UNIT III REFERENCE AND SENSE Object of the study: To understand the difference between reference and sense.

I. Sense: deal with the relationship inside the language - Relates the complex system of relationship between one linguistic element with other linguistic elements. - Deals only with intra-linguistic relations. Ex: Every house has got a main bedroom (sentence) There are intra-linguistic: - relations between one word and other words, Ex: between every and house / between has and got. - Relations between one phrase with other phrases. Ex: between every house and has got / has got and a main bedroom. - Those relationships are called Sense relationship. - The sense of an expression: is its place in a system of Semantic relationship with other expressions in the language. - The pairs of the words in the following sentence may have the same meaning or different meanings: Ex: The flag pole doesnt seem to be quite (vertical, upright). Ill be with you on (Wednesday, Thursday). - The sense, not only of the words, but also of longer expressions (phrases/sentences)

- Each pair in the following examples has the same sense. Ex: The executive prefer educated Ladies. The executive prefer Ladies with high educations. - In some cases, the same word can have more than one sense. Ex: A mug of milk. He is a mug. - One sentence can have different sense too. Ex: The chicken is ready to eat. He greeted the girl with a smile. Note: * That every expressions that has meaning has sense, but not every expressions has reference. * Each of the following words has sense, but none of them refers to a thing, such: almost, probable, and if. * There is something essentially circular about the set of definitions in a dictionary similarly defining the sense of words and other expressions often has something of this circular Nature. * In any case the sense often: unavoidable, since in many cases there is no way of indicating the meaning of an expression except with other words. Ex: Globe > any round, ball-shaped thing, sphere. Ball > any round, spherical object, sphere, globe.

II. Reference: - deal with the relationships between language and the world. - deal with the relationships between the language elements such as: words, phrases, and clauses and the non-linguistic. * by means of reference: A speaker indicated which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. Ex: William Shakespeare lived in this house (indicated a person) while > (indicates a thing) - is a relationship between parts of a language and things outside the language. * Many expressions in a language may have variable references. Ex: 1. The vice president 2. his wife * There are cases of expressions which in normal everyday conversations never refer to different things. Ex: The sun. The president. * Two different expressions can have the same referent. Ex: The morning star and the evening star. The husband and wife and the couple.

Note: * There is something grammatically complete about: a whole sentence as opposed to a smaller expressions such as: phrase / single word. * There is semantically complete about: a proposition, as opposed to the sense of a phrase / single word. * Generally speaking, a proposition corresponds to a complete independent thought. Ex: - she finished her work on time. - shop lifting is a crime * An old friend (it is not proposition, because not understood as an elliptical sentence fragment). * Assuming that perfect translation between languages is possible, the same sense can be said to belong to expressions in different languages, ex: I love you, I mencintai anda, Ich liebe Dich * Reference and Utterance The differences: The relationships between both of them: is not so direct as that between sense and proposition. The similarity: both reference and utterance are acts performed by particular speakers on particular occasions. * Most utterances contain: one/more acts of references is the picking out of particular referent by a speaker in the a particular utterance.

* In conversation the word meaning, mean, meant, etc: are sometimes used to indicate reference and sometimes to indicate sense.

Ex: - When Amin Rais talks about The president he means Gus Dur (Reference). - Sir, what does unique mean? (sense). - purchase has the same meaning as buy (sense). - When a jurnalist mentioned Bali Gate, He meant the most notorious political scandal during BJ Habibie`s presidency (Reference). * Two kinds of Semantics: Based on the distinction between sense and reference, then there are two kinds of semantics: (1) The first kind deals with semantic structure and (2) The other kind deals with meaning in terms of the experience outside language. * Some Important Points 1. The idea of reference is relatively solid and easy to understand. 2. The idea of sense is more difficult to understand: it is a bit like electricity, which we al know how to use it in various ways, without ever being sure what exactly it is.