nh gi ngun thi giu photpho v xut

cng ngh x l, thu hi ti lng ngh

Dng Liu - Hoi c - H Ni
Trn B Thch

Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, Khoa Ha hc

Chuyn nganh: Khoa hc mi trng; Ma s: 60 85 02
Ngi hng dn: PGS.TS: Nguyn Th H
Nm bo v: 2012

Abstract: Tng quan v ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn Vit Nam, quy trnh ch bin
tinh bt trn th gii, hin trng mi trng ti lng ngh ch bin tinh bt sn, tng
quan v cng ngh x l nc thi tinh bt sn trong v ngoi nc v cng ngh thu
hi P trong nc thi. i tng nghin cu: cht thi (nc thi, CTR - Cht thi
rn) lin quan n sn xut tinh bt sn ti lng ngh Dng Liu. Trnh by cc
phng php nghin cu: phng php tng quan thu thp ti liu, iu tra kho st
thc a, phng vn bn chnh thc, ly mu, nghin cu thc nghim, phn tch dng
vt cht. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun: kt qu iu tra hin trng ch bin tinh bt
sn v hin trng mi trng v vn sc khe ti lng ngh Dng Liu-Hoi cH Ni, kt qu thc nghim x l nc thi sn xut theo hng thu hi photpho.
Keywords: Cht thi; Bo v mi trng; X l cht thi; Lng ngh; Dng Liu
Content
Photpho l nguyn t c bn ca s sng, c mt tt c cc hot ng lin quan n
s sng v trong rt nhiu ngnh ngh sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip. Hp cht ho hc
cha photpho c gi l thnh phn dinh dng trong phm tr nc thi v l i tng
gy nhim kh nghim trng cho mi trng.
Xut pht t thc tin trn, trong Lun vn ny a thc hin ti nh gi ngun
thi giu photpho v xut cng ngh x l, thu hi ti lng ngh Dng Liu - Hoi
c - H Ni vi mc ch nh gi tc ng mi trng ca ngun nc thi giu dinh
dng t cc hot ng cng nghip, nng nghip, sinh hot, y t... trn a bn lng ngh ch
bin tinh bt sn Dng Liu s dng phng php phn tch dng vt cht da vo mc
tiu th ti nguyn. Trn c s , tp trung nh gi chi tit dng thi giu dinh dng (cha
P) ca lng ngh Dng Liu v xut cng ngh x l c thu hi P.
Cc ni dung chnh ca Lun vn:
1. Nghin cu dng di chuyn ca photpho bao gm nh tnh v nh lng dng
photpho trong nc thi lng ngh ch bin tinh bt sn Dng Liu.
2. Nghin cu x l nc thi sn xut lng ngh Dng Liu .
3. xut gii php thu hi photpho t bn thi.

CHNG I: TNG QUAN

Hin trng mi trng ti lng ngh ch bin tinh bt sn
Nc thi
S pht trin ca ngnh ch bin tinh bt sn a v ang ny sinh ra nhng vn bt
cp v mi trng, n tc ng khng nh n mi trng sinh thi v s pht trin bn vng
ca lng ngh.
Nc thi sinh ra t bi tp kt nguyn liu, nc thi do ma chy trn to ra, rt c
do cht rn l lng cao; nc thi sinh ra t qu trnh ra, bc v th cha nhiu tp cht c
hc, hm lng hu c thp; nc thi sinh ra t qu trnh lc, lng cha nhiu tinh bt, x
mn, cn khng tan, xyanua, COD, BOD v SS cao. Khi lng nc thi rt ln vo khong
10-30m3/tn tinh bt.
Cht thi rn
c im ca cht thi rn ca lng ngh ch bin tinh bt sn l giu cht hu c nn
d b phn hy sinh hc, gy mi kh chu. Do sn xut phn tn v c quy m h gia nh
nn hu ht lng cht thi rn ny khng c thu gom x l hay tn dng m phn ln
c x thi trc tip vo mi trng. Ti lng ngh cng c nhu cu s dng mt lng ln
than nn lng x thi ra cng kh ln.
Ti lng ngh, khi lng b thi rn l rt ln, b thi c m rt cao chim ti
50% nguyn liu, cha ch yu l x, khong 10%, v 4-5% tinh bt.
Vi sn lng 60.000 tn tinh bt sn/nm, lng ngh Dng Liu hng nm pht sinh
ti 105.768 tn b thi.
CHNG II: I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
i tng nghin cu
i tng nghin cu ca Lun vn ny l cht thi (nc thi, CTR) lin quan n
sn xut tinh bt sn ti lng ngh Dng Liu.
Phng php nghin cu
- Phng php tng quan thu thp ti liu
- Phng php iu tra kho st thc a, phng vn bn chnh thc
- Phng php ly mu
- Phng php nghin cu thc nghim
- Phng php phn tch dng vt cht
CHNG III: KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN
Kt qu xc nh dng photpho lin quan n hot ng sn xut, sinh hot ti lng
ngh Dng Liu
Cc hp th hin cc lnh vc lin quan v cc mi tn i din cc dng di chuyn
ca photpho. Do c th loi hnh sn xut lng ngh Dng Liu theo h gia nh nn
trong phm vi Lun vn ny, i tng chnh nghin cu gm 2 dng thi photpho t sinh
hot gia nh v t qu trnh sn xut ch bin tinh bt sn

Thc phm: 3000 kg/nm

Cht thi rn: 1.248 kg/nm

Ch bin tinh bt sn

Cht thi rn: 1.408 kg/nm

Bi chn lp

Nguyn liu: 48.000 kg/nm

Th trng

Nc ngm
546 kg/nm

Nc thi, 47.330 kg/nm

Nc ngm

Cng thi
(nc thi + nc ma)

Thc phm: 688.706 kg/nm

Nc ngm: 32.707 kg/nm

H gia nh

Nc thi: 5.888 kg/nm

Hnh 3.7. S nh tnh v nh lng dng photpho ca h gia nh v qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn lng ngh Dng Liu
(Cc s liu iu tra, ti liu tham kho, phng php tnh ton xem ph lc 1)

Kt qu thc nghim x l nc thi sn xut theo hng thu hi photpho

nh hng ca hm lng PAC
i vi hm lng SS trong nc ra (M1) v nc bt en (M3)
Hm lng SS
Kt qu kho st hiu qu x l SS ca nc ra v nc bt en bng PAC c
th hin s sau:
6000
4800

SS (mg/l)

5000 4590

4300

4150

3700

4000

Nc ra (M1)

3000

Nc bt en (M3)

2000
9851050
1000

1150

935

675 775

1035

684

943

0
0

30

40

50

54

62

76

78

102 106 200 206 402

PAC (mg/l)

Hnh. S kho st nh hng ca PAC n hm lng SS ca nc ra v nc bt

en
- i vi nc ra (M1): Khi tng nng PAC ln n 30 mg/l th hm lng SS
gim n ti a t 4590 mg/l xung cn 1050 mg/l tc l a x l c khong 77%.
- i vi nc bt en (M3): Khi nng PAC t 40 mg/l th hiu sut x l SS
t ti u nht, gim t 985 mg/l xung cn 675 mg/l, t 68%. Nhng khi tip tc tng
nng PAC th hiu sut x l SS gim. Kt qu ny ph hp vi l thuyt v c ch qu
trnh keo t.
Hiu qu x l P
Kt qu kho st nh hng ca hm lng PAC n kh nng x l P ca nc
ra v nc bt en c th hin s hnh sau:

Hiu sut x l P (%)

70
60

60,5

60,1

60

58
51

50
40

Nc ra M1
Nc bt en M3

30
20

14

20

19

18

19

20

10
0
30

40

50

80

100

150

200

PAC (mg/l)

Hnh. S kho st nh hng ca PAC n kh nng x l P ca nc ra v nc bt

en
- i vi nc ra (M1): Hiu sut x l P khi thay i hm lng PAC kh cao,
t khong 51% khi hm lng PAC l 30 mg/l v khi tip tc tng nng PAC th hiu
sut x l P ca nc ra tng khng ng k, t khong 60%.
4

- i vi nc bt en(M3): Khi thay i hm lng PAC th hiu sut x l P ca

nc bt en ti pH = 3,8 (tc l pH ban u ca nc bt en) khng cao, ch t khong
20%.
Kho st nh hng ca pH (ti nng PAC ti u)
Hm lng SS
S kt qu kho st nh hng ca pH n hm lng SS ca nc ra v nc
bt en ti nng PAC ti u c th hin hnh sau:
5000

4574

4500
4000

3857

3658

3428

SS (mg/l)

3500

2957

3000

2618

2500

Nc bt en M3
(PAC=40mg/l)

2000
1500
1000

Nc ra M1
(PAC=30mg/l)

956

679

500

764

698

418

687

0
3,96

5,38

5,76

5,97

6,54

7,53

7,61

7,93

8,09

8,53

8,54

pH

Hnh. S kho st nh hng ca pH n hm lng SS ca nc ra v nc bt en

- i vi nc ra (M1) vi PAC(ti u) = 30 mg/l: Khi tng pH ca nc ra ln
n 6 hm lng SS gim mnh t 4574 mg/l xung cn 2618 mg/l tc l a x l c
43% nhng khi tip tc tng pH th hm lng SS tng n khi pH t 7,5 th hm lng
SS bt u gim.
- i vi nc bt en (M3) vi PAC(ti u) = 40 mg/l: Khi tng pH ca nc bt
en ln n 6,5 th hm lng SS gim t 956 mg/l xung cn 418mg/l tc l a x l
c khong 56%.
Hiu sut x l COD
S kt qu kho st nh hng ca pH n kh nng x l COD ca nc ra v
nc bt en ti nng PAC ti u c th hin hnh sau:

Hiu sut x l COD (%)

60
48,5 48,2

50

42,8

48
40

47,5
39

40

47,3 48,2
38,5 38,6

40
Nc ra M1
(PAC=30mg/l)

30

Nc bt en M3
(PAC=40mg/l)

20
12
10

10,5

0
3,96 5,38 5,76 5,97

6,4 6,54 6,84 7,53 7,61 7,93 8,53 8,54 8,9 9,07
pH

Hnh. S kho st nh hng ca pH n kh nng x l COD ca nc ra v nc

bt en
- i vi nc ra (M1) vi PAC(ti u) = 30 mg/l: Khi thay i pH tng t 5,38 n
6 th hiu sut x l COD tng nhanh t 48%, tip tc tng pH th hiu sut x l COD
thay i khng ng k.
- i vi nc bt en (M3) vi PAC(ti u) = 40 mg/l: Khi tng pH ln n 6,5 th
hiu sut x l COD tng nhanh t 40% sau nu tip tc tng pH th hiu sut x l
COD thay i khng ng k.
Hiu qu x l P
5

Kt qu kho st nh hng ca pH n kh nng x l P ca nc ra v nc bt

en ti nng PAC ti u c th hin trong hnh sau:
80
6870

Hiu sut x l P (%)

70

74
67

64
5858

60

51

47

50

Nc ra M1
(PAC=30mg/l)

45

40
30

22

20

Nc bt en M3
(PAC=40mg/l)

15

10
0
3,8

4,5

6,5

6,8

7,2

8,5

8,6

pH

Hnh. S kho st nh hng ca pH n kh nng x l P ca nc ra v nc bt

en

Hiu sut x l bng phng php

keo t (%)

- i vi nc ra (M1) vi PAC(ti u) = 30 mg/l: Qua s cho thy, khi tng pH

n 6 th hiu sut x l P tng nhanh t 68% sau tip tc tng pH th hiu sut x l P
gim dn.
- i vi nc bt en (M3) vi PAC(ti u) = 40 mg/l: Qua s cho thy, khi tng
pH t 3,8 n 6,5 th hiu sut x l P ca nc bt en tng mnh t n 74% nhng khi
tip tc tng pH th hiu sut x l P gim.
Hiu qu keo t ti iu kin ti u
Hiu qu x l nc ra v nc bt en bng phng php keo t c th hin
s hnh sau:
80

74,2
68,7

70
56,3

60
50

48,6
40

Nc ra M1
(pH=6; PAC=30mg/l)

40,5

40

Nc bt en M3
(pH=6,5; PAC=40mg/l)

30
20
10
0
SS

COD

Ch tiu

Hnh. Hiu qu x l nc bt en v nc ra bng phng php keo t

Nh vy khi keo t bng PAC cho nc thi sn xut tinh bt sn t hiu qu cao:
- i vi nc ra (M1) ti iu kin ti u vi PAC = 30 mg/l v pH = 6 th hiu
qu x l SS, COD v P ln lt l 40%, 48,6% v 68,7%.
- i vi nc bt en (M3) ti iu kin ti u vi PAC = 40mg/l; pH = 6,5 th
hiu qu x l SS, COD v P ln lt l 56,3%, 40,5% v 74,2%.
xut gii php tn thu P t bn thi
Gii php tn thu P trong bn thi thu c sau keo t thc hin trong Lun vn
ny c th hin trong s hnh:

Hnh. S gii php xut tn thu P t bn thi

Kt qu tn thu P trong bn thi vi cc gi tr pH ti u ca mi tc nhn
Vi mi mt tc nhn tn thu photpho s to ra mt kt ta phtphat khc nhau,
mi cht s kt ta nhiu nht mt iu kin ti u m ti nng cc ion trong dung
dch l ln nht, khng phn ng vi cc ion khc trong dung dch. Do vy, khi thay i
pH v iu kin ti u cho mi tc nhn th hiu qu x l t rt cao v c th hin
trong hnh sau:

Hnh. Hiu sut tn thu P ti pH ti u tng ng vi mi tc nhn

Vi hn hp Fe2+/Ca2+ tn thu n 98,6% photpho ca mu bn v 95,3% photpho
ca mu tro. Vi tc nhn l Ca2+ pH = 10,5 11 tn thu c 90,6% photpho ca mu
tro v 92,1% photpho ca mu bn. Vi tc nhn l Fe2+ ti pH =8 tn thu c 73,1%
photpho ca mu tro v 77,5% photpho ca mu bn. Nh vy khi tn thu photpho trong
mu tro v bn vi cc tc nhn sau khi thay i pH v gi tr ti u t hiu qu rt cao
khong 70-90%.
Kt qu tnh ton chi ph tn thu P t bn thi
Khi tro ha trong phng th nghim, s dng l nung 5000C trong 1h vi cng
sut l nung l 3000W (ti a l 0,5 kg/m), dng 3 s in/m, chi ph tro ha bng in
sn xut (gi cao im) l: 5.586 ng. Nh vy, nung 1kg bn th chi ph in l
11.172 ng (1)

Bng 3.4. Bng tnh ton s b chi ph ha cht tn thu P t bn thi

Mu

Tc nhn

FeSO4
Bn (1 lt)

H2SO4
1M
3000 /l
5 lt
15000
5 lt

iu kin pH
1,0 - 2
8 - 8,5

Gi ha cht
Lng
Chi ph
Lng

NaOH
1M
5000 /l
0
0
1,16 lt

FeSO4

Ca(OH)2

7000 /kg
3019,2 mg
2,11
3019,2

4500 /kg
0
0
0

Chi ph ()
15.021,11
20.802,11

1,0 - 2
Ca(OH)2
10,5 - 11
1,0 - 2
Hn hp
8 - 8,5
1,0 - 2
FeSO4
Tro (1kg)

8 - 8,5
1,0 - 2
Ca(OH)2
10,5 - 11
1,0 - 2
Hn hp
8- 8,5

Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph
Lng
Chi ph

15000
5 lt
15000
5 lt
15000
5 lt
15000
5 lt
15000
50 lt
150000
50 lt
150000
50 lt
150000
50 lt
150000
50 lt
150000
50 lt
150000

5800
0
0
2,76 lt
13800
0
0
1,16 lt
5800
0
0
10,4 lt
52000
0
0
16,6 lt
83000
0
0
10,4 lt
52000

2,11
0
0
0
0
2012,8mg
14,09
2012,8mg
14,09
47,28 g
330,96
47,28 g
330,96
0
0
0
0
31,52g
220,64
31,52g
220,64

0
1469,8mg
6,61
1632,2mg
6,61
979,9mg
4,41
979,9mg
4,41
0
0
0
0
23,02g
103,59
25,57
115,07
15,35g
69,08
15,35g
69,08

15.006,61
28.806,61
15.018,5
20.818,5
150.330,96
202.330,96
150.103,59
233.115,07
150.289,72
202.289,72

Bng so snh chi ph ha cht cho mt s gii php tn thu P t mu tro v bn tnh
cho 1 kg sn phm tn thu c ch ra bng sau:

Bng 3.5. So snh chi ph ha cht ca mt s gii php tn thu P t mu tro v bn

(tnh cho 1 kg sn phm dng hp cht mui pht pht ca Ca v Fe)
Khi
Chi ph
Chi ph
iu
Tc
Th tch
Sn phm
lng tro ha cht
ha cht
kin pH nhn
bn (L)
(kg)
()
()
40,5
94.411
2400
691.359
10,5-11
Ca2+
Ca (PO ) (OH)
10

4 6

8-8,5

Fe2+

Fe(PO4)2

8-8,5

Hn
hp

FePO4

Ca2+

Ca3(PO4)2

Fe2+

Fe(PO4)2

Hn
hp

FePO4

1-2

161

325.753

7400

1.539.356

112

226.564

6150

1.280.338

442,5

664.208

23300

3.496.540

1004

1.509.323

33600

5.047.093

313,5

471.158

15700

2.357.905

Nh bng so snh chi ph (ha cht) kinh t ca mu bn v tro th ta thy vic tn

thu P t tro c chi ph thp hn hn so vi tn thu t bn, trong tc nhn l Ca2+ c chi
ph thp nht (94.411 ng/1kg sn phm) (2).
T (1) v (2) cho thy chi ph in nng v ha cht khi tn thu 1kg sn phm
(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) l khong 105.583 ng/1kg sn phm. Sn phm tn thu t tc nhn l
Ca2+ c s dng lm phn bn trong khi sn phm tn thu t cc tc nhn l Fe2+ hay
hn hp Fe2+/ Ca2+ l cc mui phtphat st n nay cha c s dng cho mc ch
no.
Tuy nhin khi trin khai quy m cng nghip th gi thnh ca sn phm c bn
ch bng 60% gi thnh trong phng th nghim, tng ng 63.349 ng/1kg sn phm.
xut cng ngh x l nc thi giu P c thu hi
8

Qua vic phn tch, nh gi dng photpho trong nc thi, kt qu kha st x l

v thu hi P trong nc thi lng ngh ch bin tinh bt sn Dng Liu c th xut s
cng ngh x l nc thi c thu hi P nh sau:

Hnh 3.18. S cng ngh x l nc thi v xut gii php tn thu P t bn thi
KT LUN V KIN NGH
Kt lun
Lu lng nc thi sn xut lng ngh Dng Liu trung bnh khong 1.200
m3/ngy. Khi lng photpho c trong nc thi l khong 47.330 kg/nm. Tng khi
lng nc phc v sinh hot cho ton x khong 640 768 m3/ngy. Khi lng
photpho c trong nc thi sinh hot khong 5.888 kg/nm.
Hiu qu x l P trong nc thi sau khi keo t t ti 74% (nc bt en) v 65%
(nc ra), do vy phn ln P trong nc thi sn xut tinh bt sn a c chuyn
vo bn.
Hiu qu tn thu P trong bn t cc tc nhn nh Ca2+, Fe2+ hay hn hp Fe2+/ Ca2+ l
rt cao t 10 40% iu kin pH thp (1-2) v 73 98% pH ti u cho mi tc
nhn (pH t 8 n 11).
So snh chi ph ha cht v tnh thc tin ca sn phm tn thu P th vic tn thu P t
mu tro vi tc nhn l Ca2+ c chi ph thp nht so vi cc tc nhn l Fe2+ v hn hp
Fe2+/ Ca2+(khong 63.000 ng/1kg sn phm). Sn phm sau khi tn thu (Canxi
photphat) l nguyn liu cho ngnh cng nghip P v sn xut phn bn.
Kin ngh
Hiu qu ca phng php keo t trong x l nc thi ch bin tinh bt sn l rt
cao (65 - 74 %) nn c p dng trong thc t. Tuy nhin, qu trnh x l cha
c trit , ch x l c mt phn cht nhim do vy sau khi x l nc thi
bng phng php keo t cn kt hp vi phng php sinh hc hoc oxi ha cp
tin m bo x l nc thi ch bin tinh bt sn t quy chun k thut quc
gia v nc thi cng nghip.
Qu trnh tn thu P trong bn t qu trnh x l nc thi t hiu qu cao, trong
vi tc nhn Ca2+ c chi ph thp nht, gim chi ph x l bn v c tnh ng dng
cao nn c th ng dng thit k h thng tn thu P trong bn thi t qu trnh
x l nc thi giu P.
Xt v hiu qu kinh t, kt qu kho st, tnh ton s b chi ph tn thu P trong
Lun vn ny kh cao. Tuy nhin y l hng i mi, trong tng lai cn tip tc
9

nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh x l nc thi theo hng thu hi photpho vo

thc tin nhm gp phn gii quyt bi ton kinh t - mi trng.
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