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Cook 1982, Hammond 1982, Forrest 1982.
29
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1979, 5560. . -
1997. 2007. Tiverios 2008, 117. Papadopoulos
2007.
2005, 580588. Papadopoulos 2011.
31
Haas 1985.
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32
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2001, 22 39. Graham 2001, 2022. Tiverios
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1956, 620. Gomme, Andrewes & Dover 1970, 222223.
Hammond 1989, 8385. ML 65. Borza 1990, 148150
. 45. Hatzopoulos, Knoepfler & Marigo-Papadopoulos
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Hornblower 2006, . 1, 389391),
& 1995. Hatzopoulos & Paschidis 2004,
806. Tiverios 2008, 1921. . Gomme
(FGrHist 115 . 387:
1945, 200202 1956, 621622. Hammond & Griffith
1979, 115136. Chambers 1986. Heskel 1997, 31. Roisman
), -
2010. Borza (1990, 149)
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ra):
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. 46, 3233. Meiggs 1982, 116147, 188217, 325370.
49
Borza 1987 1990, 5556 109 . 27. Billows 1995,
611. Hammond 1989, 9495 . 60. Papadopoulos 2005,
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jugs with cut-away neck,338 William A. Heurtley.339

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Heurtey This is the period of the
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.

,
(rosa violaceo) Paola
Pelagatti .1432

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Johnston
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1439 Docter .1440
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Paola Pelagatti,1448 Alan Johnston,1449 Jean-Christophe
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la brosse,1453
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1524 , ,

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,
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229
Moses Finley,1528 ,
. , ,
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,

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.
, , , . ,
, John Boardman
,1530
.1531

.
,

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,
/,1533
.1534 ,
John Papadopoulos
, .1535 , , .1536
, , . . . 8 ..
,
.1537 ,

(. 3.4.4).

.
.
,
. -
230
. Nicholas Hammond,

.1538 ,
(1972)
1539
.

Hammond

.

, , , ,
,
, (.
3.4.4).1540 , ,
.
,
.1541 ,
,
Robin Osborne 8 ..1542
, , ,
,1543 .
, Amphoras have long been recognized as the sine qua non for studying the history of ancient commerce
, and trade...1544

. ,
(. 3.4.4).

(. 1)
7 .., ,1545 8.
,
SOS, 8 ..,
7.
,

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,
8 .., .

. ,
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231

8
7 . ..

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7
6 . ..
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15
10
17
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56
01
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232

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.
.1551 , ,
,
.1552 8
7 ..
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.1553
Travelling Heroes Robin Lane Fox,

.1554 1555 John Papadopoulos.1556
1557 ,
233
,
.
, John
Papadopoulos

,
David Ridgway1558 .
Papadopou
los .1559
, , , ,
, , .1560 ,
,
:
.1561
,
( )
.
Doro Levi 1950: ,

.1562
,
, (
) .1563 ,

. /
.1564
8 .. 1565
,1566 .1567
.
,1568
(world systems theory).1569

, (network
theory).1570 ,

. ,
,

,
.

-
234

. , . ,
, .1571
/
,
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,
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1, .
,1573
, , Nicolas Hammond

.1574
8 .. ,
.1575 , ,
.1576
,
. (..
),
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. ,
,1577
.1578 John Papadopoulos
, , .1579 ,
,1580
( 3.2.6.2). 8
.. ,
.
,1581
3.2.6.2 .
. ,
235
,
. ,
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,
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.

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(graffiti) . , (. 6 24),
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.
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()
236
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. , , , ,
.1586

John Papadopoulos. ,

,1587
.1588 ,
, .1589 ,
: there
is a certain naivit in the expectation that colonial Phoenicians or Greeks can be recognized always
in terms of the pottery of the motherland.1590 David Ridgway,
.
,

,
.1591 , , . , , ,
.1592
, /,1593
,
,1594 , David Ridgway .1595

.
, Robin
Lane Fox, an Eretria overseas.1596
237
-
,

.
8 7 .. ,
.1597
4,

.

. 8 .. ( 3.3.3.4), (3.3.3.5),
(3.3.3.6) (3.3.3.7) ,
, (3.3.2.4.1), (3.3.2.4.2)
(3.3.2.5). , ( 3.2.6.1)
. ,

,1598

8 .. .

8 ..
, , , ,
.1599 John Papadopoulos,
8 ..,
1600 (
. 9 12 15 18).

(. 4).
,1601 , .
1602 ()1603 ().1604 ,
6 .. ,
, .1605

, ,
.1606
,
, .1607 ,
238
( ) .1608
, ,
.1609
,1610

.1611
,
. , , .1612
,
.. 1613 1614 .1615

, . ,
. Black-onRed,1616 1617 , ,
.1618
,1619
.1620 ,
, 1621
. ,
,
:1622 ,
. , 7 .. , .1623 , ,
.
,

, ,1624 Sekhmet,
, .1625 , , ,
,
.
, , . ,

,1626 , , . ,
,

(. ).
,

, , ,
239
.
,
.
3.4.5
,
.
,
.
, , , , .

.
,

. ,

,
8 .. ( 7).
, , , 8 .. .
, ,
.
, . ,
, /, .
terra incognita
cognita1627
.

(. 3.1.3).
,
,
.1628 To ,
eighth-century Athens is a classical subject, but debate (in the current climate, sometimes fierce) rages
over whether eighth-century Macedonia has more in common with the
Balkans or peninsular Greece.1629
240

,
.
, ,
.
241
. H
. -
, , & - 2004, 369.
(Adams & Adams
. 2. . -
1991, 239, 278279, 304. . Klejn 1982, 118120.
4, .
1983, 251. Rice 1987, 287. Sinopoli 1991, 50, 52.
Orton, Tyers & Vince 1993, 7374, 79. Shanks 1996, 26,
113114. Banning 2000, 36. 2004, 27, 2930).
. Kotsonas
10
2008.
Hruby 2010.
11
. Gardner
1886 Gardner
1888, 6269 (-
. Horejs, Jung & Pav k 2010.
). Payne
1931, 158169 ( -
). Csapo
1991 Csapo
1993 ( -
. Jung 2002, 4243, 6568.
Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000).
2004, 1632, 104105. Horejs 2007, 1922, 4880.
Barton k & Buchner 1995 (). Kenzelmann
Gimatzidis 2010, 8593.
Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005 ().
12
. Lambrino 1938, 115118, 211229 ( ). Langdon
Klejn 1982, 118120 (
1976 (
)
. Palme-Koufa
1996 Felsch 1996 (-
). Rice 1987, 276, 284. Banning 2000,
). Vanhove 2006 ().
36. . ,
, .
. 9.
Johnston 1979. Papadopoulos 1994. Johnston
13
2004.
Rice 1987, 284. Orton, Tyers & Vince 1993, 76. Banning
Wachter 2001 ( Osborne & Pappas
2000, 36. 2004, 23, 2627. Horejs, Jung & Pav k
2007, 132).
2010, 10. Hruby 2010, 199.
14
Baird & Taylor 2011, 79. Chaniotis 2011, 196198. Volioti
Jung 2002 , , Hochstetter 1984.
2011. . Knappett 2008.
15
Gimatzidis 2010.
. Hodder & Hutson 2003, 5965, 166170,
211214. Meskell 2005.
Benefiel
2011, 2324. .
, -
(Gimatzidis 2010, 5054. Tiverios 2010, 1617.
8 ..,
Osborne & Pappas 2007, 138.
1996, 418419. Tiverios 1998, 252. Tiverios 2008, 21, 24).
16
2000. 2004.
17
Horejs 2007.
Fitch
18
Papadopoulos 2005.
19
. Klejn 1982. 1983, 221263. Rice
-X 1992.
1987, 274288. Adams & Adams 1991. Sinopoli 1991, 4956.
20
Orton, Tyers & Vince 1993, 813. Banning 2000, 3572.
2010.
2004, 1632. Read 2007.
21
Gimatzidis
2010 ( -
Rice 1987, 275, 282. Adams & Adams 1991, 223, 282284.
. ).
Hruby 2010, 197, 199200.
22
artificial
, -
(DAgata 2011, 339),
: Hochstetter
1984 ( -
). Jung 2002 ().
242
23
Fitch
. Knappett 1999, 113119 ( ).
Berg 2007, 8490 ( ).
: Papadopoulos
2005, 463, 536. Paspalas 20062007, 3738.
, -
36
Banning 2000, 40.
24
37
1997, 2427. 1999, 45. Gimatzidis 2010,
Whallon
1972. Klejn
1982, 5963, 7778, 125130. -
102104. 2010, 78.
1983, 240242. Adams & Adams 1991, 6970, 78, 226.
25
Read
2007, 134135, 238239. -
. Catling 1998, 153. Gimatzidis 2010, 99, 260.
2012, 180.
26
DAgata 2011, 339340,
. 1997, 2427. Papadopoulos 2001,
300. Papadopoulos 2005, 464.
. -
27
We must not be satisfied with a single
. Tiverios 2011, 322323. -
classification of a group of artifacts for that way lies
2012.
dogma and defeat

(
.
O
. Brew
28
Rice 1987, 283.
Papadopoulos 2005.
. Klejn
29
1982, 9192).
2010.
38
30
. Papadopoulos 2005. Horejs 2007. 2010.
Horejs
2007, -
39
. 1983, 257. Horejs 2007, 8183.
287294).
Gattunge Warren
gruppe . Horejs 2007, 49. Gimatzidis 2010, 8893.
/ (Gimatzidis 2010,
ceramic group
274285).
(Rice 1987, 282283).
31
40
. Papadopoulos 1996
. -X 1992. Jung 2002.
Popham 1994, 3234 Snodgrass 1994. :
Horejs 2007. Gimatzidis 2010.
Papadopoulos 1997, 205. Papadopoulos 2005, 580588.
1969.
41
2000.
. Gimatzidis
42
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(1), 032009 (2), 032025 (1), 032027
(2), 032028 (6), 032037 (2), 032043
(1), 032044 (1), 032047 (2), 032048
(1), 032050 (1), 032053 (1).
. .: 0,48., .: 0,425.,
. .: 0,0240,026.
.
. ,
, ,
.
(5R 7/4 7/6). , (
) .
.
. . , ,
.
,
. ( )
,
(7.5R 8/4), . . .
350
( ).
:
vacat? [-?] ( ).

. . .
,
Jeffery & Johnston (1990, 66, fig. 26) , : 2 3, 3 () 1 2.
(Johnston 1979 2006),
. . . 716.
2255

8 7 . ..

2004. . 274. 022066 (1).
. .: 0,027., . .:
0,027., . . :
0,019., . .: 0,0070,08.
.
(5YR 6/4
7/4), (7.5YR 7/4).
.

, .
( ) ,
( ,
). , . ,
.
( ).
( )
:
[?][?]
[?] [?].
, Jeffery
& Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, : 1
( ), 2 (, .
. 12 6), 1.
, - (.
14 22).
351
2256

8 7 . ..

2006. . 274. 032085 (1).
. .: 0,043., . .:
0,031., . .: 0,0050,006.
, 1/3 .
(5YR 7/6) (5YR 7/4)
. .
. 45 .
.
,
.
.
( ). :
vacat [?]
vacat [?].
, ,
.

(. Johnston 1979 2006), (Bechtel 1917, 394, 480, 492, 542 LGPN, s.v.). . . 916.
2466 + 2431

8 7 . ..

2004. . 274. 032059 (1),
032060 (1), 032061 (1), 032062 (1),
032063 (6), 032070 (5), 032071 (6),
032072 (8), 032073 (15), 032074
(160), 032075 (67), 032077 (3).
2431: 2006, 022064 (1).
.: 0,63. (
), . :
0,112., . .: 0,442., .
: 0,165., . .: 0,026
0,031. (. : 0,025.).

, ,
2431. 2/3 ,
. .
(2.5R 5/4) (2.5R
6/6), (7.5R 6/4) . ,
.

,
.
. ,
.
.
( )
352
( ).
.
: ,
.
,
.

.
353
( ).

.
:
vacat (= ) vacat.
,
Jeffery & Johnston (1990, 79 fig. 27 90) /, :
2, 1,
, = ,
, , (. . 13).
,
, . . . 8 1016. Johnston 1979, 75 type 14A Johnston
2006, 50 type 14A.
., ., Papadopoulos 1994, 440447,
. 12, A4, 911, 13, 18, 2022, 2428, 3134 36. Csapo,
Johnston & Geagan 2000, 121125, . 4445, 55, 60, 67, 69, 72, 74. SEG
53.957.
10
2250

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. . 274. 022053 (1),
022062 (7), 022063 (1), 032042 (1),
032060 (2), 032061032063 (1).
. .: 0,084., . .:
0,11., . . : 0,08.
(, : 0,13.),
. .: 0,0090,012.

.

.
(5YR 6/4) (7.5YR 7/4)
. ,
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, ,
.
45 .

, .
,
. .
,

.
. O ,
.
,
, ,
.
.

.
.
354
( ). ,
:
vacat vacat.
,
Jeffery & Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, :
1 ( , ), 1.
,
.
(Johnston 1979 2006),
. . . 89 1116.
11
2251

8 7 . ..

2006. . 274. 022068 (3).
. .: 0,066., . .:
0,11., . .: 0,015.
.
(7.5YR
6/4 5YR 6/4). ,
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, .
45
. ,

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(7.5YR 8/2) ,
. .

.
. (
).
.
355
( ).
:
vacat [.?] vacat.
, ,
.
o , Jeffery &
Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, : 1
2
.
(Johnston 1979 2006),
. . . 811 1216.
12
2254

8 7 . ..

2006. . 274. 022064 (1),
7,40/7,10 (1).
. .: 0,026., . .
: 0,06. (,
: 0,13.), . .:
0,0120,013.

.
(2.5R 6/6)
(7.5YR 6/3) .
.
.
. .
.
( ).
. ,
, .
356
:
: vacat? vacat.
: vacat vacat?
, Jeffery & Johnston (1990, 66 fig. 26) : 2
3, 1.
(Johnston 1979 2006),
. . . 811 1316.
13
2307

8 7 . ..

2004. . 274. 022:
14 (1).
. .: 0,027., . . .:
0,023., . .: 0,011.
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(2.5R 6/4) (2.5R 6/6) (5R
6/6) . ,
.
.
. (10R 8/4)
. , .
.
( ).
:
[?]. (= .) vacat.

(;), .
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Jeffery & Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90)
/, : 2,
, = ,
, , (. . 9).
(Johnston 1979 2006),
. . . 812 1416.
357
14
2482

8 7 . ..

2006. . 274. 022067 (1),
022071 (1), 032080 (1), 032082 (1),
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. .: 0,175., . .
: 0,107., . .:
0,0220,026.
: ) ,
)
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(7.5R 6/4) (5
5/1 6/1) .
, ,
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, .
.
.
.
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.
( ). , :
vacat vacat.
, Jeffery &
Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, : 1
1 ( ). ,
.
(Johnston 1979 2006),
. . . 15, 813 16.
358
15
2421

8
7 . ..

2004, 2006. . 274.
: 022061 (1), 022064 (3),
032055 (1), 032060 (2), 032068 (1),
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(7). : 022061 (2), 022064 (3),
032058 (1), 032059 (2), 032060 (3),
032061 (1), 032062 (1), 032066 (1),
032072 (1).
. .: 0,18.,
0,20., . .:
0,275.,
0,385., . 0,19., .
0,0430,045., . .:
0,040,055., . 0,035,
. 0,02.
,
( ),
( ), .
.
,
.
.
, .
359
(2.5R 5/6) (2.5R

5/4). (2.5R 5/1
4/1) (2.5R 5/6 6/8)
. ,
, , (10R 4/1).

,
,
( ) .
(;) ,

. .
.
( ).
. , . , , .
,
:
vacat vacat.
.
, Jeffery &
Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, : 1
1 ( ). ,
.
(Johnston 1979 2006),
. . . 14, 813 16.
448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Csapo, Johnston &
Geagan 2000, 123, . 64 124, . 70 125, . 74. SEG 53.957.
360
16
2425

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. . 274. 022058 (1),
022059 (1), 022060 (3), 022062 (2),
022063 (2), 032028 (1), 032037 (1),
032045 (1), 032055 (1), 032056 (3),
032057 (1), 032058 (3), 032059 (2),
032060 (2), 032064 (1), 032069 (1),
032071 (1), 032072 (1), 7,407,10
(2).
. .: 0,312., . .:
0,385., . : 0,152.,
. : 0,031., . .:
0,029., . .: 0,021.,
0,008., 0,009
0,013.
.
,
. . ,
.
(2.5R 6/6 6/8)
(5R 7/6 7.5R 7/6 7/4) (7.5R 8/4 7/4) .
, (, ),

.

,
. . ,
. .
361
( ).
. . .
(;) (;) . .
V.

:
vacat vacat.
.
, Jeffery &
Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, : 1
( ) 1.
,
.
,
. . . 815. Johnston 1979, 9495 type 9B. Johnston
2006, 76 type 9B.
441, . 3 712 444445 . 1417 447448 . 1, 3, 57
451452, . 1214 467. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 117, .
25 120, . 37 123, . 64 124, . 70 125, . 74. SEG 53.957. Johnston
2005, 387, . 294.
362
17
2420

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. . 274. 022068 (1),
032042 (14), 032044 (3), 032045 (1),
032046 (1), 032047 (6), 032048 (5),
032049 (6), 032050 (6), 032051 (1),
032053 (2), 032054 (8), 032064 (4),
032065 (4), 032066 (3), 032067 (45).
.: 0,052., . . :
0,093., .: 0,405., . .:
0,065. (. 0,0035.
0,002.), 0,015.,
0,010,025.
363
4/5
,
. , , ,
,

. ,
,
.
. .
.
(2.5R 5/6 6/6)
. (7.5R 8/3 8/4) (7.5R 7/6
5R 7/6), .
,
.

. .
.
364
.
( ). ,
:
vacat vacat.
vacat vacat.
:
vacat vacat.
. .
, Jeffery
& Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, : 1
( ), 1 (
2
), 3 1 ( ). , .
/ , (;)
. . . 1821. Johnston 1979,
99, type 14 2006, 8283, type 14. Johnston 1979, 8586, type 32A
2006, 63, type 32A.
18
2028

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. . 274. 022047 (4),
022050 (26), 022051 (4), 022058
(16), 022059 (1), 022060 (28),
022061 (1), 032053 (4), 032056 (9),
032057 (30), 032058 (1), 032065 (1),
032068 (1), 032069 (3), 032070 (7),
032071 (1).
.: 0,62., . : 0,113.,
. 0,435., . :
0,14., . : 0,0260,027.,
. .: 0,036.
120 .
.
, . , ,
, .

. .
(2.5R 6/6 6/8) .
(10R 8/3
8/4),
(7.5R 6/4). ,
.

, . ,
.
.
365

, .
(
) .
( ). :
vacat vacat.
, Jeffery &
Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, : 3, .
,
. . . 17 1921. Johnston 1979, 99, type 14
2006, 8283, type 14.
366
19
2426

8
7 . ..

2006. . 274. 022066 (1),
022068 (2), 22 (1), 032079 (3),
032080 (1), 032081 (1), 032086 (2).
. .: 0,105., 0,11., 0,12.,

0,16., . .: 0,253.,
0,085., 0,215., 0,15., . .:
0,0090,016.

, ,
. .
.
(2.5R 6/6)
(2.5R 5/2 6/2) ,
. (5R 6/6 7/6 7/4), (5R 7/6).
.
,
.
. ,
, .

.
( ).
:
vacat vacat?.
.
, Jeffery &
Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, :
1 ( ) 1,
.
,
. . . 1718 2021. Johnston 1979, 99, type 14
2006, 8283, type 14.
367
20
2027

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. . 274. 022041
(2), 022058 (1), 022059 (1), 022060
(13), 022061 (22), 022062 (11),
022063 (4), 022064 (8), 022065 (4),
022069 (1), 032027 (1), 032036 (1),
032058 (1), 032060 (2), 032061 (2),
032070 (1), 032071 (13), 032072
(1), 032073 (2), 032077 (1).
. .: 0,54. (,
0,63.), . .
: 0,10., . 0,40.,
. .: 0,042.
. ,
,
, .
. ,

.

, , .
(2.5R 5/6
6/8) (7.5R 6/4) , (10R 6/1 6/2) . (7.5R 6/2 6/1 10R 6/2 6/1).
,
, .
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. , ,
,
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, ,
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:
,
368
. .
( ) ,
.
( ).
:
vacat ( ) vacat.
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Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, :
1 ( 2) (;) (
),
.
'' ( ),
(Johnston 1979, 8586, type 32A
2006, 63, type 32A). . . 1719 21.
21
2219

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. . 274. 022055 (2),
022065 (1), 022066 (1).
. .: 0,095., . .:
0,135., . .: 0,03.
.
(2.5R 6/6) , (5R 6/6) , (5 6/1) . ,
, , .
(;).
(10R 8/2 8/3)
.
. .
.
( ). .
[?] vacat.
369
, Jeffery &
Johnston (1990, 79, fig. 27 90) /, : 1, .
(Johnston 1979 2006),
. . . 1720.
22
2247

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. . 274. 022060 (3),
022062 (6), 022063 (5), 032055 (1),
032056 (1), 032058 (1), 032066 (1).
.: 0,097., . : 0,058.,
.: 0,165., . :
0,133. (, :
0,16.), . .: 0,0060,012.
.
, 1/3 , 2/3
.
O (2.5YR 6/4
6/6) (7.5YR 6/4) . (2.5YR 5/6
5/8) . ,
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0,0062. 0,0067.,
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45 .
, , .
370

, ,

. ,
. . . ,
.

, . , ,
,
.
. .
.
( ). :
vacat vacat.

vacat () vacat (= <>() = <> ()).

=
(Jeffery & Johnston 1990,
2528 32. Threatte 1980, 2021 Threatte 1996, 677. Immerwahr
1990, 62. Wachter 2001, 230231 110).
, Jeffery
& Johnston (1990, 89, 66, fig. 26) , : 1 ( ), 2, 2, 1 ( ,
. . 1).
, =
(Jeffery & Johnston 1990, 89, fig. 28 90),
(Jeffery & Johnston 1990, 109, fig. 32), (Jeffery &
Johnston 1990, 289, fig. 44), (Jeffery &
Johnston 1990, 345, fig. 47).
,
, (. . 14 Threatte 1980, 99101 . Wachter 2001, 231, 111).

- (LGPN, s.v.
Bechtel 1917, 413 -, ). /, , () = () = (), (Bechtel 1917, 339343 LGPN, s.v.): /, ,
, , , , , , , , ,
: , ,
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.
371
23
2239

7 6 . ..

2004. . 274. 022040 (1).
. .: 0,115., . .
: 0,095., . .
: 0,067., . .: 0,034.
1/4 1/5
.
(2.5R 6/4)
(GLEY 1 4/N) , ,
(7.5R 6/4) . , , .

.
, .

.
,
.
( ).
.
vacat () ( ()) vacat.

. (
ligatures) , 550 .., . Langdon 1976, 30, .
99. Johnston 1979, 23 2006, 2. Threatte 1980, 107110.
24
2305

SOS
7 6 . ..

2004. . 274. 022: 5 (1).
. .: 0,023., . .:
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.
(10R 7/2 7/1) (10R 7/3) .
372

.
.
,
.
( ;),
. .
( ).

:
[?]..[?].
. .
25
2274

4 . ..

2003. . 274. 022011 (1).
. .: 0,022., . .
: 0,044., . .:
0,043., . .: 0,006.
.
.
(2.5R 6/6)
(10R 6/3) . .
(;) .

.
.
( ). :
[?] vacat.
. Vanhove 2006, 53, . 98 92, . 151.
(26191)
373508
375
26
1360

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022058 (2), 022059
(1), 022064 (1), 022065 (10),
032055 (1), 032056 (4), 032057 (1),
032060 (1), 032061 (6), 032066 (2),
032073 (16), 032074 (1), 032079
(1), 7,40/7,10 (8).
.: 0,940,101., . :
0,064., .: 0,14., .
: 0,1280,145., . .:
0,0120,013.
. .
.
.
.
(5YR 7/6)
,
.
.

. , .
45 .
(7.5YR 7/4) (5YR 6/6) . , .
,
. .

,
,
376
, . , ,

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. ,
, ,
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.
.
/dipinto ( ).
(.
.., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467.
Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann
Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG
55.980. BE 2005.385).
27
1579

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022053 (1), 022057
(1), 022059 (1), 022060 (14),
022061 (5), 022062 (4), 032051 (2),
032057 (4), 032071 (2), 032059 (2),
032042 (1), 032056 (1), 032058 (2),
032073 (1), 7,40/7,10 (1).
.: 0,102., . : 0,064.,
.: 0,14., . :
0,141., . .: 0,047., 0,005
0,008.

. ,
. ,
. .
(5YR 7/4 7.5YR 7/4) .
, .
45 .
(7.5YR 7/4 7/3) ,
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, ,
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377
. , ,
.
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( ).
, (. . 130
149). ,
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, .
378
1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488.
Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957.
Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75,
. 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
28
1585

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022059 (1), 022060 (1),
022061 (2), 022062 (4), 032037 (3),
032042 (1), 032050 (3), 032057 (8),
032059 (2), 032070 (7), 032071 (5),
032072 (1).
.: 0,1010,105., . :
0,066., .: 0,138., .
: 0,1340,138., . .:
0,0350,036.
. , , .
(5YR 7/4) ,
.
, .
45 . , ,
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. .
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.

379
, .
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, .

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( ).
, (.,
.., Papadopoulos 1994, 440441, . 3 712 444445, . 1417. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston &
Geagan 2000, 117, . 25 120 . 37. SEG 53.957. Johnston 2005, 387, .
294. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 69, . 41 71 . 47.
SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
29
2016

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022044 (3), 022046
(1), 022047 (6), 022055 (1), 022058
(8), 022/T.14 (5), 8,27/8,06 (1),
8,06/7,85 (5), 7,40/7,10 (4),
032049 (8), 032050 (3), 032051 (1),
032053 (1), 032055 (1), 032065 (3),
032066 (2), 032067 (4).
. .: 0,099., .: 0,144.,
. : 0,1360,138.,
. .: 0,0070,012.

. , .
(5YR 7/6) .
. , 0,004., , . 45
. , ,
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380
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.

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(., ..,
Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451-452, . 1214 467.
381
55.980. BE 2005.385).
30
2293

8 7 . ..

2004. 022048 (1).
. .: 0,022., . .
: 0,039. (,
: 0,120,13.), . .:
0,0070,008.
31
2767

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022070 (3), 032055 (5).
. .: 0,83., . (~ ):
0,131., . (~ ):
0,122., . .: 0,0020,017.
.
(7.5R 7/4)
.
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, (7.5R 8/4)
,
.
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. (;) , .
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90,
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994,
447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000,
123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat &
Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
E .

, .
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(2.5YR 6/6) (5YR 7/6),
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382
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383
.

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Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
32
2918

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022051 (2), 022062 (1).
. .: 0,041., . .:
0,088., . .: 0,0040,008.
.
(5YR 7/4) .
(;) , 45 . , , ,
, .
, . ,
. .
.

,
.
.
( ): (., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1,

3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166
167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, .
64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005,
67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
384
33
2341

8
7 . ..

2004. 032040 (1).
. . 0,033., . .:
0,032., . .: 0,012.
34
2259

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022065 (1), 022066 (1),
022070 (1), 032054 (1), 032075 (1),
032077 (6), 032080 (1).
. .: 0,083., . .:
0,135., . . :
0,095. (, :
0,15.), . .: 0,0040,005.

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(5R 6/4) (7.5R 7/4)
, .
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.
( ).
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 440447, . 12,
A4, 911, 13, 18, 2022, 2428, 3134 36. Csapo, Johnston
& Geagan 2000, 121125, . 4445, 55, 60, 67, 69, 72, 74. SEG 53.957.
Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 2728 71-72, .
48 5354. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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385

.
. . .
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(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448,
. 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995,
166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125,
. 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan
2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
386
35
3195

8 7 . ..

.
(5R 7/6)
(10R 8/4 7/4) . .
.

2006, 2007. 022069 (1), 022074
(1), 032028 (1), 032089 (1).
. .: 0,047., . .:
0,105. . . : 0,11.
(, : 0,13.),
. .: 0,022. (. 0,019.).
.
. ,

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.
(. , .., Papadopoulos 1994, 455
457, . 3).
387
36
3269

8 7 . ..

2004. 032055 (1), 032058 (1),
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0,002., .
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.
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.

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,
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(., .., Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 122, . 53. SEG 53.957).
388
37
2257

8 7 . ..

2004. 032070 (1).
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0,02., . .: 0,010,013.
38

.
(7.5YR 8/3)
(7.5R 7/3). , .
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,
,
.
. .
.
( ).
(., .., Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 117,
. 26. SEG 53.957).
2325

8 7 . ..

2006. 022065 (1).
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.
(2.5R 5/6 5/4)
, .
.

, , .
, . .
( ).
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389
39
2344

8 7 . ..

2004. 032041 (1).
. .: 0,021., . .:
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40
.
(10R 7/4) (GLEY 2 6/1
10B 5B) . (5YR 7/4)
. ,
.
.
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2384

8 7 . ..

2004. 032060 (1).
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(7.5R 7/3) , .
.
,
, ,
.
( ). (. . 97 ( 2308) , ..,
Papadopoulos 1994, 448451, . 4, 910 468. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat
& Verdan 2005, 69, . 3940. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
390
41
2310

8 7 . ..

2004. 022049 (1).
. .: 0,061., . .:
0,058., . .: 0,011.
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.
(2.5R 5/4) (2.5R 5/3) ,
(GLEY 1 5/N) . (7.5R 5/4) .
, .
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,
.
.

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( ). ,
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 440448, . 12, A4, 911,
13, 18, 2022, 2428, 3134, 36, 1, 3, 57 451452, . 12
14 467. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 121125, . 4445, 55, 60,
64, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74. SEG 53.957. Johnston 2005, 387, . 295. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 2728 7172, . 48
5354. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
2355

8 7 . ..

2004. 032048 (1).
. .: 0,044., . .
: 0,061. (,
: 0,140,16.), . .:
0,018.
,
.
(2.5R 7/6)
(5R 7/6) (2.5 6/2) .
(10R 7/3 8/3 ). , ,
391

.
.
. ,
.
( ).
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451
452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG
47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG
53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, .
42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
43
M 2665 + 2360

8
7 . ..

2004. 022045 (2), 022047 (2),
022059 (3), 022060 (1), 022062 (1),
032042 (1), 032049 (3), 032050 (3),
032053 (1), 032054 (3), 032055 (2),
032056 (1), 032067 (1), 032075 (1).
. . : 0,20. (.
. : 0,073.), . .:
0,267., . . :
0,145., . : 0,034
0,035., . .: 0,03. (
), 0,07. ( )
0,0130,015. ().
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.
, ,
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.
392
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(5R 4/1) .
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5/3). ,
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.
, , ,
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( ).
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(;) (., ..,
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28, 3134, 36, 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 121125, . 4445, 55, 60, 64, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74. SEG
53.957. Johnston 2005, 387, . 295. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 2728 7172, . 48 5354. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
44
2346

8 7 . ..

2004. 032044 (1).
. .: 0,031., . .:
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(10R 6/2)
(7.5R 5/3) . , .
.
,
.
.
393
( ).
V (., .., Papadopoulos 1994,
448451, . 4, 910 468. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167,
. 24. SEG 47.1488. Johnston 2005, 387, . 291. Kenzelmann Pfyffer,
Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 69, . 3940. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
45
2351

8 7 . ..

2004. 032046 (1).
. .: 0,044., . .:
0,055., . .: 0,017.
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.
(2.5R
6/4 5/4), (GLEY 2
7/1/10G 6/1/10G) ,
(7.5R 6/4) . ,
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.
, . (;) .
(5R 7/1),
.
( ).
(., .., Papadopoulos
1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000,
123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
2375

8 7 . ..

2004. 032054 (1).
. .: 0,045., . .:
0,017., . .: 0,018.
.
(7.5R 6/4)
(7.5R 5/1) (7.5R 7/4) . -
394
,
.
.
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( ).
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(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 448451, . 4,
Johnston 2005, 387, . 291. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan
2005, 69, . 3940. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
47
2378

8 7 . ..

2004. 022060 (2), 022064 (1),
022065 (1), 032055 (1), 032061 (1).
. .: 0,092., . .:
0,093., . .: 0,0090,02.
.
.

(10R 6/4 7/4), (GLEY 2 5/1 5 10B)
(10R 6/4 7.5R 7/4) . , , .
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( ).
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1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton
k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston &
Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer,
Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980.
BE 2005.385).
395
48
M 2386

8 7 . ..

2004. 032061 (1).
. .: 0,04., . .:
0,04., . .: 0,0050,02.
49
2841

8
7 . ..

2004. 032062 (1).
. .: 0,052., . .:
0,052., . : 0,019.,
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(10R 6/2
6/3) (10R 5/1) .
, .
.
.
( ). (.,
.., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214
467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo,
Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann
55.980. BE 2005.385).
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7/4) . , .
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(10R 6/3)
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. .
( ). C (., .., Csapo, Johnston &
Geagan 2000, 122, . 53. SEG 53.957).
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50
2419

8 7 . ..

. , , .
0,0035. ,
.

2004. 022058 (2), 032054 (2),
032055 (1).

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(2), 032026 (2), 032054 (2), 032:
8,238,06.
. .: 0,08., 0,063., 0,05.,

0,05., . .: 0,08., 0,093.,
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5/4) (GLEY 2 6/1 10B) (5R 6/6)
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. , .
.
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. .
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.
,
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451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24.
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SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 30
70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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51
2837

8 7 . ..

2004. 022057 (1).
. .: 0,151., . .:
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(10R 6/4).
(10R 4/1). , (2.5R 5/4)
(GLEY 1 4/ N) .
, .
, ,
.
.
( ). ,
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2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat
& Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
52
2838

8 7 . ..

2006. 032079 (1).
. .: 0,15., . .:
0,057., . ( ):
0,016., 0,017., . .: 0,006
0,007.
2/3. .
(5R 5/2
4/2) (5R 4/1) , (10R 5/2). (10R 4/1) (7.5R 6/3),
. ,
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,
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, ,
.
.
.
398
( ).
1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451-452, . 1214 467. Barton
k & Buchner 1995, 166-167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston &
BE 2005.385).
53
2309

8 7 . ..

2004. 022:
(1).
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0,063., . .: 0,051.
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(5R 6/4) (7.5R 5/4) , (2.5 5/2) . .
.
.
( ). :
, (., .., Papadopoulos
1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton
BE 2005.385).
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54
M 2324

8 7 . ..

2006. 022065 (1).
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55

.
(7.5R 6/4) (GLEY 1 5/ 6/) . (5R 6/4).
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,
.
.
( ). (., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166-167, . 24. SEG
53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70,
. 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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8 7 . ..

2003. 032028 (1).
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(5R 6/4) (5R 7/6) .
.
.
,
(10R 8/3) .
400
( ): , ,
V (., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447452, . 1,
37, 910, 1214 467468. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, .
24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74.
70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
56
M 3196

8 7 . ..

2004. 032057 (2).
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. , .
, (2.5R 6/6),
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.
.
( ).
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401
57
1220

8 7 . ..

2006. 022060 (1), 032070 (1).
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(2.5R 6/6) (5R 6/6)
(GLEY 2 7/1 10B) . .
.
, (5R 5/3),
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( ):
,
(. . 139 , .., Papadopoulos 1994,
446, . 37. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123, . 63. SEG 53.957).
58
2287

8 7 . ..

2004. 022042 (1).
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0,033., . .: 0,012.

.
(2.5R 5/6),
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.
402
(2.5R 5/4)
.
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59
2292

8 7 . ..

2004. 022047 (1).
. .: 0,05., . .:
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60
.
(2.5R 5/4) (10R 6/1) , ,
.
.

(5R 6/4),
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.
2297

8 7 . ..

2006. 022068 (1).
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(5R 5/4) .
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.
.

(7.5R 5/2) .
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403
61
2313

8 7 . ..

2004. 022051 (1).
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(2.5R 6/6)
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.
, (7.5R 5/1) .
( ).
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 440447, .
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2005, 67, . 2728 7172, . 48 5354. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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2315

8 7 . ..

2004. 022055 (1).
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6/2) . , ,
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,
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404
63
2343

8 7 . ..

2004. 032041 (1).
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(2.5R 5/6) .
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,
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.
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padopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467.
Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston
& Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer,
BE 2005.385).
2348

8 7 . ..

2004. 032044 (1).
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.
(2.5R 6/6), (GLEY 1 4/ 5/) .
.
, (2.5R 5/2 5/3) (2.5R 5/4).
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( ). , .
405
65
M 2380

8 7 . ..

2004. 032056 (1).
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(2.5R 6/6) (5R 6/3) . , , .
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,
(7.5R 4/1) .
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468. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 69, . 3940. SEG 55.980. BE
2005.385).
66
2388

8 7 . ..

2004. 032061 (1).
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.
, (7.5R 4/1) .
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406
67
2398

8 7 . ..

2006. 032080 (1).
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5/6) , .
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(10R 5/1 4/1) .
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18, 2022, 2428, 3134 36. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000,
121125, . 4445, 55, 60, 67, 69, 72, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann
Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 2728 7172, . 48 5354.
SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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8 7 . ..

2004. 032086 (1).
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(7.5R
4/1) .
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407
69
3199

8 7 . ..

2004. 022/14 (1).
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.

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. 3 712 444445, . 1417 448451, . 4, 910 468.
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70
2240

8 7 . ..

2003, 2004. 032027 (1), 032064 (1).
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8 7 . ..

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72
M 2428

8 7 . ..

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M 2429

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M 2430

8 7 . ..

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2461

8 7 . ..

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2768

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... (1), 032035 (1), 032060 (2),
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M 2184

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M 2186

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2187 + 2379

8 7 . ..

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Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 69, . 36. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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80
2188

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70, 74. SEG 53.957. Johnston 2005, 387, . 291. Kenzelmann Pfyffer,
Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 69, . 39-40. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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2189 + 2222

8
7 . ..

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387, . 291. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67 . 30
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2190

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60, 67, 69, 72, 74. SEG 53.957. Johnston 2005, 387, . 295. Kenzelmann
SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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84
M 2319

8
7 . ..

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426
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30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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2350

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7 . ..

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2916

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91
2258

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M 1591

8 7 . ..

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93
2252

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2004. 022043 (2).
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BE 2005.385).
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387, . 291. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 69, . 39
40. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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96
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3241 + 2308
-
8 7 . ..

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70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67,
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BE 2005.385).
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98
3200

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7 . ..

2003, 2004. 032029 (14), 032047 (1),
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100
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7 . ..

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2004, 2006. 022062 (1), 032041
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8 7 . ..

2004. 022044 (1), 022060 (1),
032050 (1), 032054 (1).
. .: 0,122., . .
: 0,169. (,
0,170,18.), . .
: 0,115., 0,054.,
0,028., . . :
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.
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(5R 7/6)
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,
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, (10R 7/4)
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2006, 5659, type 21). (., ..,
Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214
467. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957).
449
111
2211

sos
8 7 . ..

2006. 022072 (2).
. .: 0,058., . .
: 0,078., . .: 0,006.
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(;)
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,
,
, .

(7.5R
8/4) .
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451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24.
70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
112
2212

sos
8 7 . ..

2003. 032021 (1).
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: 0,052., . .: 0,005.
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,
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(;)
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450
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V (., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 448451, . 4,
2005, 69, . 3940. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
113
2215

sos 8
7 . ..

2003. 032084 (1).
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(7.5R 7/4) (7.5R 8/4),
, .
. ,
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,
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(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451
. 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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114
2233

8 7 . ..

2006. 022064 (1).
. .: 0,03., . . :
0,027., . .: 0,010,012.
115
M 2246

8 7 . ..

2004. 022052 (3).
. .: 0,182., . .:
0,019., . .: 0,0030,012.
.
(2.5R 6/4) (7.5R 6/2 2.5 6/2) (7.5R
7/4) . ,
.
.
.
( ).
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1,
3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166
67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
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,
.

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.
452
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116
2312

8
7 . ..

2004. 022051 (1).
. .: 0,048., . .:
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117
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(7.5R 5/1) , ,
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(10R 6/2) .
,
.
. .
( ).
(.,
.., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k
& Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan
2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat &
Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
2395

8
7 . ..

2004. 032077 (1).
. .: 0,051., . .:
0,043., . .: 0,008.

.
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(5R 7/6) (7.5R 7/4) . , ,
.
.
453
.
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118
2437

8 7 . ..

2004. 022051 (4).
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. (5R 7/6) .
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.
.
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454
119
2438

8 7 . ..

2004. 022063 (1), 022/ (1),
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() 0,0130,018.
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7/3 7/4) . (10R
6/3 7/3) . ,

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.
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,
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG
. 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
455
120
2448

7 . ..

2003. 022021 (1).
. .: 0,033., . :
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.
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(7.5R 6/4) . , , ,
.

.
.
( ). : (., .., Papadopoulos
1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k
& Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer,
BE 2005.385).
121
2450

8 7 . ..

2006. 022068 (1).
. .: 0,09., . . :
0,0320,033., . .: 0,010.,
0,012.
456
(2.5R 6/6) (10R 6/2) , ,

(5R 7/6) .

.

.
.
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(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, .
63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
122
2452

8
7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022064 (1), 032059 (1).
. .: 0,135., . .:
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,
.
(2.5R 6/6) (7.5R
8/4) . , .

.
.
( ).
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, .
63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
457
123
M 2458

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022043 (2), 022058 (6),
022059 (1), 032043 (1), 032048 (2),
032049 (8), 032050 (15), 032052 (1),
032053 (2), 032056 (1), 032065 (1),
032066 (5).
. .: 0,345., . .:
0,41., . . 0,016.
458
,
- . . .
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, (7.5R 7/4)
(10R 6/3) . ,
.

. .
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1994, 448451, . 9, 4, 10 468).
124
2843

8
7 . ..

2006. 022066 (1), 022071 (1).
.

.

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6/6) (10R 6/2) .
(2.5R 6/6) (10R 6/2).
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. .: 0,113., . .:
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.
.
( ).
.
459
125
2845

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022062 (2), 022064 (2),
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032060 (1), 032061 (1), 032064 (1),
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. : 0,029., . :
0,0050,008.

.
,
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7/6) (5R 6/6) . ,
.
.

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, .
.
460
( ).
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.., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451-452, . 1214
SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
126
2335

8
7 . ..

2003. 032029 (1).
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0,053., . .: 0,02.

.
(5R 6/4)
(10R 7/3 7/1)
, (10R 7/4). (5R 6/4) . .
.
.
461
( ).
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 440447, . 12, A4, 911,
13, 18, 2022, 2428, 3134 36. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan
2000, 121125, . 44-45, 55, 60, 67, 69, 72, 74. SEG 53.957, Johnston
2005, 387, . 295. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67,
. 2728 7172, . 48 5354. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
127
2220

8 7 . ..

2003. 032044 (1).
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.
( ).
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. 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
128
M 2225

8 7 . ..

2004. 022057 (1).
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, .
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, , .
.
.
462
( ). (., ..,
Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214
SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
129
2242

8 7 . ..

2006. 032082 (2).
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.
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6/1) . , .
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463
130
2666

8
7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022060 (1), 022062 (1),
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032029 (1), 032058 (2), 032059 (2),
032060 (1), 032061 (2), 032071 (3),
032073 (1).
. .: 0,175., . .:
0,265., .: : 0,175.,
. .: 0,07.
4/5

. .
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7/1) (7.5R 7/3 7/4) . , , .

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464
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27 149).
131
2840

8 7 . ..

2006. 022059 (1).
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.
, .
.

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( ).
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(., .., Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 122, . 53. SEG 53.957. Ken
zelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 6667, . 26. SEG 55.980.
BE 2005.385).
465
132
2191

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022058 (2), 022060 (3),
022061 (2), 022062 (6), 022063 (2),
022064 (8), 022065 (1), 022066 (3),
032060 (1), 032073 (1).
. .: 0,175., . .:
0,322., . : 0,145.,
. .: () 0,044., ()
0,034., () 0,015.
466

. ,
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) (GLEY 1
3/N) , (GLEY 1 4/N) .

.
,
.
.
.
/dipinto ( ).
.
. (., .., Papadopoulos 1994,
447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k &
Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer,
BE 2005.385).
133
2228

8 7 . ..

2006. 032079 (2).
.: 0,089., .: 0,105.,
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,
.
.
.
.
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.
467
134
2229

8 7 . ..

2006. 022059 (10).
.: 0,066., .: 0,116.,
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135
( ) ,
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(GLEY 1 5/N) . , .
.

.
( ).
.
2232

8 7 . ..

2006. 022058 (1).
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3/4 .
.
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, , ,
.

.
468
.
( ).
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 5
7 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167, .
70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
136
2235

8 7 . ..

2006. 032079 (1).
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0,075., . : 0,045.,
. .: 0,0250,03.
.
(7.5R 6/2) (7.5R 6/1),
( ), , (GLEY 1 3/N) . ,
.

.
.
( ).
(., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 440441,
. 3 712 444445, . 1417. Barton k & Buchner 1995, 166167,
. 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 117, . 25 120, .
37. SEG 53.957. Johnston 2005, 387, . 294. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 69, . 41 71, . 47. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
137
2396
(;)
8
7 . ..

2006. 032077 (1).
. .: 0,03., . .:
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469
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7/2) . , .
.
.
( ). , ( ) (., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447452, .
1, 3, 4, 57, 910, 1214 467468. Barton k & Buchner 1995,
. 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005,
67, . 30 70, . 42 69, . 3940 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
138
2434

8 7 . ..

2006. 022058 (2).
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: 0,16.), . .:
0,008.

.
, .
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. ,
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.
.
.
( ). (.,
.., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214
470
SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
139
3242

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022060 (1), 032061 (2).
. .: 0,097., . .:
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.
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.
.
( ). (. . 57 ,
.., Papadopoulos 1994, 446, . 37. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000,
123, . 63. SEG 53.957).
140
2185 + 2209

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022038 (1), 022044 (1),
022050 (2), 022051 (2), 022056 (4),
022058 (3), 032036 (4), 032037 (5),
7,407,10 (1), 022/14 (1).
. .: 0,34., . .:
0,403., . : 0,153.,
. .: () 0,0130,016.,
() 0,014., ()
0,007., . : 0,004
0,005.

2/5 ,
. (
2209) .
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5/3) . ,
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472
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(., .., Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 117, . 25
120121, . 39, 44. SEG 53.957. Johnston 2005, 346347, . 136, fig.
16).
. (., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, .
. 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
473
141
2193

8 7 . ..

2004. 022040 (1).
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(2.5R 5/4),
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.
, , .
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53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer, Theurillat & Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, .
42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
142
2210

8 7 . ..

2004. 022050 (1).
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: 0,16.), . .:
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474

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143
2214

8 7 . ..

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( ).
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452, . 1214 467. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123124, .
64, 70. SEG 53.957
) (.,
.., Papadopoulos 1994, 440447, . 12, A4, 911, 13, 18, 2022, 2428,
3134 36. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 121125, . 4445, 55,
60, 67, 69, 72, 74. SEG 53.957. Johnston 2005, 387, . 295. Kenzelmann
SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
475
144
M 2216

8
7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022045 (1), 032049 (1),
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.
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.
.
.
,
, .
( ). (., .., Papadopoulos 1994, 447
448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k & Buchner
1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000,
Verdan 2005, 67, . 30 70, . 42 75, . 63. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
145
2244

8 7 . ..

2004. 022060 (1), 022062 (1).
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476
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.
.
.
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.., Langdon 1976, 3940, . 168169. Johnston 1979, 106, type 23
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& Verdan 2005, 73, . 5758. SEG 55.980. BE 2005.385).
146
2299

8 7 . ..

2006. 022069 (1).
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.
.
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.
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147
2447

8 7 . ..

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.., Papadopoulos 1994, 447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214
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148
M 2453

8
7 . ..

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.

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.
. .: 0,057., . .:
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( ). (., .., Papadopoulos 1994,

447448, . 1, 3, 57 451452, . 1214 467. Barton k &
Buchner 1995, 166167, . 24. SEG 47.1488. Csapo, Johnston & Geagan 2000, 123125, . 64, 70, 74. SEG 53.957. Kenzelmann Pfyffer,
BE 2005.385).
149
M 2424

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022046 (1), 022049 (1),
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150
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7 . ..

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2423

8
7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022054 (1), 022058 (9),
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483
152
2435

8 7 . ..

2006. 022068 (1).
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: 0,180,21.),
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153
2844

8 7 . ..

2004, 2006. 022046 (1), 022058 (1),
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English Summary

553560
554
English summary
This collective volume presents 191 pieces of pottery with inscriptions,

graffiti, and trademarks which were discovered during excavations of
the so-called Ypogeio in ancient Methone in Pieria, Macedonia.
The history of Methone is presented in Chapter 1 as it is outlined
by the ancient myth-historical sources. According to Plutarch (Greek Aetia 293a-b), Methone was named after a former inhabitant of the site
Methon, an ancestor of Orpheus, and it was known as the oldest Greek
colony in the North, settled in 733/2 BCE by Eretrians expelled from
Corcyra. Apparently, Methone was of strategic importance in the Thermaic Gulf, because one of its harbours was naturally protected from the
southern winds, the main problem for ships sailing the Gulf, and it was
close to natural timber resources from the nearby mountains, Olympus and Pieria. These two advantages are evident in later scattered references (literary, papyrological, and epigraphical). When Athens suppressed the revolt of Euboea in 446 BCE, the former Euboean colonies
eventually became Athenian strongholds. Methone with the safest
harbor in the Thermaic Gulf became a member of the Athenian League,
paying a tax of three talents or eighteen thousand drachmas, and it
was instrumental for facilitating exports to Athens, especially wood for
oars, as Athens naval needs were gradually increasing. Methones independence presented a constant threat to the Macedonian Kingdom,
both strategically and economically. As the Macedonians consolidated
their power under Philip II, Methone, being so close to both the old and
the new capitals of the kingdom, could no longer be tolerated by Philip. Three years after he secured Pydna and its harbour, Philip besieged
and annihilated Methone in 354 BCE, as Diodorus reports (16.34.35),
at which time purportedly he lost his eye. Philip distributed the land
to Macedonians and forced the population to move N-NW to a new site,
allowing the inhabitants to take with them only one piece of clothing.
In this way, Philip secured the Thermaic Gulf and turned it into a Macedonian lake.
Chapter 2 discusses the location of ancient Methone and the excavation of the so-called Ypogeio between 2003 and 2007. Methone
lies by the shore of the western Thermaic Gulf, in the southern tip of
the Haliacmon River Delta, ca 35 kilometers south of Thessaloniki, and
immediately north of modern-day Agathoupolis. The site occupies two
low hills, which formed two naturally safe harbours along the major
N-S route of Mainland Greece. The excavations on the two hills uncovered traces of habitation going back to the Late Neolithic period (2.2).
The top of the east hill, where the Ypogeio is located, is eroded and
nothing is preserved from the structure(s) that once existed, except for
two terrace walls. The Ypogeio was so named, because it is a roughly
rectangular (3.50 U 4.50 meters in plan) subterranean structure (11.50
556
meters in depth), which contained the inscribed pottery. Its construction was never completed, probably because of the instability of the
hills geological layers. The shaft was subsequently filled in with material of different sorts, ranging from mud brick, timber and stone to
pottery and metal debris. This fill, which was completed in three short
phases, occurred over a very short period of time around 700 BCE. Two
terrace walls had been built on top of the shaft in the first half of the
7th century and later, in the late 7th and 6th centuries BCE, habitation spread on the area (2.2). Most of the material discussed here (2.3),
however, comes from the filling activity and dates to 730690 BCE (Late
Geometric II period). In an Appendix 100 pottery objects are presented,
so as to give an idea of the quantity and quality of the pottery unearthed
from the Ypogeio. This confirms the dating of the filling (2.3), which
is based on fine ware pottery imports from Attica, Corinth and Euboea
and on comparisons with the ceramic repertory from Pit 53 in Eretria.
The chronology of the fill coincides in a remarkable way with the one
assigned by Plutarch to the foundation of Methone by the Eretrians.
The provenance, chronology, and typology of the inscribed pottery from the Ypogeio is treated in Chapter 3, whose last section is devoted to the ways in which the Methone material contributes to current
discourses on trade and colonization. Although rich and varied, the material in question cannot be taken to be representative of the entire assemblage from the Ypogeio (3.1.1.). Section 3.1.2 reviews existing typologies of pottery from Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Macedonia and
presents the typology used in the present study, whose structure and
content is explained in Section 3.1.3. Emphasis is placed on the macroscopic and petrographic analysis of the fabrics represented, as well
as on the pottery from approximately 90 sites from the Northern Aegean, which is discussed for comparative purposes (see Map 1). The main
body of the study divides the material into pottery from the Thermaic
Gulf (since within the region distinctions are very difficult to ascertain)
or imported from the Central and East Aegean (3.2.1). The pottery from
the Thermaic Gulf comprises different wares, including painted ones.
Skyphoi with concentric circles on the lip (3.2.2.1.1), which conform to
a Euboean type, produced locally in Methone and also in other sites of
the region (Euboean style pottery was generally produced and/or imported in many sites of the Thermaic Gulf and the Northern Aegean, as
illustrated in Map 2); skyphoi with other decorative schemes (3.2.2.1.2);
kotylae showing Corinthian and Euboean influence (3.2.2.2); and other very fragmentary open vessels (3.2.2.3). Pouring vessels comprise a
jug with round mouth (3.2.2.4), a jug with cut-away neck (3.2.2.5), a
few hydriae (3.2.2.6), and some closed vessels of indeterminate shape
(3.2.2.7). In contrast to the jug with cut-away neck, which is one of the
most popular shapes in the Macedonian repertory, the hydria is rarely
seen elsewhere in the region. The plain ware pottery from the Thermaic
Gulf includes jugs with cut-way neck (3.2.3.1) and some closed vessels
of indeterminate shape (3.2.3.2), while the Macedonian grey ware is
very poorly represented (3.2.4). In contrast, pottery with grey slip, occasionally showing traces of burnishing (3.2.5), comprises a very common ware group, produced in Methone (and probably elsewhere in the
region as well), and covers a wide repertory of shapes.
Two types of amphorae from the Thermaic Gulf are also represented. One of them, which is identified for the first time, was perhaps
produced in Methone, whence the term Methonean for these amphoras (3.2.6.1). The type is modeled after East Greek, particularly Mile-
557
sian prototypes, and is mostly found in sites of the Thermaic Gulf. The
second type of amphora, known by different names in the literature,
was manufactured in sites of the Thermaic Gulf, but not in Methone
(3.2.6.2); hence the name Thermaic Gulf amphorae. Amphorae of this type
are widely distributed in the North Aegean and occur on very few sites
elsewhere in the Aegean and the Eastern and Central Mediterranean.
These amphorae have previously been associated with Euboean trade,
but this suggestion is called into question,
on
the basis of the early appearance of the type, its distribution in the North Aegean and beyond,
and the relatively high proportion of incised marks on this type of amphora. The last class of pottery from the Thermaic Gulf which is represented includes coarse, unpainted vessels, a pithos (3.2.7.1), and other,
smaller examples of indeterminate shape (3.2.7.2).
The imported pottery is discussed in Section 3.3, in connection
with the evidence from other sites of the Thermaic Gulf, the North Aegean and the Mediterranean. The analysis distinguishes between fine
wares and transport amphoras. Early Iron Age fine ware imports from
Attica (3.3.2.1) and the Cyclades (3.3.2.3) are thinly represented, as elsewhere in the North Aegean. Euboean imports consist of four skyphoi,
including the one bearing the inscription of Hakesandros (3.3.2.2). Bird
kotylai (3.3.2.4.1), Chian chalices (3.3.2.4.2), and banded Ionian cups
(3.3.2.4.3) are also represented, as is the case in quite a few sites of the
North Aegean. The most interesting example of the varied Aeolian grey
ware pieces is Philions cup, a deep drinking vessel, perhaps a karchesion
(3.3.2.5). Lastly, the few pieces of open vessels are of unknown provenance (3.3.2.6).
Transport amphorae are far more numerous than fine wares. A
Corinthian piece is identified as a forerunner of the type A amphora
and is dated earlier than the rest of the material, in the first half of the
8th century (3.3.3.2). Unlike Corinthian amphorae, Attic SOS amphorae
are widely represented both in the Ypogeio of Methone and in other
sites of the North Aegean. SOS amphorae (3.3.3.3), along with Chian
ones, further occur in all stratigraphic phases identified. Samian amphorae are here distinguished from Milesian ones on the basis of fabric (the two are often paired in the literature on the subject). Samian
pieces are amply identified in the Ypogeio and elsewhere in the North
Aegean (3.3.3.4). This pattern is markedly different than that seen for
the Milesian amphorae (3.3.3.5), which appear to be rare throughout
(an impression partly due to the current state of research). All Chian
amphorae represented belong to the early type covered in white slip
(3.3.3.6), but the Lesbian ones (3.3.3.7) conform to two different types:
a light grey and a dark one. The two types are quite similar in fabric,
but different in style and technique. Coated amphorae comprise a recently identified type. Although occasionally confused with Laconian,
the coated amphora is clearly made of a different fabric and also betrays
differences in style (3.3.3.8). In addition to these well-known and/or
well-represented types, there are several more (3.3.3.9), which are represented by one to three pieces and are assigned to previously unknown
types on the basis of their characteristic fabric and style.
The last part of the ceramic analysis summarizes the basic patterns identified and the various arguments raised (3.4). Section 3.4.2
reviews the occurrence of graffiti in relation to provenance, shape, decoration and chronology of the pottery discussed. Most of the material occurs on imported ceramics, but there are many pots from the Thermaic
Gulf which carry marks, including a few with alphabetic ones. This in-
558
dicates that Methone was one of the first sites, where the Greek alphabet was employed. Most of the inscriptions, graffiti, and (trade)marks
occur on transport amphorae and drinking vessels, very few on pouring
and storage vessels, whereas there are none on cooking wares. Graffiti
mostly occur on prominent parts of the vase and are mostly unrelated
to the decoration. The sections which follow assess the contribution
of the Methone pottery to the discussion of broader issues. It is argued
(3.4.3) that rich pottery from various parts discovered in the Ypogeio
confirms Plutarchs testimony for the early foundation of the colony
at the site. Moreover, this group of pottery calls into question existing
notions about the non-commercial motivation of colonization in the
North Aegean and establishes that Methone evolved into a major trading center, shortly after the establishment of the colony. It is further
argued that the Methone transport amphorae, which perhaps comprise
the earliest rich assemblage from anywhere in the Greek world, as well
as the graffiti they carry, denote systematic trade in subsistence goods
and attest to the close relation between the introduction of the Greek
transport amphora and early colonization. Notwithstanding the vicissitudes that pertain to tracing identities in the archaeological record, the
material in question further suggests that the trade networks, which
brought the pottery to Methone, involved not only Euboeans, but also
East Greeks and perhaps even Phoenicians (3.4.4). The locals, probably
Macedonians, also contributed to these networks, as evidenced in particular by the pattern of production and distribution of the Thermaic
Gulf amphorae. All this forcefully demonstrates that Macedonia, and
the Thermaic Gulf area in particular, did not belong to the periphery
of the Greek World and that their role was not at all peripheral, as the
modern literature on early Greek archaeology and history seems to insist (3.4.5), a point further explored in the following chapter.
Chapter 4 addresses the epigraphical and literary issues that arise
from the inscribed pottery of the Ypogeio. Both the place, Methone in
Pieria, and the date, 730690 BCE, are remarkable. Excavations in the
north have, so far, yielded hardly anything inscribed, incised, scratched
or rarely painted that could be dated so early, with the exception of a
small group from Torone, Karabournaki, and from Krania/Platamon in
southern Pieria. Moreover, the Methone inscribed pots and potsherds
comprise a group which should be added to the chronologically and
contextually comparable assemblages from Lefkandi, Eretria, and Zarakes in Euboea; from Oropos and Thebes; from Hymettus and Attica;
from Pithecussae and Cyme; and last but not least, from Crete, particularly to the group from Kommos, where a comparable variety of the
pots provenance and of their incised inscriptions, symbols, and (trade)
marks is clearly evident.
The 191 inscribed pottery pieces from Methone are not categorized under the all-encompassing group of graffiti, which usually comprises clay (fictilia) and/or household objects (instrumenta domestica), because the semantics of the term graffiti is more often than not blurred.
It is argued instead that the Methone group represents such a variety
that some of the engravings can be interpreted as inscriptions, others
as (trade) or potters marks, and others as graffiti.
Most of the pieces from Methone are scratched or incised after
firing, but there are rare instances of marks made before firing. The
greatest majority of these, 166 pots and potsherds (mostly amphorae
and sympotic vessels), bear non-alphabetic symbols, marks, graffiti,
and very few dipinti, most probably signs of ownership and/or trading.
559
Most of these symbols and engravings are simple lines (some of which
may be random) or simple shapes, such as: cross, arrow, X, , V,
grid, star or pentacle or klepsydra, branch. Three different pots (a
Thermaic Gulf skyphos Euboean in type, a Chian amphora, and an amphora of unknown provenance) bear a composite symbol of astonishingly similar shape of unknown significance, while an incised bird on
a Corinthianizing kotyle seems to be interacting with the schematic
birds painted on the cups metope.
Of the remaining 25 amphorae and sympotic vessels with alphabetic signs, 16 bear symbols, marks, and graffiti of one or two letters,
which most probably denote ownership and/or trading activities. The
remaining nine, mostly sympotic vessels, bear complete or fragmentary inscriptions, an unexpectedly remarkable group of inscribed pots.
The text of these inscriptions consists of the owners formula, which is
most common in early Greek inscriptions: a name in the genitive case
with or without the verb eimi (I am of, belong to, so and so). On a Euboean skyphos, however, after the owners formula: I am of Hakesandros, an epigram follows which ends in an iambic rhythm: will be deprived of his eyes (or money). Quite astonishingly, Hakesandros text
seems to be a forerunner of the text on Tataies lekythos from Cyme,
dated to the second quarter of the 7th century BCE, which supplies the
most probable meaning of the missing part of Hakesandros text: I belong to Hakesandros; [whoever steals me from him], will be deprived of
/ loose his eyes (or money).
All nine texts inscribed on sympotic pots come from the lower
layer of the shaft (Ypogeio), hence their chronology in the last thirty
years or so of the 8th century BCE. Some are incised professionally
and others less so, and all are ownership tags of the familiar formula of
the speaking object: I belong to X, with the verb eimi incised or omitted. Seven of them are incised sinistrorsum and two dextrorsum, a fact
which implies that in certain areas of the Greek world both directions
of the alphabet co-existed early on. Because of their brevity, the few letters of each text are not conclusive as to the script, local or imported, of
the owner/trader or the engraver, except for Hakesandros cup, whose
script, like the pot itself, is most probably Eretrian/Euboean; but even
this is of little help in identifying the poems anonymous composer,
and perhaps even the owner Hakesandros, whether or not they were
also from Eretria.
The nine texts from Methone, however, do emphasize one important and crucial fact, often overlooked in discussions of archaic local scripts: although Methone was, according to Plutarch, an Eretrian
colony where one would expect the Eretrian script to have been used,
the variety of letter-shapes in these nine texts attests that not all the
inhabitants of the site were from Eretria/Euboea. It seems that the concept of local script cannot be applied to these few texts of Methone,
perhaps even to all texts incised on portable objects. A re-evaluation is
in need of a more nuanced approach, particularly for sites at crossroads
and/or major trading routes (e.g. Kommos and now Methone), where
inevitably more than one script and more than one dialect would have
been employed. Finally, as with the majority of early Greek inscriptions, the Methone texts employ the shapes of E for e, , ei and O for o,
, ou, but their brevity does not help to identify the spoken dialect, although Ionic is the primary candidate.
Of the nine texts, the mug from Lesbos with the retrograde owners inscription of Philion, and the inscribed Euboean skyphos of Hake-
560
sandros stand out, not only for the professional engraving and their
script, but most importantly, in the case of Hakesandros cup, for the
text incised on it. Although fragmentary, the texts ending in an iambic rhythm indicates that the text consisted of the ownership tag in
prose in the beginning and then of an iambic dimeter or trimeter(?),
the oldest one attested. The secure restoration of the ending strongly
suggests that this text, as other early inscriptions on sympotic pots,
was also composed in a playful manner within a sympotic context.
Hakesandros poetic, but not hexametric, text brings once more to the
fore the literary beginnings in Greece. Faster than previously thought,
trade and economic factors facilitated the spread of the alphabet and
the competence in writing within commercial and sympotic contexts
that are the beginnings of literacy. And as soon as people learnt the
alphabet, or simultaneously, they began composing small poems and
engraving them on sympotic pots, which otherwise would have been
insignificant objects on a shelf in a storeroom. All these first poetic
attempts from the Dipylon oinochoe and Nestors cup to Hakesandros cup and Tataies lekythos, and notwithstanding different interpretations all these first fruits of poetry bespeak a playful tone expected within a sympotic context. Even if they are not the Homeric/
Hesiodic epics, or high lyric poetry, they are oral lyric and sympotic poetry, a genre whose written form they presage as if in nascenti and which
emerges sooner rather than later. Archilochus, traditionally the earliest lyric poet together with Callinus of Ephesus sometime between 680
and 640 BCE celebrated bitterly Paros and the other Greeks colonization of Thasos, which mutatis mutandis is also applicable to Methone:
the misery of the Panhellenes came together running to Thasos/Methone (fragment
102 West, apud Strabo 8.6.6 in his discussion of the word Panhellenes).
In the history of Greek archaeology, the excavation of a single
trench (such as the one of the Ypogeio) only rarely has had far reaching results and a profound impact on different aspects of an entire period. This extraordinary new evidence, Methones inscriptions, graffiti/dipinti, and (trade)marks, will undoubtedly contribute decisively to current discussions about: the Greeks and the Greek language
in Macedonia; Greek colonization; pottery trade and the early Greek
transport amphoras; the alphabets of Methone and the introduction
of the alphabet in Greece; the dialect(s) of Methone and the Greek dialects; writing and literacy; trade, the symposium, and other contexts
for the development of graph and of literary beginnings. These discussions will commence during the Conference Panhellenes at Methone:
graph in Late Geometric and Protoarchaic Methone, Macedonia (ca
700 BCE), organized by the Centre for the Greek Language in Thessaloniki, in June 810, 2012.
The last part of the work presents the Catalogue of the 191 incised pottery objects, which are richly illustrated. The pieces are divid
ed from the earliest to the latest in two large groups which are further
subdivided by provenance and/or type: the 25 alphabetic inscriptions
with names or abbreviations of words and letters (nos. 125); and the
166 non-alphabetic marks/symbols and engravings of all kinds (nos.
26191). Each entry comprises the archaeological evidence, a detailed
description of the pottery, and an edition of the inscriptions, marks/
symbols, and graffiti.

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