(2)

(a)
The matrix A is
5 1 4
5 2 7
18 9 15
1
1

1
1
]
The characteristic equation of matrix A is given by the folloing ex!ression"
( ) #et $ A I
%%%%%% (1)
&ere'
The i#entity matrix is I %
(ubstitute the corres!on#ing values in equation (1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 1 4 1 $ $
5 2 7 $ 1 $ $
18 9 15 $ $ 1
5 1 4 $ $
5 2 7 $ $ $
18 9 15 $ $
5 1 4
5 2 7 $
18 9 15
5 15 2 9 7 1 5 15 18 7
4 5 9 2 18 $

1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
1
1

1
1
]
1 1
] ]
+ 1
]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 ) 2
) 2
) 2
5 )$ 15 2 *) 1 75 5 12* 4 45 )* 18 $
5 )$ 17 2 *) 5 51 4 18 81 $
5 )$ 17 2 *) 5 51 4 18 81 $
5 85 4*5 17 9) 5 5 51 72 )24 $
22 111 9$ $
22 111 9$ $






+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +

+ + +
&ence' the require# characteristic equation is
) 2
22 111 9$ $ + + +
%
(b)
+rom !art (a)' it is ,non that the characteristic equation is given by"
) 2
22 111 9$ $ + + + %%%%%% (2)
-n or#er to verify that'
1' *' 15
are eigenvalues of matrix A' !rocee# as follos"
(ubstitute 1 in equation (2) to obtain as follos"
( ) ( ) ( )
) 2
1 22 1 111 1 9$ $
1 22 111 9$ $
112 112 $
$ $
+ + +
+ +

%%%%%% ())
(ubstitute * in equation (2) to obtain as follos"
( ) ( ) ( )
) 2
* 22 * 111 * 9$ $
21* 792 *** 9$ $
882 882 $
$ $
+ + +
+ +

%%%%%% (4)
(ubstitute 15 in equation (2) to obtain as follos"
( ) ( ) ( )
) 2
15 22 15 111 15 9$ $
))75 495$ 1**5 9$ $
5$4$ 5$4$ $
$ $
+ + +
+ +

%%%%%% (5)
&ence' from equation ())' (4) an# (5) it is verifie# that
1' *' 15
are eigenvalues of
matrix A%
(c)
-n or#er to #etermine the eigenvectors for matrix A%!rocee# as follos"
( )
5 1 4
#et 5 2 7
18 9 15
A I

1
1

1
1
]
%%%%%% (*)
(ubstitute 1 in equation (*) to #etermine eigenvectors corres!on#ing to eigenvalue
1 %
( )
( )
( )
( )
5 1 1 4
#et 5 2 1 7
18 9 15 1
4 1 4
5 1 7
18 9 14
A I
1
1

1
1

]
1
1

1
1
]
.et
1
2
)
v
V v
v
1
1

1
1
]
is the eigenvectors corres!on#ing to eigenvalue 1 %
Therefore'
1 2 )
4 4 $ v v v +
%%%%%% (7)
1 2 )
5 7 $ v v v
%%%%%% (8)
1 2 )
18 9 14 $ v v v +
%%%%%% (9)
/## equation (7) an# (8)
1 )
) 1
) 1
9 11 $
11 9
9
11
v v
v v
v v

(ubstitute
) 1
9
11
v v

in equation (7)
1 2 1
2 1 1
1
9
4 $
11
9
4
11
8
11
v v v
v v v
v
_
+

,
+

&ence' the eigenvectors corres!on#ing to eigenvalue 1 is

1
8
11
9
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
%
(ubstitute * in equation (*) to #etermine eigenvectors corres!on#ing to eigenvalue
* %
( )
( )
( )
( )
5 * 1 4
#et 5 2 * 7
18 9 15 *
1 1 4
5 4 7
18 9 9
A I
1
1

1
1

]
1
1

1
1
]
.et
1
2
)
v
V v
v
1
1

1
1
]
is the eigenvectors corres!on#ing to eigenvalue * %
Therefore'
1 2 )
4 $ v v v +
%%%%%% (1$)
1 2 )
5 4 7 $ v v v +
%%%%%% (11)
1 2 )
18 9 9 $ v v v +
%%%%%% (12)
0ulti!ly equation (1$) by 4 an# then a## it to equation (11)
) 1
) 1
9 9 v v
v v

(ubstitute
) 1
v v
in equation (1$)
1 2 1
2 1 1
1
4 $
4
)
v v v
v v v
v
+

&ence' the eigenvectors corres!on#ing to eigenvalue * is

1
)
1
1
1
1
1
]
%
(ubstitute 15 in equation (*) to #etermine eigenvectors corres!on#ing to eigenvalue
15 %
( )
( )
( )
( )
5 15 1 4
#et 5 2 15 7
18 9 15 15
1$ 1 4
5 1) 7
18 9 $
A I
e

1
1

1
1

]
1
1

1
1
]
.et
1
2
)
v
V v
v
1
1

1
1
]
is the eigenvectors corres!on#ing to eigenvalue 15 %
Therefore'
1 2 )
1$ 4 $ v v v +
%%%%%% (1))
1 2 )
5 1) 7 $ v v v +
%%%%%% (14)
1 2 )
18 9 $ $ v v v + +
%%%%%% (15)
+rom equation (15)
2 1
2 1
9 18
2
v v
v v

(ubstitute
2 1
2 v v
in equation (1))
1 1 )
) 1
1
1$ 2 4 $
4 12
)
v v v
v v
v
+

&ence' the eigenvectors corres!on#ing to eigenvalue 15 is

1
2
)
1
1
1
1
]
%
(#)
-n or#er to #etermine the state transition matrix by the metho# base# on #iagonalisation'
!rocee# as follos"
The V is a matrix forme# by the eigenvectors an# is given by"
1 1 1
8
) 2
11
9
1 )
11
V
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
]
/lso' the inverse of matrix V is given by"
1
11 11 11
1$ )5 7$
) ) 1
5 5 5
1 2 5
2 7 14
V

1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
]
The matrix D is a #iagonal matrix' hich has the eigenvalues of A as #iagonal elements
1 $ $
$ * $
$ $ 15
D
1
1

1
1
]
The #eterminant of A is 9$ that is it linearly in#e!en#ent% Therefore A is
#iagonali1able%
2o' A is has been #iagonali1e#
1
A VDV

3alculate the value of

1
11 11 11
1 1 1
1$ )5 7$
1 $ $
8 ) ) 1
) 2 $ * $
11 5 5 5
$ $ 15
9 1 2 5
1 )
11 2 7 14
11 11 11
1$ )5 7$
11 ** 1*5
1 ) ) 1
8 198 ))$
11 5 5 5
9 ** 495
1 2 5
2 7 14
1
1
VAV

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1 1
1
]
1
1
1 ]
]
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1 1
]
1

1
]

5 1 4
5 2 7
1
18 9 15
1
1

1
1
]
&ence' the require# state transition matrix is
5 1 4
1
5 2 7
11
18 9 15
1
1

1
1
]
%
(e)
-n or#er to #etermine the solution for ( )
1
x t
' !rocee# as follos"
The given relation is"
( ) ( ) $
At
x t e x
%%%%%% (1*)
The given vector function
x
of
t
is given by"
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
)
x t
x t x t
x t
1
1

1
1
]
/lso the value of
x
at $ t is given by"
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
)
$
$ $
$
x
x x
x
1
1

1
1
]
(ubstitute the corres!on#ing values in equation (1*)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 2
) )
1
2
)
$
$
$
$
$
$
At
At
At
At
x t x
x t e x
x t x
e x
e x
e x
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
1
1

1
1
]
&ence' the solution for ( )
1
x t
is ( )
1
$
At
e x %