: ,

.
: , .
) : (CGS
2
2
mv
Ze
mv 2 Ze 2
Ze 2
= = 2 Ek
=
, Ep =
r
r
r
2
2r
2
Ze
E = Ek + E p =
2r
:

h
mv
2 r = nn

h
= =n
2

L = mvr = n

( n= ) = Ze2 r = ( n= ) = n2 a0 , a = 0.529 AD
) mv 2 ( mvr
=
=
0
2
2mr 2
2mr 2
2r
mZe2
Z
13.6 Z 2
mZ 2 e 4
E= 2 2 =
eV
= 2n
n2
2

:

.1282.16nm
.94.97nm
?
:

13.6 13.6

n12 n22

hc

absorption:

13.6
13.6
= = 13.6 2 n22
= 25 n2 = 5
1240
2
n2
13.6
94.97

hc

emission:

13.6 13.6
13.6 13.6
13.6
2
2 = 2
n1 = 13.6 hc = 9 n1 = 3
2
n1 n2
n1 25
+
25 1
:
.n=2
. ?
. ?

hc

n=6

n=5

n=4
n=3

n=2
:
. = .
3 2- :
hc
hc
1 1
= = 13.6 2 2
= 656.47 nm

1 1
3 2
13.6 2 2
3 2
. ,
. = : n
1
hc
hc
1
= = 13.6 2 2
= 364.7 nm
13.6

2
4
: m ) F = kr .(3D
. ?
. ?
:
+ . .
kr 2 p 2
= . E :
+
, :
2 2m
2
2
) mvr
) =n
(
(
mv 2
= kr
= kr
= kr
r
2mr 2
2mr 2
2

) =( n

2mk
2

2 3
k ( n= ) ( n= k ) 3
=
+
1
2 2mk
( 2m ) 3

) =( n
2
2
) =n
(
3
2m
2

=r

2 3
) =k ( n
=E
+
2 2mk

2mk

:
.1 :
= 2 2
= i .
=
)+V ( x
t 2m x 2

 .2 :

, O
:

n . O n = Onn , On
.
.
:

( x ) .1

*
( x ) = =

x . :
x2

dx

= , p

x1

.
.2 ,1 :

dx

=1

.3 :

O ) !(
,
, ":

* Odx

= O

.4 ,:

0 m n
= = mn
1 m = n

*
m

.5 :
.,

:

*
m

= ) p ( Om

.6 :
:

a ,a

= .

n =1

.
,
":

. an

.7
) (.

 .8 :

p
=2 2
=H
+V ( x) =
)+V ( x
2m
2m x 2

x=x
=
i x

=p

2
=p =
x 2

= L z = i

.9 :
2

O2 O

= O

2
n x
sin
L
L

= ) n ( x

h2 2
h2
2
n
E
n
E
,
=
=
0
0
8mL2
8mL2

= En

:
( x ) = eikx
P = =k
2

) ( =k
=E

2m
:
.
.
.
8-?
. 0=X ?
. ? 0 < X < 0.3L
. ?

:
.

n2 2 n12 = 4n2 2

h2
2

L
8m
2

h2
= En1
= n2
2 1
8mL
n1 = 2
n2 = 1

2
2 x
. n=2 :
sin
L
L

= ) 2 ( x

2
2 0
= ) . 2 ( x = 0 ,
sin
= 0 :
L
L
. .
. :
2

4 x

1 cos L

dx
2

0.3 L

2 2 2 x
2
sin
= dx
L
L
L

1
sin1.2
= 1
4

. :

p2 p

0.3 L

x =0

0.3 L

= ) 2 ( x
2

0.3 L

1
4 x
L
= L
sin
4
L
L

= , p :

=
=2
2 x
2 x
p =
= dx
sin
cos
dx = 0

i x
iL x =0
L
L

2
2
2 x 2
2 x
dx = = 2 sin
=
=p =

sin
2
x
L x =0
L L
L

4 x
2
L
L 1 cos
h
2 2
2 2 x
2 2
L
= h 3 sin
=h 3
=
L x =0
L
L x=0
2
L
h
= p
L
2

: :

= A1 + 3 A2 + 2 A3

, 1 , 2 , 3

1,2,3.
. ?A
. ?
. E1 ? ? E4
:
. :

= A2 + ( 3 A ) + ( 2 A ) = 1
2

) ( A1 + 3 A2 + 2 A3

= *dx

1
14
. :

= probability of finding the function in state n

=A

P E , P

1
9
4
E0 + 4 E0 + 9 E0
14
14
14

= E = A2 E1 + ( 3 A ) E2 + ( 2 A ) E3
2

3
E0
14

=5

= , E

 .
1
:
= . P ( E1 ) = P (1 ) = A2
14
, E4 .

:
:

E
V
I

II

.E ?
:
:
ikx
ikx
I: 1 = e + re
:

= teik1x

II: 2

) p 2 ( =k
2mE
= . E :
:
=
= k
=
2m
2m
2

) 2m ( E V

= . k1

=
:

x = 0 : 1 = 2 = 1 + r = t
d 1 d 2
=
= ik + rik = tik1
dx
dx
k k1
2k
= ik + rik = (1 + r ) ik1 r
= ,t
k + k1
k + k1
x = 0: