ipconfig

Modul e 4-18

IPCONFIG l lnh dng hin th cu hnh TCP/IP c a my tnh ho c lm ti cc thit lp DHCP v DNS. Nu khng dng tham s lnh ipconfig s hin th a ch IP, subnet mask, v default gateway c a tt c card mng. C php ipconfig [/all] [/renew [Adapter]] [/release [Adapter]] [/flushdns ] [/displaydns ] [/registerdns ] [/showclassid Adapter] [/setclassid Adapter [ClassID]] Tham s /all: hin th y tham s cu hnh TCP/IP c a tt c cc card mng. Bao gm card vt l, l gc v kt ni dng quay s ( dialup ). /renew [Adapter]: yu c u c p li tham s DHCP cho tt c hoc 1 card mng. Tham s ny ch kh dng trn my tnh c card mng ang cu hnh s dng DHCP c p a ch ng. /release [Adapter]: gi thng ip DHCPRELEASE n my ch DHCP tr li a ch IP tr l i my ch cho tt c hoc 1 card mng. Tham s ny s v hiu ha cu hnh do my ch DHCP c p cho card mng.

/flushdns: xa ni dung b m dch tn min c c b trn my tnh. Thng dng trong khi tm cc li DNS. /displaydns: hin th ni dung b m dch tn min c c b trn my tnh, bao gm ni dung trong tp tin host v cc tn min nhn c t my ch DNS. /registerdns: kh i to ng k tn min v a ch IP c c u hnh trn my tnh. Dng tm li ng k tn min hoc gii quyt cc c p nhn ng gia my khch v my ch DNS m khng c n khi ng l i my khch. /showclassid Adapter: hin th ch danh lp c a my ch DHCP (DHCP class ID) ca mt card mng. xem tt c card mng ta dng d u * ph n adapter. Tham s ny ch kh dng trn my tnh c card mng ang cu hnh s dng DHCP cp a ch ng. /setclassid Adapter [ClassID]: c u hnh ch danh lp c a my ch DHCP c a 1 card mng. cu hnh tt c card mng ta dng d u * phn adapter. Tham s ny ch kh dng trn my tnh c card mng ang cu hnh s dng DHCP c p a ch ng. /?:hinthtr gip c a lnh.

+ Lnh ny c s dng kim tra xem mt my tnh c kt ni vi mng khng. Lnh Ping s g i cc gi tin t my tnh bn ang ngi ti my tnh ch. Thng qua gi tr m my tnh ch tr v i vi tng gi tin, bn c th xc nh c tnh trng ca ng truyn (chng h n: g i 4 gi tin nhng ch nhn c 1 gi tin, ch ng t ng truyn rt chm (xu)). Hoc cng c th xc nh my tnh c kt ni hay khng (Nu khng kt ni,kt qu l Unknow host)....

Ping l chng trnh my tnh dng kim tra kh nng g i/nh n thng tin qua mng IP. Ping ho t ng bng cch gi gi ICMP echo request cho my ch v lng nghe gi tin tr li ICMP echo response. s dng thi gian v tc p ng, ping c th nh gi th i gian quay v v tc rt gi gi a 2 my tnh. C php ping [-t] [-a] [-n Count] [-l Size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS] [-r Count] [-s Count] [{-j HostList | -k HostList}] [-w Timeout] [TargetName] Tham s -t: ch dnh ping tip tc cho n khi b ngt. Ngt v thng k n Ctrl-Break. Ngt v thot lnh ping, n Ctrl-C. -a: ch nh dch IP Address thnh tn min. N u thnh cng, ping s hin tn min my ch. -n Count: ch nh s ln gi thng ip echo-request. Mc nh l 4. -l Size: ch nh kch thc bng byte c a trng d liu trong gi tin echorequest. Mc nh l 32. gi tr ti a l 65,527. -f: ch nh gi tin Echo Request c gi v i c hiu Don't Fragment t v

1. Thng ip echo-request khng th b fragment b i cc router trung gian trn ng truyn n my ch. Tham s ny rt c ch trong vic g ri vn MTU c a ng truyn. 6-33 -i TTL: ch nh gi tr trng Time-To-Live (TTL) c a gi Echo Request. Mc nh gi tr TTL ph thuc vo h iu hnh. V d Windows XP l 128. gi tr ti a ca TTL l 255. -v TOS: ch nh gi tr Type of Service (TOS) c a gi Echo Request. Mc nh l 0, TOS nhn gi tr t 0 n 255. -r Count: ch nh tu chn Record Route trong IP header IP c dng ghi nh n l i danh sch cc thit b trung gian (hop) trn ng truyn t ngun n ch. Mi thit b trung gian (hop) s to ra 1 dng thng tin, nu s dng tham s Count s ch nh s lng ti a cc dng thng tin c ghi nh n l i gi tr hp l ca count l t 1 n 9. -s Count: ch nh tham s Internet Timestamp trong IP header c s dng ghi nhn li thi gian n c a thng ip Echo Request tng ng v i Echo Reply c a mi thit b trung gian (hop), count c gi tr t 1 n 4. -j HostList: ch nh gi tin Echo Request s dng Loose Source Route option trong IP header vi tp danh sch cc thit b trung gian ch nh trong HostList. Host list l 1 chui ti a l 9 a ch IP cch nhau b i khong tr ng. -k HostList: ch nh gi tin Echo Request s dng Strict Source Route option trong IP header vi tp danh sch cc thit b trung gian ch nh trong HostList. Tham s strict source routing, cc thi t b trung gian k tip ph i ni

trc tip v i nhau. Host list l 1 chui ti a l 9 a ch IP cch nhau b i khong trng. -w Timeout: ch nh th i gian ch tnh mili giy b ng gi tin Echo Reply. Nu gi tin Echo Reply nhn c sau thi gian time-out th thng bo li "Request timed out" s hin th, gi tr mc nh c a time-out l 4000 (4 giy). TargetName: ch nh ch n bng tn min hoc a ch IP. /?: hin th tr gip

+ Lnh ny s cho php bn "nhn thy" ng i ca cc gi tin t my tnh ca bn n my tnh ch, xem gi tin ca bn vng qua cc server no, cc router no

Cng c TRACERT dng xc nh ng i n ch bng cc s dng gi tin ICMP gi n my ch, TRACERT dng gi IP c gi tr TTL khc nhau. B i v mi router trn ng i phi tr gi tr TTL c a gi tin 1 n v trc khi gi chng i, gi tr TTL ng vai tr nh 1 b m hop. Khi TTL c a gi tin bng 0, router s gi thng ip ICMP "Time Exceeded tr v cho my ngun. TRACERT gi gi tin echo u tin vi ttl = 1 v tng dn gi tr ttl cho cc gi sau mi ln 1 n v, cho n khi gi tin i n ch hoc t c gi tr ti a ca TTL. Thng ip ICMP "Time Exceeded" m cc router trung gian g i tr li my ngun s cho php hin th li danh sch cc router trung gian. Tuy nhin c 1 s router b cc gi tin c ttl=0 nhng khng g i li ICMP "Time Exceeded" v nh vy cc router ny l khng nhn thy bi TRACERT. TRACERT in ra th t cc router trung gian cn c theo thng ip ICMP "Time Exceeded" tr v. s dng tham s -d s cho php tracert khng thc hin truy v n DNS cho mi a ch IP nhn c. C php tracert -d -h maximum_hops -j host-list -w timeout target_host Parameters -d: khng thc hin phn gi i tn min

6-38 -h maximum_hops: ch nh s lng hop ti a trong qu trnh thc hin -j host-list: ch nh loose source route b ng danh sch host-list -w timeout: i trong kho ng th i gian tnh b ng milli giy nhn cc tr l i target_host: ch nh my ch theo tn hoc a ch IP

Wireshark shows packet info

SEQUENCE NUMBER :s th t / s hiu dy ACKNOWLEDGMENT NUMBER : s xc nhn - WireShark c mt b dy lch s. Gerald Combs l ngi u tin pht trin phn mm ny. Phin bn u tin c gi l Ethereal c pht hnh nm 1998. Tm nm sau k t khi phin bn u tin ra i, Combs t b cng vic hin ti theo ui mt c hi ngh nghip khc. Tht khng may, ti thi im , ng khng th t c tho thun vi cng ty thu ng v vic bn quyn ca thng hiu Ethereal. Thay vo , Combs v phn cn li ca i pht trin xy dng mt thng hiu mi cho sn phm Ethereal vo nm 2006,dntnlWireShark.

- WireShark pht trin mnh m v n nay, nhm pht trin cho n nay ln ti 500 cng tc vin. Sn phm tn ti di ci tn Ethereal khng c pht trin thm. - Li ch Wireshark em li gip cho n tr nn ph bin nh hin nay. N c th p ng nhu cu ca c cc nh phn tch chuyn nghip v nghip d v n a ra nhiu tnh nng thu ht mi i tng khc nhau. Cc giao thc c h tr bi WireShark: WireShark vt tri v kh nng h tr cc giao thc (khong 850 loi), t nhng loi ph bin nh TCP, IP n nhng loi c bit nh l AppleTalk v Bit Torrent. V cng bi Wireshark c pht trin trn m hnh m ngun m, nhng giao thc mi s c thm vo. V c th ni rng khng c giao thc no m Wireshark khng th h tr.

Thn thin vi ngi dng: Giao din ca Wireshark l mt trong nhng giao din phn mm phn tch gi d dng nht. Wireshark l ng dng ho vi h thng menu rt r rng v c b tr d hiu. Khng nh mt s sn phm s dng dng lnh phc tp nh TCPdump, giao din ho ca Wireshark tht tuyt vi cho nhng ai tng nghin cu th gii ca phn tch giao thc. Gi r: Wireshark l mt sn phm min ph GPL. Bn c th ti v v s dng Wireshark cho bt k mc ch no, k c vi mc ch thng mi. H tr: Cng ng ca Wireshark l mt trong nhng cng ng tt v nng ng nht ca cc d n m ngun m. H iu hnh h tr Wireshark: Wireshark h tr hu ht cc loi h iu hnh hin nay.

Telnet: Telnet cho php gi i lp phin thit b cui (terminal) t i mt my t xa, thng l my UNIX, Router, ho c Switch. V i trnh m phng thit b cui, bn c th qun tr thit b mng nh th bn u ni trc tip bng thit b cui. Telnet ch hu ch vi cc h thng dng giao din dng lnh n khng h tr mi tr ng giao din ha. Bi v Telnet g i thng ip dng khng mt m hc nn km an ton, b n c th dng Secure Shell (SSH) thay th cho telnet mt m ha d liu. The figure shows the range of port numbers available for each protocol and some of the corresponding applications.

Telnet l mt cch truy c p thit b mng th ng dng nh t. Tuy nhin, telnet khng an tan v v th khng phi l mt chn la. Secure Shell Protocol (SSH)

l mt tin ch an tan thay th telnet. Giao tip gia client v server c m ha trong c SSH1 v SSH2. nn s dng SSH2 v n s dng thut tan m ha an tan hn . Mt cch d hiu, Telnet c dng giao tip vi cc my tnh khc v my mc thng qua cch dng lnh. Giao din s nh sau:

Mc d khng phi l mt giao din d dng nhng li rt d hnh dung. iu quan trng nht nn bit v Telnet

Mt trong nhng iu bn nn bit v Telnet l n khng phi l mt giao thc an ton. Kh i bn ng nhp vo mt my ch t xa bng cch s dng Telnet, tn ngi dng v mt khu ca bn c gi i " mt cch r rng" - c ngha l, khng h c phng php m ha no vi vn bn c gi i. iu c ngha l thng tin ca bn c th c (tng i) d dng b chn v c s dng truy cp n thit b . V l do ny (v nhiu ngi khc) Telnet phn ln c thay th bng giao thc SSH an ton hn. ng dng

Vy, Telnet da trn ngn ng v khng c an ton. Th nhng khng phi iu li khin Telnet v dng. C 2 cch dng Telnet: - Cu hnh thit b mng - Tham gia cng ng online

2- S dng telnet: Bt u t command prompt, g vo telnet, nu bn dng 9x, n s a bn vo trnh windows telnet. B n cng c th chy menu Start/Run. ch nh lnh, bn c th dng cc lnh sau: OPEN <hostname/site address> <port number> : m mt kt nI n my tnh xa, gi l 1 telnet session CLOSE : ng kt ni v tr v du nhc I lnh QUIT: ng kt ni v thot telnet <ENTER> : nhn phm enter s a bn thot khI ch du nhc lnh v tr li telnet session SET ECHO: b t/tt ch hin cc lnh nh vo trong windows telnet. Lu trong 2k s l SET LOCAL_ECHO kt ni, ta dng lnh OPEN ho c cng c th trc tip bng lnh telnet <hostname/site address> <port number> vd: telnet anyhost.com 12345 Trying 123.123.112.12 port 12345 Connected to anyhost.com Escape character is. Sau khi kt ni xong, bn trong mt telnet session. C th dng k t escape trn tr v du nhc lnh. 3- ng dng telnet truy cp POP email: a- c mail: Cc internet mail server cho php truy c p thng qua giao thc POP (Post Office Protocol), c ng 110. Nu POP server b n ang dng l anyhost.com, th ta s dng lnh sau: telnet anyhost.com 110 Mt s cc lnh c th bn cn dng khi truy c p POP email USER <username> : m hp th ca username PASS <password> : mt khu cho hp th LIST : lit k cc emails trong hp th RETR <email number> : xem th c th t l number, c lit k trong lnh LIST

TOP <email number> <message lines> : xem th nh RETR, nhng dng li khi hin c s dng nht nh DELE <email number> : xa th c th t number QUIT : ng telnet session V d, ta s truy cp vo yahoo xem mail, ta thc hin lnh: telnet pop.mail.yahoo.com 110 <enter> v ch mt cht... Nu thnh cng, b n s nhn c dng thng tin sau: +OK hello from popgate K t y, nu trc khi m 1 telnet session, b n c dng SET ECHO, th nhng g bn nh vo s hin ln, khng th bn phi nhp cc lnh tht chnh xc Nhp tn user USER w_hat95 +OK password required Nhp mt khu PASS anhyeuemnhieulam +OK maildrop ready, 2 messages (2983 octets) (34232 2324232) y, mail box ca ti c 2 tin, k n l tng kch thc ca cc email, cc s cn li bn khng c n quan tm Bn dng lnh list lit k cc email, bao gm stt v size: list 1 1728 2 1205 . xem mt mail c stt no , bn dng lnh retr <message number> retr 1 Ch mt cht, bn s nhn c nhng thng tin y v mail , bao gm ton b header v ni dung vd: +OK 1783 octets

X-Apparently-To: w_hat95@yahoo.com via web20306.mail.yahoo.com; 04 Jan 2002 23:4 8:08 -0800 (PST) X-RocketRCL: 1037;1;2465408753 Received: from web11904.mail.yahoo.com (216.136.172.18) by mta621.mail.yahoo.com with SMTP; 04 Jan 2002 23:48:08 -0800 (PST) Message-ID: <20020105074808.35179.qmail@web11904.mail.yahoo.co m> Received: from [61.214.156.105] by web11904.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Fri, 04 Jan 2002 23:48:08 PST Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2002 23:48:08 -0800 (PST) From: Joel <joel@yahoo.com> Subject: Re: hi? To: F M <w_hat95@yahoo.com> In-Reply-To: <20020102080654.68330.qmail@web20307.mail.yahoo.co m> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="0-8889446391010216888=:34368" ......vvv . V nhng thng tin trong email header,b n t tm hiu ly! ) Nu nhng thng tin lit k trn qu nhiu, bn khng kp xem, hy dng lnh top <mess number> <showed lines> lit k theo s lng dng nht nh vd: top 1 10 -> s lit k 10 dng u (k c header) c a email s 1, sau khi hin xong 10 dng cho b n xem, ch vi giy, n s tip tc hin cc dng k tip cho n khi ton b email c xem!? xa 1 email, b n dng lnh dele <email number> vd: dele 2 -> s xa email th 2 trong danh sch Sau khi check xong emails, b n ng telnet session bng lnh QUIT, bn s c a v du nhc lnh

Bt li ca vic check email POP dng telnet l b n khng c c giao din d nhn nh cc trnh chec k POP mail khc. Bn cng khng th tr li t cc mail c c. b- Gi mail: Tng t nh trn, cc internet mail server s cung c p mt giao thc l SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) cho php b n send email thng qua server , cng 25. Mt s lnh bn cn dng: HELO <hostname> : gii thiu host, thng tin ny khng c n thit MAIL FROM: <email c a ngi gi> RCPT TO: <emails c a ngi nhn> DATA <nhp data c a bn>: sau khi enter, b n nhp ni dung email. Sau khi nhp xong, mun kt thc, bn phi xung hng v nhp du chm '.' RSET xa cc thng tin ln gi mi nht, dng khi b n mun gi n mt ngi khc QUIT : thot HELP <lnh> xem tr gip v cc lnh, lnh ny ty thuc vo mail server bn ang connect V d, i vi yahoo: Bn thc hin lnh telnet smtp.mail.yahoo.com 25 Ch mt lc, nu kt ni thnh cng, b n s nhn c thng tin sau: 220 smtp011.mail.yahoo.com ESMTP Kt ni: helo smtp.mail.yahoo.com 250 smtp011.mail.yahoo.com Nhp thng tin ngi gi: mail from: w_hat95@yahoo.com 250 ok Nhp thng tin ngi nhn: rcpt to: joel@yahoo.com Joel 250 ok

Nhp ni dung: data blsdfsdfsd 354 go ahead Subject: hi Joel, how r u these days? Hi Joel, R u busy this late evening? If ur free, get to Mo^.ng Mo* bar. I need to talk to you. See ya, W_Hat . 250 ok 1010373599 qp 48077 ng telnet session Quit Bn c th thao kho mt v d v send mail thng qua SMTP ti: http://www.kbcafe.com/articles/smtp.html
Telnet l mt ng dng cho php ngi dng ng i trn mt thit b u cu i c th thng qua kt ni mng n mt thit b t xa iu khin n bng cu lnh nh l ang ngi t i my xa. Mt my trm c th th c hin ng thi nhiu phin telnet n nhiu a ch IP khc nhau. ng thi i v i cng mt host ch xa, c th telnet n cc c ng khc nhau (v d c ng 80 ca web, c ng 20,21 ca FTP). Hot ng c a telnet Telnet ho t ng theo phin, mi phin l m t kt n i truy n d liu theo giao th c TCP v i c ng 23. Telnet ho t ng theo m hnh c lient server trong client l mt phn mm chy trn my trm ti ch m ngi dng s dng, phn mm ny s cung c p giao din hin th ng i dng g lnh iu khin. Phn server l d ch v chy trn my t xa lng nghe v x l cc kt ni v cu lnh c gi n t my trm ti ch. Cu lnh my trm t i ch (terminal) s c ng gi bng giao th c TCP v truy n n a ch

IP c a my xa. My xa s bc tch gi tin v c ra cu lnh th c hin. K t qu tr v s c my t xa ng gi l i v g i cho my t i ch. Cc cu lnh iu khin t xa c a telnet do v y s c ng gi v truyn song song v i d liu trn m t mng my tnh. Cc gi tin c a telnet do cng c nh tuy n nh cc gi d liu n c my ch v ngc l i.

ng truy n ca telnet l fullduplex, cho php c client v server c th truy n d liu ng thi. Telnet cho php kt ni v iu khin nhiu thit b c a cc hng khc nhau, th m ch chy cc h iu hnh khc nhau ch c n gia 2 my c mt kt n i IP thng sut. c kt ni IP cc my phi trong cng m t mng ho c cc mng khc nhau nhng c th nh tuy n n nhau c. Cc thit b lp 3 (router, switch layer 3 ho c gateway s xy dng tuy n ng gi a 2 thit b) trn , cu lnh s c ng gi v g i m t cch tin c y bng giao th c TCP. S cu lnh telnet c th th c hin c ph thuc vo dch v c my t xa cung c p. D ch v telnet c a router Cisco cho php my tr m ti ch c th nhp vo v g i i tt c cc cu lnh nh khi c u hnh tr c tip trn router. Mt s thit b khc v h iu hnh khc th ch cho php thc hin cc cu lnh gi i hn m thi. Cc bc thc hin phin telnet Ta c th bt cc dch v telnet trn cc thit b khc nhau (PC, router, switch, modem, gateway) c a cc hng sn xut khc nhau (Microsoft, C isco, Zoom). Phn ny tm hiu cc bt d ch v telnet cho router c a Cisco

NETSTAT
Lnh Netstat : C php: Code: Netstat [/a][/e][/n] Lnh Netstat cho php ta lit k tt c cc kt ni ra v vo my tnh ca chng ta. - Tham s /a: Hin th tt c cc kt ni v cc cng ang lng nghe

(listening) - Tham s /e: hin th cc thng tin thng k Ethernet - Tham s /n: Hin th cc a ch v cc s cng kt ni...

V d: Java client (TCP) import java.io.*; import java.net.*; class TCPClient { public static void main(String argv[]) throws Exception { String sentence; String modifiedSentence; BufferedReader inFromUser = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); //to input stream Socket clientSocket = new Socket("hostname", 6789); //to client socket kt ni vo server DataOutputStream outToServer = new DataOutputStream(clientSocket.getOutputStream());//t o output stream gn vo socket BufferedReader inFromServer = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream())); //to input stream gn vo socket sentence = inFromUser.readLine(); outToServer.writeBytes(sentence + '\n'); //gi dng n server

modifiedSentence = inFromServer.readLine(); //c dng t server System.out.println("FROM SERVER: " + modifiedSentence); clientSocket.close(); } }

V d: Java server (TCP) import java.io.*; import java.net.*; class TCPServer { public static void main(String argv[]) throws Exception { String clientSentence; String capitalizedSentence; ServerSocket welcomeSocket = new ServerSocket(6789); //to socket mi tip xc t i port 6789 while(true) { Socket connectionSocket = welcomeSocket.accept(); //ch, client tip c n vi server BufferedReader inFromClient = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(connectionSocket.getInputStream())); //t o innput stream gn vo socket

DataOutputStream outToClient = new DataOutputStream(connectionSocket.getOutputStream());//to output stream gn vo socket clientSentence = inFromClient.readLine(); //c dng t socket capitalizedSentence = clientSentence.toUpperCase() + '\n'; outToClient.writeBytes(capitalizedSentence); //vit dng ra t socket } //kt thc vng lp while quay li v ch cho kt ni c a client khc } }