Kenya l mt quc gia ang pht trin vi mt dn s cao cng vi s pht trin hng lot cc ngnh cng nghip

p , nng nghip v du lch gip tang trng kinh t, xa i gim ngho . Kt qu l , cc ngun nc ngy cng tr nn nhim t c hai ngun : ngun im v ngun phn tn . Vi s pht trin v gia tng cc khu cng nghip cht bin ng, c ph, nh my dt, nh my thuc da, nh my giy v l git m. H Victoria lu vc pha ng Chu Phi l ngun d tr nc ngt ln th hai th gii v l ngun gc ca sng Nile. H c din tch mt nc khong 68.800 km2 , Din tch ny tip gip vi Kenya(6%) , Tanzania (51%) v Uganda ( 43% ). Do th ha v s dng khng hp l ti nguyn nc nn h Victoria hin ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu mi e da , bao gm c nguyn nhn t suy thoi t, l lt v hn hn . Tng lng nc thi hng nm l 7,292 triu mt khi xung h bao gm nc thi x l khng y t chn thnh ph ln v cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau nh sn xut ru, ng , dt may, da v bt giy v nh my giy. Trong , ng quan tm nht l nc thi t nh my giy Webuye vo sng Nzoia vi c tnh trung bnh x 35.000 m3 mi ngy . nh ngha t ngp nc ng dng X l nc thi S dng Sy trn t ngp nc l mt bin php x l nhim c nghin cu v ng dng rng ri gia nhng nm 1980 chu u ( Cooper v cc cng s , 1996). Cc vng t ngp nc thng xy dng cung cp x l th cp ca nc thi sinh hot ti cc thnh ph, khu dn c tp trung. sa mc Sahara chu Phi, mt s nghin cu v x l nc thi sinh hot qua vng t ngp nc t nhin Kenya ( Chal , 1985 , 1987 ) , v Uganda ( Kansiime v Nalubega nm 1999; Azza v cng s, 2000, v Kipkemboi v cng s, 2002. ). . Vic nghin cu v s dng cc vng t ngp nc nhn to xut hin ch yu ti Nam Phi ( Hensman ,1989; Batchelor v cng s , 1990 ; . Batchelor v Loots , 1997) vi cc nc ang pht trin cn c khuyn khch ( Denny , 1997). Gn y hn , Okurut (2000) thc hin mt nghin cu v x l th cp ca nc thi th Uganda. ng dng cng nghip Vic s dng cc vng t ngp nc nhn to lan rng n nhiu lnh vc khc bao gm x l nc thi cng nghip , nc m axit , nc thi nng nghip v nc r rc. Nm 1993 c hn 150 h thng t ngp nc Bc M , dao ng trong kch thc t mt vi mt vung n hn 500 ha . i vi cc c s, khi lng nc thi ln nht ln n 80.000 m3/ ngy ang c x l . Nhng vng x l bao gm khong 30-40

ha cho ch bin thc phm ( khoai ty , tht v ng) , du kh, v cc ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy . Do t ngp nc c rt nhiu tim nng trong vic x l nc thi cng nghip bao gm c nc thi t bt giy v nh my giy . Quy trnh sn xut bt giy

Cc quy trnh ti nh my giy PANPAPER PANPAPER s dng phng php nghin Kraft . Chun b nguyn liu Sn xut bt giy Bc v v ct vn Sn phm giy rt a dng. Hin nay c khong 90% nguyn liu th sn xut giy l g. Cc loi nguyn liu th c s dng gm c g cng, g mm, cc loi nguyn liu th ngoi g v giy loi. Nguyn liu th t g c nghin v sau ct thnh mnh Thnh phn chnh ca g l xenlulz v lp gian bo ch yu bao gm linhin, cc cht kt dnh xenlulz v xenlulz. Do , cn s dng cc phng php ph v lp gian bo ca linhin, thu c bt. Qu trnh sn xut bt c chia thnh hai phng php, qu trnh sn xut bt ha hc, qu trnh sn xut bt c hc v qu trnh kt hp hai phng php trn. Sn xut bt bng phng php ha hc c th tch xenlulz t cu trc g m t nh hng n cht lng ca xenlulz. Thm vo , cht lng bt giy sn xut bng ha hc tt hn so vi sn xut c hc hoc bn c hc v bn, trng v c tnh phai mu. Tuy nhin v kh nng thu hi xenlulz t g thp hn so vi phng php nghin bt c hc nn phng php nghin bt ha hc i hi chi ph cao. cc nc pht trin, khong 90% qu trnh sn xut bt giy dung phng php ha hc, nht l phng php bt Kraft. Nu: X c tch chn lc t linhin bng cch nu vi ha cht nhit v p sut cao trong ni nung. i vi quy trnh sn xut bt Kraft, qu trnh nu c thc hin theo m vi kim (NaOH) v hi nc. iu kh trnh khi l mt phn xenlulz v bn xenlulz b ha tanTrong trng hp sn xut bt c hc, linhin c tch ra ch yu do nghin. Trong trng hp s dng giy loi, nguyn liu th l giy loi c lm ri trong qu trnh ti to bt giy. Sau bt c ty mc nu cn thit. Cht tuyn ni thng c s dng trong qu trnh ty mc. Nghin vn: Si bt giy c nghin vn v xay cng vi nc. Si bt c lm ri k . Sau c ct, thy ha, trng n v xon vo nhau.

Sn xut bt giy

Chun b: Bt c lm sch v tch nc. Hn hp bt giy c ty trng bng hydrogen peroxide ( 50-60 % ) pH 3-4 , tip theo hydro sulfit pH 9-11 . Axit sulfuric v natri hydroxit c s dng duy tr phm vi pH tng ng Cui cng l trn vi cc ho cht v xc tc khc. Cc cht ph gia v cht n c thm vo hn hp bt giy trong b trn. Thng thng, cc cht ho hc c s dng l nha thng, bt , cht to mu (c th c), cht ty trng quang hc v cht kt dnh. Hn hp bt giy c lm sch loi b cc cht ph gia tha v tp cht, sau c a vo my sn xut giy vi nng khong 1%. Bt giy c a vo li xeo. Nc chy xung t nc xeo, sau c p v tch nc. Lp si hnh thnh. Sau cng on p, lp giy t c sy kh bng my sy.

Sn xut giy

Sng si, hnh thnh lp si, tch nc v sy kh

Quy trnh ph

Cp nc in v nhit

Thnh phn ph tr bao gm: h thng cp nc, cp in, ni hi, h thng kh nn v mng li phn phi hi. Ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy s dng rt nhiu nc v ngun nc c cung cp t mng li cp nc a phng hoc t cc ging khoan ca nh my. C mt s nh my ly nc t sng s dng trong sn xut, trong trng hp ny ngun nc phi c x l trc khi s dng. Tuy nhin, nc dng cho ni hi phi c x l cn thn m bo p ng cc yu cu

Bt giy ha hc Qua sng lc , lm sch v sau ty trng bng clo, 60 % l kh t v 40 % l sodium hypochlorite . Sn lng bt giy l khong 50 % g . Ti nh my giy , bt giy ty trng hoc ty trng tinh c trn vi ha cht nh bt mm , nha thng perschin (axit abietic ) , tinh bt me, thuc nhum Tiu th trung bnh hng nm 31.8 tn nha thng , 129 tn phn , 39 tn tinh bt v 173 tn bt mm c im ca bt giy sn xut bng phng php Kraft v cht thi nh my giy Nc thi t nh my sn xut giy cha Cc hp cht hu c c ngun gc t g , bao gm c lignin , tannin , ng, v xenlulo; ph gia nh cht kt dnh , tinh bt , resinates v ha cht nu v c .

Trong quy trnh Kraft , lignin to ra methyl mercaptan gy mi t quy trnh kraftk, v catechols ( Elvers et al. , 1990). Catechols sau c th b oxy ha bi oxi khng kh to quinon, phn ln nc thi t quy trnh nghin kratft c mu nu en. Nu cc nh my s dng clo ty trng bt giy , mt s hp cht clo hu c clo c to ra: trong mt s hp cht c xc nh bao gm chloroform , axit chloroacetic , v cc loi khc nhau ca phenolclo . Lignin ha tan cng c th c kh trng bng clo, cc chlorolignins rt kh phn hy . Nc trng t nh my giy c cha cc cht v c c thm vo nh cht n khong cht , thuc nhum v cc cht ph gia khc nh tinh bt , keo , lm bng , defoamers , slimicides , v cc tc nhn to phc . Mc ch ca bi nghin cu l thit k vng t ngp nc x l nc thi nh my giy trong iu kin mi trng nhit i ci thin vic qun l nc thi cng nghip Kenya , v trong khu vc ng Phi ni chung . Mc tiu chnh l chng minh hiu qu th nghim khi xy dng h thng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi nh my giy , v xc nh tiu chun thit k ti u, iu kin hot ng cho mt vng t ngp nc c xy dng y quy m x l bt giy v nc thi nh my giy. Qu trnh x l nc thi ca nh my kt hp c h thng h hiu kh trc khi thi ra Sng Nzoia ca lu vc h Victoria . Cc thng s x l trc cho thy nc thi rt t khi p ng cc quy chun do chnh ph quy nh. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi khi x ra song Nzoia trung bnh BOD: 45 3 , COD : 394 340 , TSS : 52 6 , v phenol : 0,64 0,09 Tng nit : 2,56 0,40 mg / l , tng phosphor: 0,74 0,06 mg / l v qun th vi khun 6 x 103 n v hnh thnh khun lc/ ml cn thi . Trong khi quy chun quc gia quy nh : BOD (30 mg/l), COD (100 mg/l), TSS (30 mg/l) and phenols (0.05 mg/l) Nh my PANPAPER bt u sn xut giy v bt giy vo cui nm 1974 ban u c cng sut 45.000 tn giy mi nm . Quy m sn xut ngy cng c m rng v ngy nay nh my c cng sut 150.000 tn mi nm . Sn lng trung bnh hng nm hin nay t khong 120.000 tn. Cng ty cung cp 80 % lng tiu th trong nc ca giy trong Kenya. Nh my s dng qu trnh Kraft lm bt giy ha hc. Bt giy c ty trng bng clo ( 60 % l kh t v 40 % l sodium hypochlorite) . Clo c sn xut ti mt nh my in thuc quy m trong nh my t vic in phn nc mui. Nc thi nh my giy c cha cc cht c hi ( Johnston etal , 1996; Cc kim sot nhim nc, 1976) bao gm: lignin clo v phenol ,nha cy v axit ; slimicides , v cc hp cht lu hunh .

Mc tiu ca nghin cu l xc nh v nh lng ( m t ) cht gy nhim nc thi nh my trc xy dng mt vng t ngp nc nhn to x l trc khi thi vo sng Nzoia. Cuc kho st ly mu chnh ca ao l t thng Chn n thng 12 nm 2002 ( n = 6) . Ly mu b sung c thc hin gia thng 7 nm 2003 v thng Su nm 2005 ( n = 4 ) .

Gii thiu PANPAPER l khu nh my sn xut giy Kenya. Nm trn b sng Nzoia trong th trn Webuye, trong vng cao nguyn min ty Kenya. Cc nh my ang v tr ton cu 00 35'440 "N 34 47'110" E , cao 1640m so vi mc nc bin c ngha l trong lu vc h Victoria , khong 400 km v pha ty bc Thnh ph Nairobi (hnh 1.1). Khu vc c kh hu nhit i vi nhit khng kh trung bnh t 14 C n 27 C. Lng ma trung bnh hng nm l 1671 mm (JICA gok, 1992). m tng i khc nhau 41-68% v tc gi l trong khong 1,0-1,7 m / s (D liu t tram kh tng Nzoia ).

1.1 Bn ca Kenya vi h Victoria v tiu lu vc sng Nzoia. im nghin cu,PanPaper Mills, nm trn b sng Nzoia trong th Webuye.

t ngp nc thy vn (cn bng nc) H thng t ngp nc tng tc mnh vi bu kh quyn thng qua lng ma v bc hi nc(Kadlec, 1989). Bc hi nc (ET) xy ra vi chu k ban ngy v theo ma mnh (Kadlec v Knight, 1996). C hai tham s kt hp pha long nc thi hoc cng tp trung trong h t ngp nc. Mt thc vt cao nh hng n chuyn ng ca nc dc theo vng t ngp nc v lm tng bc hi nc. Qu trnh ko di hoc rt ngn thi gian lu nc nh hng n vic loi b khi lng cht gy nhim. i vi mt vng t ngp nc xy dng cn bng nc c th th hin nh sau (US EPA, 1988): Nghin cu th im xy dng vng t ngp nc c d nh hot ng nh mt n v nh bng cho nc thi t Mills ao n nh PANPAPER v cung cp m lin tc, c bit l trong dng chy thp trong Nzoia sng. Do , nghin cu ofthis mc tiu l: (1) thit k mt h thng t ngp nc c th lm tng PANPAPER Nh my x l nc thi p ng b quc gia hng dn. (2) Thc hin 1 th nghim x l nc thi nh my giy bng t ngp nc nhn nh gi hiu qu x l trc khi i vo thit k v ng dng thc t Thit k vng t ngp nc , xy dng da trn tiu ch c bn v kch thc thch hp c WPCF (1990) v cc nghin cu th im v din tch t c sn x l nc thi nh my( BOD5, ti a 100 mg l) Din tch b mt tng cng 30,7 m2 c xy dng cho h thng dng chy di b mt . Vi kch thc l: 1,2 m (rng) x 3,2 m(di) x 0,8 m (chiu su) . Cc loi cy c trng pha trn theo tng cp : Cyperus immensus ( lotA) , Typha domingensis ( lot B ) , Phragmites mauritianus ( lot C) v Cyperus papyrus( lot D ) tng ng .

H thng FWS vi cc kch thc: 1.5 (rng) x 6,2 m (di) x 0,8 m (chiu su) s trng Typha domingensis ( dng E ) so snh. Xy dng bt u vo thng 12 nm 2001 v c hon thnh vo cui thng Su nm 2002.

Hnh k hoch b tr 3.1General t ngp nc xy dng (khng m rng). Cp di ng t ngp nc - D l di b mt lu lng bng nhau (3,7 m2) Trong khi cp E l dng chy mt nc min ph.

A1, A2 l kim sot (unplanted), B1 ,B2 v E1, E2 = Typha domingensis, C1, C2 = Phragmites mauritianus, D1, D2 = Cyperus giy ci.A-series c Cyperus immensusin 8 thng u. Cc t bo vng t ngp nc c lp y vi nc sng trc khi trng cy. Cy non ca Cyperus immensusand Phragmites mauritianuswere cy vo cc t bo vng t ngp nc t mt vn m ti 30 trung tm cm (mt 7,2 chi / m 2 ). Cy con khe mnh ca Cyperus papyrusand Typha domingensiscollected t vng t ngp nc t nhin c trng trc tip vo cc t bo vng t ngp nc. Cc nh my b b li trong nc sng trong mt tun. Nc sng c trn ln mt phn vi nc thi t cc ao n nh thc ofPANPAPER Mills trong hai tun sau cho php cc nh my acclimatise. Sau plantswere cn li thit lp trong nc thi cho ba thng (trc khi phng php iu tr th nghim thc t) khi hu ht t cao 1,0 1,5 m tr C. immensus, c khong 0,3 - 0,5 m. Hnh 3.2 cho thy xem trc h thng t ngp nc thnh lp

2Front ca h thng t ngp nc thnh lp hiu chnh h thng t ngp nc, cc ng ng u ra c thit lp mc mong mun. dng chy trong bung ch V c iu chnh trnh bt n trong khi mt ng h bm gi ghi li thi gian thc hin cho vi git u tin xut hin ti cc ca hng. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li mt ln na. cc

dng chy trong cc t bo c tnh ton t phng trnh 3.2 (Young v cng s., 1997).

Kt qu khi lng k thu c bng cch nhn dng chy ca thi gian ( giy ) thc hin in vo mi t bo n mc ci t trc . n gia nm 2004, sau khi hot ng gn hai nm, cng nc thi b n mn cc p ch V do lm thay i gc xut sc. Cc t bo vng t ngp nc t c hiu chnh nh k bng cch hon ton thot sau bm li vi bit lng nc thi . Ch nc thi ti c thao tc trong mt n lc t c mc tiu v hiu qu iu tr ti u . Ban u vng t ngp nc c vn hnh trn mt flowregime hng lot. Th nghim s b trong thng mesocosms ( Abira et al, 2003 . ) tit l rng plantswere t ngp nc khe mnh v sch hn trong phng php iu tr mc ti thy lc cao hn ( HLR ) vi thi gian lu nc (HRT) ca nm ngy , so vi phng php iu tr ti thp hn HLR v thi gian lu gi l 10 ngy . Trong nghin cu ny , do , cc t bo vng t ngp nc bc u hot ng 5 ngy thi gian lu tip theo l 3 ngy duy tr. cc t ngp nc c ti kim nh nh k xc nh tng khi lng mi nh l ngi ch nh my v sinh khi r tng ( Bng 3.1 ) .

S khi nim ca mt vng t ngp nc c xy dng y quy m tch hp vi n nh ao iu tr giy v bt giy nh my x l nc thi. FP = Ao c, FWS = Min ph nc mt T kt qu nghin cu v ng lc hc phenol trong mt vng t ngp nc c xy dng , kt lun nh sau: 1 . Cc vng t ngp nc nhn to c tnh m tt ngay c trong dng thi cha lng phenol cao nht 1,3 mg / l gp phi trong qu trnh nghin cu v t l ti thy lc cao nht l 9,8 cm / ngy .C th loi b ti u trong thi gian lu nc 5 ngy. . Qu trnh chnh loi b phenol l nh vi sinh vt tip sau l c ch lng / hp ph. Loi b phenol t hiu qu cao qua vng t ngp nc khi thi gian lu di v c h thc vt thch nghi tt x l nhim. Bc hi nc (8 -16 mm ngy) c tm thy l mt thnh phn quan trng ca kt qu u ra trong

Thng s thit k ca bt k h thng t ngp nc no cng ph thuc vo iu kin thy vn cng nh cc yu t : lng ma, thm, lng nc bc hi (ET), thi gian lu n v cao ca mc nc Pt cn bng nc:

Qi : lu lng nc thi ra khi h thng ( m3/thi gian) Qo : lu lng nc thi vo h thng ( m3/thi gian) P : lng ma (m3/ thi gian) V : th tch (m3) T: thi gian

BOD5 loi b trong mt vng t ngp nc c m t bi :

t ngp nc lu lng, SSF = tiu b mt lu lng t ngp nc