht trin cao hn. Trong giai on ny hn hp mt
dn tnh do, hnh thnh tnh cht c l. Phn cui giai on ny tnh do mt, bt u
to nn tnh cht tinh th n nh v nu tc ng c hc s lm ph hoi cu trc tinh
th, lc dnh gim nhanh v khng cn pht trin c na. Giai on ny bt u t khi
bt u ninh kt ti khi kt thc ninh kt.
- Giai on cu trc n nh: L dng cu trc tinh th, lc dnh pht trin u. Phn
ng thu ho vn cn nhng rt yu. Ch cn tc dng cu trc qua cc dng h bn
ngoi (nh m v nhit pht trin u lc dnh v to ra nh hng ph ca ng
sut nhit trong hn hp b tng, kich thch phn ng thu ho). Qu trnh ny bt u t
khi qu trnh rn kt xut hin, b tng mt hon ton tnh do, lc dnh ch yu bt u
trong giai on ny.

15
2.3. Trn c s cu trc vi m nh gi cc yu t nh hng ti yu cu cng
ca b tng
2.3.1. Xt yu t cng dng cu trc vi m ca b tng
Cu trc ca hn hp b tng bao gm ba tp hp con nh phn tch trn.
Nhng thc t v th nghim ch ra rng im mu cht trong cu trc chu lc ca b
tng li tp trung hai tp con: cu trc vi m ca va xi mng v lc dnh kt gia n
vi cc ct liu ln trong cu trc khung xng. Vic hnh thnh cng chu lc trn
c s ca cu trc ta xt mt mu m hnh b tng chu lc tc dng:
- Tp hp khung xng xt i din A
- Tp hp cu trc va xi mng B
- Tp hp lc dnh AB.
Di tc dng ca lc P trong hn hp xut hin ni lc sinh ra ng sut
A
,
B
.
Cn lc dnh xut hin lc mt v sinh ra ng sut b mt
AB
. Cng gii hn ca
trong b tng thng rt cao do vy tnh cht chu lc ca cu trc b tng ph thuc gii
hn cng ca
A
,
AB
. Cc th nghim li ch ra rng im yu nht trong cu trc tp
trung tp hp lc dnh AB. Do vy tnh cht chu lc ca btng ph thuc tnh cht
dnh bm gia xi mng v ct liu ln (th nghim cho thy im chu lc cc hn vt
nt bt u hnh thnh ti b mt AB, sau pht trin qua lp va xi mng gia cc b
mt AB, cui cng mu b ph hu (vi c ba trng hp chu lc nn v un, ko).
Cng gii hn ca ng sut mt
BA
chnh l cng lc dnh. Vy im th
nht tc ng tng cng l tng cng dnh R

gia va xi mng v ct liu
ln. Phn tch khi gi tr ca ti tc dng lm cho ng sut mt gia va xi mng v ct
liu t gi tr cng dnh R
d
th bt u xut shin cc vt nt mt trn mt lin kt.
B tng bt u vo giai on ph hoi nhng vn cha b ph hoi nu tip tc tng
ti ti mt gi tr no sinh ra ng sut ni trong va xi mng vt qu kh nng chu
lc ca n th pht sinh vt nt xuyn ni cc vt nt mt vi nhau to nn ng nt
rch rc ton b lm b tng ph hu.
V vy, im th hai cho vic tc ng tng cng ca b tng l tng cng
va xi mng R
v
.
Nhng ta bit rng khi hnh thnh cc vt nt mt lm tnh ng nht ca va xi
mng gim, do kh nng chu lc ca va xi mng lc ny (trong b tng) nh hn
cng ca va xi mng R
v
(khi l mu lin khi) v chnh kh nng chu lc ca va
xi mng trong s tc ng ca ct liu ln lm gim tnh ng nht v cng ca b
tng. Do vy v mt tng quan cng ca b tng l gi tr nm gia cng dnh
(R
j
) v cng va xi mng (R
v
). Ta c biu quan h ca cng b tng v
cng dnh (R
j
) theo thi gian cn c theo th nghim c cng nhn ca gio s
Oztrekin (Th Nh K).
16
c trng ca lc dnh:
- Lc dnh l i lng c trng cho cu trc chu lc ca bn thn vt liu btng.
- Lc dnh pht trin chm (iu l gii v sao sau 28 ngy cng ca b tng
vn tng ln do s pht trin ca lc dnh v c trng ca phn ng thu ho vn tip
tc thy ho xi mng khan lm tng mnh ca cu trc va xi mng).
- Sau 70 ngy cng dnh (R
d
) v cng chu un ca va xi mng (R
uv
) xp
x bng nhau.
Gio s Oztrekin cn a ra cng thc thc nghim v mi quan h ca cc cng
trn cho thy cc ngy tui.
Cng chu un:
R
ub
= 0,428R
nv
+ 0,128R
d
+ 0,08 (MPa)
(H s tng quan l 0,983)
Cng chu nn:
R
nb
= 0,526 R
nv
+ 2,665 R
d
+ 3,3 (MPa)
(H s tng quan trung bnh0,985)
Tuy nhin cng lc dnh c th khc nhau ti mi mt lin kt va xi mng v
mi ct liu ln. Cng nh ngay c tp hp va xi mng cng tng tng c v s mt
phng ct qua n v mi mt phng li c cng chu lc khc nhau (Tt nhin lc
dnh mi mt dnh gia va xi mng v ct liu cng khc nhau tu theo din tch mt
lin kt, lc dnh D = R
d
F, trong F l din tch mt ngoi ca ct liu), v chc chn
b tng b ph hu theo mt phng khng gian rch rc yu nht ( l mt ni cc tp
hp, c cng chu lc l b nht). Chnh mt khng gian yu cc b ny li quyt
nh ti cng b tng v cng n chi phi l lun v vic tng cng ca va xi
mng v cng dnh. Nh vy s dng im mu cht 1 v 2 phi da trn c s
b tng c cng ng nht cao cc mt khng gian c trong hn hp b tng l
bnh ng nhau v xc sut tm ra mt mt khng gian yu l thp.
Vy im mu cht th ba tng cng ca b tng l phi tng tnh lin tc
ng nht ca hn hp b tng (Cc biu hin trc quan qua cht ca b tng). im
ny l mt cch th hin s tham gia ca tp hp cu trc khung ct liu ln vo vic
tng cng ca b tng.
Nh vy, xt v mt cu trc cc yu t lm tng cng ca b tng l phi tc
ng vo lm tng cng dnh (R
d
), tng cng xi mng (R
v
) v tng tnh ng
nht ca b tng.
2.3.2. Cc hng k thut lm tng cng dnh (R
d
)
Cng dnh xut hin khi b tng kt thc qu trnh ninhkt v gi tr ca n tng
dn theo thi gian ti gi tr cc i ca cng b tng nhng n cng gim dn giai
on b tng b bo ho theo thi gian s dng v iu kin s dng. Cng dnh (R
d
)
17
ph thuc vo mt s yu t sau: loi xi mng, hnh dng ct liu, tnh cht b mt, tnh
cht c l mt ct liu (tnh cht nhit m), p lc p va xi mng vo .
Tt nhin ta c th thy khi s dng xi mng cng cao, ct liu c tng din b
mt ln (cng ng knh) tnh cht b mt nhm v sch th tng c cng dnh
R
d
. Nhng y tp trung xem xt hai nhn t quan trng, p lc p va xi mng, tnh
cht nhit m ca ct liu.
Nu to c lc p va xi mng vo ct liu qua thit b m rung ln th p lc p
gia xi mng v ct liu s ln. Nhng nu thi im kt thc m qu di th li c
tc dng ngc li ph hu lin kt mi to thnh v lm lc dnh khng th phc hi li
c.
Tnh cht nhit m ca ct liu c lin quan ti d s hnh thnh v ln ca ng
sut nhit ring pht sinh ti lp va tip xc trc tip vi ct liu, ng sut nhit ring
gy tnh khng lin tc ca va xi mng ti b mt tip xc v lm cho lin kt ny tin
nhanh hn ti gii hn cng (cng dnh gim). Bn cht ca hin tng trn l
ch: ct liu (thng l dng vi) c tnh cht ht nc, lng ht nc khong
5%. Khi trn vo trong hn hp b tng n bt u ht nc, kt thc qu trnh ninh kt
lin kt va xi mng- ct liu mi thc s xut hin v pht trin n nh, vo lc ny
vic ht nc ca ct liu lm cho xi mng ti lp va tip xc b mt nc cho qu
trnh thu ho b chm li t ngt, li xi mng khan trong cc ht xi mng tip xc vi
yu hn cc lp xa hn. l nguyn nhn dn n cng dnh suy gim. Ngoi
ra, vic ht nc ca c th pht sinh ng nhit trong lp va xi mng tip xc do s
chnh lch nhit lng sn sinh t phn ng thu ho gia lp va xi mng tip xc vi
ct liu v lp va mng ln cn n.
ng xut nhit cn pht sinh do s chnh lch nhit ca lp va xi mng v ct
liu. Nhit lng sinh ra trong qu trnh thu ho lm cho nhit ca lp va xi mng
cao hn ct liu c s truyn nhit t lp va xi mng tip xc cho ct liu lm pht sinh
s chnh lch nhit gia ct liu v lp va ln cn vi lp tip xc, kt qu l pht
sinh ng sut trong lp va xi mng tip xc. Bn cht y ging vi bn cht hin
tng pht sinh ng sut ring ti lp mt b tng tip xc vi mi trng, v ng sut
kt hp vi s cn tr s dch v ca lp b tng do ct thp m pht sinh ra nt do c
ngt.
Li dng tnh cht nhit m ny vo s tc ng tng cng dnh R
t
l lm cho
no nc trc khi trn chung cc thnh phn v c th phi lm lnh ct liu (khi thi
tit nng) trc khi trn. Tuy nhin y ch l bin php k thut nh n gin v rt cn
thit.
18
Ngoi ra trnh xut hin im trn mt ct liu yu cc b phi m bo s bao
ph u trn khp b mt ct liu bng va xi mng. iu ny c c nh k thut trn
v tnh linh ng ca va xi mng.
Tm li, hng k thut s l:
- Tc ng c hc hp l.
- Ci thin tnh cht nhit m ca ct liu.
- Tng tnh linh ng ca cc ht xi mng thu ho.
2.3.3. Cc hng k thut tng cng va ca xi mng (R
v
)
Cng va xi mng (R
v
) ph thuc cng xi mng, lng xi mng s dng,
lc p cht cc ht xi mng vo nhau v ht xi mng quanh ht ct, lm gim ti a
rng trong cu trc va xi mng, gim hm lng li xi mng khan cha c thu ho.
Tuy nhin, gii php tng cng nh vic tng hm lng xi mng l gii php
khng hiu qu, l do l do tnh cht khng th xp xt nhau ca cc ht xi mng tt yu
gy ra cc l rng trong cu trc va xi mng. Tng cng va xi mng (R
v
) cho mc
ch tng cng b tng. Tt nht l s dng xi mng c cht lng cao vi hm lng
xi mng hp l. iu ny cn cho php gim cc hiu ng ph trong b tng.
2.4. Cng ca b tng
2.4.1. Xc nh cng ca b tng
Thng vic ny phi thc hin ngay trn mu chun. Mu th c th l mu lp
phng 15x 15x 15 cm. Kt qu th trn mu ny kh n nh, do loi tr nh hng
ph hu cc b do n ngang. cc nc Chu u, M, Nht li da trn c s mu tr
15x 30 cm hp l v mt chu lc thc t. Quy trnh xc nh cng trong iu kin
nghim ngt (iu kin dng b, b mt mu, s lng mu, cch ly mu trong hn
hp, cch gia tng ti) v gi tr cng l kt qu s kt hp cc gi tr chu lc cc
hn v tnh xc sut ca kt qu th. Cch nh gi cng qua cc bc sau:
- Ly mu th hn hp b tng, dng h trong iu kin tiu chun.
- Tc dng lc xc nh gi tr cc hn ca cng tng mu b tng (R
i
).
- Tnh cc gi tr xc sut:
Cng trung bnh:
1
,
n
i
i
m
R
R
n

n: s lng mu th.
H s lch chun:
2
1
( )
1
n
i m
i
R
R R
S
n
=

=
=

H s tn:
R
V
m
S
C
R
=
- Xc nh cng tiu chun theo cng thc sau:
19
R
TC
= R
m
(1-1,64 C
v
)
Cng tnh ton: ( 1)
TC
TT
R
R K
K
=
K- H s an ton xt ti s bt li do tnh khng ng nht hay khng n nh trong
thi cng, loi b tc ng bt li to ra mu km phm cht (thng h s K 1,3 v b
tng mc cao th h s K1,3 v b tng mc rt cao th h s K thng ln hn na).
C
v
- H s bin sai ni ln s bin ng v s liu cng ca mu v cng
trung bnh ca l mu. Bn trong th h s C
v
biu hin trnh thi cng, mc n nh
trong ch to b tng. Cng ngh cng cao v n nh th h s C
v
cng nh. Cc quy
trnh u quy nh gii hn ca C
v
v vi mc cng cao th h s C
v
i hi cng gim
(y l vn kh t c Vit Nam nu chng ta khng c cng ngh b tng mnh
v ng b) v s tc ng ca vt liu b tng ti cng trnh cng ln. Khi sn xut mc
b tng ln hn M500, i hi C
v
< 0,125.
Ch y h s 1,64 l h s xc sut m bo s lng mu c cng ln
hn cng trung bnh t 95% hay vit R
TC
= 0,795 R
m
(khi ly C
v
= 0,125).
tin hnh so snh khi cn thit ngi ta phi tnh i cng mu lp phng
v mu tr trn theo cng thc:
1)
2
0
0
0, 77 . ( 1000 10000 / )
m
Tru LP
R
R R R MPa kG cm
R
(
= =
(


2) 1,16 1, 24
LT
Tru
R
R
= (Tiu chun VN 3118- 93)
3) R
Tr
= (0,72 0,77)R
LP
; R
LP
: Cng mu lp phng
so snh v phn loi s dng khi nim cp b tng l gi tr cng chu nn
mu tiu chun.
2.4.2. Cc loi cng ca b tng
Cc loi cng ca b tng c ch dn trong cc quy nh thit k, c xy
dng trn c s tng tnh ton ring bit. Do vy mi tiu chun li c quy nh khc
nhau v s lng, c im ca mi loi cng . Vi s hon thin v mt l thuyt th
quy nh v cng cn c th to ra c s cc tnh ton thit k ging vi s lm
vic thc ca kt cu.
Cng c phn loi nh sau:
- Theo trng thi gii hn tnh ton:
+ Cng tiu chun: R
TC
(trng thi gii hn 2,3).
+ Cng tnh ton: R
TT
(trng thi gii hn 1).
- Theo giai on tnh ton: Vi cc kt cu c tnh ton thit k theo 2 giai on
thi cng v khai thc, cn xc nh:
+ Cng giai on thi cng.
20
+ Cng trong giai on khai thc.
Do giai on thi cng vt liu b tng b khai thc sm m trong giai on khai
thc cng vn pht trin cho ti gi tr ln nht. Do vy trong giai on thi cng khi
em tnh ton cng b tng b chit gim 10%.
Khi thit k thnh phn b tng cng b tng yu cu ti thiu t c l
1,15 R
b
.
- Theo iu kin khai thc: Cng b chit gim thng qua h s iu kin lm
vic (m) do s bt li ca mi trng, hay tnh cht khai thc.
- Theo thi gian khai thc b tng b bo ho (ch dng kim nh li cng trnh).
- Theo tnh cht xm thc v tc ng ca mi trng, xc nh cng theo iu
kin bo ho nc hoc b n mn.
- Khi thit k kt cu cn xem xt trng thi lm vic xc nh cc loi cng
sau:
+ Cng chu nn (R
n
): Ch yu l cng mu lng tr v lp phng. Loi
cng mu tr thch hp vi kt cu mnh, dng hp.
+ Cng chu un (R
u
): Thc cht l cng chu nn khi un ph hoi mu.
+ Cng chu ko (R
k
): Th nghim trn cc mu ko trc tip (t s dng).
+ Cng ct trt khi un (R
c
): kim tra ng sut tip.
+ Cng chu ng sut nn ch v ko ch.
+ Cng chu mi R
m
(khi p< 0,1)) R
nc
, R
kc
.
Cng nn, un cc hn R
n
, R
u
: tnh trong trng hp khi b tng chu p
mt, chu nn ti mi ni. Ngoi ra cc tiu chun cn a ra cc cng tiu chun v
tnh ton ch tnh ring cho trng thi gii hn v phn r rng cng tnh ton theo
giai on thi cng hoc giai on khai thc.
2.4.3. Cc yu t nh hng ti cng ca b tng
1- nh hng ca t l N/X: Quan h N/X v cng ca b tng l quan h c
trng trong mi cch ch to hn hp b tng nng. T s N/X cn biu hin phi hp
tc ng ca hm lng l rng to thnh trong b tng. Quan h N/X v R
b
tun theo
nh lut Abram: Cng ca b tng t l nghch vi t l ca hm lng nc v xi
mng trong hn hp. Quan h ny c Feret v Abram trnh by trong cc nh lut
v b tng.
Quan h gia R
b
v t l N/X c th xem t cng thc Blmay- Ckrmtaep.
0, 5
b x
X
R AR
N
(
=
(


Trong : A- H s ct liu (0,4 0,65) tu thuc vo loi ct liu, cht lng ct
liu v phng php th cng xi mng;
R
x
- Mc xi mng, daN/cm
2
.
21
Nh vy im mu cht tng cng b tng l gim lng nc n cc tiu
bng cch la chn sao cho t l N/X l thp. Ngoi ra c th dng cc loi ph gia siu
do gim nc (c th gim t 15 40% lng nc), nh vy t l N/X ch cn t 0,35
0,45 vi b tng thng v t l 0, 35
N
X
vi b tng cng cao.
Cng v lng xi mng: Khi R
x
ln vi cng lng xi mng c nh c th t
c cng b tng cao hn khi dng R
x
thp. Tuy nhin R
x
cng ch nn bng (1,1-
1,4) R
b
. Vi b tng cht lng cao do cng ngh v thnh phn c ci tin c th t
c R
b
R
x
.
2- Cht lng ct liu: Vn m bo cht lng ct liu cha thc s t c
nc ta. tng hoc gim cng b tng th t l C/ c nh hng kh r rng.
Cn sm cng nghip ho khu ch to ct liu qun l c cht lng ct liu.
3- Mc s dng ph gia: siu do ngoi tc dng gim nc cn chng vn cc
ht xi mng c th cho kh nng tng cng khong 10 30%.
Hm lng ph gia cn c xc nh thng qua cc m trn th ti cc phng th
nghim hp chun.
4- Cc ph gia Silc siu mn: C tc dng tt to thnh b tng cng cao,
cng tng 30 70% so vi b tng truyn thng.
tng cng b tng nn s dng tng hp cc bin php trn. tin s dng
v bo m cht lng hin nay Chu u v M pha sn ph gia mui silc vo xi
mng nh my. Cc loi xi mng ny c gi l xi mng siu cng . Hm lng MS
t 5-20% v c cng t 100-200Mpa. B tng s dng loi xi mng MS c th c
cng t 100-200Mpa.

CU HI N TP
1. Cu trc vi m ca b tng;
2. Cc giai on hnh thnh cu trc v cc yu t nh hng;
3. Cng ca b tng xi mng v cc yu t nh hng n cng .
22
CHNG 3
B TNG CNG CAO SIU DO
(B TNG CNG CAO TH H 1)
3.1. Tng quan
B tng siu do cng cao c th c coi l loi b tng cng cao th h
th nht (nm 1988) c s dng Vit Nam.
B tng siu do c cng cao l loi b tng c st t 820cm v trong
thnh phn c s dng ph gia siu do t l N/X= 0,4- 0,35 c th t c R= (1- 1,2)
R
x
v c cng sm (c R
3
R
28
).
Vic s dng ph gia ho do cho xi mng v b tng c bt u t lu v hin
nay cng ph bin nht l cc nc cng nghip pht trin. Ph gia c cho vo hn
hp b tng vi mt lng nh (thng t 0,2- 2% theo lng xi mng dng trong b
tng) nhm nng cao phm cht s dng ci thin cc tnh nng k thut ca va xi mng
v b tng. n nay, vic nghin cu v s dng ph gia c mt qu trnh ko di hn
mt th k: bng pht minh dnh cho vic tm ra loi ph gia ho hc c cp vo nm
1885. Tuy nhin, cc ph gia ho hc ch thc s c pht trin mnh m t nhng nm
50 ca th k 20 v ngy cng tr thnh yu t quan trng trong cng ngh xy dng v
sn xut cu kin c sn nhng nc pht trin. Trong nhng nm 1970, Nht Bn
c ti 80% sn lng b tng s dng ph gia ho hc, M l 65%, Canada l 90%, c
l 70%... nc ta, ph gia ho hc mi ch c s dng tt hn ch. Ch yu l cc
cng trnh ln do nc ngoi vin tr. V d nh: Cng trng thu in Thc B
dng ph gia ho do SSB ca Lin X (c), cng trng thc nghim H Ni s dng
Clorua- can xi lm ph gia ng rn nhanh. Nm 1987, ph gia ho do t bi thi
giy sn xut bng phng php kim c s dng n nh thu in Sng .
Vic nghin cu v ch to ph gia cng c pht trin mnh trong cc trng i hc,
Vin nghin cu khoa hc trong my nm gn y nh ph gia: Bent 0, Bent 3, KDT 2,
siu do SD- 83, ph gia do PA v Puzlit, ph gia n A.S.P Ph gia SD- 83 c
gii thiu nh l nhng ph gia do u tin c ch to nc ta.
B tng siu do c cng cao l loi b tng c st t 8- 20cm v c cng
tui 7 ngy bng khong 0,85 R
b
, tui 28 ngy c R
b
= 1-1,2 R
x
. Loi b tng c
st ln (siu do) thch hp vi cng ngh xy dng cu hin i (cng ngh lp y
hoc hng). Loi b tng ny hin nay c s dng ph bin trn th gii v bt u
c s dng Vit Nam.
23
3.2. Cu trc ca b tng siu do cng cao
3.2.1. Cu trc ca xi mng khng c ph gia
Hn hp b tng l hn hp cha cc thnh phn ch yu l xi mng, nc, ct, ct
liu ln. Khi nho trn cc thnh phn ny vi nhau, s xy ra cc phn ng thu ho
gia cc cht cu thnh xi mng vi nc, to nn cc cht ngm nc v tr thnh hn
hp cht kt dnh gc trong hn hp b tng. Dung dch lin kt cc ct liu nh (ct) to
nn dung dch h kt dnh va xi mng (y l cht kt dnh th cp). Cui cng dung
dch h kt dnh va xi mng li chui vo k h ca cc ht ct liu ny v chng to ra
mt cu trc hn hp b tng hon chnh. Tm li, ngi ta phn cu trc hn hp b
tng thnh cc cu trc con:
- Khung xng cu trc ca ct liu ln.
- Cu trc vi m ca h kt dnh va xi mng.
Thnh phn khong vt xi mng ch yu
Bng 3.1
XI MNG CLINKE
% Ho cht % Clinke K hiu
65 2 CaO 60 10 Gradient Clinke
3CaO. SiO
2
C
3
S
20 2 SiO
2
16 10 2CaO. SiO
2
C
2
S
6 2 Al
2
O
3
1 13 3CaO. Al
2
O
3
C
2
A
3 2 Fe
2
O
3
0 16 4CaO. Al
2
O
3
. Fe
2
O
3
C
4
AF
Mt s c im trong cu trc v m ca xi mng:
Cc ht xi mng khi thu ho, bao quanh cc ht l lp nc v qu trnh thu ho
thc hin dn t ngoi vo trong b tng, ngay tc khc to lp mng kt dnh bao quanh
ht xi mng m bn cht l lin kt ion gia cc phn t hn hp xi mng v phn t
nc t do. Tuy nhin lp mng lin kt ny li cn tr s xm nhp ca nc v cng
vi thi gian, tnh linh ng ca nc v cc phn t xi mng gim dn v do vy lm
chm dn tc thu ho. Lp lin kt ht xi mng nc dy dn cng vi lp nc t
do bao ngoi ht xi mng mng dn, thm vo c s linh ng ca cc ht xi mng.
Phn do lp mng gy tnh nht cho cc ht, phn do tc ng ca vic trn hay tc ng
c hc c iu kin gn nhau, dn dn hnh thnh lin kt, xo b ranh gii gia cc ht
xi mng. Mng xi mng nc bao quanh cc ht ct liu nh v ko chng vo hnh
thnh nn cu trc h kt dnh va xi mng. Ta c th m t tm tt cu trc vi m ca
va xi mng trong hn hp b tng nh sau:
Cc ht xi mng lin kt vi nc (loi lin kt ion) to nn lp kt dnh (bao quanh
ht v dy theo qu trnh thu ho) lm c s lin kt cc ht xi mng vi nhau (lin
kt c hc) xo b ranh gii cc ht v ng thi chng cn lin kt c hc vi ct liu
24
nh ct to nn cu trc ion ca va xi mng v y l cu trc n nh, c tnh cht c
l. Nhng phn ng thu ho vn tip tc xy ra, do vy trong cu trc vn cn tn ti b
phn li ht l khi xi mng khan v khng gian gia cc ht xi mng lin kt l khong
rng cha nc. Do s tch t cc ht xi mng l cc ht bn trong khng thu ho nn
thc ra tui 28 ngy ch c khong 32 40% ht xi mng thu ho v vy ch t 40
80% cng .
3.2.2. Cu trc ca b tng khi s dng ph gia siu do
Ngy nay ngi ta khng cn xem thnh phn ca hn hp b tng ch l xi mng,
, ct, nc, m cn c thm ph gia. Ph gia tr thnh thnh phn quan trng trong
hn hp b tng hin i v n c tc ng n cu trc vi m ca b tng. Khi cho ph
gia vo hn hp th ph gia s lm tng linh ng ca cc ht xi mng, bng cch tc
ng lm tng s linh ng ca dung dch huyn ph bao quanh ht xi mng v tng tnh
nht ca cc ht xi mng. C ch tc ng ca ph gia l phn ly trong nc thnh cc
nhm phn cc mnh (cc nhm hyro cacbon (OH); (COOH); (CHO); nhm sulsonic
(HSO
3
)) v gc cn li dng cao phn t, phn cc yu. Cc nhm phn cc mnh
tc dng vo dung dch huyn ph lm tng s linh ng ca n, cn nhm gc cao phn
t c sc cng b mt cng b hn nc nn b hp th b mt cc ht ph gia lm tng
tnh nht ca ht. Ngoi ra ngi ta nhn thy cc ph gia trn c s axt lignosunfuric
cn c tc dng cun mt lng nh khng kh to ra cc bt bm xung quanh cc ht xi
mng lm gim din tch tip xc gia cc ht gim lc ma st gia cc loi, dn ti tng
tnh linh ng ca ht xi mng v khi hp th ln mt xi mng, n s kim ch tc
phn ng thy ho. Mt khc ph gia siu do c th cho php gim nc khong 10
20% v vy c th tng c cng khong 30%.
Ni tm li, khi cho ph gia siu do vo hn hp b tng s lm tng linh ng
ca dung dch huyn ph v tng tnh nht ca b mt cc ht xi mng gim c lng
nc dng, do ci thin c cu trc vi m. Kt qu l gim thm, lin kt cao
hn vi ct liu v ct thp, cng cao hn v nng cao tui th ca kt cu cng
trnh bng BTCT.
3.3. Nguyn tc ca b tng cng cao v tng nhanh qu trnh ng rn.
Vic s dng ph gia ho do cng nh siu do nhm mc ch tng cng ca
b tng hoc gim lng xi mng. i vi cc cng trnh c bit li i hi s cn thit
p ng yu cu cng cao v tng nhng qu trnh ng rn (nh sn bay, hi
cng). Yu cu cng sm l rt hp l vi cc cu xy dng theo phng php
phn on m y li l cch thc cng ngh hin i trong xy dng cu s dng (cng
ngh c y, c hng) thi cng phn on lin tip ti cng trng, b tng ti ch.
iu gip cho ta tng tin xy dng nh kh nng cng ko ct thp d ng lc,
sm gii phng vn khun b c ca mt phn on nhanh. Yu cu cng b tng
25
sau 2 3 ngy phi t c 70 80% cng ca b tng sau 28 ngy. Thc cht
cng t sm c l phi gia tng qu trnh ng rn trong xi mng (gim thi gian
bt u ninh kt v kt thc ninh kt). L do l b tng bt u c kh nng chu lc khi
cc lin kt keo ca thnh phn ngm nc chuyn sang kt tinh. Nh vy cc tc ng
vo yu cu tng cng sm phi da trn c s s nh hng v tng tc phn
ng thu ho hay kch thch qu trnh chuyn ho nhanh t dung dch huyn ph sang
dinh dch keo v kt tinh. Nhng ta cng bit rng, phn ng thu ho thi gian u rt
mnh lit, sau gim nhanh do mng dch th C
3
AH
6
khng tan c s y dn, bao
quanh cc ht xi mng, cn tr s xm nhp ca nc. Do rt kh tc ng lm tng
tc phn ng thu ho v ngi ta thng theo xu hng tc ng vo s chuyn ho
cc dung dch sang kt tinh nhanh.
3.3.1. S tc ng lm tng nhanh ninh kt bn trong
Qu trnh thu ho ca xi mng bt u t dung dch huyn ph quanh ht xi mng
sang dung dch keo, sau ti qu trnh kt tinh. Cc nguyn tc c bn tng qu trnh
chuyn ho trn.
- Nguyn tc tc dng vo dung dch huyn ph lm n chng chuyn sang dung
dch keo v chuyn sang kt tinh.
- Cho vo cht c kh nng kim ch s ho tan ca cc sn phm ca qu trnh
thu ho xi mng (Ca (OH)
2
hay C
3
AH
6
) lm gim s linh ng ca cc phn t nc do
gim bt khng gian chuyn ng, v li cc cht khng ho tan ny thng nng, thng
c i lc in ca phn t phn cc nc, d tin li gn nhau v lin kt keo vi
nhau, dn dn thnh cc cm lin kt ln, lm chuyn nhanh sang dung dch keo.
- Cht cho vo c kh nng tc dng vi sn phm xi mng thu ho hay bn thn
thnh phn xi mng, to ra cc sn phm l cc phn t hn kh tan hay c cc thnh
phn tng t nh cc sn phm thu ho nhng mang li hiu qu tt hn cho qu trnh
chuyn ho.
- Tng ho tan ca thnh phn CSH l do l iu ny lm gim i lc in gia
cc si CSH trong dung dch huyn ph (do cc si CSH mang in cng du y nhau).
Cc nguyn tc trn c th xem nh l cc nguyn tc xut hin pha kt tinh sm.
Mt vn lin quan l cc sn phm thu ho CSH, C
3
AH
6
to ra cc cng
lin kt dnh trong hn hp b tng, nhng thi gian lin kt ca chng li khc nhau.
C
3
AH
6
kt tinh sm, cn khi CSH vn ang tn ti th keo rt lu, lm cng
pht trin t t. Do vy mt mu cht tng cng sm lm nhanh chuyn ho lin
kt keo ca CSH sang kt tinh (dn ti 2 khi nim cng sm lm nhng qu trnh
ninh kt tng ng nht, nhng vn c im ring bit. N tng nhanh qu trnh lin kt
tt yu tng cng sm, nhng n ch yu tc ng vo qu trnh kt tinh). V
nguyn tc tng nhanh qu trnh chuyn ho t lin kt keo sang kt tinh l tng nhit
26
trong dung dch keo. Tuy nhin tng nhit ti gii hn khnglm ph v lin kt
keo (vi hn hp b tng thng T
max
= 65
0
C v khng c tng t ngt). Nguyn tc
ny c xem nh nguyn tc y mnh qu trnh ho hon ton sang pha kt tinh. C
th ly v d cc cht cho theo nguyn tc lm xut hin pha kt tinh sm.
Theo nguyn tc u tin, nh cc cht thch cao CaSO
4
. 2H
2
O Hydro Aluminat
Canxi CaOAl
2
O
3
. 6H
2
O (l cc cht khng c kh nng phn ly, khng tc dng vi sn
phm ca qu trnh thu ho).
Theo nguyn tc tc dng ho hc vi sn phm thu ho hay cc thnh phn ca
ht xi mng. Cc cht ny thng l dng mui (ch yu l mui ca axt mnh, baz
yu, hay ca axt yu baz mnh) c kh nng phn ly thnh ion trong nc nh:
CaCl
2
, FeCl
2
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, FeSO
4
, AlCl
3
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, Fe(NO
3
)
2
(axt mnh baz yu) hay:
NaAlO
2
, Na
2
SO
3
(ca axt yu baz mnh). Nu l mui ca axt mnh baz yu
th thng hay c phn ng ca cation kim loi vi cc sn phm thu ho to nn cht
kh tan v cht kch thc nh:
Fe
+3
+ 3H
2
O = Fe(OH)
3
+ 3H
+

Hay: Ca
+2
+ Fe
+3
+ 8(OH)
-
Ca(FeO
2
)2nH
2
O + (4 n)H
2
O
Ca
+2
+ Fe
+3
+ 12(OH)
-
3CaO.Fe
2
O
3
. 6H
2
O
Hay FeCl
3
, Fe(SO
4
)
3
tc dng vi Ca(OH)
2
to thnh cc sn phm phc tp nh:
3CaO.Al
2
O
3
.Fe
2
O
3
.3CaSO
4
.31H
2
O kh tan lng (thc cht y l phn ng gia cc
ion). Khi s dng mui axt yu baz mnh c phn ng anion gc axt vi cc sn
phm mui axt yu baz vi cc sn phm thu ho to nn cht kh tan nh NaAlO
2
.
2Na
-
+ 2AlO
3
+ 4Ca
+2
+ 8(OH)
-
+ 11H
2
O =
Ca
3
(AlO
2
).Ca(OH)
2
.13H
2
O + 2Na
-
+ 2OH
-

(Ca
3
(AlO
2
).Ca(OH)
2
.13H
2
O) d kt hp vi cc cht trong dung dch huyn ph to
nn lin kt keo sm v nhanh kt tinh). Hay cc loi mui gc SiO
2
-2
khi phn gc axt
Silicat (SiO
3
)
-3
kt hp vi nc to nn cc gc axt (H
2
SiO
2
)
-2
; (H
3
SiO
4
)
-2
tc dng vi
CaO.Al
2
O
3
to nn cht nng kh tan.
Theo nguyn tc 3 thng c cc cht mui axt mnh, baz mnh nh: NaCl, KCl,
NaNO
3
, Na
2
SO
3
.
Nguyn tc tng tc thu ho giai on u:
Nhit kch thch tc ca qu trnh thu ho. Ta bit rng phn ng thu ho c
to nhit, tng lng nhit mt phn b to ra mi trng, mt phn tc ng vo hn
hp b tng, biu hin nhit hn hp. Nhit trong hn hp m tng ln, lm tng
s linh ng ca cc phn t nc v tng kh nng thm nhp vo ht xi mng, lng xi
mng thy ho s tng v nhit lng to ra nhiu hn, v kch thch tr li phn ng
thu ho. Nhng tc ng ca nhit ti phn ng thy ho ch giai on u khi
mng dch th C
3
AH
6
cha dy kim ch phn t nc. Vic tng tc phn ng
27
thu ho lm tng nhanh s chuyn ho dung dch quanh ht, dn ti ninh kt sm, c
thc hin nh s s dng iu chnh nhit trong hn hp theo hng sau:
- Cho hn hp cht ph lm tng lng nc lin kt ho hc, dn ti tng nhit
lng trong hn hp (v d: CaCl
2
, FeSO
4
) nhng cc cht ny ch kch thch to nhit
trong giai on u m khng lm thay i tng nhit lng to ra.
- Tc ng nhit bn ngoi (lm thay i tng nhit lng).
- Gi nhit do phn ng thu ho to ra, trch s to nhit trong mi trng.
- Tng nhit lng to ra nh s dng xi mng: Aluminat (hm lng Al
2
O
3
chim
40%: nhit ch yu do thu ho 3CaOAl
2
O
3
(C
3
A) to ra).
S dng nh hng ca nhit vo hai mc ch chnh:
- Tng thi gian ninh kt nh tng tc thu ho ht xi mng.
- Tng cng sm nh nh hng ca n lm tng nhanh chuyn ho CSH t
pha keo sang pha kt tinh.
Ni tm li, yu t nhit ch lm thay i tc pht trin cng b tng m
khng lm thay i cng cui cng ca b tng.
3.3.2. S tc ng lm nhanh ninh kt v pht trin cng t bn ngoi.
Da trn l lun v nh hng ca nhit , nhng vic iu chnh trong hn hp b
tng c thc hin t bn ngoi. Cc iu chnh da trn c s gi nhit to ra mi
trng hay dng h nh nhit.
3.3.3. nh hng ca tc dng hn hp p ng ng thi tnh linh ng v cng cao
sm.
Thc cht ni n linh ng ca cc ht xi mng y l ni ti p ng yu cu
tng cng hay st hoc c hai yu cu. Vic p ng ng thi tnh linh ng v
cng sm c thc hin theo hai hng:
+ S dng cc tc nhn iu chnh nhit bn ngoi tng cng v kt hp s
dng ph gia tng linh ng.
+ S dng hn hp cht ph gia (cht ph gia tng tnh linh ng v ph gia tng
nhanh ninh kt).
Ngoi ra cn trng hp s dng ph gia lm ko di thi gian ninh kt phc v cho
thi cng, trnh ko di qu mc, li s dng ph gia tng nhanh ninh kt, hon ton c
th s dng hn hp cht ph gia p ng ng thi cc yu cu trn v chng coi gn
nh c lp tc dng vi nhau. Nhiu trng hp ph gia tng do, lm do nh hng
gy ra bi ph gia ninh kt ninh, gy gim cng .
28
3.4. nh hng ca ph gia siu do n tnh cht c l ca b tng
nghin cu s nh hng ca ph gia siu do n cc tnh cht c l ca b
tng, ngi ta tin hnh mt s th nghim vi mu khng v c ph gia. Yu cu cng
b tng 400, R
3
= 0,7R
b
, R
7
= 0,85R
b
.
3.4.1. Th nghim
Mu th c ch to theo nguyn tc lng xi mng dng khng thay i, thay i
t l N/X v dng ph gia siu do.
- Vt liu:
+ Xi mng Poc lng PC40 (R
x
= 400).
+ Ph gia Sikament R4, theo tiu chun C494 81 loi G, vi liu lng 1 lt/ 100
xi mng. C c im mu nu xm, t trng 1,139 kg/l.
+ Ct liu th (): vi nghin, ng knh ln nht: 20mm vi thnh phn v
ng cong cp phi cho theo bng 3.2, hnh 3.1.
+ Ct liu mn (ct): ct sng t nhin, vi thnh phn v ng cong cp phi cho
bng 3.3, hnh 3.2.
+ Nc: nc my sinh hot.
- Mu th 1: Khng c ph gia (mu K), vi 360 kg xi mng t l N/X = 0,6. st
yu cu 5cm.
- Mu th 2: Mu khng c ph gia loi Sikament loi R4, liu lng 1/100kg xi
mng (mu C), vi 360 kg xi mng t l N/X = 0,48 (bt nc 20%).
- Mu th 4: Thit k theo TCVN c ph gia, st t 10 12cm xc nh cp phi
ht v cc ch tiu khc theo tiu chun ca M ASTM, bt nc 20% so vi mu 3 6.
Thnh phn ht th ( vi)
Theo tiu chun ASTM (M)
Bng 3.2
C sng (MM) Lng lt sng (%)
25 100,00
19 94,08
12,5 62,45
9,5 62,45
4,75 8,87
Khi lng ring: 2,7 g/cm
2

Thnh phn ht ct
Bng 3.3
C sng (MM) Lng lt sng (%)
9,50 100,00
4,75 97,08
29
2,36 85,66
1,18 62,29
0,30 14,61
0,15 3,22
Khi lng ring: 2,61g/cm
2

3.4.2. Kt qu th nghim
Thnh phn vt liu c kim tra theo TCVN v ASTM. Kt qu ghi trong bng
3.2, 3.3, 3.4.
Cc kt qu ghi trong bng 3.4 c thit k theo tiu chun M (mu 1-0 v 3 0)
v TCVN c ph gia (mu 2 v 4), trong hai mu ny thng thng cho thy thit k theo
ASTM cho kt qu lng t khong 10% v lng ct tng khong 10 15%.
Tin hnh o tc gim st ko di st ca cc mu c ph gia ko di r rng.
Tr s t st gim t 10 12cm. Thi gian gi st th cng 7 8cm l 30 45 pht.
Sau khi trn b tng, thi gian ny thi cng cc dm cu d ng lc.
S pht trin cng theo thi gian (bng 3.7) ca mu khng ph gia l R
3
, R
7

R
28
ng vi h s: 0,28 0,37, 0,6 0,7, 0,7 0,95; 1 ca cc mu c ph gia l: 0,71;
0,72; 0,86; 0,96; 1,06; 1,16;
Nh vy cng tui 3 ngy t > 0,6R v 7 ngy R
7
> 0,85R. Tui b tng c
ngy th 3 ko ct thp d ng lc tui 7 ngy tin hnh y cc i dm
theo m un 7 ngy. Vi yu cu R
6
= 400 (theo a hnh Vit Nam).
Cc quy lut trn c trnh by hnh 3.4, 3.5, 3.6
3.4.3. Kim tra trn kt cu xy dng
Cc chi tit th nghim ca b tng siu do c p dng cho thc t ch to cc
dm cu BTCT d ng lc ca ngnh GTVT, cc kt qu ch to dm c cc Cng ty
t vn nc ngoi nh gi l t cht lng tt.
Kt qu o cng v nn mu cc dm BTCT c ghi trong bng Kt qu p
mu R
T
dm.
Cc s liu c kim tra thng qua h s C
V
.
H s C
V
bin i trong phm vi nh hn 10% nh vy cc s liu trn c tin
cy.
Tc pht trin cng theo thi gian 0,8- 0,85 tui 7 ngy v cng tui
28 ngy bao gi cng ln hn 400kG/cm
2
.
Nhn xt:
Cc kt qu nghin cu thc nghim cho thy: B tng siu do c do sau khi
ch to l 10-20cm. st thi cng l 7-8cm. Thi gian gi st cao l 30-45 pht.
30
Cng b tng pht trin sm cng tui 3 ngy v 7 ngy theo yu cu
ca cng ngh thi cng cu BTCT d ng lc nhp sm.
31
T l hn hp
Bng 3.4
T l hn hp trong b tng
Mu
K
hiu
Ph gia +
C/X
C/+
C
/+
C
N/X
X
(kg)
C
(kg)

(kg)
N
(kg)
1- O +
Khng ph
gia st cao
5,43 0,45 0,55 0,60 360 850 1050 210
2- P
C ph gia:
Sikament
R4- 1%X
5,43 0,45 0,55 0,48 360 850 1050 172
3- O x TCVN 5,04 0,35 0,65 0,42 370 650 1200 155,5
4- P C ph gia 5,04 0,35 0,65 0,38 370 650 1200 140,6

S gim st theo thi gian
Bng 3.5
S gim st ca hn hp b tng (cm) Thi gian tri qua
(pht) 1-O 2- R 3- O 4- P
0 5,00 13,40 4,00 12,00
15 3,50 10,20 3,00 9,40
30 2,10 7,00 2,50 8,70
45 1,80 6,00 2,00 5,90
60 1,50 5,50 1,00 5,00
75 1,00 5,00 0,00 4,50
90 0,00 2,80 4,30
105 2,30 4,00
120 2,00 3,80
150 0,40 3,50
160 0,00 3,20
180 2,90
210 1,20
240 0,60
255 0,00

32

S pht trin cng ca b tng theo tg (kG/cm
2
)
Mu
K
hiu
Ph gia
24h 3 ngy 7 ngy/TB 28 ngy
1- O Khng ph gia
82,00
79,00
80,00
80
0,20
173,00
162
178,00
171
0,43
238,00
242
245,00
242
0,60
276,00
289
283,00
283
0,71
2- P C ph gia
177,00
175,00
174,00
175
0,44
261,00
270
276,00
269
0,67
345,00
350
352,00

349
0,87
421,00
415
439,00
425
1,06
3- O Khng ph gia
145,00
152,00
150,00
148
0,37
206,00
215
219,00
213
0,53
301,00
304
310,00
305
0,76
380,00
386
378,00
381
0,95
4- P C ph gia
190,00
188,00
189,00
189
0,47
303,00
305
302,00
303
0,76
385,00
387
382,00
385
0,96
450,00
456
463,00
456
1,14

33

Hnh 3.1. Quan h S
n
v thi gian
Ch : - B tng khng ph gia thi gian 45 ch c th c st 2 -3cm.
Thi cng kh
- B tng c ph gia siu do R4 45 pht sau khi trn c st t 7-9cm
Thi cng d dng.
34

Hnh 3.2. S bin i cng vi thi gian

35

Hnh 3.3. S bin i R
b
v R
x
vi thi gian
36
S pht trin cng b tng dng xi mng Chinh Phong, Bm Sn v cc lo
Loi xi
mng
Xi mng Chinh Phong (400kg/1m
3
) Xi mng B
Ph gia
(%)
0.3 0.6 1 0.3
Ngy 3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28 3
Cng
R
31.9 40.2 48.5 22.4 31.1 41.2
SiKa W 28.8 38.9 44.2 33.8 41.4 49.2 23.7
Sikament
R4
30.2 39.1 46.6
R555-
MBT
26.3 35.1 39.3 30.1 41.2 47.5 32.6 36 49.5 20.4 26.2 36 23.6
Mighty
90 RA -
KAO
31.1 42.3 48.1 19.1 39 42.9 22.7 28.4 38.6 10.4
PA 95 -
Cienco 1
29 41.9 46.4 28.7 37 48.7 22.1

37
Mc gim st
Loi xi
mng
Xi mng Chinh Phong (400kg/1m
3
) Xi mng Bm Sn (400kg/1m
Ph gia
(%)
0.3 0.6 1 0.3 0.6
Mc
gim
st (mm)
0' 30' 60' 0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 0' 30' 60' 90' 0' 30' 60' 90' 120' 0' 30' 60' 90'
Plastiment
F
130 70 200 125 100 90
Sika W 180 150 130 110 70 200 105 95 190 140 120 100
Sikament
R4
205 140 110 90
R555
MBT
130 80 210 160 130 100 70 215 140 105 90 200 150 80 190 160 130 110
Mighty 90
RA -
KAO
190 100 80 210 170 135 120 90 * 155 155 100 60 * 210 170 140
PA 95 -
Cienco 1
130 70 160 50 170 120 100 70
38
3.4.4. Kt lun
T kt qu nghin cu l thuyt thc nghim v c kim nghim trn
cc dm BTCT ch to xut cc kt qu sau:
1. Vt liu
Vt liu ch to theo yu cu c bit. c bit lu b tng phi gm 4
thnh phn:
- , ct ph hp vi TCVN hoc cc tiu chun quc t khc. Tt nht
dng dm, ct c M
k
>2.5.
- Xi mng PC 40, PC 50 theo TCVN hoc loi I theo tiu chun ASTM.
- Ph gia siu do Sika, phecmal, c th dng ph gia siu do do Vit
Nam ch to, song cn kim tra li n nh ca sn phm ph gia. Liu lng
khong 1.2 - 2.4 lt cho 1m
3
theo lng xi mng s dng cho 1m
3
b tng.
- Thnh phn do b tng c thit k theo TCVN hoc tiu chun theo
yu cu cng trnh.
2. Cng ngh ch to
Ch to b tng theo cng ngh b tng bnh thng. Ch lu s dng
ng chng loi v lng ph gia thch hp. S lng dm chn ng ch cn
1/4 so vi cng ngh c, u tin dng loi dm c tn s cao.
3. Cc c tnh ca b tng siu do cng cao sm
- Hn hp b tng (b tng ti):
t st ban u: 10-20 cm
t st thi cng: 7-8cm
T l N/X: 0.38-0.41
Thi gian thi cng : 30-45 pht
- B tng:
Tc pht trin cng R
3
0.7 R
b

R
7
0.85 R
b

F
28
1.1 Rb
- Vi vt liu Vit Nam c th t cng sau:
R
3
280 kG/cm
2

R
7
350 kG/cm
2

R
28
400 kG/cm
2

4. Phm vi p dng
Loi b tng siu do cng chu nn 40 50MPa c th dng ch
to cc dm b tng ct thp d ng lc thi cng theo cng ngh hoc hng, thi
gian ko ct thp sau 3 ngy hoc 7 ngy.
39
Lu cc cng trnh c th cn tin hnh cc th nghim k s t vn c
s liu quyt nh. Trn c s cc nghin cu trn khi thay i loi ph gia c
th th nghim li theo phng php trn i chng.

CU HI N TP
1. Tng quan v b tng siu do cng cao;
2. Cu trc ca b tng siu do cng cao;
3. Cc gii php k thut nng cao tnh do v cng ca b tng siu do
cng cao.
40
CHNG 4
B TNG CNG CAO
K t khi xut hin xi mng, b tng xi mng, vic s dng b tng vo cc
cng trnh xy dng l ph bin c hiu qu v yu cu k thut v kinh t.
Trong cc cng trnh xy dng giao thng nh Cu - ng th b tng v b
tng ct thp l vt liu chnh. Trong cu b tng ct thp b tng l vt liu
ch to dm cu, tr cu, bn cu v ng t.
Vi dm cu th b tng c mc 30MPa vi kt cu b tng ct thp thng
v khong 40 MPa tr ln vi kt cu b tng d ng lc.
Vi tr cu th mc b tng khong t 25 30 MPa.
Vi kt cu nhp cu th mc b tng khong t 30 50 MPa.
Vi ng t th mc b tng c khong 20 50 MPa.
Nh vy hin nay nc ta ang dng b tng c cng thp xy
dng cc cng trnh ln (mc ti a l 70 MPa). Khi p dng cc b tng c
cng cao c th lm cho kt cu c gim nh m vn cho kh nng chu
lc ca kt cu t yu cu thit k v khai thc. B tng cng cao c k
hiu l BHP hoc HPC* c dng ph bin M (nh cao tng) Nauy, Nht
Bn (cng trnh bin) Php, c, Anh, Trung Quc, ... (cu, ng) v Vit
Nam cng ang nghin cu v p dng.
B tng cng cao ngy cng c s dng ph bin, l mt th h
mi nht ca cc vt liu to ra kt cu mi. Ngi ta gi theo quy c b tng
c cng cao l b tng c cng nn 28 ngy 60 100 MPa. Trong
thc t n to ra mt gam b tng mi c th lm c trn cng trng vi ct
liu thng thng v va cht kt dnh c ci thin bng cch dng mt vi
sn phm tt nh cht siu do v mui Silc. Loi b tng mi ny to ra c s
cho cc kt cu cu, ng, nh kiu mi ra i.
Di y trnh by mt cch tng quan v cc vt liu ny, i t logic cng
thc b tng v gn cc tnh cht c bn vi cu trc ca chng, tho lun mt
vi vn mi, mt vi da theo cc kt qu ca cc th nghim mi y. Sau
nu mt vi d nh c trin vng v cc vic p dng b tng cng cao
trong cc lnh vc cc cng trnh cu ng. V cht lng b tng cng
cao c cht lng cao hn b tng thng v cng v bn lu. B tng
cng cao c gi thnh khong 1.65 - 2 ln so vi b tng thng.
41
4.1. Tng quan v b tng cng cao
4.1.1. Nguyn tc phi hp thnh phn ca b tng cng cao.
Trong thc t b tng cn c dc rt cao, v l c im chnh ca
cu to b tng. kin u tin ca vt liu b tng l c gng ti to li mt
khi i t cc loi ct liu. c chc ca hn hp nh vy c to nn s
c iu ho bi di cp phi ca n, ngha l ph thuc vo ln cc i
ca ct liu. Cc ht ln, tu theo yu cu cn s dng c gii hn, thng
thng kch c ca ct liu ln khong 10 - 25mm. Cc kch c nh do c tnh
vt l b mt gy nn s vn t, t nhin ca cc ht xi mng. S vn t ca cc
ht xi mng cng t th cht lng ca b tng cng cao (v do, cng ...)
Khi xi mng gp nc, n thu ho t ngoi vo trong ht xi mng to ra
mt lp mng bao bc ly ht xi mng, lm gim tc thu ho ca cc ht xi
mng. ng thi do hin tng vt l b mt gy ra vn t ca cc ht xi mng,
to ra cc cc xi mng ln m ch c lp ngoi mi c thu ho, cn bn
trong do b lp thu ho bao bc nn khng thu ho c, lm gim cht
lng ca b tng. T ngi ta ngh n mt sn phm siu mn, c t phn
ng ho hc b sung vo thnh phn ca b tng. Lng ht ny s bin ti
lp y cc ch trng m cc ht xi mng khng lt vo c, ng thi vi
kch thc nh hn ht xi mng rt nhiu n bao bc xung quanh cc ht xi
mng v vi c tnh khng tc dng vi nc n s l lp ngn cch khng cho
cc ht xi mng vn t li vi nhau.
Mui Silic (Mocrosilica) l mt sn phm ph ca cng nghip luyn kim,
l sn phm p ng c yu cu trn.
Ngoi ra, hn ch t l rng trong b tng th t l N/X hp l cng l
mt vn quan trng. Nu nc trong b tng m ln th lng nc tha sau
khi thu ho s bay hi li cc l rng. Do , thu c mt loi b tng
cht lng cao ngi ta hn ch t l N/X nh hn 0.35. Tt nhin vi t l N/X
thp tc l t l X/N cao d dng t c cng cao. Nhng khi tnh
cng tc ca b tng s thp. gii quyt st ca b tng t t 10-15 cm
th ta phi cho vo b tng mt loi ph gia siu do.
Thnh phn tng qut ca b tng cng cao s l:
Lng dng xi mng c th bin i trong khong t 400 - 500 kg/m
3
; liu
lng mui Silic trong khong t 5 - 15% trng lng xi mng; t l N/X
khong 0.25 - 035; t l cht siu do t 1 - 1.2 lt/100 kg xi mng.
4.1.2. Tc dng ca ph gia siu do
l sn phm c chia ra thnh 3 h ln l: ca Naptalen Sunfonat v
cc nha Melamin, Poli ccboncilate. Chng lm cho cc ht nh trong b tng
42
khng vn li (xi mng v cc cht siu mn) bng cch ht bm xung quanh
tng ht mn. Do chng lm trit tiu c cc lc ht hnh thnh cc vn
cc ht nh. Hot ng ny c tc dng lm cho h xi mng do hn. V nh
vy ngi ta c th gim t l N/X m vn gi c tnh d tt.
Trong thc t vic s dng cht lm tng do dn n gim t l N/X
m gii hn di ca n vo khong 0.25. Khi cng mt loi xi mng c
cng l 50 MPa v h s c ht K = 4.91 d on cng theo biu thc
ca Feret cho cng b tng vo khong 78 MPa. Vi xi mng PC 30 c th
d on mc b tng t 60 MPa.
4.1.3. Hot ng ca mui Silic trong b tng
1. Tc dng ca mui Silic.
L sn phm ph ca cng ngh sn xut Silc, l mt cht siu mn c
s dng rng ri nht, vi kch thc t 0.1 m n vi m, mui Silic c tc
dng kp v mt vt l v ho hc. u tien n c tc dng lp u bng cch
xem vo gia cc ht xi mng, cho php lm gim lng nc m tnh d
vn nh nhau. Sau chng c tnh cht Pozoolan bng cch tc dng vi vi
c trong xi mng. m bo khng c s vn t mui Silic khi trn cht ny
vo trong b tng, ta cn s dng c cht tng do v cht lm chm ng cng.
2. Mui Silic ci thin cht lng b tng thng qua 2 c ch hot ng c
bn sau:
C s phn ng Pozoolan v tc ng lp y cc vi l rng m cc ht xi
mng khng vo c (l rng gel ca h xi mng) do ng knh ht mui
Silic ch khong 0.1m - 0.05m.
Khi xi mng Poc lng (Portland) tc dng vi H
2
O hnh thnh 2 sn phm
chnh l CaO.2SiO
2
. 3H
2
O (Canxi Silicat hyrat) v Ca (OH)
2
(canxi hirxit).
2(3CaO.SiO
2
) + 6H
2
O 3CaO. 2SiO
2
. 3H
2
O + 3Ca(OH)
2
(CHS+CH)
Sn phm chnh CSH l cht kt dnh mnh c tc dng lin kt cc thnh
phn ca b tng thnh mt khi. Sn phm yu hn CH khng tham gia vo
vic lin kt cc ct liu nhng li chim mt th tch rt ln trong khi b tng
(Chim khong 1/4 sn phm Hyrat). Mt khc CH cn c phn ng vi CO
2

to thnh mt loi mui tan v thot ra ngoi b tng gy ra cc l rng, ng
thi n to ra mi trng kim hay n mn ct thp trong b tng.
Khi c mui Silic, nh c phn ng Pozoolan, SiO
2
tc dng vi CH to
thm ra sn phm CSH lm tng thm s dnh kt v lm gim nhn t gy n
mn.
2SiO
2
+ 3Ca(OH)
2
+ 3H
2
O 3CaO. 2SiO
2
. 6H
2
O
43
L sn phm siu mn (c ht trung bnh vo khong 0.10m, bng 1/100
c ht xi mng). Mui Silic bao quanh cc ht xi mng, lp y cc l vi rng
m cc ht xi mng khng lt vo c. Do khi b tng tr nn c chc
hn, hnh thnh mt mi trng gn nh lin tc v ng nht, lm tng kh
nng chu lc v bn ca b tng (c bit l bn nc v bn nc
bin).
nh l Feret khi c tnh n s ng gp ca mui Silic vo cng ca
b tng th cn phi c s thay i. Hiu qu v mt ho hc ca mui Silic ph
thuc vo lng vii t do ca b tng, nh vy l ph thuc vo lng xi
mng. Vy ta cn phi a thm s hng S/X (Silic/XM) vo biu thc cng
qua mt hm s (S/X) no .
Lc ny, nh l Feret ci tin c dng l:

=
+
+
( | |
+ +
| (
\
c
c
v e
k R
f
V V
1
S
c 1
X

Trong : k - H s cp phi ht;
R
c
- Mc thc ca xi mng;
- Khi lng th tch xi mng;
V
v
v V
e
ln lt l th tch l rng v th tch nc;
X - Lng xi mng;
C - Lng ct.
Hm s (S/X) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
(S/X) = 0.4[1- exp(-11S/X)
Ngoi ra, cht ph gia siu do cng c mt tc dng gim nc ln to ra
hiu qu tng cng b tng.
Nh vy, cht ho do lm tng do b tng m khng tng t l N/X
hoc nhng ri ro phn lp, khng ch st ca b tng lu di, khng phn
tc dng vi cng ca b tng.
4.2. Cc c tnh ca b tng Microsilica cng cao
4.2.1. Hot ng trng thi cn t - tnh d
Mc d lng dng nc thp hn nhiu so vi thng thng nhng loi
b tng ny lun c st cn Abram vo khong 20 cm khi ra khi my trn.
S tch li cc ht c cho php bi cht siu do, t ta thu c mt loi b
tng chy di tc dng ca trng lng vi mc ph thuc vo nht ca
hn hp. gi tnh d trong thi gian di c th dng thn cht lm chm
44
ninh kt tu theo yu cu s dng. Ngoi ra ngi ta nhn thy rng b tng
dng mui Silic khng c hin tng tch nc v phn tng nh b tng
thng. iu c gii thch bng t l N/X thp v s c mt ca cc ht
cc mn trong b tng cho php b tng n nh trng thi t. Do b tng
m bo c c v ng nht ca b xng ct liu, n gip cho b
tng c cng ngay khi cn t bin dng co ngt, t bin thp.
4.2.2. Cng chu nn
y l tnh cht quan trng nht ca b tng. Vi cc loi b tng thng
thng cng nn ti a ch t 50MPa, nhng vi liu lng mui Silic ph
hp th cng b tng c th tng ln gp i. Thc t hin nay, vi cc loi
ct liu tt cng vi mt liu lng mui Silic hp l th cng b tng c
th tng ln rt nhiu (c th t ti cng trn 140 MPa).
S tng cng trong b tng cht lng cao nhanh hn nhiu so vi b
tng thng. Cng chu ko cng cao hn nhng thp hn t l thng
thng, tc l R
K
c th t 40-60daN/cm
2
.
B tng cng cao c dng nhiu nht Bc M cho nh cao tng;
Php cho cu ng c quy m ln; c v Nht cho hm v cu ln. Mc b
tng cng cao t 70 MPa cho nh 50-70 tng; Mc 60-80 MPa cho cu v
hm.
Nhc im chnh ca loi b tng ny l gi thnh tng so vi b tng
thng khong 10-20 USD/m
3
b tng.
Trn c s xi mng Vit Nam PC 30 v Chinh Phong PC40, ct liu
dm, ct sng, b tng c mc 60-70 MPa trn c s cng ngh thng thng
c ch to ti trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti Vit Nam.
4.3. Gii thiu v mui Silic v ph gia siu do
4.3.1. Mui Silc
M t: Mui Silc l mt cht b Silic kh rt mn c lm cht, c ch
nh dng lm tng cng nn v un ca b tng, tng bn mi mn
ca nc.
Tc dng: Mui Silic ci thin phm cht ca b tng thng qua hai c ch:
Cc ht Microsilica c kh nng lp y cc vi l rng gia cc ht xi mng
to nn mt cu trc c thm nc nh hn.
Ngoi ra microsilica phn ng vi Hirxits Canxi t do bn trong b
tng to ra thm Silicat Canxi thu ho (dng keo), to ra s dnh kt cht ch
hn gia h v ct liu.
45
Cc p dng tiu biu: Mui silic c th c dng ch to b tng c
cng cao (n 80Mpa) v b tng cng rt cao (n 150MPa) bng vt
liu c sn a phng v bng cc cng ngh ang dng. N cng c th
c dng trong b tng c sn c b tng ng sut trc c yu cu cng
ban u cao. Vic dng Microsilica cng cho php sn xut ra b tng c kn
cao hn v thm nc gim i nhiu khi so vi hn hp thng thng.
thm gim i l rt c li cho vic lm chm s xm nhp ca Clo ni c n
mn ct thp (Bn mt cu v cng trnh b tng trong mi trng bin...). Mui
Silic cng tng cng bn ca b tng chng xm thc ho hc v mi mn
ca nc.
Li ch:
- Cng tng ng k tt c cc tui.
- Gim thm nc do hnh thnh cc l khng hi t trong b tng.
- bn tng ln.
- kn nc c ci thin.
- bn chng mi mn ca nc cao hn.
- bn chng sunpht tng v tr s thm Clorit (PCPT) vo b tng nh
(di 1.000 coulombs).
T l pha trn: T l pha trn phi tnh bng phn trm Microsilica trn
trng lng ca xi mng hoc bng s kg trn mt m
3
b tng. Phm vi thch
hp v tiu biu ca t l pha trn l khong 5-15% Microsilica theo khi lng
xi mng.
ch to b tng cng nn thp hn 60 MPa c th dng tro nh,
meta cao lanh hoc tro tru. Cc loi ph gia trn c th dng c lp hoc dng
kt hp 2 hoc 3 khong siu mn tu theo yu cu v tnh cht v gi thnh.
Thng thng l s dng kt hp gia MS v tro nh.
Di y gii thiu mt s ph gia b tng ang c s dng hin nay:
*FORCE 10.000D
PH GIA B TNG CHT LNG CAO
Li ch:
Cng tng nhiu tt c cc tui
thm gim i
bn tng ln
kn nc c ci thin
bn chng mi mn ca nc cao hn
bn chng sunpht v A.S.R ln hn.
1. M t:
46
Force 10.000D l mt cht bt mn Silic kh c lm cht, c ch nh
dng tng cng chu nn v un ca b tng, tng bn mi mn.
2. Thut ng:
Microsilic (Microsilica) c hiu l mui Silic (Silic fume). Cht bt lm
cht cng l cht bt c m cht. Force 10.000D l mt sn phm Microsilic
kh c lm cht. Tc dng ca hai cht i vi cc tnh cht b tng l
tng ng.
3. Tc dng:
Force 10.000D ci thin phm cht ca b tng thng qua hai c ch. Cc
ht Microsilic cc nh c kh nng lp y cc vi l rng gia cc ht xi mng,
to nn mt cu trc c thm nc nh hn. Ngoi ra, Micrilic phn ng vi
Hyrxit Canxi t do bn trong b tng to ra thm Silicat Canxi thu ho
(dng keo) to ra s dnh kt cht ch hn gia h v ct liu.
4. Cc p dng tiu biu:
Force 10.000D c th c s dngd d ch to thng xuyn b tng c
cng bng 600 daN/m
2
v cao hn trong hu ht cc trng hp bng vt
liu c sn a phng v bng cc phng php ang dng. N cng c th
c dng trong b tng c sn v b tng ng sut trc c yu cu cng
ban u cao. Vic pha Force 10.000D cng sn xut ra b tng c kn cao
hn v thm nc gim i nhiu, khi so snh vi hn hp thng thng.
thm gim i l rt c li trong vic lm chm s xm nhp ca Clo ni no
c n mn ct thp, v d nh gara t, bn cu v b tng trong mi trng
bin. Force 10.000D cng tng cng , bn ca b tng chng xm thc
ho hc v mi mn ca nc.
5. S liu v cht lng:
Thng tin chi ti v cc s liu th v cht lng ca Force 10.000D trong
cc p dng v s dng khc nhau c nu trong bn tin k thut ca Grace v
ph gia ny.
6. S tng hp vi cc ph gia khc.
Force 10.000D tng hp vi tt c cc cht cun kh, cc ph gia gim
nc, ph gia siu do, ph gia lm chm ninh kt v cht c ch n mn DCL.
Ch c cht tng nhanh ninh kt khng cha Clo, nh Daraset mi c th c
dng vi b tng pha Force 10.000D. Tt c cc ph gia phi c pha vo mt
cch ring r, m bo phm cht ca chng c nu. Nn trn cc hn
hp th v th trc b tng tm c t l pha tr ti u v bo m cht
lng cao nht.
7. Quy nh i vi ph gia Microsilic:
47
B tng phi c thit k theo phng php thit k thnh phn hn hp
c tha nhn nh "Thit k hn hp b tng thng" ca t chc nghien cu
xy dng, hoc quy nh v vic la chn thnh phn b tng (AIC 211.1-85).
Microsilic phi l Force 10.000D nh c sn xut bi W.R.Grace &Co, hoc
c chng t l tng ng. N phi c s dng theo ng cc li khuyn
ca nh sn xut. T l pha tr ca Force 10.000D c quy nh theo gi tr t
c ca cc kt qu trn th i vi vt liu b tng c ngh.
8. Loi quy nh:
Ph hp vi cc yu cu ca ASTM C-311.
9. T l pha trn:
T l pha tr Force 10.000D s i da trn cc yu cu ca vic p dng.
T l pha tr phi tnh bng phn trm Microsilic trn trng lng ca xi mng
hoc bng s kg trn mt mt khi b tng, nh phm vi thch hp v tiu biu
ca t l pha trn bng 5 15% Microsilic theo khi lng xi mng. Nu khng
c quy nh th tham kho kin ca ngi i din ca Grace i vi nhu
cu cng vic c bit ca ngi s dng.
10. Phng php dng:
Hn hp b tng:
Force 10.000D c th c s dng trung tm sn xut b tng hoc my
trn di ng. Force 10.000D phi c s dng phi hp vi ph gia gim nc
(c hai loi tng do thng v siu do nh c chp nhn bi ASTM),
m bo tnh d ca hn hp.
Force 10.000D khng nh hng n thi gian ninh kt ca b tng. Khi
mong mun ko di thi gian gi st vn chuyn v hon thin... c th
dng Force 10.000D vi mt cht siu do ko di st loi G theo ASTM
C494 nh Daracem 100 c sn xut bi W.R.Grace & Co, hoc mt cht
tng ng c chp nhn.
Hon thin v bo dng cc tm:
B tng c pha ph gia Force 10.000D c th c dng trong cc kt cu
phng hay c thay i mt cht hoc khng thay i vi quy trnh kin ngh
c nu trong ACU 302 "Hng dn thi cng sn v tm bng b tng"
Ph gia Force 10.000D s lm gim s tit nc trn mt b tng trong
phm vi p dng ln. Phi lm theo ACI 308 "Quy trnh chun v bo dng b
tng" m bo rng bt c s c no c th xy ra do tit nc gim i s
l t nht. Ngi i din ca Grace sn sng xem xt nhu cu cng tc c bit
l ngi s dng.
Ch to hn hp th trc khi xy dng:
48
Cc hn hp nh trn c ch to t mt v tun trc khi bt u xy
dng. Vic s cho ngi sn xut c hi xc nh qu trnh t tr thch
hp v s lng cc ph gia khc cn thit giao hn hp b tng theo yu cu
cho cng trng. Hn hp th cng gip xc nh xe, t hp vt liu b tng v
quy trnh xy dng c cho php b tng tho mn cht lng quy nh khng.
Kinh nghim rng ri ca Grace v sn phm ny c th gip ngi sn xut b
tng giao c sn phm t yu cu, bt kthnh phn ca hn hp l bao
nhiu.
Ct gi v phn phi:
Force 10.000D ri c th c ct gi trong sil cha xi mng, Sil phi
hon ton sch, khng c tp cht cn st li lm bn Sil. ng dn ln Sil
d ti cc xe xitc cng sch v khng b tc. Cc ng ng bng kim loi
cng chc c ng knh nh (4ft) vi nhiu gc (c bit l gc vung) s ko
di thi gian d ti. Cc ng cao su mm c lt phng c ng knh ln (6ft)
cho thi gian d ti nh nht. S phn phi Force 10.000D ri c tin hnh
theo cng cch thc c dng cho xi mng. Quy trnh thng dng l cho ph
gia ri t sil vo thng cn. Fore 10.000D ng trong bao ti phi c ct gi
ni kh ro, c bo v. S phn phi th cng bng cch x rch bao l
phng php thng thng. Phi dng mt n n gin che bi khi phn phi
sn phm ng bao. Force 10.000D khng c coi l nguy him cho sc kho.
49
ng bao:
Force 10.000D c ng sn trong bao 25 kg. Vic giao ph gia ri cng
c th thc hin theo cc yu cu ln.
* MB-SF
PH GIA C CHT KHONG OXIT SILIC SIU MN
1. c tnh:
MB - SF l ph gia c cht khong oxit silic siu mn, nn cht v kh
dng sn xut b tng cht lng c bit. N ci thin tnh ng cng ca b
tng theo hai hng. Trc ht, MB-SF l cht Pozoolan khi phn ng ho hc
vi cc thnh phn trong b tng s lm tng s lng thnh phn gel hyrat
silicat canxi, v vy lm tng cng v tnh cht ca b tng. Th hai, MB -
SF l cht khong siu mn, khi c cho vo b tng s lp y mi khong h
gia cc thnh phn xi mng v lm tng mt cng nh ngn nc cho b
tng.
2. Cng dng:
MB-SF gip cho vic sn xut b tng vi nhng tnh cht c bit sau:
- Tng cng bn vng lu di
- Cng nn cao ng u
- Bo v b tng chng li s n mn.
- Cng un cao hn.
- Chng li s co gin thng xuyn.
3. S dng cho:
Tnh gim thm ca b tng MB - SF ngn chn s xm nhp ca nc,
mui sunpht v cc cht xm thc s bo v b tng v ct thp chng li s n
mn v cc cht c hi. iu ny lm cho MB - SF tr thnh mt cht l tng
cho kt cu mng, tng hm u xe, tr cu, cng trnh bin v mi kt cu i
hi s chng thm cho b tng.
Do tnh cht gin n v lp cc l rng trong b tng MB - SF cng s cung
cp mt cng nn rt cao cho b tng, tng do nn c th gim kch
thc cu kin, tng chiu di nhip v ci thin yu t kinh t cho mi cng
trnh.
Nh cc u im trn, MB - SF cng ci thin cht lng cho cc loi b
tng c sn, b tng ng sut trc v b tng trn sn.
MB - SF c th c s dng vi cc loi xi mng Poc lng theo tiu
chun ASTM, AASHTO hoc CRD. N cng c s dng chung vi cc loi
ph gia gim nc mc cao nh ph gia Rheobuild ca MBT.
50
4. Liu dng:
MB - SF c s dng vi t l 3 10% theo lng xi mng ph thuc
vo yu cu tng cng hoc chng thm, liu lng chnh xc cho yu cu
cng c xc nh bng th nghim thc t.
Khi dng cho b tng do, s dng liu lng 3 5% theo trng lng xi
mng. Liu lng trn s dng cho hu ht cc hn hp b tng trn bnh
thng. Tuy nhin, s thay i iu kin cng vic hoc vt liu dng nm
ngoi gii hn trn, trong trng hp hy lin lc vi i din MBT ti a
phng.
5. Hng dn s dng:
MB-SF c tn ti cc trm trn tng t nh xi mng hay cc vt liu
gc xi mng khc. MB - SF c ngh s dng cng vi cc cht ph gia
gim c mc cao ca MBT t c kh nng lm vic tt nht khi vn
duy tr t l N/X thp nh mong mun.
6. Mc ng cng:
Thi gian ng kt ca b tng ph thuc nhiu vo tnh cht ho hc v
vt l ca cc cht c trong b tng, nhit b tng, iu kin kh hu v vic
s dng cc ph gia ho hc. Nn tr th vi cc vt liu thc t quyt nh
liu lng ti u.
7. ng gi:
MB - SF dng trong bao 20kg
* SIKACRETE - PPI
PH GIA B TNG GC SILICAFUME
1. M t:
Sikacrete - PPI l loi ph gia b tng th h mi dng b, da trn cng
ngh k thut Silicafume.
2. ng dng:
Sikacrete - PPI c s dng tng c chc, tui th v cng nn
ca b tng.
3. c im tnh cht:
Sikacrete - PPI cha SiO
2
hot tnh c tc dng lm tng thnh phn thu
ho ca xi mng trong qu trnh ninh kt.
S dng Sikacete - PPI ci thin cc tnh cht ca b tng nh:
- Tng tnh thi cng trong mt thi gian di.
- Hn hp b tng ng u hn.
- Tng cao tui th ca b tng.
- Tnh bn sunpht cao.
51
- Tng tnh khng Ccbonat ho.
- Gim thiu s n mn ca Clo.
- Tng cng ban u v cng sau cng cho b tng.
Sikacrete - PPI khng cha Clo hoc cc thnh phn n mn khc. Do
n c th dng rt an ton cho b tng ct thp v b tng d ng lc.
4. D liu k thut:
- Thnh phn: Thnh phn thu ho Polime ci tin kt hp vi cc hot
cht.
- Dng: B mu xm m.
- T trng kh: = 0.6 0.8 kg/L.
- Tn tr: Bo qun trong iu kin kh ro, trong bao nim kn, khng b
rch. Sn phm s lu gi t nht mt nm. Sikacrete - PPI khng b nh hng
bi sng gi.
- ng gi: 20 kg/bao.
- Tnh c hi: Sn phm c U ban an ton v sc kho Thu S xc
nhn khng c hi.
5. Chun b cho m trn:
Liu lng: Nn s dng liu lng Sikacrete - PPI l 5 -10% theo trng
lng xi mng. i vi b tng thng: 1 bao Sikacrete - PPI (20kg) cho 1m
3
b
tng.
Chun b cho m tr b tng: Sikacrete - PPI c thm vo cc thnh
phn kh ca m tr ti trm trn trc khi cho nc vo. Nn trn khong 90
giy m bo Sikacrete - PPI c phn tn u khp. Lng nc trn nn
c iu chnh theo liu lng Sikacrete - PPI v do yu cu. Nu cn thit
c th dng kt hp trong m tr nhng loi ph gia b tng khc (Fro V5. Sika
Retarder. Sika Anti Freeze).
- Lu quan trng: Trong iu kin thng, dng ng loi ct liu, liu
lng 10 kg Sikacret - PPI 100kg xi mng m bo thng vi bng gi, thay
i thi tit. i vi ct xu, nn thm Fro V5 ph gia to bt vo m trn v
trn t trc khi s dng i tr.
- b tng v bo dng: B tng s dng Sikacrete phi c v thi
cng ging nh mi b tng thng thng khc c do, st t trung bnh
n cao. Ni no s dng Sikacrete - PPI th hn hp b tng phi c chun
b v ng theo nhng quy phm thi cng thng thng v phi c phng
php bo dng ng mc ngay sau khi b tng.
Sikacrete - PPI l loi sn phm c ch to cho mc ch s dng b
tng c bit. Nn lin h Phng k thut cho nhng ng dng c th.
52
4.3.2. Ph gia siu do
1. Sikament - 520
M t: R4 l mt cht siu ho do c tc dng lm chm vic ng cng,
dng cho sn phm b tng chy kh hu nng v cng l tc nhn gim nc
to cng sm, c ch to theo ASTM C494 nhm G.
u im: 520 cung cp mt s cc tnh cht sau:
- Nh mt cht ho do: c hiu qu cao m khng gy ra nhng ri ro
phn lp, khng ch st ca b tng lu di, khng gy ra tc dng ph vi
cht lng ca b tng. Khi lng rieng t 1.2 - 1.22 g/cm
3
.
- Nh l mt cht gim nc: cng ca b tng tng sm mt cch
ng k, gim nc n 30%.
c bit thch ng vi kh hu nng, trnh c s xm nhp ca khng
kh, khng b co ngt, nng cao cht lng b mt, tng chng thm.
Liu lng: 0.8 - 2.6% theo trng lng ca 100kg xi mng. Liu lng
thch hp ph thuc vo cht lng, tnh cht ca xi mng, t l N/X v nhit
ca mi trng. Vi xi mng PC40, t l N/X = 0.45, liu lng 1.21/100kg,
st 18-20cm trng. Vi xi mng PC40, t l N/X = 0.45, liu lng 1.21/100kg,
st 18-20cm sau 45 pht l 14-16cm. Cng 7 ngy MPa, 28 ngy 55MPa
mu hnh tr.
2. Sika Viscocrete - 3400 ph gia gim nc cc cao v ko di ninh
kt cho b tng
Sika Viscocrete - 3400 c cng thc ph hp vi ASTM C494 loi G.
Sn phm Sika Viscocrete - 3400 l cht siu ho do gc Polyme th h
th 3 c hiu qu ko di ninh kt cho b tng trong kh hu nng.
Sika Viscocrete - 3400 thch hp sn xut b tng ti ch cng nh trn
sn cho cc loi b tng c t l N/X thp, b tng cht lng cao, b tng t
m v b tng phun. Liu lng s dng t 0.5 - 1 lt/100kg XM. do ca
b tng c th ko di n 2 gi. Ph gia s dng tt nhit 5
0
C - 30
0
C trong
thi gian 12 thng.
Cc th nghim s dng ph gia Sika Viscocrete - 3400 vi lng vt liu:
X = 470kg, N = 150 lt, = 1050 kg, C = 740 kg, ph gia 0.7 lt/100kg XM
Nghi Sn PC40, Xun Mai PC40, Bt sn PC40 cho st t 18-21cm, st
sau 60 pht cn 10-15cm. Cng b tng mu lp phng tui 3 ngy t
40-60MPa, tui 7 ngy 57-72Mpa, tui 28 ngy 69-80MPa.
Cc th nghim ti Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti vi ct vng sng
L c MK = 2.68, XM Nghi Sn PC40 cng cho cc kt qu tng t. Loi ph
gia trn l ph gia ngoi nhp nn c gi thnh cn cao.
53
Ngoi cc ph gia trn cn c th s dng cc ph gia siu do ch to
trong nc cng cho cc kt qu tng t.
4.4. Thit k thnh phn b tng theo phng php ACI
4.4.1. Phng php chung.
- Chn st nu khng cho trc th c th chn theo bng 5.5.
- Thng thng D
max
= 25 nu R
b
60MPa cn R
b
60MPa th D
max
=
10mm - 12.5mm.
- Xc nh lng nc N: tra bng 5.6
- Xc nh t l N/X: tra bng 5.7. y X = lng xi mng + mui Silic.
- Xc nh lng xi mng X:X = N/ (N/X). Gi nh hm lng mui Silc:
S=8-10%X. T xc nh lng xi mng v lng mui Silic.
- Xc nh khi lng ct liu th : tra bng 5.8 c th tch ca ct liu
th (V
cd
) c m cht t c
d
= 1.6g/cm
3
.
Tnh ton lng ct liu th (kg):
=
d
. V
dc
, kg
- Xc nh lng ct liu mn theo cng thc:
C=B - (X+N+), kg
trong : B - Khi lng ca b tng ti (kg/cm
3
) c tra t bng 5.9.
Lng ct c th tnh theo l thuyt th tch tuyt i c xt n 2% lng
bt kh c trong b tng theo cng thc sau:
(
=
(


k c
X S
C 1000 V .
d x s

Trong :

d
- Khi lng ring ca ;

x
,
s
- Khi lng ring xi mng v mui Silc;
V
k
- Th tch khng kh;

c
- Khi lng ring ca ct.
4.4.2. Thnh phn b tng c chn theo ACI
Bng tnh ton lng vt liu cho 1m
3
b tng
Mu D (kg) C (kg) X (kg) N (kg)
MS
(kg)
N/X D/C (D+C)/C
0 1100 634 455 227.5 0 0.5 1.73 2.75
1 1100 634 455 170 0 0.38 1.73 2.75
2 1100 634 455 170 36 0.38 1.73 2.75
3 1100 634 455 170 45 0.38 1.73 2.75
54
4.5. Cc nghin cu thc nghim v kt qu
4.5.1. Vt liu lm mu
- Xi mng PC 30 v PC 40
- Ct:
Bng cp phi ct
ng knh mt sng (mm) 5 2.5 1.25 0.65 0.315 0.14 <0.14
a
1
0 285 491 488 327 177 50
a
1
% 0 15.7 27.0 26.8 17.9 9.7 2.9
A
1
% 0 15.7 42.7 69.5 87.4 97.1 1000
TCVN 0 0-20 15-45 35-70 70-90 90-100
+ + + +
= =
=
k
15.7 42.7 69.5 87.4 97.1
M 3.1
100
G 1818g

- dm:
Bng cp phi dm
ng knh mt sng (mm) 40 20 10 5
a
1
% 0 47.5 43.4 9.1
A
1
0 47.5 90.9 100
D
max
= 40mm
1/2 D
max
= 20
G = 4kg
4.5.2. Thnh phn vt liu (cho mi 3 mu)
Thnh phn
Mu
(kg) C (kg) X (kg) N (lt)
MS (kg)
Ph gia
(lt)
0 12.1 6.97 4.95 2.48 0 0
1 12.1 6.97 4.95 1.88 0 0.06
2 12.1 6.97 4.95 1.88 0.396 0.06
3 12.1 6.97 4.95 1.88 0.743 0.06

0
= 2.3350
4.5.3. Kt qu
Cng nn (MPa)
Mu thng Mu 0% MS Mu 8% MS Mu 10% MS
Thi gian
(ngy)
(0) (1) (2) (3)
3 15.1 20.2 33.1 31.5
7 19.7 26.7 46.2 42.6
14 24.1 30.0 57.2 53.0
28 30.4 39 65.0 61.0

55
Mu 0 Mu 1 Mu 2 Mu 3
st (cm) 2 16 8 14
M un n hi
E
dh
(kG/cm
2
)
346715 381231 443686 436650


4.5.4 S pht trin cng theo thi gian

Hnh 4.1
4.6 Nhn xt kt qu
Vi xi mng PC30, vt liu Vit Nam (ct, , nc), s dng cht siu do
R
4
hm lng 1% so vi lng xi mng, mui silc 8 10 d dng t c b
56
tng tui 3 ngy khong 300; tui 7 ngy >400 v tui 28 ngy khong 600
daN/cm2.
Cc loi b tng ny khng thm nc, mu khng nt n sau 28 ngy,
st khong 10 12cm.
Vy s dng b tng M600 l c trin vng.
4.7 B tng cng cao M70
4.7.1 Cng thc b tng cng cao M60 M70
Thnh phn ca b tng cht lng cao (cng cao) M70 trn c s vt
liu xi mng PC40 (Hi Phng, Hong Thch, Bm Sn)
Cp phi ht : ct vng (M
K
> 2.5), dm 1x2 cng 600 700
daN/cm2, nc sch 130 160 lt/m
3
BT. Cc vt liu c nho trn trong my
thng thng.
Cht ph gia: s dng ph gia siu do Daracen 100, Darex Super20 hay
Grace, Daratars 40 theo tiu chun BS 5075 - ASTM C494 loi D, st t
14 20cm. Cc ph gia ny cho php gim nc t 10 15%, gi st b
tng gimchn, gi c st n nh trong 60 pht. Ph gia R
4
Sika rt
quen thuc Vit Nam cho php gim nc khong 15%. st t n 15cm.
Ph gia Rheo build 561 (c) cho php t st n 16 20cm, thi gian gi
st n 90 pht. Hm lng cc ph gia trn tu ca cc hng khc nhau
xong u mc 0.8 1.5 lt/100 kg xi mng, trong thnh phn u khng c
Clo, khng gy n mn ct thp.
Cc cht mui silc: Vit Nam hin nay c 3 loi mui silc c bn do
cc hng Thy S, M, c v gi khong 80.000 90.000 ng cho 1kg. l
Force 1000D (M): MB SF (c) v Sika-PPI. Cc loi ph gia ny tnh cht
ging nhau, c ch to theo tiu chun quc t, m bo tng chng thm
v cng b tng t mc 400 n mc 800 v ln hn tu theo yu cu. Hm
lng dng t 5 15% lng xi mng. Cc ph gia trn dng bt min, mu en,
ng gi 20kg, khng s tc ng mi trng.
4.7.2 Xc nh quan h gia t l cht siu do, hm lng mui silc v
cng b tng, t l X/N khi dng xi mng PC40.
T l X/N c 3 mc: 2.85, 3.44
T l mui Silc l 5%, 8%, 10% v 15% so vi lng xi mng, kg.
Cht siu do vi hm lng 1 lt/100XM ; 1.25 lt/100XM ; 1.5
lt/100XM; vi xi mng PC40.
iu kin ch to: 3 nhm mu th, mi nhm mu th gm 9 mu c
th nghim 3, 7, 28 ngy v mu i chng k hiu A
0
.
57
Thnh phn BT: X = 450 kg; C = 660 kg; = 1150kg, t l X/N bin i
nh trn. Nh vy lng mc s bin i t 160 140 130 lt/m
3
BT.
Cng thc b tng v kt qu th c ghi bng 4.1 v c biu din
trn cc biu (hnh 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7).
Nhn xt kt qu: Cng b tng tng khi lng siu do tng do lng
nc dng t i, cng c tng t 400 ln n 574 daN/m
2
, tc l khong
20 25%. Kt hp vi s dng mui Silc cng c th tng c khong t
500 n 700 c ngha l tng c khong 40%. Theo kinh nghim quc t th
vi PC40 nu thit k hp l c th t M800. Nh vy kt qu th nghim trn
c th chp nhn c.
Hm lng mui Silc dng t 5 15% cho kt qu bc u nh sau:
Vi hm lng 5% cng b tng tng khng cao, khi dng n 15% so
vi lng xi mng cng pht trin khng chm li.
V vy hm lng mui silc ch nn dng t 8 10% theo lng xi mng
l hp l.
Vi xi mng PC40 ct liu Vit Nam, lng silc 810%, cng ngh thng
thng c th t c mc b tng theo cng nn mu lp phng l 700
daN/m
2
.
4.8 p dng th nghim trong cng trnh
Vi cng thc b tng nu trn p dng vo cng trnh cu bn BTCT
d ng lc c chiu cao thp vi yu cu mc b tng t 500 daN/cm
2
tui 3
ngy v yu cu R
28
600 daN/cm
2
.
Cc kt qu p mu v o ti kt cu cu cho kt qu kh quan, cng
b tng bui 3 ngy ln hn 500 daN/cm2 v tui 28 ngy t 650 daN/cm2.
Trin vng p dng b tng cng d cao l rt ln. chu u v M,
Nht, Trung Quc p dng c kt qu trong xy dng nh, cu, ng (xem
hnh 4.2). Vit Nam p dng b tng cng n 60-70 trong cu dy xin
v cu BTCT d ng lc.
58


Hnh 4.2 Cu v hm bng b tng cng cao
59
Cng thc b tng vi xi mng PC400,
b
= 2350 2400 kg/m
3-

Bng 4.1
TT
K
hiu
N X C D
/
/
X N
X N

Siu
do
(lt)
%
kg
Si R
3
R
7
R
28
0 A0 170 450 660 1150 0.35/2.85 4.5 0 375 435 495
1 A1 160 450 660 1150 0.35/2.25 4.5 25.5/5% 430 490 568
2 A2 150 450 660 1150 0.31/3.22 5.62 25.5/5% 459 566 650
3 A3 130 450 660 1150 0.29/3.44 6.75 25.5/5% 510 632 698
4 B4 160 450 660 1150 0.35/2.25 4.5 36/8 440 562 576
5 B2 140 450 660 1150 0.31/3.22 5.62 36/8 525 582 675
6 B3 130 450 660 1150 0.29/3.44 6.75 36/8 498 628 732
7 C1 160 450 660 1150 0.35/2.25 4.5 45/10 407 538 590
8 C2 140 450 660 1150 0.31/3.22 5.62 45/10 470 590 690
9 C2 130 450 660 1150 0.29/3.44 6.75 45/10 505 618 735
10 D1 160 450 660 1150 0.35/2.25 4.5 67.5/15 394 517 550
11 D2 140 450 660 1150 0.31/3.22 5.62 67.5/15 450 580 688
12 D3 130 450 660 1150 0.29/3.44 6.75 67.5/15 465 610 748



Hnh 4.3 Tc pht trin cng vi hm lng Silc = 5%
60

Hnh 4.4 Quan h gia hm lng cht siu do, mui Silc v cng
b tng

Hnh 4.5 Tc pht trin cng vi hm lng Silc = 8%
61
Hnh 4.7 Tc pht trin cng vi hm lng Silc = 15%

4.9 Kt qu cng thc t ti thnh ph H Ch Minh (Cu Hong Hoa
Thm)
Thit k thnh phn b tng:
X = 500 kg
= 1200 kg
C = 650 kg
N = 150 lt
Ph gia siu do 5 lt (Rheo Build 1000)
Rheo build 1000 Mui Silc 5% theo khi lng xi mng.
Xi mng Chinh Phong Hi Phng PC40.
Mu, 1.5 x15 x15cm.
Ngy c: 19/3/1999.
Ngy nn:
22/03/1999 (tui 3 ngy) cng :511,502,156.
Cng trung bnh : R
tb
=500 daN/m
2

16/04/1999 : Cng 28 ngy :644,648,644.
Cng trung bnh : R
tb
=645,9 daN/m
2

Thnh phn ct liu: Ct ng Nai: M
k
=2,78; Ho An: R

=700 daN/m
.
Cp phi t theo TCVN- Hm lng ht dt: 11,74.
Khi lng ring: 2,62.
Khi lng n v: 1,5.
62
Kt lun:
Cng trung bnh 3 ngy: 506 daN/m
2
.
Cng trung bnh 28 ngy: 645 daN/M
2
.
4.10 Cc nghin cu v b tng cng cao c cng nn n 100Mpa.
Trong nm 2003 -2004 ti Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti tin hnh
cc th nghim b tng c cng nn n 100 MPa t cc vt liu trong
nc, ph gia siu do th h 3 mui Silc, t l N/X=0.24-0.32. Thnh phn ca
b tng nh sau: =1050- 1130kg; C=640740 kg; X=420500 kg; MS=2150
kg. Ph gia Polycacboncilate t 0,7 1 lt/100 kg XM (Nghi sn PC40).
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng st t 21-23 cm, lng khng kh
trong b tng t 0,9- 1,3 %. Kt qu th nghim v cng nn v mun n
hi ghi bng 4.3..
Cng b tng thc t trn cc dm BTCT
d ng lc (cu Hong Hoa Thm)
Bng 4.2
TT Ngy o R3 R28 Ghi ch
1 20/03/99 510 647
2 17/04/99 567 672
3 29/04/99 525 652
4 29/04/99 512 647
5 11/05/99 542 658
6 11/05/99 526 646
7 22/05/99 537 647
8 22/05/99 545 656
9 04/06/99 546 660
10 04/06/99 546 670
11 12/06/99 520 650
12 12/06/99 53 670
nh gi S
R
= 25.33
C
v
= 0.048 C
v
= 0.052
R
tb
= 527 R
tb
= 656


Cc tnh cht ca b tng M100 theo thi gian Bng 4.3
n v 1 ngy 3 ngy 7 ngy 14 ngy 28 ngy
Cng nn MPa 23 44 65 70 104
63
Cng un MPa 10.1
M un n hi MPa 53000
thm Clo Coulombs 78
C th kt lun cc b tng cng cao ch to ti Vit Nam t c
cng chu nn t 70 100MPa tui 28 ngy. Kt qu th nghim v
bn nc v mc thm Clo t yu cu (di 1000 coulombs).

CU HI N TP
1. Tng quan v b tng cng cao;
2. c tnh ca b tng cng cao s dng mui silic;
3. Mui silic v ph gia siu do;
4. Thit k thnh phn b tng theo phng php ACI;
5. Nhn xt cc kt qu thc nghim v b tng cng cao.
64
CHNG 5
THIT K THNH PHN B TNG XI MNG
Phng php chung thit k thnh phn b tng gm hai bc:
- Tnh ton la chn thnh phn.
- Th nghim kim tra
5.1 Cc phng php thit k thnh phn b tng
5.1.1 M u
Nhng nm gn y, nhiu phng php thit k thnh phn b tng
c cng b. gip cho ngi s dng thy r u, nhc im ca cc
phng php la chn phng php thch hp s dng th cn phi tin
hnh nghin cu cc phng php vi nhau v a ra nhn xt, kin ngh s
dng.
Cc phng php thit k thnh phn b tng c s dng rng ri trn
trn th gii v c a ra nghin cu xem xt y:
1. Ban mi trng ca Anh (The British Department of the Envionment
vit tt l DOE).
2. Vin b tng M (The American Concrete Unstiute vit tt l ACI-211).
3. Hi b tng Poc lng Niuziln (The New Zealand Porland Concerte
Assocition vit tt l NZ PCA).
4. Moc (L.J.Murdock)
5. Cng thc Blmy Xkrmteap (Nga) dng thit k b tng thng
thng. Vit Nam cng dng cng thc ny (vit tt l BK).
6. Vin b tng v b tng ct thp M (ACI). Phng php ny thit k
b tng cng cao ACI 363 R92 (BTCC).
Phng php DOE cng b nm 1975 thay th cho phng php thng
dng s tay v ng s hiu 4. Phng php ACI-211 ln u tin c U
ban Vin b tng M 613 a ra nm 1954 v sau lin tc c b sung vo
nm 1980. Phng php NZ PCA c hon thin thm lm n tng i
linh hot hn phng php ACI 211. Phng php Moc trnh by di
dng cng thc ln u tin vo nm 1975 v gn y c i mi vo nm
1979.
Phng php ca Blmy Xkrmtaep l xy dng cng thc xc nh t
l nc/ximng trn c s kinh nghim c cng b vo nm 1967. Vit
Nam cng s dng cng thc ny tnh ton thnh phn b tng c mc thng
thong theo trnh t sau:
- Xc nh t l nc/xi mng (N/X) i vi cng b tng cho trc.
65
- Xc nh lng nc hoc t l ct liu/xi mng (C+)/X i vi lu
ng cho trc.
- Xc nh t l ct liu th vi ct liu nh ca cp phi cho trc.
Ni chung cc phng php trn t l nc vi xi mng v mi quan h
cng c da trn nh lut Abram. Tuy vy liu lng thnh phn b
tng tm c bng cch tra bng hoc tra biu l kt qu ca cc nghin cu
thc nghim c tin hnh da trn cc iu kin c th ca tng a phng
hay tng quc gia. Do vy cc xut kin nghe c lin quan n lng nc
hoc t l ct liu/xi mng vi lu ng ca b tng ti hay xc nh t l ct
liu th vi ct liu nh cng c da trn cc s liu thc nghim.
V cc xut kin ngh v cc t l ca cc thnh phn vt liu b tng l
dng khng tng minh v ph thuc vo cc iu kin ring ca tng nc.
Mi phng php ch thch ng vi mt gii hn ring ca n. cho ngi s
dng khi b sai lm, cn phi lm cho h sng t hiu lc ca tng phng
php i vi tng iu kin ring bit ca n.
5.1.2 Mc ch v phng php nghin cu.
Nghin cu ny nhm gip cho ngi s dng thy r u, nhc im ca
6 phng php thit k thnh phn b tng nh nu trn v a mt s
nhn xt, kin ngh s dng.
Ni dung nghin cu bao gm:
- So snh phm vi s dng ca cc phng php thit k thnh phn b
tng.
- So snh cc kt qu tnh ton ca cc phng php nu trn v cng
b tng c quan h vi t l nc/xi mng v ct liu/xi mng.
- a ra mt s nhn xt v kin ngh s dng phng php thit k thnh
phn b tng dng Vit Nam.
5.1.3 So snh v phm vi s dng ca cc phng php thit k thnh phn b
tng.
tin hnh so snh phm vi s dng ca 6 phng php nu trn s
cn c vo cc tiu chun sau y:
- Loi xi mng c s dng
- Loi ct liu (th v mn) c s dng.
- lu ng.
- Cng yu cu.
- B tng cha bt kh.
Trong mc ny ch cp ti dng tng minh ca cc phng php thit
k thnh phn b tng.
66
Phng php DOE ch s dng ct liu ph hp vi tiu chun BS 882
Part 2 1973 v v vy phng php ny khng th p dng i vi ct liu c
cp phi khc v d nh cp phi khng lin tc (gy on).
Hai phng pp ACI v NZ PCA s dng m un mn ( mn) nh l
mt ch s ca cp phi ct liu trong khi cc phng php B
o
Xkrm v
BTCC cng s dng n n. S dng m un mn l mt ch s khng phi
lc no cng chnh xc v n c th xy ra trng hp ct liu c cp phi rt
khc nhau nhng c m un ht gn ging nhau. Phng php Moc ch s
b mt xt n nh hng ca cp phi ht v dng ch s gc cnh
tnh n dng ht. Kt qu l phng php Moc c kh nng p dng vo
thc t cho bt c loi kch c v dng ct liu no.
Trong khi phng php ACI v NZ PCA gi thit rng cng ca
b tng l hm s ch ph thuc vo t s nc/xi mng. Phng php DOE k
n nh hng ca dng ht ca ct liu th (ngha l phn ra loi ht b nghin
hoc khng b nghin). Phng php Moc l phng php pht trin hn v
n k n nh hng ca cp phi ht ct liu v c n t s ct liu/xi mng.
Phng php Bo Xkrm v phng php ACI cng coi cng b tng 1 l
mt hm s ca nc/xi mng v hn na cn cp n cng ca xi
mng.
Tm li, phm vi s dng ca 6 cng thc thit k thnh phn ca b tng
c tm tt so snh bng di y. R rng rng phng php Moc l
phng phc c s dng linh hot nht khi k n cc c tnh ca ct liu.
Tuy vy, kinh nghim cho bit rng phng php Moc l phng php phc
tp, phin toi nht mc d c th lp thnh chng trnh tnh ton gim bt
cng vic tnh ton bng tay.
5.1.4 So snh cc kt qu tnh ton ca cc phng php thit k thnh phn
b tng.
1. Phng php lun
c ci nhn tng qut cn so snh cc kt qu tnh ton thit k thnh
phn b tng ca 6 phng php nu trn.
Cc tnh ton c tnh ton cn c vo cc s liu sau:
- Cng nn ca b tng theo mu ca lp phng 28 ngy t 23 n 53
MPa bin i tng bc 5 MPa.
- ng knh ht ln nht 20mm v 40mm.
- st 50mm v 100 mm (5 10cm).
Cn lu rng cng nn ca Anh (DOE) v Nga c xc nh bng
mu lp phng 150 x 150 x 150mm ca M (ACI) v Niuziln (NZ-PCA)
67
c xc nh bng mu hnh tr ng knh 150mm cao 300mm. c th
so snh trc tip cc kt qu ca cc phng php cn phi tnh cng nn
ca mu hnh tr sang cng nn ca mu hnh lp phng.
Mi quan h gia cng nn mu hnh tr v mu hnh lp phng
c biu din bng biu thc sau:
K
R
= 0.72 + 0.77
Khi i t R
LP
sang R tr nh sau: R
tr
= K
R
. K
LP

Trong :
K
R
T s gia cng nn mu hnh tr vi cng mu hnh tr lp
phng
R
LP
Cng nn ca mu hnh lp phng (tnh theo n v psi)
Kt qu tnh ton c v thnh biu tin so snh.
2 T s nc / xi mng.
Vi mt t l nc / xi mng nh nhau th phng php NZ PCA ch b
tng c cng cao nht sau th t n Moc, Bo Xkrm, DoE, ACI
v cui cng l ACI 364 R.
3 T s ct liu / xi mng.
B tng l vt liu hn hp gm xi mng, nc, ct liu (ct, dm hoc
cui si). Khi thit k thnh phn b tng xt n vn kinh t ngi ta c
gng dng t nht lng xi mng trong 1m
3
b tng m vn t c cc yu cu
k thut khc. V vy t s ct liu/ xi mng l mt ch tiu kinh t khi thit k
thnh phn b tng. Cc phng php thit k u da vo l thuyt v th tch
tuyt i nh sau:
1000
n c x d
N C X A

+ + + =
Cc ng cong quan h gia cng b tng v t s ct liu/ xi mng
ca 6 phng php c v trn hnh 5.1. i vi hai loi ct liu th v ng
knh ht ln nht l 20mm v 40mm v c st tng ng l 50mm v
100mm.
hnh 5.1, ta thy rng i vi b tng c ng knh ct liu ln nht
20mm, phng php Moc s dng lng xi mng t nht (hoc t s ct liu/
xi mng ln nht) tip theo l cc phng php NZ PCA, Bo Xkrm,
DOE, ACI v cui cng l phng php CTCC. ACI dng nhiu xi mng nht.
i vi b tng c ng knh ct liu ln nht 40mm ta thy rng phng
php Moc l kinh t hn c i vi b tng c cng di 40MPA
(40kG/cm
2
) cn b tng c cng trn 40 MPa th phng php NZ PCA
li kinh t hn c. Cc phng php Bo Xkrm, DOE v ACI c ng cong
68
gn st nhau nh vy mc dng xi mng tng t nhau, cn phng php
BTCC th dng phng php khc cho nn b tng thit k theo BTCC c
gi thnh cao nht (ACI 364 R).
5.1.5 Cc nhn xt v 6 phng php thit k thnh phn b tng v kin ngh
s dng Vit Nam.
Cc phng php u dng l thuyt v th tch tuyt i. Ch khc nhau
v cng thc d on b tng theo tui b tng.
Phng php Moc cho lng dng xi mng t nht vi hn hp b tng
mc di 50MPa c ng knh ct liu ln nht 20mm v vi b tng mc 40
MPa cn b tng c ng knh ct liu ln nht 40mm. Ngc li phng
php NZ PCA cho lng dng xi mng t nht i vi hn hp b tng mc
trn 50 MPa c ng knh ct liu ln nht 20m v b tng mc trn 40 MPa
c ng knh ct liu ln nht 40mm. Nhng cn ch l tiu chun cng
xi mng ca Niuziln cao hn ca M v Anh.
Cc gi tr ca t s nc/ xi mng thu c i vi b tng c cng
khc nhau bng cch s dng 6 phng php thit k khc nhau c v trn
th hnh 5.1
So snh phm vi s dng cc phng php
thit k thnh phn b tng
Bng 5.1
DOE ACI
NZ-
PCA
Moc
B-
Xkrm
BT
CC
Xi mng
- Poc lng thng thng v v v v v v
- Poc lng ng cng nhanh,
Poc lng chng sunpht
v - - v
- Poc lng to nhit thp,
xi mng sunpht cao
- - - v
Ct liu
- Cp phi theo tiu chun
Anh BS882-73
v v v v v
- Cc loi cp phi khc - - v v v v
- Ct liu th c nghin v v v v v v
- Ct liu th khng c
nghin
v - v v
- Ct nghin v v v
- Ct khng nghin v v v v v v
69
- Ct liu khng lin tc (gy
on)
- - - v v v
lu ng:
- st v v v v v v
- cng (Vebe) v - - - v
- H s m cht - - - v
Cng :
- 28 ngy v v v v v v
- 3, 7, 28 v 91 ngy v v - - v
B tng c bt kh v v v

Ghi ch:
- Cng mu lp phng 15 x 15 x 15cm cho phng php DOE (Anh),
Bo Xkrm, BTCC (Nga).
- Cng mu hnh tr 15 x 30cm cho phng php ACI v NZ PCA.
- Quan st cc ng cong biu th quan h gia cng b tng v t l
s nc/ xi mng ca 6 phng php thit k thnh phn b tng hnh 5.1 ta
thy rng i vi mt cng xi mng ca cc nc c khc nhau nn vic s
dng t l nc/ xi mng khc nhau m t l nc/ xi mng c nh hng rt ln
n cng b tng.
- Phng php ACI (M) s dng lng xi mng v ct nhiu hn so vi
cc phng php khc.
- Phng php BTCC s dng nhiu lng xi mng nht v i hi t l
nc/ xi mng thp nht mc d thit k b tng v xi mng mc P500
(PC40)
V vy kin ngh s dng cc phng php thit k b tng Vit Nam l:
- Nn nghin cu p dng th nghim phng php thit k b tng ca
Moc v NZ PCA ( Niuziln) khi s dng xi mng mc PC40.
- C th s dng phng php thit k b tng DOE (Anh), ACI ( M)
nhng cn s dng h s iu chnh m cc quy trnh cho php ph hp
vi iu kin Vit Nam ( ngha l gim lng ct, xi mng v tng lng
theo thit k).
thit k b tng c mc tng i cao 500Mpa theo cng chu nn
ca mu hnh tr 15 cm 30cm tng ng 600 Mpa mu hnh lp phng
15 15 15 ( h s tnh i 1,2 theo quy trnh Anh ) thit k b tng theo
phng php ACI v c s dng s iu chnh. Kt qu thnh phn b tng cho
1m
2
nh sau:
70

- Xi mng 500 kg P500 ( Bm Sn)
- Nc 171 lt
- Ct 580 kg M un mn =2,8
- Si 1120kg D
max
= 20mm
- Ph gia 5,8 lt
Vi thnh phn b tng trn, tin hnh b tng c 27 phin dm b
tng d ng lc vi xi mng Bm Sn P500 cng 1 l s liu 650 v p 81
mu th t 529 da N/cm
2
i vi mu hnh tr 15 30 cm lch tiu chun (
Stand Daviation): 52,265 kg/cm
2

h s bin sai (Coflicinent of Variation) 10,62
%.
5.2 Phng php tnh ton thnh phn b tng
5.2.1 C s ca phng php B SK ( Nga) TCVN
C s phng php ny l xy dng cng thc xc nh t l N/X ( nc/
ximng) trn c s kinh nghim, n c cng b vo nm 1967. y l phng
php tnh ton cng vi thc nghim. Vit Nam phng php ny ang s
dng rng ri tnh ton thnh phn b tng mc thng thng, c quy nh
trong TCVN.
5.2.2 C s ca phng php ACI ( M)
- Da trn c s d liu kim tra hoc nhng kinh nghim vi vt liu t
nhin c s dng, c xt n cng yu cu tu theo phng php
thng k kinh nghim v thng k trong phong th nghim.
- Khi lng n v ca ct liu.
- Lng nc yu cu ca b tng c c t nhng kinh nghim vi
nhng vt liu c sn.
71

Hnh 5.1 D ton cng b tng tnh theo cc cng thc
72
- Quan h gia cng v t l nc/ xi mng i vi qu trnh lin kt
gia xi mng v ct liu c sn.
- Quan h gia cng v t l nc /ximng i vi qu trnh lin kt
gia xi mng v ct liu c.
5.1.3. Cc bc tnh ton thnh phn b tng tnh cho 1m
2

1. Phng php B SK (TCVN)
Chn st tu theo yu cu ca kt cu, phng php ny khng dng t
s cng yu cu, m dng khi nim cng thit k R
b28
.
Chn kch thc ln nht ca ct liu th (D
max
). D
max

1
3
chiu dy b
nht ca cng trnh. Ring i vi bn mng nh sn, bn mt cu, mt ng
t, ng sn bay thi D
max

1
2
kch thc b nht ( khong cch gia cc ct
thp).
Xc nh t l nc/ xi mng (N/X) theo cng thc:
28
28 1
0, 5 (1)
0, 5 (2)
b x
b x
N
R AR
X
N
R AR
X
(
=
(

(
= +
(


Dng cng thc (1) 1, 4 2, 5
N
X
= (tng ng vi loi b tng c mc 400)
Dng cng thc (2) khi 2, 5
N
X
( tng ng vi loi b tng c mc 500).
A
1
v A l h s thc nghim xc nh t iu kin nguyn vt liu v
phng php xc nh mc xi mng tra bng 5.2.
R
b28
Mc b tng yu cu.
R
x
- Mc xi mng s dng.
Xc nh lng nc N : Tra bng 5.3
Xc nh lng xi mng X:
.
N
X N
X
=
Xc nh lng ct liu th ( - ):

1000
. 1
d
d d
r

=
+

Trong :
R
d
- rng ca :
d,
d
- Khi lng th tch v khi lng ring ca .
Comment:
Comment:
73
- H s tng lng va xi mng bao bc cc ht ct liu ln
cly t 1,1 -1,5 tu theo lng xi mng dng.
Xc nh lng ct liu mn (ct- C)
x
1000

c
d
X D
C N

( | |
= + +
( |
\

Trong :
x

c
Khi lng ring ca xi mng v ct.
2. Phng php ACI
Xc nh f
cyc
= 1.25 f
c

Trong : f
c
- Cng chu nn b tng tui 28 ngy.
F
cyc
Cng b tng yu cu, m bo xc sut c cng thp l nh
nht.
Chn st nu khng cho trc th c th chn theo bng 5.5. Chn kch
thc ln nht ca ct liu th:
max
1
5
D Kch thc nh nht ca kt cu,
1
5
chiu dy bn,
3
4
Khong cch nh nht gia cc thanh ct thp.
Xc nh lng nc N : Tra bng 5.5 (ACI-211)
Xc nh t l N/X theo
Cng yu cu : tra bng5.7 (ACI-211)
Xc nh lng X:
N
N
X
=
Xc nh khi lng ct liu thn : Tra bng 5.8c th tch V
dc
ca ct
liu th nn cht ti a.
.
d dc
V =
Xc nh ct liu mn theo cng thc l thuyt th tch tuyt i.
(1000 ).
1000 x
n dc x k c
k c
C V V V V
N D X
V
N d x

= =
(
=
(


Trong : V
k
2% - th tch khng kh trung bnh.
5.2.4. Nhn xt v nguyn l tnh ton ca 2 phng php.
- C 2 phng php u da trn nguyn l th tch tuyt i: tng th tch
c ring r tng vt liu bng th tch b tng ngha l hn hp b tng hon
ton c.
V
b
= V
x
+ V+ V
d
+V
c

-Phng php ACI v phng php B- SK gia thit rng cng b tng
ph thuc vo t l N/X, cng xi mng, ng knh ct liu th, m un
mn ca ct, cht lng ct liu nh.
Comment:
Comment:
74
- Phng php B SK khng cp n cng yu cu (Coi R
byc
=
R
b
), trong khi phng php ACI coi m un mn nh mt ch so ca cp
phi nguyn liu.
- Phng php ACI cp n tnh cht ca b tng (c th tch khng kh
v khng to kh) v xc sut m bo cng c xt thng qua f
cyc
.
5.2.5. Cc bng tra s dng 2 phngphp trn tnh ton thnh phn b
tng.
1. Phng php B SK
H s A v A
1

Bng 5.2
Cht lng ct liu A A
1

Cht lng cao 0,65 0,43
Cht lng trung bnh 0,60 0,40
Cht lng thp (ct ht
nh, xi mng mc thp)
0,55 0,37

Lng nc
Bng 5.3
Loi ct liu v D
max
(mm)
Si dm
cng st
SN(cm)
10 20 40 10 20 40
150-200 0 145 130 120 155 145 130
90 -120 0 150 135 125 160 150 135
60-80 0 160 145 130 170 160 145
30-50 0 165 150 135 175 165 150
20-30 0-1,0 175 160 145 185 175 160
15-20 1-1,5 185 170 155 195 195 170
2-2,5 190 175 160 200 190 175
3-4 195 180 165 205 195 180
5 200 185 170 210 200 185
7 205 190 175 215 205 190
8 210 195 180 220 210 195
10-12 215 200 190 225 215 200
H s Bng 5.4
Lng xi mng trong
3m
3
b tng
Si dm
75
250 1,34 1,30
300 1,42 1,36
350 1,48 1,42
400 v ln hn 1,52 1,47
Ghi ch: trong bng 5.4 s dng cho hn hp b tng do. Cn i vi
hn hp b tng cng th: = 1,05 1,1.
2. Phng php ACI 211.
st, cm Loi kt cu
Ln nht Nh nht
Mng ca tng v ct bng ct thp 8 2-4
Mng bng ging chm, mng tng 8 2-4
Dm v tng c ct thp 10 2-4
Ct nh 10 2-4
Bn mng, tm lt tng 8 2-4
B tng lm cu, ng 8-16 2-4
Ghi ch :
- C th tng 2cm i vi phng php m rung khc
- st gc chn lng nc cho cc b tng c st 4cm (S
n
= 4cm)
Phn st cn tng thm khi dng ph gia cn xc nh bng th nghim,
khng c tng lng nc.
Bng 5.6
Khi lng nc, kg/m
3
ca b tng theo D
max
n(mm) st (cm)
10 12,5 20 25 40
B tng khng to kh
2-5 205 200 185 180 160
8-10 225 215 200 195 175
Lng kh(%) 3,0 2.5 2,0 1,5 1,0
B tng to kh
3-5 180 175 165 160 145
8-10 200 190 180 175 160
Khi lng kh(%) 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,5
76
Bng 5.7
T l nc /xi mng Cng b tng yu cu
28 ngy daN/cm
2
B tng khng to kh B tng to kh
450 0,38 -
400 0,43 -
350 0,48 040
300 0,55 0,46
250 0,62 0,53
200 0,70 0,61
150 0,80 0,71

Ghi ch :
Cng b tng trong bng 5.6 c xc nh trn mu th tr 15x30cm
bo dng 28 ngy 23 1,7
0
C bng cch nn v un mu th. i vi mu th
hnh lp phng cng b tng s tng ln 20%.
Xc nh V

- Th tch ct liu th ln cht.

Bng 5.8
Th tch ct liu th mi n v th tch b tng ng vi cc
m un ht
D
max
(mm)
2,40 2,60 2,80 3,00
10 0,50 0,48 0,46 0,44
12,5 0,59 0,57 0,55 0,53
20 0,66 0,64 0,62 0,60
25 0,71 0,69 0,67 0,65
40 0,76 0,74 0,72 0,70
50 0,78 0,76 0,74 0,72
70 0,81 0,79 0,77 0,75
150 0,87 0,85 0,83 0,81
Ghi ch :
C th gim 10% th tch ct liu th i vi b tng dng my bm
mun ht ca ct c xc nh ng vi b sng
0,149 ;0,297 ;0,595 ;1,19 ;2,38 v 4,76 m
77
Bng 5.9
c tnh khi lng b tng. Kg/m
3
D
max
(mm)
B tng khng to khng kh B tng to khng kh
10 2285 2190
12,5 2315 2235
20 2355 2280
25 2375 2315
40 2420 2355
50 2445 2375
70 2465 2400
150 2505 2435


CU HI N TP
1. So snh s ging v khc nhau gia cc phng php thit k thnh phn b
tng xi mng;
2. Ni dung phng php thit k thnh phn b tng theo Bolomay-Skramtaep;
3. Ni dung phng php thit k thnh phn b tng theo ACI;
78
CHNG 6
B TNG T PHAN
B tng t phan l mt loi nhn to c thnh phn ch yu l bi tum
du m, hn hp vt liu khong (, ct, mt, bt khong) v ph gia. N c
s dng lm ng t.
6.1. Phn loi b tng t phan v cc yu cu v ch tiu c l ca b tng t
phan 22 TCN249-98.
Cn c c ln nht ca cp phi (tng ng c sng trn tiu chun m
c sng nh hn st ngy di n c lng st tch lu ln hn 5%) b tng t
phan ri nng c phn ra 4 loi : b tng nha ht nh, b tng nha ht
trung, b tng nha ht ln v b tng nha ht ct.
Theo rng cn li sau khi m cht b tng t phan c phn ra hai
loi :
- B tng t phan c (BTA) c rng cn d t 3% n 6% theo th
tch. Trong thnh phn hn hp bt buc phi c bt khong.
- B tng t phan rng (BTAR) c rng cn d ln hn 6% n 10%
theo th tch v ch dng lm lp di ca mt b tng t phan hai lp hoc lm
lp mng.
- Theo cht lng ca vt liu khong ch to hn hp, b tng t phan
c phn ra 2 loi : loi I v loi II ch c dng cho lp mt ng cp ti
hn 40km/h hoc dng cho lp di ca mt ng b tng hai lp hoc dng
cho phn ng dnh cho xe th s.
Thnh phn cp phi ca cc loi b tng t phan nm trong gii hn quy
nh theo bng 6.1, cp phi thit k phi lin tc. T l thnh phn 2 loi ht k
cn nhau khng c bin i t gii hn di n gii hn trn.
Hm lng nha tnh theo% khi lng ca ct liu kh, tham kho bng
6.2.
c hm lng ti u, cn phi lm cc mu th nghim 3-4 hm lng
nha thay i nhau t 0,3 -0,5 % chugn quanh hm lng nha tham kho.
Chn hm lng nha sao cho hn hp b tng nha ri nng tho mn cc
yu cu trong bng 6.2 (BTA) v 6.3 (BTAR).
79
Yu cu cc ch tiu c l ca b tng t phan c
Bng 6.1
Yu cu i vi
b tng t phan
loi
Phng
php th
nghim
TT Cc ch tiu
I
a, Th nghim theo mu nn hnh tr
1 rng ct liu khong cht ,% th tch 15-19 15-21
2 rng cn d , % th tch 3-6 3-6
3 ngm nc, % th tch 1,5-3,5 1,5-4.5
4 n, % th tch, khng ln hn 0,5 1,0
5 Cng chu nn, daN/cm
2
, nhit
+ 20
0
C Khng nh hn
+ 50
0
C Khng nh hn

35
14

25
12
6 H s n nh nc, khng nh hn 0,90 0,85
7 H s n nh nc, khi cho ngm trong
15 ngy m, khng ln hn
0,85 0,75
8 n,% th tch, khi cho ngm nc
trong 15 ngy m, khng ln hn
1,5 1,8
Quy trnh th
nghim b
tng t phan
b, Th nghim theo phng php Marshall (mu m 75 c mi ngy)
1 n nh (Stability) 60
0
C, kN, khng
nh hn
8,00 7,5
2 Ch s do quy c (flow) ng vi S= 8
kN, mm nh hn hay bng
4,0 4,0
3 Thng s Marshall (Marshall Quotient)
n nh (Stability) kN
Ch s do quy c (flow) mm

min2,0
max5,0

min 1,8
max 5,0

4 n nh cn li sau khi ngm mu
60
0
C , 24 gi s vi n nh ban u,
% ln hn
75 75
5 rng b tng t phan (Air voids) 3-6 3-6
6 rng ct liu (Voids in mineral
aggregate)
14-18 14-20
80

c, Ch tiu khc
1 dnh bm vt liu nha i vi Kh t yu
cu
Quy trnh th
nghim vt
liu nha t
phan 22 TCN
63-84
Ghi ch: C th s dng mt trong hai phng php th nghim a hoc b

Yu cu v cc ch tiu c l ca hn hp b tng t phan rng
(BTAR)
Bng 6.2
TT Cc ch tiu Tr s quy nh
Phng
php
th nghim
1 rng ca ct liu khong cht :% th
tch, khng ln hn
24
2 rng cn d,% th tch >6-10
3 ngm nc, % th tch 3-9
4 n, % th tch, khng ln hn 1,5
5 H s n nh, khng nh hn 0,70
6 H s n nh nc, khi cho ngm nc
trong 15 ngy em, khng nh hn
0,60
Quy trnh th
nghim b
tng t phan
6.2. Yu cu v cht lng vt liu ch to hn hp b tng t phan
6.2.1. dm
dm trong hn hp b tng t phan c xay ra t tng, ni, t
cui si, t x l cao khng b phn hu.
i vi b tng t phan loi II c dng mt phn cui si cha xay theo
quy nh bng 6.4.
Khng c dng dm xay t mc- n, sa thch st, dip thch st.
Cc ch tiu c l ca dm dng cho tng loi b tng t phan phi tho mn
cc quy nh bng 6.4.
Lng dm mm yu v phong ho khng c vt qu10% khi
lng i vi v tng t phan ri lp trn v khng qu 15 % khi lng i
vi b tng t phan ri lp di.
Lng thoi dt ca dm khng c vt qu 15 % khi lng
dm trong hn hp.
81
Trong cui si xay khng c qu 20 % khi lng l gc Silc.
Hm lng bi, bn, st trong dm khng vt qu 2 % khi lng,
trong hm lng st khng qu 0,05 % khi lng .
Trc khi cn ong s b a vo trng sy, dm cn c phn loi
theo cc c ht.
- i vi b tng t phan ht nh, phn ra t nht 2 c ht 10-15mm v 5-
10mm.
- i vi b tng t phan ht ln, phan ra t nht 3 c ht 15-20 (25) mm;
10-15mm v 5-10mm.
- i vi b tng t phan ht ln, phn ra t nht 2 c ht 20(25) 40mm v
5-20 (25) mm.
Yu cu c l quy nh cho dm dng trong
b tng t phan ri nng
Bng 6.3
Lp mt
Lp trn
Cc ch tiu c l ca
Loi
I
Loi II
Lp
di
Lp
mng
dm en
Phng
php th
nghim
1- Cng nn (da N/cm
2
) khng
nh hn:

a) dm xay t macma v
bin cht.
1000 800 800 600
b) dm xay t trm tch 800 600 600 600
TCVN
( Ly chng
ch t ni
SX )
2- p nt (nn dp trong xi lanh)
ca dm xay t cui si khng
ln hn %

3- p nt ca dm xay t x l
cao

+ loi 1 2 2 3
+ Khng ln hn % 15 15 25 35
TCVN
4- hao mn Langelos (LA)
khng ln hn, %
25 35 35 35
AASTHO
T96
5- Hm lng cui si c xay v
trong tng s cui si, % khi
lng, khng nh hn
100 80 80 70 Bng mt
6- T s nghin ca cui si Rc
D
min
/D
max
khng nh hn
4 4 4 4
Bng mt
kt hp vi
82
xc nh
bng sng
Ghi ch: - D
min
: c nh nht ca cui si em xay:
- D
max
: C ln nht ca vin xay ra c:
6.2.2. Ct
ch to b tng t phan phi dng ct thin nhin hoc ct xay.
ct xay phi c cng nn khng nh hn ca dng sn xut ra dm.
Ct thin nhin phi c m un ln (MK 2. Trng hp MK< 2 th phi
trn thm ct ht ln hoc ct xay t ra, xc nh theo TCVN 342 -86. i
vi b tng t phan ct phi dng ct ht ln hoc ct ht trung c MK>2 v
hm lng c ht 5mm -1,25mm khng di 14%.
H s lng ct (ES) ca phn c ht 0- 4,75 mm trong ct thin nhin phi
ln hn 80. trong ct xay phi ln hn 50. Xc nh theo ASTM D2419 -79.
Ct khng c ln bi, bn, st khng qu 3% khi lng trong ct thin nhin
v khng qu 7% trong ct xay, tron lng st khng qu 0,5%. Ct khng
c ln tp cht hu c. Xc nh theo TCVN 343,344,345,-86.
6.2.3. Bt khng
Bt khng c nghin t ccbnt ( vi cnit, lmt, du)
c cng nn khng nh hn 20 da N/cm
2
v t x baz ca l luyn kim
hoc xi mng.
Cc ch tiu k thut ca bt khong nghin nt t ccbnt
Bng 6.4
Cc ch tiu Tr s
Phng php th
nghim
1. Thnh phn c ht, % khi lng
- Nh hn 1,25mm 100
- Nh hn 0,315 90
- nh hn 0,071 70(1)
2. i rng, % th tch 35
3. n ca mu ch to bng hn hp bt khong
v nha
2,5
4. m, % khi lng 1,0
5. Kh nng ht nha ca bt khong, KHN ( lng
bt khong c th ht ht 15g bitum mc 60/70
40g
6. Kh nng lm cng nha ca bt khong ( hiu s
nhit mm ca va nha vi t l 4 nha mc
10
0

TNMD

83
60/70 v 6 bt khong theo trng lng, vi nhit
mm ca nha cng mc 60/70
20
0
C (2)
Ghi ch:
(1) Nu bt khong xay t c R
nn
400da N/cm
2
th cho php gim i 5%
(2) Th nghim cha bt buc
ccbnt dng sn xut bt khong phi sch, cha bu, bn, st khng
qu 5%. Bt khong phi kh, ti ( khng vn cc). Cc ch tiu quy nh cho
bt khong ghi bng 6.5.
6.2.4 Nha ng
Nha ng dng ch to hn hp b tng ri nha nng l loi nha
ng c gc du m.
Nha c ch to b tng nha ri nng tun theo tiu chun 22TCN -
227-95.
Dng loi nha no l do t vn thit k quyt nh . Nha phi sch,
khng ln nc v tp cht. Trc khi s dng nha phi c h s v cc ch
tiu k thut ca cc loi nha s dng v phi th nghim li nh quy nh.
6.2.5 Cc yu cu v tnh cht c l ca vt liu cho b tng t phan ng
t theo tiu chun AASHTO
6.2.5.1 Cc quy nh k thut i vi vt liu lm b tng
Vt liu ht mn:
Vt liu ht mn gm c ht thin nhin, ct hoc hn hp ca hai loi
ct y.
Vt liu ht mn phi c cc loi c ht nh sau phi hp:
C sng Phn trm lt qua sng
3/4 (9,5mm) 100
N
0
4(4,75mm) 95-100
N
0
8(2,36mm) 80-100
N
0
16(1,18mm) 50-85
N
0
30(600m) 25-60

N
0-
50(300m)
10-30
N
0
100(150m) 2-16
M un ln khng c nh hn 2,3 v khng ln hn 3,1.
V cc cht c hi trong vt liu ht mn khng c vt qu cc gi
tr sau:
- St v cc ht b: 3% theo trng lng.
- Hm lng nh hn75m (N
0
200): 5% theo trng lng.
- Bi than v than non: 1% theo trng lng.
84
- Vt liu ht th: gm c cui si, cui xay v, nghin v, x cc
c ht ca vt liu ht th phi ph hp vi gp phi ghi bng 6.5a.

85
Hm lng ht lt qua sng (% tr S
hiu
C ht
( c vung ) 4 31/2 3 21/2 2 11/2 1 3/4
1 3,1/2-1,1/inch 100 90-100 - 25-60 - 0-15 - 0-5
2 2,1/2-1,1/2 - - 100 90-100 35-90 0-15 - 0-5
3 2- 1 - - - 100 90-102 35-70 0-5 -
357 2 N
0
4 100 90-100 - 35-70 -
4 1,1/2-3/4 - 100 90-100 20-55 0-15
467 11/2 - 100 95-100 - 35-70
5 1- N
0
4 - - 100 90-100 20-55
56 1-1/2 - - 100 90-100 40-85
57 1-3/8 - - 100 95-100 -
6 1 N
0
4 - - 100 90-100
67 3/4-3/8 - - 100 90-100
7 3/4-N
0
4 - - - 100
8 3/4-N
0
4 - - - -
3/8-N
0
8 - - -
86
V cc cht c ht trong vt liu , tu theo loi b tng dng cho tng
loi cng trnh m c quy nh ring. i vi loi b tng th cc cht c hi
trong vt liu c quy nh nh sau:
- Hm lng st v cc ht gin khng qu 10.
- Bi than v than non khng qu 1%.
- hao mn Los Angoles (L.A) khng qu 5.
6.2.5.2 Cc phng php xc nh ch tiu c l ch yu cho vt liu
ASTM v tng ng ca AASHTO
Trong phn ny, ASTM v AASHTO a khong 20 th nghim chnh
vo 3 phn:
- Cc th nghim xc nh cht lng chung ca vt liu .
- Cc th nghim xc nh cc cht c hi ( tp cht) trong vt liu .
- Cc th nghim nhm cung cp cc thng tin phc v thit k hn hp
v kim tra.
a) Cc th nghim ch yu xc nh cht lng chung ca vt liu
gm c:
1. Quy trnh v mu vt liu em th nghim, mang k hiu D75 (
ca ASTM) tng ng vi k hiu T.s ( ca AASHTO).
2. Xc nh hao mn ca c xc nh bng thit b Los Angoles
(C353).
3. Xc nh hao mn ca kch c ln bng thit b Los Angoles
(C353).
4. Xc nh ch s bn ca (D.5144 T.210).
5. Xc nh mi nhn ca khi dng thit b mi nhn bnh xe quay
ca Anh (D3319 T.279).
6. Xc nh lng m tng cng ca vt liu bng phng php sng
kh (C66- T255).
7. Xc nh m v mt ca vt liu ht nh hn (C.70 - T142).
8. Xc nh bn vng ca vt liu bng phng php ln lt cho
ng bng v tan bng ( T103).
9. Xc nh bn vng ca vt liu bng ch dng Natri Sunpht hay
Manh sunpht.
b) Cc th nghim ch yu xc nh cc cht c hi trong vt liu , gm
c:
1. Xc nh lng cht bn hu c trong vt liu ht nh ca b tng ( C
40-T21).
87
2. Xc nh s to ht ca cht bn hu c trong vt liu ht nh n
bn ca va (C87 T76).
3. Xc nh lng ht mn nh trn 75m trong vt liu bng phng
php ra (C117 T11).
4. Xc nh lng ht st v cc ht b trong vt liu ( C142- T112).
5. Xc nh lng ht nh trong vt liu (C123 T113).
6. Xc nh hm lng ht mn do trong cp phi v trong t bng
cch dng th nghim tng ng ct (T176).
c) Cc th nghim ch yu nhm cung cp cc thng tin trong vic thit k
cp phi v kim tra.
1. Xc nh khi lng n v v rng ca vt liu ( C29-T19).
2. Phn tch ht bng phng php ry ca vt liu ht nh v ht ct ln
(C 136- T27).
3. Phn tch ht vt liu bt khong dng cho ng bng phng php ry
(T37).
4. Xc nh trng lng ring v ht nc ca vt liu ht nh (C128
T84).
5. Xc nh trng lng ring v ht nc cu vt liu ht ln (C127-
T85).
6.3 Con ng nng cao tnh n nh ca b tng t phan trong iu kin
kh hu nng.
6.3.1. Khi qut
B tng t phan l vt liu ch yu xy dng t. vng kh hu nng
( ng Nam ) Nhit ca b tng t phan c th ln n 70
0
H Ni vo
thng 5, thng 6. Si Gn khong 65
0
C, Chu u ( Aijecbaijan) cng khong
60-70
0
C. iu kin nhit nh vy b tng t phan cn c n nh nhit
cao, m bo khng gim cng qu ln, khng gy nhng bin dng
vnh cu ( vt bnh xe) hoc nha b chy gy bin dng cc b trn mt ng
( dn ng).
Con ng nng cao tnh n nh nhit cho b tng t phan c th i
theo cc hng sau:
- La chn vt liu hp l: Theo hng ny c th chn bitum cht lng
cao c qunh thch hp v c nhit ho mm ph hp vi nhit khai
thc. La chn ti u hm lng bitum, la chn hp l loi vt liu khng v
thnh phn hn hp vt liu khong hp l.
88
- S dng ph gia cho bitum v ph gia cho b tng t phan nhm nng cao
kh nng n nh nhit cho bitum, tng cng n nh cho lp n nh hp
th trong cu trc v tng lc dnh bm gia bitum v vt liu khong.
Tnh n nh nhit ca bitum thng thng xc nh thng qua h s n
nh nhit. l t l gia cng b tng t phan cc nhit khc nhau.
Khi nhit tng h s n nh cng cao cng bn th tnh n nh nhit cao.
6.3.2 S dng bitum cht lng cao (Polime bitum)
6.3.2.1 Multiphalte Nha ng mi c kh nng gim ln mt ng
nhit cao vng kh hu nng.
Trong qu trnh chn la loi cht kt dnh c bit, ngi ta tm ra cch
chng ln vt bnh xe l pht trin loi nha ng c nht cao hn, c
kh nng chu ti trng nng ca cc phng tin giao thng v nhit mi
trng cao. Hng k thut l tm kim mt loi nha bitum ph hp vi tiu
chun v tng kh nng chng bin dng bng vic b sung thm thnh phn
Polime.
Cho n thi im hin nay, Shell tin hnh cc chng trnh nghin
cu t nm 1985, m u bng vic sn xut ra Multiphalte; sn phm nha
ng a cp; gii php kinh t chng li bin dng vnh vin, n nh hn
hp cao vi kh nng kt dnh v bn mi, tnh t hi phc cao.
Th nghim trong phng chng minh hiu qu chng ln vt bnh xe
ca loi nha ng c bit ny. Cng trng th nghim c tin hnh ti
c, Canaa, Chu u v Hng Kng. Kt qu cc th nghim ny c in trong
ti liu hi ngh t phan khu vc Thi Bnh Dng AAPA v hi ngh sn phm
nha ng Chu u ln th nm. Thng tin tng qut chung ca Multiphalte
c trnh by vo nm 1993 ti hi ngh thnh vin AAPA.
c tnh ca ngnh nha ng l hm ca nhit th hin trong th
nghim Heukelom. Trong biu ny, ly thng s c, nhit ho mm,
nhit dn nt, nht v kim ln, c v di dng th nh l hm
ca nhit .
Multiphalte th hin c tnh tng t nh i vi cc loi nh ng
lm ng khc, thng s qunh c so snh gia ng 60/70 v nha
Multiphalte so vi nha ng th hin nhy cm nhit thp hn v n
nh hng c li n ch s kim ln.
T kt qu nghin cu trn, li ch ca vic gim tnh nhy cm nhit
ca loi nha ng cht lng cao ny tr nn r rng, da vo vic kho st
nht cc nhit khc nhau nhng ni c hin tng c vt ln xut
89
hin: nht ch ra trng biu ca loi nha ng ny cao hn ng k so
vi nha ng thng thng iu kin tng ng.
Sn phm nha ng ny vi tnh nhy cm nhit thp biu th s ci
tin m un cng trong khong thi gian chu ti cao v nhit s dng
cao. Hn na, n cng th hin m un cng thp hn trong khong thi gian
chu ti ngn v nhit chu ti ngn v nhit s dng thp, so vi nha
ng thng.
Chng trnh nghin cu chin lc pht trin ng cao tc ( SHRP)
M pht trin ch tiu k thut ca cht kt dnh m c tnh ca n l nhng
ch tiu chr da trn cht lng s dng, v bao gm c yu t mi trng.
C 4 vn quan tm trong ch tiu ny l hin tng nt nhit thp,
n nh nhit, bin dng vnh vin v nt do mi. c tnh ny c o bng
thit b o dm un, lc ko ng hc v thit b o lc ko trc tip. Ch tiu
k thut cng a ra rng cht kt dnh phi lng bm v c th bao
hc ton b ht ct liu trong qu trnh trn v m nn sau khi ri. Ch tiu k
thut bao gm nhit bc chy m bo cho vn an ton khi thi cng.
Cc ch tiu ny c nh hng ca c nhit thp v cao. Cht lng kt
dnh phi th hin cc c tnh thch hp trong khong nhit yu cu ti a
im cng trnh. vng kh hu nng c bit lu n nhit ho mm cao.
Cc th nghim tng ng c th hin trn hai loi nha ng
Multiphalte (loi kim ln 35/50 v 60/80).
Tt c cc th nghim u th hin cht lng s dng cc loi hn hp t
phan c thnh phn Multiphalte c ci tin so vi nha ng thng thng.
Sn phm mi ny cng c trong thnh phn mu th hn hp t phan cht em
so vi nha ng thng trong th nghim trung tm nghin cu Php.
M un cng: cng ng hc ca b tng t phan vi thnh phn
nha ng Multiphalte thng o c ti trung tm nghin cu Shell ti
Php. ngha tng i ca kt qu ny:
- Hn hp vi thnh phn nha ng mi th hin m un cng
cao hn trong iu kin thi gian chu ti di v nhit cao.
- Hn hp vi thnh phn nha ng mi th hin m un cng
thp hn trong iu kin thi gian th ti ngn v nhit thp.
Tnh kt dnh: nh hng ca nc i vi tnh kt dnh ca nha ng
trong hn hp t phan c nghin cu ti KSLA s dng th nghim tn d
Marshall v th nghim mi mn Californian. Kt qu ca hai th nghim c
chng minh rng tnh kt dnh ca Multiphalte c ci tin so vi nha
ng thng.
90
6.3.2.2 Bitum cho thm cao su do nhit.
Trong 4 nhm cht n hi do nng chnh polyurethane, cht ng trng
hp polyetherpolyester, cc cht alken ng trng hp v cht ng trng hp
c on styren, cc cht ng trng hp c on styren c chng minh l
c tin nng ln nht khi c trng vi bitum.
Cht ng trng hp vi on styren thng c gi l cao su nhit deo
(TR). Cao su nhit do c th c to ra bng c ch to chun ca phn ng
polyme ho lin tc styrn butaien styren (SBS) hoc styren isopren
styren (SIS). to ra cc polyme nu trn cn c cht xc tc trong phn ng
ghp ni. i vi polyme khng ch c cc cht ng trng hp thng m cn
c cc cht ng trng hp nhiu nhnh c th c to ra; nhng cht ny
thng c gi l cc cht dng trng hp phn nhnh hoc hnh r qut, hnh
sao.
Cao su nhit do c sc bn v tnh n hi do lin k ngang vt l ca
cc phn t trong mng li khng gian ba chiu. iu ny c c do lin kt
ca on styren cui vi cc khi ring r, to lin kt ngang l hc i vi khi
cao su polysopren hoc polybutaien ba chiu. on cui polystyren s to cho
polyme c sc bn v on gia s lm cho vt liu ny c tnh n hi c bit.
nhit trn im nhit ho thu tinh ca polystyren (100
0
C),
polystyren mm i v khi yu i v thm ch s b tch ra di tc ng ca
mt ng sut, i n mc cho php ch bin d dng. Khi ngui i, cc khi
s li lin kt li, sc bn bn v tnh n hi s c phc hi, iu ny ng
ngha l vt liu ny l mt cht do nhit.
nh hng ca thnh phn cu to cu bitum n cc hn hp cao su
nhit do/bitum.
Cho thm cao su nhit do vi trng lng phn t bng hoc cao hn cc
asphanten s lm xo trn s cn bng pha polyme v asphanten cnh tranh
nhau v lc ho tan ca malten, nu khng c malten, c th xy ra hin
tng tch pha. Cu trc ca cc h thng bitum/polyme thch hp v khng
thch hp c quan st bng knh hin vi. H thng tng thch c cu trc u
mn ng cht trong khi h thng khng tng thch c cu trc th t qung.
Cht lng ca s phn tn polyme t c b nh hng bi mt s yu
t, nhng c bn l ph thuc vo cng x tc ng ca my trn. Khi
polyme c cho thm vo bitum nng, bitum s ngay lp tc bt u nhp vo
cc polyme lm cho cc chui styren ca polyme phng trng ln v d ho tan
hn. Mt khi iu xy ra, lc x ln s tc ng vo cc ht b trng l
yu t quyt nh c th t c s phn tn hon ton ca cc ht phn t
91
polyme trong thi gian trn thc t. Nh vy, cn s dng cc my trn c lc
x cao hoc trung bnh phn tn hon ton cao su do nhit vo bitum.
Shell bitumen Vng quc Anh sn xut hai loi cht lin kt polyme
SBS ci tin l: CARIPHALTE DM, CARIPHALTE DA.
Cc c tnh k thut i vi CARIPHALTE DM, CARIPHALTE DA.
Bng 6.5b
Th nghim/ cht lin kt CARIPHALTE DM CARIPHALTE DA
kim ln 25
0
C, dmm 90 20 130 20
im mm (P)
0
C 85 10
nht Brkfreld 150
0
C mc
x 3,36 giy, Poise
10 4 9 4
ko di 5
0
C, cm >50 -
M un cng ti thiu 40
0
C
thi gian chu ti 1000giy mc
x 2,5.10
-4
s
-1
, kN/m
2

> 3 -
n nh bo qun, s khc
nhau v im mm n nh xung
y sau 7 ngy bo qun trong
mt thit b hnh tr 160
0
C,
0
C
< 5 <5
Hm lng polyme % 7,0 1,0 6,0 1,0

CARIPHALTE DM c pht trin s dng trong t phan lu nng
cht v hn hp b tng t phan ci tin lp nn lm bng b tng ngho v
mt ng b tng c b nhit gy ra mt s dch chuyn lp b tng
dn n hin tng nt phn hi ti b mt ng.
CARIPHALTE DA c pht trin s dng trong hn hp nha
thot nc v hn hp ri lp to ma st.
Cc c im v nht nhit ca CARIPHALTE DM v mt bitum
50 c trnh by trn th d liu th nghim. Hnh ny cho thy r l
nhit cao ca con ng, v d 60
0
C, CARIPHALTE DM cng hn ng k
so vi bitum 50 v do chng bin dng tt hn, nhit ng thp, <
0
0
C, CARIPHALTE DM do hn bitum 50 v do chng nt tt hn.
Mc ci thn khi nng chng bin dng c kim tra bng cc th
nghim vt ln bnh xe do c phng th nghim ng b v vn ti (TRRL) v
Shell Research Limied thc hin. R rng l mt s tng ln ng k v kh
nng chng bin dng, tng t vi kh nng chng bin dng ca bitum chu
92
ti nng (HD) c pht trin chuyn dng chng bin dng. Nhng u im
ny c khng nh qua cc cuc kim nghim ton din trn thc a.
do ca hn hp bitum c nh lng bng th nghim ro- bin
dng khng i do TRRL v Shell Research tin hnh. Th nghim mi c
Shell Research Limited thc hin trn hn hp t phan lu nng thi cng 5
0
C
vi tn s l 50 Hz cho thy vi mt phm vi rng v ti trng tc ng ln mu
th nghim CARIPHALTE DM, tui th ro ca hn hp ng nng ln t nht
l 3 ln.
So snh mc vt ln bnh xe ca mt ng c ri
bng t phan lu nng lm t bitum 50, HD40 v CARIPHALTE DM
Bng 6.5c
Cc c tnh ca cht lin kt
Cht lin kt
Kim ln 25
0
C, dmmm im mm (P)
ln vt bnh xe
45
0
C, mm/h
50 56 52,0 3,2
HD40 42 68,0 0,7
CARIPHALTE
DM
34 90,0 0,7
6.3.2.3. Bitum polyme chu nhit
Cc cht bitum polyme chu nhit c sn xut bng cch trn hai thnh
phn lng, thnh phn u l cht nha v phn cn li cha cht lm cng. Hai
thnh phn ny kt hp vi nhau v mt ho hc to ra mt cu trc 3 chiu
vng chc bitum polyme hai thnh phn l nha epxy c trn vi bitum biu
hin cc c tnh tri ca nha chu nhit hai thnh phn ny vi nhng u im
ni bt c pht trin t 30 nm trc v hin ang c s dng ph b
mt v lm cc cht kt dnh.
Nhng s khc nhau c bn gia bitum (mt cht do nhit) v cc bitum
polyme chu nhit l nh sau
Khi hai thnh phn trong bitum polyme chu nhit c trn th thi gian
s dng sn phm ny s b gii hn, thi hn ny ph thuc nhiu vo nhit ,
nhit cng cao th thi hn s dng cng ngn.
Sau khi mt sn phm chu nhit c s dng n tip tc lu ho v tng
sc bn khi c hp cht mangan hu c, tc lu ho trn mt ng ph
thuc vo nhit mi trng.
Khi nhit tng ln bitum b mm ra v chy, cc bitum polyme chu
nhit t mn cm vi nhit hn v trong thc t khng b tc ng ca s thay
i nhit trn ng.
93
Bitum polyme chu nhit l mt vt liu n hi, khng th hin c tnh
nht chy, n nh vi ho cht, dung mi, nhin liu v du.
Ba loi bitum polyme chu nhit l: SHELL GRIP/SPRAY GRRIP;
EROPHALT; SHELIEPOXY ASPHALT.
Cc loi trn c s dng rng ri trn th gii t nm 1986, tuy
nhin Vit Nam ang trong giai on nghin cu. Cc nghin cu v cc ch
tiu c l ca EPOXY ASPHALT vi Bitum 50 cho thy n nh Marshall
ca epoxy t phan c th ln hn 10 ln bitum thng thng, vt ln bnh xe rt
nh (bin dng d gn nh bng 0) cng ng lc ca epoxy t phan cao hn
ng k trong iu kin nhit mi trng cao.
6.3.3. Ph gia cho bitum
Trong xy dng ng hin nay thng dng hai loi Copolime ci
thin tnh cht ca bitum l:
- Copolime etylenvynylaxetat (EVA) l Polime nhit do.
- Copolime Styrene- Butadiene- Styrene (SBB) l Polime nhit do c
tng hp t Styrene, Butadiene, Styrene, c khi lng phn t tng i thp
(15000- 20000).
Vic s dng cc Polime nhit do s lm bin i cu trc v nng cao
mt s tnh nng ca bitum, nhng cng ngh trn ln Polime vi bitum cng
phc tp hn nhiu so vi s dng bitum thng thng. ci thin tnh cht
ca bitum, cn dng cc cht dng mn in hnh nh bt than mn, bt cao su
cho kt qu tt.
Bt than mn phn tn lm c chc cu trc ca mng lin kt (c dy
khong 5000 nanmt) v lm tng th tch ca cht kt dnh. Do ngoi vic
ci thin tnh cht ca bitum, n cn ci thin cng ngh sn xut.
Ph gia Chemcrete ca hng Chemcrete Internationl an Mch c cc tnh
cht tt hn so vi bitum thng:
+ Gim tnh nhy cm nhit
+ Tng bn nhit cao
+ Chu s bin dng ln
Ph gia Roadcel: Do Innxia sn xut l loi ph gia bn nhit s dng
bt v ixit mng gan (MnO
2
).
Ph gia chng trn Interlene IN/400: Loi ph gia lm tng tnh bm dnh
v c kh nng chng trn trt dng rt tt trn cc ng cao tc (ta s
dng th trn quc l Bc Thng Long- Ni Bi) c kt qu tt.
Cc loi ph gia Elastomers, Plastomers: L loi ph gia Copolime lm
tng nht, tnh do v tnh n hi do hng Shell gii thiu v.vGn y
94
hng AKZNBEL cng gii thiu cc loi ph gia lm tng lin kt ca bitum
nh Diamine, WetfixTuy nhin, vic s dng cc ph gia phi c th
nghim.
Tnh cht mt s loi bitum cao su ca hng Shell
Bng 6.6

Tn th nghim
Caribi
45
Caribi
65
Caribi
80
Caribi
DA
Caribi
OB
Caribi
200E
kim ln 25
0
C
(0,1 mm)
20 40 50 80 120 150 60 90
220
300
180 220
im ho mm (
0
C) 55 63 48 55 40 48 70 80 30 40 36 42
im ho dn (
0
C) -10 -15 -20 -15 -25 -20
Dn di 25
0
C
(cm)
-40 - - 60 - -
Dn di 13
0
C
(cm)
- 100 - 60 - -
Dn di 7
0
C (cm) - - 100 - - 100
n hi 25
0
C (%) 50 50 50 70 - 50
6.3.4. Ph gia bt cao su trong b tng t pha
Vic s dng bt cao b tng t pha c lch s lu i. u tin bt cao su
c s dng mc nh di dng Latex, gn y n ngy cng c s
dng rng ri hn. Latex lm tng tnh do cho bitum, nhng lm tng gi thnh
ca b tng t pha. Bt cao su ph liu c gi thnh h, c nghin cu s
dng rng ri nht trong b tng t pha nng v lp ph bn trn ca ng.
Otario Lun n s dng b tng t phan bt cao su nm 1959.
Hng lot cc nc Ty u xy dng th nghim nhiu on ng b
tng t phan c hp cht ny nhng nm trc chin tranh th gii th II, b
tng t phan c bt cao su c s dng trong xy dng trn trc ng
Amstecdam- LaHay (H Lan).
Bt cao su c s dng rng ri nht trong b tng t phan ch t nm
1966 do MC Donald, k s khoa ng Arizona M nghin cu. Lalwini
pht hin nhng thng nng ca thi tit ma h bt cao su lm tng nht
ca hn hp t phan v kt qu tt hn tnh cht ca ng v kh nng bn ln.
Josep v mt s tc gi khc tin hnh th nghim v kt lun khi dng bt
cao su trong b tng t phan lm tng tnh dai ca n ln 18%. R.J.Hui khi
nghin cu nh hng thnh phn ht ca bt cao su ht mn lm tng bn
ca b tng t phan ln 49%, h s cng ko ca b tng t phan c bt cao
95
su tng cao hn so vi b tng t phan thng (0,5 so vi 0,38). Douglas kt
lun bitum cao su c nhit ho mm cao hn so vi titum thng. William
th nghim tnh cht ca b tng t phan s dng bt cao su (theo phng php
SHRP) v kt lun b tng t phan c bn ln tt hn.
Vit Nam vo nhng nm 1992-1994 th nghim bt cao su trong b
tng t phan, tuy mi dng li th nghim nh hng (quy hoch bc 1)
nhng nhn c cc kt qu kh quan. Mi y cc nghin cu ca i hc
Giao thng vn ti Vit Nam ngh thnh phn b tng t phan vi hm
lng ph gia bt cao su 9% c lng chu nn 50
0
C tng khong 60%,
n nh Marshall tng 30-40%.
C nhiu phng php s dng ph liu bt cao su trong b tng t phan
trong hai phng php chnh l: Phng php kh v phng php t.
Phng php t c MC Donald pht trin vi hm lng bt cao su
trong b tng t phan t 14-20%. Bt cao su c a vo bitum nng chy
nhit 175 n 220
0
C v nho trn khong 45 pht. Sau bitum cao su c
trn vi ct liu c b tng t phan. Nghin cu ch ra tnh cht ca hn
hp bitum cao su, thnh phn ht ca cao su, hm lng cao su, loi bitum v
cng ngh sn xut. Gn y kt qu nghin cu s dng ch 7-9% cao su c
mn cao bang Florida M.
6.3.5. Ph gia Cololymere eva (Etylene vinyl axtat)
Ph gia Cololymere eva l cht nha trng hp ca Polime Etylene v
axtat vinyl l cht ph gia nhit do.
Etylene axtat vinyl (EVA) l cht nha do nng c th nghim khi
dng ci tin cht kt dnh xy dng ng. Cng nh cc nha do nng,
chng c cc tnh cht nh mm nhit cao v cng nhit lnh.
EVA khi trn vi bitum, kt hp khong nhit , lm tng nht ca
bitum. Tnh bt li l chng khng c tc dng lm tng ng k tnh do ca
bitum v khi qu nng c th phn ly, c th lm cht phn tn th (nhm cht
rn) tng ln. Tuy nhin c th chp nhn c nhc im ny, EVA vi hm
lng t 3% n 7% trong bitum mc 70 tr nn ph bin.
Nha trng hp EVA l nhng vt liu nha do vi cu trc ri rc c
sn xut do s trng hp Polime ca etylen v axtat vinyl th cc nha trng
hp thay i cc tnh cht. Khi lng phn t v hm lng ca axtat vinyl
nh hng n cc tnh cht ca nha Polime trng hp EVA.
Khi lng phn t (phn t lng): Phn t lng ca nhiu Polime c
lin quan n tnh cht ca n. Tiu chun thc t nh gi cho cc EVA l ch
s biu th im chy (MFI), ( nht t l nghch vi khi lng phn t), ch
96
s MFI cng cao, khi lng phn t nht cng thp, iu ny tng t vi
im kim tra kim ln ca bitum- kim ln cng cao, khi lng phn t
trung bnh v nht ca bitum cng thp.
Hm lng axtat vinyl: theo th t nh gi cc tc dng chnh axtat
vinyl n cc tnh cht ca cht kt dnh ci tin l n c li cho cu trc ca
bitum. Cc on u n polyetylen ca chui c th khp kn li vi nhau v
hnh dng trng ging nh l lp thy tinh th. Nhng lp tinh th c lin quan
n s cng v to ra cc tc dng tng cng ng k.
Phm vi s dng ca EVA trng hp c c trng bi ch s biu th
bng 150 v hm lng axtat vinyl bng 19 th gi l loi 150/19. EVA loi
150/19 thng c trn vi bitum qunh 70 vi t l t 3-7%. EVA trng
hp l loi d phn tn v ph hp (tng thch) vi bitum. Chng n nh nhit
vi cc hn hp t phan. Tuy nhin trong khi lu kho c th xy ra lng ng
i cht v iu dn ti l hn hp sn xut cn phi qua khuy trc khi s
dng.
Cc Copolime EVA c tnh n nh nhit, chu ko un tt. Nu s dng
lm ph gia ci thin cho bitum du m rt tt, c tc dng tng qunh
(nht), tng nhit ho mm, h nhit dn cho bitum du m. V vy, ph
gia Copolime EVA l loi cht ph gia rt c trin vng trong xy dng mt
ng.
Bitum du m c ci thin bng ph gia Copolime c s dng cho cc
loi mt ng b tng t phan vng kh hu nng. Trng i hc Giao
thng Vn ti Vit Nam nghin cu ph gia EVA vi hm lng ph gia 5%.
Kt qu nghin cu v cng nn 60
0
C c ghi hnh sau:
97


Xc nh h s n nh nhit ca 2 loi b tng t phan;
+ B tng t phan khng ph gia:
60
20
10, 4
0, 27
38, 5
k
T
k
R
K
R
= = =
+ B tng t phan c ph gia EVA (5%):
60
20
18, 4
0, 31
59, 5
k
T
k
R
K
R
= = =
Trong :
K
T
- H s n nh nhit ca b tng t phan;
R
k20
- Cng nn gii hn ca mu b tng t phan kh 20
0
C
(daN/cm
2
);
R
k60
- Cng nn gii hn ca mu b tng t phan kh 60
0
C
(daN/cm
2
);
Nhn xt:
- Khi nhit tng, cng nn ca b tng t phan gim.
+ Vi b tng t phan khng ph gia EVA: cng nn gim t
38,5 daN/cm
2
20
0
C xung 14,1 daN/cm
2
50
0
C xung 10,4 daN/cm
0
C
60
0
C.
98
- Khi s dng ph gia EVA (5%), cng nn cc nhit th nghim
u tng so vi b tng t phan khng ph gia.
+ 20
0
C: cng nn tng 55%
+ 50
0
C: cng nn tng 48%
+ 60
0
C: cng nn tng 77%
- nhit cao (50 n 60
0
C) mc tng cng cao hn hn so vi
nhit thng (20
0
C).
- H s n nh nhit K
T
ca b tng t phan c ph gia EVA (5%) cao hn
so vi b tng t phan khng ph gia (h s n nh nhit tng 15%), chng t
b tng t phan ph gia EVA n nh nhit hn hn b tng t phan khng ph
gia.
Nh vy, s dng ph gia EVA (5%) va c tc dng tng cng nn
cho b tng t phan kh nng n nh nhit tt hn. Do vy, b tng t phan c
ph gia EVA (5%) rt ph hp vi mt ng b tng t phan trong iu kin
kh hu Vit Nam.
6.4. La chn thnh phn vt liu khong ch to b tng t phan
6.4.1. Phng php theo TCVN
Vt liu s dng phi ph hp vi loi, dng b tng v t cc yu cu v
tnh cht c hc, tnh n nh nhit v tnh chng n mn, ng thi phi ph
hp vi yu cu ca tiu chun.
Hn hp vt liu khong c la chn sao cho m bo c c hp
l. L thuyt v ng cong c hp l l c s to ra thnh phn ht hp
l (l thuyt Ivannp).
Nu d
1
, d
2
,d
n
l ng knh cc c ht th lng ht tng ng l y
1
,
y
2
,...y
n
. Khi cc ng knh ht nh dn th quan h gia chng nh sau:
1 2
2 3 1
1
2
n
n
d d d
A
d d d
+
= = = =
Lng ht tng ng s sp xp theo dy sau:
2 1
1 2 1 3 1 1
, , . ...
n
n
y y ky y k y y k y

= = =
Tng s cc ht l tng cp s nhn c cng bi k (k l c yu cu),
vy
1
1 1
100% ( ) / 1
n
y y k k

= =

.
T phng trnh trn v cc th nghim c th thnh lp cc biu hoc
cc bng tra v thnh phn ht hp l cho tng loi b tng t phan tng quc
gia v tng vng vt liu thch hp (th hin trong cc tiu chun).
Thnh phn cp phi ht theo tiu chun Vit Nam c gii thiu trn v
bng 6.7, 6.8.
99
Thnh phn vt liu khong trong b tng t phan thng thng gm 3 loi:
dm, ct, bt khong vi t l l , C, B (%).
Trong mt s trng hp tng cht lng b tng c th cho thm mt
phn mt (M%).
Hn hp vt liu khong c la chn c tng th thnh phn nh sau:
+ C + B + M = 100%
hoc + C + B = 100% (khng c mt)
Lng lt qua sng ca hn hp vt liu khong L
x
c xc nh theo
cng thc sau:
100 100 100 100
x x x x
x
D M C B
L D M C B = + + +
Trong :
x
, M
x
, C
x
l lng lt qua sng kch thc x (mm) ca , mt,
ct v bt khong.
Xc nh lng dm: T l thnh phn ca dm c xc nh theo
cng thc sau:
.100%
x
d
A
A

Trong : A
x
, A
d
l lng st tch lu ti c ht x ca hn hp hp l theo
tiu chun v ca dm.
6.4.2. Xc nh lng bt khong
T l phn trm ca bt khong (c c ht < 0,071mm) c xc nh theo
cng thc sau (phn ct v mt c c ht < 0,071mm khng c coi l bt
khong):
0,071
0,071
.100%
Y
B
B
=
Trong : Y
0,071
l lng ht nh hn 0,071 ca hn hp vt liu hp l v
ca bt khong.
6.4.3. Xc nh lng ct v lng mt
Tng t l phn trm ca ct v mt c tnh nh sau:
C + M = 100- B- = M
Gii cc phng trnh (1) v (2):
1,25 1,25
1,25
. ( ).
100 100
C C M C M
L B

+ =
T kt qu tnh ton v thnh phn vt liu thc t, tin hnh tnh ton li
tr s L
x
vi tt c cc c ht. So snh ng biu din L
x
vi thnh phn
khong vt hp l. Yu cu L
x
phi ph hp vi gii hn thnh phn ca hn
100
hp hp l theo quy phm. Nu thnh phn chn c khng hp quy phm th
c th iu chnh li cc lng vt liu c L
x
hp quy phm.
6.4.4. Xc nh lng bitum ti u
Lng bitum ti u c tnh ton theo ch tiu rng ca hn hp vt
liu khong ca mu th nghim b tng t phan v rng cn li ca b tng
t phan theo quy nh quy phm.
101
Thnh phn ht ca hn hp b tng t phan nng v m
Lng lt qua sng, % c ht, m
Dng v loi hn hp
20 15 10 5 2,5 1,25 0,63
Thnh phn ht lin tc
Ht nh loi
A 95-100 78-100 60-100 35-50 24-38 17-28 12-20
B 95-100 78-100 80-100 65-80 38-52 28-39 20-29
C 95-100 78-100 80-100 65-80 52-66 39-53 29-40
BT cc loi
D - - - 95-100 68-83 45-67 28-50
E - - - 95-100 74-93 53-86 27-65
Thnh phn khng lin tc
Ht nh loi
A 95-100 78-100 60-100 35-50 28-50 22-50 18,50
B 95-100 85-100 70-100 50-65 40-65 34-65 27-65

102
Thnh phn ht ca hn hp b tng t phan nng v
Lng lt qua sng, % c ht, mm
Dng ht v loi hn hp
20 15 10 5 2.5 1,25 0,63
Thnh phn hn lin tc
Ht nh loi

B
x
95-100 85-100 70-100 50-65 33-50 21-39 14-29
C
x
95-100 88-100 80-100 50-60 39-49 29-38 22-34
BT cc loi
D
x
, C
x
- - - 95-100 66-82 46-68 26-54
103
Chun b cc mu th nghim t hn hp b tng t phan, trong lng bitum dng gi
ca cc tr s trong bng.
Lng bitum ti u c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
0
( )
k k B
k
V V
B

=
Trong :
V
k
o
- rng vt liu khong ca mu th nghim, %;

k
- Khi lng ring ca vt liu khong g/cm
3
.
6.4.5. Kim tra trn cc mu th nghim
Kt qu tnh ton lng bitum s dng ch to 3 mu th v kim tra li cc tnh nng cn thit ca b
nu ch tiu rng khng m bo cc ch tiu khc (v d cng , n nh nc) th
ch yu l lng bt khong. Sau tnh li lng B v li lm theo trnh t trn cho n lc t mi y
6.4.6. Th d tnh ton thnh phn b tng t phan
Yu cu la chn thnh phn b tng t phan ri nng, ht nh, loi dng cho lp trn c
bitum s 4, dm, mt, ct sng, bt vi c tnh cht ph hp vi yu cu k thut v
6.4.7. Tnh ton thnh phn vt liu kh ong ca hn hp b tng t phan
- Tnh lng dm:
Xt mt sng c ng knh 5mm, theo quy phm lng ht c ng knh ln hn 5mm ph
(do lng ht lt qua sng 5mm nm trong phm vi 50-65%).
Vy lng ht c ng knh ln hn 5mm theo quy phm bng:
A
5
= 0,5 (50+35) = 42,5 43%
Lng ht c ng knh ln hn 5mm trong dm l 95%
Nh vy:
104
43
.100 45%
95
D = =
Th d v thnh phn ht v cc s liu tnh ton thnh ph
b tng t phan
Lng vt liu khong, % lt qua s
Vt liu khong
20 15 10 5 3 1,25
dm 5-15 mm 100 95 57 5
mt 100 76 44
Ct sng 100 73
Bt khong
Hn hp theo quy phm 95-100 84-100 70-100 50-65 38-52 28-39
dm 45% 45 43 27 2
mt 21% 21 21 21 21 16 9,2
Ct sng 24% 24 24 24 24 24 17,5
Bt khong 10% 10 10 10 10 10 10
Thnh phn hn hp
chn
100 98 82 57 40 36,7

- Tnh lng bt khong
Theo quy phm yu cu lng ht c ng knh nh hn 0,071 nm trong phm vi 6
Trong tnh ton chn Y
0,071
= 8% v B
0,071
= 74%
8
.100 10,8%
74
B = = chn B= 10%
Lng ht v mt s l:
105
C + M = 100-45-10 = 45%.
Khi tnh ring lng ct v mt, xt c sng tiu biu ca ct v mt l 1,25 mm ph
(c th dng 34%); nhng trong 10%B, nn lng ht nh hn 1,25mm khng k bt khong l
Lng ct phi tho mn phng trnh sau:
.73 (45 ).44
24%
100 100
C C
+ =
Trong , 73 v 44 l lng ht c kch thc nh hn 1,25mm ca ct v mt.
C = 24%. M = 21%
Tnh ton lng lt qua sng ca tng loi vt liu ti cc c ht ghi trong bng 6.9.
Kim tra kt qu cp phi hp chn thy ph hp vi thnh phn ht hp l theo quy phm (xem bng 6.9).
6.4.8. Tnh lng bitum ti u
Lng bitum theo quy phm nh cho loi b tng yu cu l 5,5%, chn lng bitum d
vt liu khong c 5,2%.
T hn hp c, ch to 3 mu th c d= h= 71,4mm. m chc mu th bng phng php ph
bn rung ( nhit 180
0
C trong thi gian 180 gy di tc dng ca ti trng 0,3 kG/cm
2
). Cu
200 kG/cm
2
. Sau 12-42 gi, xc nh c khi lng ring ca mu th bng 2,32 g/cm
3
.
Vi khi lng ring ca hn hp vt liu khong l 2,68 g/cm
3
, ca bitum
B
= 1g/cm
t phan l 4%, ta c:
3
2, 32.100
2, 2 /
100 5, 2
k
g cm = =
+

rng ca hn hp vt liu khong:
0
0
2, 2
1 .100 17, 9%
2, 68
k
V
| |
= =
|
\

Lng bitum ti u:
106
( ) 17, 9 4, 0 .1, 0
5, 7%
2, 68
B

= =
Kim tra trn cc mu th b tng t phan vi lng bitum thay i t 5,0% n 6% cho thy ti im c B=5,5%, gi
tr R20, R50 l ln nht v ht nc nm di gii hn nh nht. Nh vy, vic chn l
cy.
6.5. Thit k thnh phn b tng t phan theo phng php AC (vin b tng t phan M)
V phng php tnh ton thnh phn b tng t phan AC s dng phng php tnh nh phng php c
Nam th hin dng.
Tuy nhin, v thnh phn cp phi hp l theo ASTM c cc c ht khc nn chi tit tnh ton c iu chnh cht t.
Phng php kim tra cp phi cn tnh ton thnh phn b tng t phan cng lm tng t
phn ht hp l do cc loi b tng t phan xem bng 6.10.





Cc hn hp b tng t phan ca M


Mix1 Type
Loi
21/2 in 11/2 in 1 in 3/4 in 1/2 in 3/8 in N
0
4 N
0
8 N
0
16 N
0
30
la 100 35-70 0-15 0-5
lla 100 40-45 5-20
llb 100 70-100 20-40 5-20
llc 100 70-100 45-75 20-40 5-20
107
lld 100 70-100 35-60 15-35 5-20
lle 100 75-100 50-800 25-60 10-30 5-20
llla 100 75-100 35-55 20-35 10-22 6-16
lllb 100 75-100 60-85 35-55 20-35 10-22 6-16
lllc 100 75-100 60-85 30-50 20-35 5-20 3-12
llld 100 75-100 45-70 30-50 20-35 5-20 3-12
llle 100 75-100 60-85 40-65 30-50 20-35 5-20 3-12
IVa 100 80-100 55-75 35-50 18-29 13-23
IVb 100 80-100 70-90 50-70 35-50 18-29 13-23
IVc 100 80-100 60-80 48-65 35-50 19-30 13-23
IVd 100 80-100 70-90 55-75 45-62 35-50 19-30 13-23
Va 100 85-100 65-80 50-65 37-52 25-40 18-30
Vb 100 85-100 65-80 50-65 37-52 25-40 18-30
Vla 100 85-100 65-78 50-70 35-60 25-48
Vlb 100 85-100 65-80 47-68 30-55 20-40
Vlla 100 85-100 80-95 70-89 55-80 30-60
Vllb 100 95-100 85-98 70-95 40-75
108
6.5.1. Cc bc tnh ton thnh phn ct liu
Phng trnh tng qut:
P= A.a + B.b + C.c,
Trong : P l gi tr % lt sng ti mt sng c trng nm trong tiu
chun (thng thng ngi ta chn cc mt sng in hnh cc loi vt liu nh
2,36,0,074 v.v).
A, B, C l % lt sng ti mt sng ca tng vt liu a, b, c l t l tng
loi vt liu A, B, C trong hn hp.
A + b + c= 100%
- Khi thit k cho hai vt liu:
+ Tnh phn trm ct trong hn hp:
a= (P-B)/ (A-B) (Dng cho mt sng 2.36)
+ Tnh phn trm ct trong hn hp:
b= 100-a
- Khi thit k cho ba loi vt liu
+ Tnh phn trm :
a= (P-B)/ (A-B) (Dng cho mt sng 2.36)
+ Tnh phn trm bt:
Da vo phng trnh tng qut cho mt sng 0,074mm
P= A.a + B.b + C.c cho mt sng 0,074mm
V phng trnh
b+ c= 1- a
h hai phng trnh hai n gii c c.
+ Tnh phn trm ct:
b= 1- a- c
6.5.2. La chn thnh phn bitum hp l
Theo tiu chun AC vic la chn lng bitum c tnh theo ng li l
thuyt cng thc nghim. Lng bitum ban u c la chn theo cng thc
mc 6.4.4. Tin hnh ch to cc mu th vi lng bi tum bin i v la
chn lng bi tum ti u theo cc biu quan h gia B, % vi khi lng
ring b tng t phan, rng cn li, n nh Marshall, rng hn hp vt
liu khong, chy Marshall.
Hm lng bi tum ti u l tr s trung bnh cng ca nm tr s c chn
ti u 5 biu lp c trn.
Lng bi tum s dng c th tch theo tng khi lng vt liu khong
hoc tng khi lng ca b tng t phan (bao gm c khi lng bi tum).
CU HI N TP
1. Phn loi b tng asphalt v cc yu cu k thut c bn ca b tng asphalt;
109
2. Cc yu cu k thut ca vt liu ch to b tng asphalt;
3. Cc gii php nng cao cht lng ca b tng asphalt trong iu kin kh
hu nng;
4. Ni dung cc phng php tnh ton thnh phn vt liu khong v bitum
cho b tng asphalt.
110
CHNG 7
TM POLIME CT SI CC BON (PCSC)
Tm mng Polime ct si cc bon (PCSC) ngy cng thay th tm thp
mng gia cng cho kt cu b tng. Vic thit k chng trt v vng tun
th theo thit k kt cu b tng ct thp truyn thng. Phi xem xt ti bin
dng ti hn ring ca thp v tm mng. Theo php ngoi suy (phn tch) v
ko, mp ca tm mng phi c nei pha ngoi ca b tng theo hng ca
cc lc ko. Tm gia cng bng PCSC c th b ph v do s ph v ca
bm dnh dc cng vi s rn nt ca b tng, nh c bit n i vi cc
tm thp. Kim tra v bm dnh ch ra rng m hnh trc y v dnh
c th thch ng cho tm PCSC.
Trong 10 nm qua vic nghin cu v ng dng vt liu Polime si cc bon
gia cng kt cu BTCT c trin khai Chu u, M, Nht v Chu .
Vo nm 2001 c nghin cu ti Vit Nam do nhm nghin cu ca
trng i hc Giao thng vn ti thc hin.
Cc tm PCSC mng, nh v cng cao ngy cng thay th tm thp.
Tm PCSC c tnh cht tuyt vi v nhiu phng din lin quan n m bn
lu, hin tng mi v vn n mn.
Tng t nh i vi tm thp bo m bm dnh cn thit gia b tng v
tm thp thng qua cc mi tip gip bng epoxy l mt yu cu phi c i vi
kt cu c gia cng. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi vic nh v cc
cnh ca tm. thit k, cn phi bit lc bm dnh ti a v kiu rn nt.
Ngoi cc kiu rn nt nh quan st thy i vi tm thp, tm PCSC c
thm kiu rn nt khc. Vic kim nh su rng c thc hin v m hnh
v cng bm dnh c pht trin [12].
Gia cng kh nng un bng cng ngh gn kt cc tm Carbondur
Polime ct si cc bon (PCSC) vo vt liu nh b tng, g v va v ang
c chp nhn rng khp trn th gii hin nay ang tr thnh thc tin sng
to. Cc u im ca h thng ny, cc c tnh cht lng c xc nh r
bng tnh ton v c sau khi p dng. iu ny cng vi kh nng tng thch
gia tm v kt dnh kt cu nh mt h c kim tra l nn tng cho
vic sn xut ti nh my cc h thng tm Polime ct si cc bon (PCSC), cc
kim tra gn y do SIKA (Thy S) cng vi EMPA (Vin kim nh v nghin
cu vt liu Lin bang Thy S) tin hnh a ra kt qu c lin quan n vic
p dng ti hin trng v kh nng gia cng kt cu v tng cng sc chu
trt bng tm Polime ct si cc bon hnh ch L [13].
111
Bo tr, phc hi v thay i kt cu hin c ngy cng quan trng hn khi
s lng cng trnh xy dng mi gim. Cc h thng gia cng phi p ng
tt mt lot cc yu cu khc nhau. Thm vo iu quan trng nht l ph i
t c cht lng hiu qu kinh t tt nht trong thit k v ng dng. Hn 10
nm trc y l h thng gia cng bng Polime ct si bt u xut hin
trong xy dng. Bt u bng vic s dng li Composite trong vic nng cao
chng li a chn.
Nm 1987 Gio s Urs Meier lm vic ti EMPA. Dubenorf ln u tin
a ra cch gia cng bng cch gn kt Polime ct si cc bon (PCSC cn vit
tt l CFRP) [2]. So vi s dng tm thp (Fe E 235 l loi thp hay dng) s
dng bng PCSC c cc u im sau [14].
- C th c di bt k: bng PCSC c th cung ng dng cun di ti
vi trm mt. u im ny gip hn ch c cc mi ni m khi dng tm thp
rt kh thi cng. Vic lp rp ti ni ng c v khng gian hp khng kh
khn. Vic gn kt bng PCSC qua cc ng ng, l tngv.v cho thy bng
PCSC c nhiu u im.
- Sc khng ho hc: bng PCSC khng cn phi c x l c bit no,
hon ton c sc khng tt i vi cc cht xm thc nhim thng c
trong mi trng ca cc kt cu.
Vic gia cng pha ngoi tng cng sc chu un cho cc kt cu b tng
ct thp bng cc tm Polime ct si cc bon c tin hnh nm 1991 ti
cu Ibanh gn Lucxem (Thy S). Cy cu b hng c phc hi v trng
thi ban u ch trong 2 ca m, cc l do chung nht cn gia cng sc chu
un bng cc tm Polime ct si cc bon l:
- Gia cng do tng trng ti trng.
- Thay i trong h thng kt cu do thay i trong s dng.
- Gia cng do thit k khng y
- Gia cng hoc tng cng ca cc dm g
- Nng cp sc chu a chn cho cc kt cu cu, nh ang s dng (chu
ti c ti trng ng khi thi cng).
ti nghin cu khoa hc ny nghin cu cc vn sau:
1. Cc dng h hng ca kt cu cu Vit Nam v cc hng sa cha,
bo tr chnh.
2. Nguyn tc v gii php thit k tng cng cu bng cng ngh s dng
Polime si cc bon.
3. Cc nghn cu thc nghim
4. Quy trnh cng ngh
112
5. Ph lc: sa cha cu Trn Th L v cc kt qu t c.
Gii php tng cng cu bng Polime si cc bon l mt gii php hin
i, thch hp cho nhng cng trnh tm c, cn tng cng nhanh v rt cn
c khuyn khch s dng.
7.1 Vt liu Polime si cc bon
7.1.1 M u
Cng ngh tng cng cu s dng Polime si cc bon cn s dng cc vt
liu sau : tm Polime si cc bon (PCSC), keo dn to ra lc dnh gia tm
si cc bon v b mt b tng c lm sch v lm nhm, cc tm thp hoc
tm si cc bon hnh ch L neo. S lm vic chung ca tm Polime si cc
bon v kt cu cu c to ra s tng cng kh nng chu lc cho kt cu b
tng ct thp Polime si cc bon cao hn kt cu cu c.
7.1.2 Vt liu Polime si cc bon
1. Tm PCSC
Bng PCSC c ch to theo phng php keo tm. Theo phng php
ny si cc bon c chy qua b keo epoxy v qua cc l hp lm cng.
Cu trc PCSC gm 2 phn : cu trc nn v cu trc si.
- Nn l epoxy, si l si cc bon
- Si cc bon c E = 240 900 MPa.
- Cng ko khong 3000 4000 MPa khi ko dc si.
Cc si cc bon c t ch yu theo chiu dc trn nn epoxy, cc si
ngang t hn to thnh thm dt vung. Cc si cc bon ny chi phi sc ko
ca tm PCSC theo chiu dc rt tt cn cng ko ngang ca tm PCSC rt
yu.
Tm PCSC c dy 1.2 1.4 c chiu rng 50 120mm, cha 60 70%
(theo th tch) si cc bon vi ng knh khong 1/5000mm c di theo
hng nht nh trong thm epoxy. S lng si cc bon t 1.3 2 triu si.
Tm PCSC c m un n hi 150 230 MPa. Tng t nh si cc bon,
quan h gia ng sut v bin dng l tuyn tnh n hi cho n khi b ph
hu. Trong thc t sn xut th cc b si c chy qua b ngm epoxy ri qua
l lm cng lm cho vt liu c c tnh c ho cao. Phng php ko lin tc
ny cho php srn xut c bng PCSC rt di khong 250 500m. Trong khi
thit k tm PCSC mc d vao tr ca thm epoxy i vi cng tm l
khng ng k nhng cng ko khong 60-90 MPa, cao hn rt nhiu so
vi cng b tng, l yu t cn phi c chuyn ti cc ng sut bm dnh,
ng thi thm epoxy phi c bin dng cc i cao m bo sc chu ti
ca si i vi ton b ng sut c th c trong tm.
113
2. Keo kt dnh
Phn ln l epoxy hai thnh phn trn vi ct liu, cng ko ln hn
30 MPa vt hn b tng gp 10 ln. Cht kt dnh ny c co ngt v bin
dng mi thp, sc khng ho hc tt v chu c nhit cao. Cht kt
dnh epoxy vi cc tnh nng trn thch hp cho vic gn kt tm PCSC vi mt
ngoi b tng.
3. Keo dnh epoxy
Vic gn kt cho php ni kt kinh t cc cu kin ti cng trng m
khng thay i trng thi ca chng. Cc mi ni gn kt cn chuyn lc ra ton
b din tch gn kt.
Lc ni vt l c ta ra bi sc ht phn t gia keo v vt liu b tng.
Cng ca cc lc ny ph thuc vo loi phn t v khong cch gia
chng. Cc cht bn bi hoc du m ngn cn sc ht phn t. V vy, chun b
k b mt gn kt l ti quan trng. Cng tc chun b ch yu l lm sch b
mt b mt b tng bng cch c th cng, lm sch li bng nc nng v
axeton. Bng cch bng cch lm nhm b mt c th t c cc cht dnh c
hc gia cht keo v vt gn kt. nh nhm b mt cn lm tng b mt bm
dnh ring (din tch bm dnh cng tng ln). H thng epoxy hai thnh phn
c bit ph hp gn kt bng PCSC ln b tng, thp. Loi keo ny c
cng c hc cao v sc khng ho hc tt chng li mi trng xm
thc. Hin nay thng thng s dng keo epoxy hai thnh phn (Sika Dur 30
33 c hai thnh phn A v B). Mt vi khuyt tt ln v mt vi im khng
phng phi c thc hin trong mi che, nhit mi trng nn vo khong
25
o
C, nhit ny l tng cho vic gia cng. Cha khi no m cao qu
mc, vic kim tra bt k cha c thc hin. Trc khi thc hin thi cng cn
kim tra nhit khng kh v m kt cu. Qua nghin cu cho thy Vit
Nam nhit t 25
o
C n 35
o
C l nhit l tng cho vic thi cng.
7.1.3 u im chnh ca vt liu
Nh ta bit, gia cng BTCT ngi ta s dng phng php gn kt
cc tm thp vo vng ng sut trt v ko. Phng php ny c p dng t
nm 1967 ti nay, n t c nhiu kt qu thc tin v c kim chng.
Bt li ca phng php ny l: kt cu nng nn, vic bc d thi cng gp
nhiu kh khn v nguy c ct thp chun b n mn ti vng tip gip.
114
1. t c di bt k
Bng PCSC c th c cung ng dng cun di ti vi trm mt. u
im ny gip hn ch c cc mi ni m khi dng cc tm thp rt kh thi
cng. Vic lp rp chng ti ni ng c v khng gian hn hp khng my
kh khn do do ca tm bng.
2. Sc khng ho hc
Bng PCSC khng cn phi x l c bit no hon ton c sc khng
tt i vi cc cht xm thc v nhim thng c trong mi trng ca cc kt
cu. Mi nguy him i vi bng PCSC c th xut hin do cc tai nn lm t
bng hoc trong trng hp c ho hon. Bi vy vic bo v bng PCSC trnh
nhng tc ng trn l cn thit.
3. Cng cao, trng lng nh
Cng ko ca bng PCSC hin nay t ti 300N/mm
2
. So vi tm thp
s dng cng mc ch, bng PCSC c cng cao v trng lng n v th
tch thp (nh hn tm thp 4 ln).
Cng cao cho php ta s dng bng mng hn rt nhiu (theo ti liu
km theo). Thng dng lai 50 x 1.2mm. Trong nhiu trng hp y l nhng
u im ca bng PCSC ti n cn yu t thm m v ta c th sn hoc ph
chng bng ma tt m khng thy s gia c.
Khi s dng tm thp gia c, mt tm thp phi t su trong b tng
hoc phi lm g trn b tng. Trong mt s trng hp tm thp phi mi bt
ti v tr giao nhau. Do bn cnh s lng v trng lng ca vt liu, ta
cn phi xem xt cc chu vng ti v tr giao nhau.
Ngoi ra do trng lng ca bng PCSC nh dn n vic chuyn ch cng
nh cng n gin hn nhiu v hu nh chng ta khng phi s dng bt c
dng c no c bit. Ngoi ra n cn c mt s tnh cht tuyt vi v nhiu
phng din lin quan n bn lu v hin tng mi ca vt liu.
Tuy vy so vi thp, m un n hi E ca bng PCSC nh hn nhiu
(150000 300000 N/mm
2
) nn khi giai c cho nhng dm c khu ln m
khng c nhng bin php kt hp th dm s c vng ln, mt kh gi thnh
cho vic s dng tm PCSC gia cng cn cao nhng vi cc u im ca n
s to ra tnh kh thi cho gii php ny.
7.1.4 Trin vng ca vt liu mi.
Hin nay si cac bon v cc sn phm t si cc bon c ng dng rng
ri mt s nc trn th gii. L loi vt liu mi rt c trin vng trong vic
gia cng cho kt cu BTCT hoc dng nh mt nguyn liu trc tip sn xut
cc dm cc bon. Ti Thy S v c, hn 50 km bng PCSC c s dng
115
nh ct gn kt gia cng. Ti Nht Bn ang tin hnh xy dng mt cy
cu c khu ln (hng nghn mt) bng si cc bon. Nh vy xut hin xu
hng dng vt liu cc bon thay th cc vt liu truyn thng.
Tuy vy hin nay vn cn thiu cc m hnh thc t tnh ton di neo.
Ph hu do s trt b tng ti vng ko phi tip tc kho st. Vic ph hu
giai on cha ng cng ca bng gia cng trong cc dm mng v di ti
trng cao tip tc phi kho st chi tit. Cn pht trin hn nha cc phng
php d ng lc v nh v (neo).
Trong cc trng hp khc nhau, bng PCSC vi E > 300000 N/mm
2

c s dng, bin dng c bit trong cc kt cu g c th gim i ng k.
Ti Vit Nam, vic s dng si cc bon v tm PCSC trong xy dng v
sa cha cu cha c, cng ngh ny mi ch gii thiu gn y. Chng ta phi
nghin cu lm vic, thch dng ca chng vi iu kin Vit Nam t a ra
nhng iu chnh cn thit.
7.1.5. H sn phm CarbonDur
1. Sika CarbonDur Tm do Polime ct si cc bon
s dng mm 1991 cu Ibach (b tng ng lc), nm 1992 pr cu Sin
bng g.
* Si CarbonN
- Trng lng thp.
- Cng hay bn cao.
- Chu n mn rt tt
- Sc chu mi cao
- Chi ph cao
* Sn xut tm do Sika CarbonDur:
Tm 50 x 1.2mm: 1.2 triu si
Sn xut bng phng php ko tm: B tr 24000 si mi tm, nhit
sn xut 180
0
C, cun 250 m.
- Quy trnh sn xut vi tin cy cao.
- Cc si xp song song (ng hng)
- To thnh li (thm) epoxy.
- Ln hn 68%khi lng si.
- Sn phn sn xut ti Thu S.
* c tnh ca tm do ct si CarbonDur:
- Trng lng nh (20% so vi thp).
- Cng cao (< 500 % so vi thp).
- Ba cng: thp (S), trung bnh (M), cao (H).
116
M un n hi(N/mm
2
) 165.000 210.000 300.000
Cng ko (N/mm
2
) 2,800 2,400 1,300
bin dng ti cng ko (%) 1,7 1,2 0,45
Gi thnh /m di 325.000 620.000 420.000
- Khng do.
- Khng b n mn.
- Sc chu mi cao.
- Ch c kh nng chu ko cao dc theo hng si.
2. Keo dnh SikaDur 30- Gi thnh 120.000 /1 b.
* u im.
- Cng c hc cao.
- D bc d, vn chuyn
- co ngt v mi thp: bn cao.
- dnh bm tt vi b tng, g, gch, t nhin.
- Kinh nghim vi trn 1000 ng dng SikaDur trn ton th gii.
- L mt b phn ca dng SikaDur.
* c tnh:
- Thi gian cho php thi cng ln hn 40 pht.
- Thi gian h trn 30 pht.
- Cng nn khong 80N/ mm
2

- Mn un n hi khong 12kN/mm
2

- co trn 0,05 %
- H s dn nhit khong 10
-4 0
C
- Nhit s dng ti a + 50
0
C
* Cng tc chun b : Trn vi tc chm v dng trc quay trn
nhm lm gim bt lng kh trong keo.
* Qu trnh gn kt:
- Gn kt keo dnh trn vo:
+Mt nn vi mt lp mng.
+ Qut mt lp hnh chp ln mt tm, cc bt kh mc bn trong c
th loi b ra ngoi.
- Dng tay t tm CarboDur.
- n nh bng con ln cao su.
- Loi b nhng ch keo tha.
- To lp ph bng sn, va hoc lp chng chy.
117
* Chng chy to lp ph.
+ Chng chy bng tm chng ngn phi : lp t cn trng, ch dng cho
vng gn kt.
+ Thi cng lp ph chng tia cc tm hoc v l do thm m : c th
dng sn hoc va xi mng.
3. Tm si Sika Wrap- lp ph kh.
* Dry Wrapping
- L tm si c thi cng p ln mt nn m khng cn phi lm t (thi
cng kh).
- Thi cng bng tay, khng cn htit b to bo ho.
- Qu trnh thi cng sch.
- D bc d, vn chuyn.
- Hiu qu kinh t i vi d n nh.
* Thnh phn h Sika Dry Wrap
- SikaWrap Hex 230C: dng thm c cc si cc bon xp ng hng.
- SikaWrap Hex 43g (VP): dng thm c cc si thu tinh xp ng
hng.
- SikaDur 30:
+ Epoxy dng thixotricpic hai thnh phn bo ho trong keo h nha thng.
+ Cng cht kt dnh ging nh SikaDur 30 nhng ht lp y (n) nh
hn.
* Ct tm si SikaWrap
- Ct thnh nhng kch c mong mun, dng dao sc hoc ko chuyn
dng.
- Khng c gp, cun tm PCSC.
* SikaDur 330
Trn:
- Trng ring trong tng thng.
- thnh phn A vo B
- Trn vi tc thp 3 phc
- vo thng sch
- Trn thm mt pht
Gn kt: Cn 0.7 n 1.2 kg/m
2
.
* Dn tm thm si
- t tm si vo n quet SikaDur 330
- Dng con ln bng nha khng thm
- Ln n khi cht do xi ra
118
- Hai mp chng ln nhau 100 mm si dc.
* To lp ph
- Dng khong 0.5 kg/m
2
thm vo tng hp
- Cn to vi ba lp trong mt gi nu c th.
- Nu iu kin khng cho php th i sau 12 gi, ra sch b mt bng
nc trc khi thi cng lp tip theo.
- Lp ph kt dnh: qut thm mt lp SikaDur 30 vi cc thch anh.
4. Tm si SikaWrap Lp ph t
* Wet Wrapping
- Tm si c thi cng trn mt nn khi cn t
- Dng cht bo ho
- Hiu qu i vi cng trnh ln.
- Phn ln s dng gia c ct.
* Prime SikaDur Hex 300: Cn 0.6kg/m
2

7.2 Nghin cu thc nghim
7.2.1 Mc ch nghin cu
Nh phn trn trnh by, cn nghin cu bng thc nghim quan st
dng ph hot kt cu gia cng si cc bon, chiu di ca tm Polime si
cc bon. Trng thi ng sut xc nh kh nng tham gia chu lc ca kt cu
c xt thng qua h s gia cng. H s gia cng v cng :
g
B
o
P
K
P
=
Trong : P
0
lc gy m men mu khng gia cng.
P
g
Lc gy m men trng thi c gia cng.
H s gia cng v vng:
=
0
g
v
f
K
f

Trong : f
g
, f
0
- vng trng thi 0 v trng thi c gia cng.
H s gia cng v ng sut:

=
g
o
K
7.2.2. K hoch thc nghim:
Ch to mu th nghim bng b tng M300 vi kch thc mu 10 x10
x60 cm (mu chun theo TCVN v quc t). Mu c b tr ct thp dc v ct
thp ai 6 vi a=10cm.
119
Tui b tng : 28 ngy, c ch to bng xi mng Hong Thch. Cp phi
ht theo tiu chun TCVN.
Si Polime cc bon : Loi M, b=6 cm, h=1,4 mm, (M614)
Keo lin kt: SikaDur (3)
Tm Polime c dn vi chiu di tm Polime si cc bon 0,25; 40;
51cm. S t ti l s t 1/3 L, theo hnh v sau

120

V tr cc im do l 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 theo s trn.
K hiu mu th nh sau:
Chiu di tm PCSC K hiu mu
0 (khng dn PCSC) 3,6,8
L= 25cm 1,9,10
L=40cm 11,12
L=51cm 2,7


121

122
Quan s gia ng sut trn b tng v trn si PCSC

123
Quan h gia bin dng cc di v cp ti trng vi chiu di lp dn
PCSC.

7.2.3. Cc dng ph hoi mu th :
- Vt nt: Vt nt thng xut hin phm vi ngoi vng tng cng tm
Pllime si cc bon. Sau pht trin thng ln v c xu hng l bt lp b
tng pha di tm Polime si cc bon.
124
V tm Polime v ct thp trong b tng mu th cha c khai thc ht
nn lp b tng vng chu nn di im t ti thng b ph hoi sau khi
xut hin vt nt vng ko.
- Trng thi ph hoi cui cng l dm b gy 1/3 (xem hnh nh)
7.2.4. Nhn xt v kt qu thc nghim.
Qua nghin cu thc nghim cho thy rng.
- H s K
b
nn chn t 1,3-1,5 m bo c th gia cng tt phn chu
ko m tng th kt cu vn lm vic tt.
- Tm bn Polime si cc bon t ra dnh bm tt vi b tng v lm vic
chung vi b tng tt.
- Do hin tng ph hoi bt lp b tng di tm PCSC nn cc kt cu
c bit chng vic ny vn cn cn nghin cu tip tc.
- ng sut trong b tng vng nn v vng ko th (gi nh) ph hp vi
ng sut trong b tng.
- V lp Polime si cc bon c m un n hi vi cng qu cao, nn
ng sut trong tm thng l thp, R=500 -800. Nh vy ch chim 2,5 %
0
-4%
0

so vi ng sut ph hoi ca tm Polime . Nh vy vic b tr Polime trn ton
b mt y kt cu(nh th nghim lm) l khng cn thit. Trong cc kt cu c
th nn b tr cc tm c khong cch nht nh. Khong cch ny t nht l 2b
(b- b rng ca tm) v thng thng c th n 15-20cm khai thc ht kh
nng chu lc ca tm Polime si cc bon.
- V mt kt cu: chiu di lp gia cng nn ko sut chiu di ca kt
cu v nu khng cc vt nt c th thay i v tr ra ngoi phn gia cng.
7.3. Cng ngh Polime si cc bon.
7.3.1. Mc ch gii hn ca cng ngh.
Cng ngh ny c bin son phc v cho vic gia cng kt cu cu
BTCT vi iu kin mc b tng 200. Nhit thi cng (khng kh) nh hn
35
0
C v ln hn 15
0
C. PH 10, vt liu s dng l keo epoxy 30, tm si
cc bon loi M, S hoc H. Thi cng trong iu kin kt cu cn kh (khng m
hoc trong nc).
Trong trng hp cn thi cng mt cng trnh c th nu iu kin thc t
khng ph hp th phi lp li cng ngh mi cho ph hp.
Cng ngh ny bao gm cc bc sau: 10 bc.
1.1. Kho st cng trnh.
1.2. Chun b vt liu.
1.3. Chun b thit b.
125
1.4. Lm sch v nhm b mt b tng, to rnh.
1.5. Ch to ko E30.
1.6. Ct v lm sch tm Polime si cc bon.
1.7. Bi ko ln b mt b tng v b mt tm si cc bon.
1.8. Dn tm si cc bon v b tng.
1.9. Lp ph bo v, thi cng lp bt vt nt.
1.10. Kim tra cht lng.
7.3.2. Cc bc cng ngh.
1. Trc khi tin hnh sa cha cu cn tin hnh ng k trng thi 0
ca cng trnh.
Yu cu ca bc ny l xc nh cng b tng, vng kt cu, s
lng, m rng v chiu su vt nt, o nhit mi trng, kho st mt
bng thi cng, xc nh v tr bo qun keo v cun si cc bon. Lu kho cha
phi m bo phng ho tt v keo v tm si cc bon rt d b chy. Tin hnh
xc nh ng vn chuyn vt liu n cng trnh.
2. Chun b vt liu.
Vt liu E30 v tm si cc bon phi c tp kt ti cng trng trc 2
ngy. Tin hnh kim tra dnh bn ca keo vi b mt b tng nn khi nh
cc mu c bi keo m lp b tng ca kt cu b bc ra theo to thnh hnh nm
th loi keo c dnh bm m bo.
3. Thit k thi cng.
Thit b thi cng bao gm: b dng c trn keo l mt thanh thp xon, mt
my trn theo tiu chun, 1 b dao ct tm si cc bon, axeton, 1kg vi sch cho
1m di tm si cc bon, mt bn bng g phng hoc thp c chiu di bng
chiu di ca tm si cc bon d nh dng, 1 thit b to chiu dy lp keo
hp l, hai hoc ba bn ln cao su, 5 n 7 th n trt keo vo b tng, 1 my
thng tin lin lc, h thng in, m bo h lao ng, gng tay v c bit l
knh bo h lao ng, khu trang bo v mt v mi cho cng nhn.
to lp bo v cn chun b mt b thit b tim keo vo vt nt b tng
: my khoan, my bm keo, thng trn keo v thit b che nng.
Thit b thi cng phi c kim tra theo cc quy nh hin hnh v c t l
thit b d tr khong 25 %.
4. Lm nhm, sch v to rnh b tng c.
B mt kt cu b tng cu cn c nh v chnh xc v tr s dn tm si
cc bon. Dng cc dng c c hc to rnh trn b mt b tng. B rng rnh
bng b rng tm PCSC, chiu su rnh khong 2-3mm. Dng hi p thi sch
126
b mt ca rnh. Ra sch bng nc nng v thi sch nc kh trong thi
gian khong 8-10 gi.
5. ch to keo E30.
Keo E30 gm 2 thnh phn A v B c cha hai hp ring trong mt
b.
Trc khi s dng trn cht A v B v khuy bng my trn c cn trn
bng thp xon. Khng c trn bng cn thngv n s lm cho khng kh b
ln vo ko khi trn.
Nhit khi pha trn keo nn t 20 35
o
C.
6. Ct v lm sch tm PCSC
Tm Polime si cc bon c ch to ti nh my v cun li thnh cun
200 250m.
D cun PCSC trn bn, dng khn sch lau sch b mt tm, khn sch
c lm t bng exeton. Lau cho n khi khn khng cn mu en ca tm
PCSC lm bn.
7. Bi keo
t tm PCSC ln bn vi phn c ch di. To mt lp keo E30 ln b
mt ca ton b tm si cc bon. Chiu dy lp keo khong 2 3mm.
Dng bay trt keo E30 vo rnh c chun b sn vi chiu dy lp
keo khong 1 2mm.
8. Dn
Chuyn tm PCSC c keo v dn n vo b mt kt cu b tng. Dng
rul cao su to phng. Sau khi dn xong tm PCSC nm hon ton trong
rnh. Lm sch 2 mp rnh.
9. Lp ph bo v, lp bt vt rt.
Ba ngy sau khi dn tm PCSC, c th tin hnh lp bo v tm PCSC.
Lp ph c th l va xi mng, tt nht l bng cc loi keo bin tnh gc xi
mng silict.
Lp bo v cn lm cho kt cu p hn.
Thi gian bo dng kt cu: 7 ngy iu kin thng, 2 ngy nu dng
thit b in to nhit ko chng rn chc. Sau c th cho kt cu lm vic
bnh thng.
Trong trng hp kt cu c c cc vt nt a
n
> 0,2mm cn bt kn chng
bng keo epoxy theo cng ngh thng thng trc khi thi cng lp bo v b
mt kt cu.
127
10. Kim tra kt cu
Theo cc tnh ton v th nghim cho thy: lp PCSC lm vic chung vi
kt cu c nh mt lp ct thp. V vy c th p dng cc phng php v thit
b quy nh cho th nghim kt cu cu b tng kim tra.
Cc tiu ch kim tra l: xp ti theo quy nh, xc nh vng kt cu
mi, xc nh bin dng nhng khu vc quy nh, ng k trng thi vt nt
mi, o m rng vt nt v su vt nt, quan st hin tng bong hai
u tm PCSC.
Cn c vo cc tiu ch trn nh gi cng ngh.
Thi gian kim tra:
t 1: Sau khi thi cng xong 7 ngy tin hnh th ti.
t 2: Sau 6 thng khai thc
Sau kim tra nh k theo quy nh v duy tu v kim tra cng trnh
thng thng.
7.4 Kt lun kin ngh
7.4.1 Kt lun
Sau khi nghin cu v l thuyt v thc nghim trn mu th v trn cng
trnh thc t. Cc nh nghin cu vt liu rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
1- Kt cu mi c tng cng bng Polime si cc bon c kh nng chu
lc cao hn kt cu c r rng. Tuy nhim mc tng vn ch khong 1.5
1.5 ln so vi kt cu c.
2 ng sut trong tm PCSC ch t t 150 800 daN/cm
2
. Nh vy hiu
sut s dng cha cao.
3 Cc kt cu sau khi tng cng bng PCSC, khai thc vi ti trng c
khng thy xut hin vt nt.
4 Phng php tnh ton tng cng kt cu cu bng Polime si cc bon
vn dng cc phng php tnh hin hnh ca thit k cu b tng ct thp.
5 Cng ngh thi cng khng qu phc tp, c tnh kh thi trong iu kin
kh hu v trnh cng ngh Vit Nam.
6 Gi thnh tm PCSC cn cao, xong trong cc trng hp khng dng
c cc gii php gia cng khc th p dng cng ngh ny s rt ngn c
thi gian thi cng v m bo cht lng cng trnh, nht l nhng cng trnh
va gia cng va phi khai thc.
7.4.2 Kin ngh
1. Vi nhng cng trnh cu BTCT c du hiu h hng nn p dng cng
ngh Polime si cc bon.
128
2. C th p dng cng ngh Polime si cc bon cho vic gia cng kt cu
nh v hm BTCT rt c hiu qu.
3. Cn th nghim thm vic gia cng Polime si cc bon cho cc kt cu
BTCT s dng ct thp d ng lc.


CU HI N TP
1. Tng quan v vt liu cacbon;
2. Khi nim, phn loi, cc tnh cht v phm vi ng dng ca vt liu
polyme ct cacbon;
3. nh gi kt qu nghin cu thc nghim v mt s cng trnh s
dng vt liu polyme ct si cacbon;

129
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. PGS.TS Phm Duy Hu: B tng cng cao, Thng tin KHKT i
hc GTVT s 1, H Ni, 1992.
2. Phm Duy Hu - B.I.Salmetp: Bin php tng cng tui th v
tin cy BTCT bng con ng s dng Polime, Bn ting Nga MIIT,
Matxcva, 1989.
3. Bo co ti NCKH cp B Gio dc v o to: B tng cng
cao 1999.
4. High performance concrete: prroperties and applications S.P.Shah
1995.
5. State of the Art Report on high Strength concrete (Bo co trnh
pht trin khoa hc k thut v b tng cng cao) ACI 363 92 1988.
6. Properties of concrete A.M Neville London 1984.
7. F.de Larrard, R. Le Roy Module Materiau Beton Pari 1993.
8. Mix design methods for asphalt conrerte A.C 1993.
9. Fracois de Larrad Extension du domaine dappli cation des reglement de
calcul BAEL/BPEL aux betons 80 MPa. LCPC Paris 1996.
10. M. VIRLOGEUX, J BARON
SAUTEREY LES BETONG AHAUTES PERFORMANCES DU
METERIAU Louvlage Paris 1990.
Desing Asprets of Concrete Structure Strengthned with Externally
Bonded CFRP Plates. Ferdinand, S.Rostaly Zuric Thy S 1999.
11. Phm Duy Hu Bo co ti NCKH cp B nm 2001. Tng cng
cu bng Polime si cc bon H Ni 2001.
12. Tiu chun ngnh GTVT
Tiu chun thit k v ch to b tng cng cao M60 M80 t xi
mng PC40 H Ni 2000.
13. Tiu chun Vit Nam 2000
14. Tnh ton kt cu BTCT theo ACI, NXB. Giao thng 2001.
130
MC LC
LI TC GI......................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1.......................................................................................................................... 3
CC YU CU CHUNG I VI B TNG XI MNG POC LNG ....................... 3
1.1. Khi qut ................................................................................................ 3
1.2. Vt liu................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Yu cu b tng trong giai on ng cng .......................................... 7
1.4. Yu cu i vi b tng trng thi t ............................................... 7
1.5. Yu cu i vi b tng trng thi mm. ............................................ 8
1.6. Cc yu cu khc.................................................................................... 8
1.7. Yu cu v iu kin bo dng b tng............................................... 9
CHNG 2.......................................................................................................................... 5
CU TRC V CNG CA B TNG XI MNG................................................ 5
2.1. Cu trc vi m ca b tng .................................................................. 10
2.2. Cc giai on hnh thnh cu trc vi m ca hn hp b tng: c th chia
thnh 3 giai on sau:.................................................................................. 14
2.3. Trn c s cu trc vi m nh gi cc yu t nh hng ti yu cu
cng ca b tng .................................................................................. 14
2.4. Cng ca b tng .......................................................................... 18
CHNG 3........................................................................................................................ 19
B TNG CNG CAO SIU DO (B TNG CNG CAO TH H 1).. 22
3.1. Tng quan............................................................................................. 22
3.2. Cu trc ca b tng siu do cng cao........................................ 23
3.3. Nguyn tc ca b tng cng cao v tng nhanh qu trnh ng rn.
..................................................................................................................... 24
3.4. nh hng ca ph gia siu do n tnh cht c l ca b tng......... 28
CHNG 4......................................................................................................................... 40
B TNG CNG CAO............................................................................................ 40
4.1. Tng quan v b tng cng cao .................................................... 41
4.2. Cc c tnh ca b tng Microsilica cng cao ............................ 43
4.3. Gii thiu v mui Silic v ph gia siu do....................................... 44
4.4. Thit k thnh phn b tng theo phng php ACI........................... 53
4.5. Cc nghin cu thc nghim v kt qu .............................................. 54
4.6 Nhn xt kt qu.................................................................................... 55
4.7 B tng cng cao M70................................................................... 56
131
4.8 p dng th nghim trong cng trnh................................................... 57
4.9 Kt qu cng thc t ti thnh ph H Ch Minh (Cu Hong Hoa
Thm) .......................................................................................................... 61
4.10 Cc nghin cu v b tng cng cao c cng nn n 100Mpa.
..................................................................................................................... 62
CHNG 5......................................................................................................................... 64
THIT K THNH PHN B TNG XI MNG............................................................ 64
5.1 Cc phng php thit k thnh phn b tng...................................... 64
5.2 Phng php tnh ton thnh phn b tng........................................... 70
CHNG 6......................................................................................................................... 78
B TNG T PHAN.......................................................................................................... 78
6.1. Phn loi b tng t phan v cc yu cu v ch tiu c l ca b tng t
phan 22 TCN249-98................................................................................. 78
6.2. Yu cu v cht lng vt liu ch to hn hp b tng t phan.... 80
6.3 Con ng nng cao tnh n nh ca b tng t phan trong iu kin kh
hu nng. ..................................................................................................... 87
6.4. La chn thnh phn vt liu khong ch to b tng t phan ....... 98
6.5. Thit k thnh phn b tng t phan theo phng php AC (vin b tng
t phan M) ............................................................................................... 106
CHNG 7....................................................................................................................... 110
TM POLIME CT SI CC BON (PCSC).................................................................. 110
7.1 Vt liu Polime si cc bon................................................................. 112
7.2 Nghin cu thc nghim..................................................................... 118
7.3. Cng ngh Polime si cc bon.......................................................... 124
7.4 Kt lun kin ngh ............................................................................ 127
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................. 129
MC LC......................................................................................................................... 130









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Chu trch nhim xut bn L T Giang
Bin tp v sa cha: KS. V Vn Bi
Nh xut bn GTVT
Giy php xut bn s: 203/XB-QLXB cp ngy 3/3/2005
In xong v np lu chiu 9/2005