1

Ni suy & Xp x a
thc


Chng 7
1. t vn
- Khng bit biu thc gii tch ca hm f(x);
- Bit gi tr ca hm ti mt s hu hn im trn on [ a, b] (
bng o c hoc thc nghim):
x
y=f( x )
x
o
x
1
. . . x
i
. . . x
n-1
x
n
y
o
y
1
. . . y
i
. . . y
n-1
y
n

- Mun tm gi tr ca hm s ti mt s im trung gian khc.
-Xy dng mt hm (x) c biu thc n gin, c gi tr trng vi gi tr
ca f(x ) ti cc im x
0
, x
1
, x
2
,, cn ti cc im khc trn on [a, b]
th (x) kh gn f(x) [phn nh gn ng quy lut f(x)] c th suy ra gi tr
gn ng ca f(x) ti cc gi tr x bt k tho mn x
o
< x < x
n
.
-( x ) l hm ni suy ca f( x ) trn on [a, b].

Bi ton ni suy:
- ngha hnh hc: xy dng ng cong y = ( x ) i qua cc im cho
trc (x
i
, y
i
), i = 0, 1, . . . , n.
2
2. a thc ni suy
Thng chn a thc lm hm ni suy v:
+ a thc l loi hm n gin;
+ Lun c o hm v nguyn hm;
+ Vic tnh gi tr n gin.
S duy nht ca a thc ni suy: a thc ni suy P
n
(x) ca hm f(x) nh ngha
trn nu c th ch c mt m thi. a thc ni suy c th xy dng theo
nhiu cch nhng do tnh duy nht nn cc dng ca n u c th quy v
nhau. Hai a thc ni suy thng dng l Newton v Lagrange
- Cho gi tr tng ng ca hm y = f( x ) ti cc nt:
x
y=f( x )
x
o
x
1
. . . x
i
. . . x
n-1
x
n
y
o
y
1
. . . y
i
. . . y
n-1
y
n
- Cn xy dng mt a thc bc n:
P
n
( x ) = a
o
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ . . . + a
n-1
x + a
n
.
sao cho P
n
(x) trng vi f(x) ti cc nt x
i
,
P
n
(x
i
) = y
i
; i= 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.
Bi ton:
( 1 )
3
3. a thc ni suy Lagrange
trong
;
) )...( )( )...( (
) )...( )( )...( (
) (
1 1
1 1
n i i i i i o i
n i i o
i
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x l


=
+
+
l
i
(x) l a thc bc n nn P
n
(x) s l a thc bc n
1 khi j = i;
0 j i ;
P
n
(x
i
)= y
i
; i = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n.
(2) L a thc ni suy Lagrange
[
=
=

=
n
i j
j
j i
j
i
x x
x x
x l
0
) (
4
( 2 )
Ni suy tuyn tnh ( n = 1 )
x
y
x
o
x
1
y
o
y
1
( 2 )
); ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1
x l y x l y x P
o o
+ =
( 3 )
o
o
o
o
x x
x x
x l
x x
x x
x l

=
1
1
1
1
) ( ; ) (
; ) (
1
1
1
1
o
o
o
o n
x x
x x
y
x x
x x
y x P

=
C dng P
1
(x) = Ax + B, bc nht i vi x.
Ni suy bc 2 ( n =2 )
x
y
x
o
x
1
x
2
y
o
y
1
y
2
); ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 2
x l y x l y x l y x P
o o
+ + =
( 4 )
) )( (
) )( (
) ( ;
) )( (
) )( (
) (
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 1
x x x x
x x x x
x l
x x x x
x x x x
x l
o o
o
o o
o


=


=
;
) )( (
) )( (
) (
1 2 2
1
2
x x x x
x x x x
x l
o
o


=
P
2
(x) c dng : P
2
(x) = Ax
2
+ Bx + C, bc 2 i vi x.
(2)
5
Sai s ni suy.
nh l. Nu hm f(x) lin tc trn [a, b] v c trong (a, b) o hm lin tc n
cp n+1 th sai s ni suy r
n
(x) =f(x) P
n
(x) c biu thc:
| | b a c
n
x
c f x r
n
n
, ;
)! 1 (
) (
) ( ) (
) 1 (
e
+
=
+
t
( 5 )
) )...( )( ( ) (
1 n o
x x x x x x x = t
Gi
| | b a x x f M
n
, ; ) ( max
) 1 (
e =
+
th
; ) (
)! 1 (
) ( x
n
M
x r
n
t
+
s
- u im ca a thc ni suy Lagrange: n gin;
- Nhc im : thm mt nt th phi tnh li ton b.
6
4. a thc ni suy Newton
a/ Sai phn hu hn.
y = f(x) c gi tr y
i
= f(x
i
) ti cc nt x
i
cch u nhau vi x
i+1
x
i
= h = const;
i = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n

nh ngha sai phn hu hn ca hm y = f(x):

Sai phn cp hai:

2
y
i
= (y
i
) =y
i+1
y
i
;

n
y
i
= (
n-1
y
i
) =
n-1
y
i+1

n-1
y
i
; Sai phn cp n l sai phn ca sai phn cp n-1:
Sai phn cp 3:

3
y
i
=
2
y
i+1

2
y
i
;
;
1 o o
y y y = A
; 2 ) ( ) (
1 2 1 1 2
2
o o o
y y y y y y y y + = = A
; 3 3
1 2 3
3
o o
y y y y y + = A
; ) 1 ( ) 1 (
! 3
) 2 )( 1 (
! 2
) 1 (
! 1
1
1
3 2 1 o
n n
n n n n o
n
y y y
n n n
y
n n
y
n
y y + +

+ = A


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sai phn cp 1(hng 1): y
i
= y
i+1
y
i
;
7
b/ a thc ni suy Newton tin (ni suy v pha phi).
Trng hp cc nt cch u, a thc Newton c dng:
) ( ) ( ) )( ( ) ( ) (
1 1 2 1
+ + + + =
n o n o o o n
x x x x a x x x x a x x a a x P
- x = x
o
a
o
= P
n
(x
o
) = y
o
;
- x = x
1 ;
) (
1
1
1
1
h
y
h
y y
x x
a x P
a
o o
o
o n
A
=

=
- x = x
2
;
! 2 2
2
2
) ( 2
. 2
2
) )( (
) ( ) (
2
2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2 2
2 1 2
2
h
y
h
y y y
h
y y y y
h h
h
h
y
y y
x x x x
x x a a x P
a
o o o o
o
o
o
o o n
A
=
+
=

=

A

=


=
;
!
i
o
i
i
h i
y
a
A
=
; ) (
i i n
y x P =
n o
a a a a , , , ,
2 1
Xc nh
t iu kin
8
); ( ) (
!
) )( (
! 2
) (
! 1
) (
1 1
2
2

A
+ +
A
+
A
+ =
n o
n
o
n
o
o
o
o
o n
x x x x
h n
y
x x x x
h
y
x x
h
y
y x P
i bin, t
h
x x
t
o

=
x = x
o
+ t.h
x
i
= x
o
+ i.h
x - x
i
= x - x
o
- i.h = t.h - i.h = (t-i)h;
;
!
) 1 )...( 1 (
! 2
) 1 (
) (
2
o
n
o o o n
y
n
n t t t
y
t t
y t y x P A
+
+ + A

+ A + =
Thng dng tnh cc gi tr ca hm gn x
o
u bng.
c/ a thc ni suy Newton li (ni suy v pha tri)
Vi cch lm tng t nhng bt u vi x = x
n
); ( ) (
!
) )( (
! 2
) (
! 1
) (
1 1
2
2
2
1
x x x x
h n
y
x x x x
h
y
x x
h
y
y x P
n
n
o
n
n n
n
n
n
n n

A
+ +
A
+
A
+ =


;
!
) 1 )...( 1 (
! 2
) 1 (
! 1
) (
2
2
1 o
n
n n n n
y
n
n t t t
y
t t
y
t
y x P A
+ +
+ + A
+
+ A + =

u im ca cng thc ni suy Newton: thm nt ch cn thm s hng, khng cn phi
tnh li.
thun tin tnh ton thng lp bng sai phn ng cho.
9
x y y
2
y

3
y
4
y
5
y
6
y
x
o
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
y
o
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
4
y
5
y
6
y
o
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
4
y
5

2
y
o

2
y
1

2
y
2

2
y
3

2
y
4

3
y
o

3
y
1

3
y
2

3
y
3

4
y
o

4
y
1

4
y
2

5
y
o

5
y
1

6
y
o
Bng sai phn ng cho ca cng thc ni suy tin
10
x y y
2
y

3
y
4
y
5
y
6
y
x
n-6
x
n-5
x
n-3
x
n-2
x
n-1
x
n
y
n-6
y
n-5
y
n-4
y
n-3
y
n-2
y
n-1

2
y
n-6

2
y
n-5

2
y
n-4

2
y
n-3

2
y
n-2

3
y
n-6

3
y
n-5

3
y
n-4

3
y
n-3

4
y
n-6

4
y
n-5

4
y
n-4

5
y
n-6

5
y
n-5

6
y
n-6
Bng sai phn ng cho ca cng thc ni suy li
x
n-4
y
n-6
y
n-5
y
n-3
y
n-2
y
n-1
y
n
y
n-4
11
d/ Sai s ca php ni suy Newton
- Vi cng thc ni suy tin:
;
)! 1 (
) )...( 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
1
o
n
n
y
n
n t t t
x P x f x r
+
A
+

~ =
- Vi cng thc ni suy li:
;
)! 1 (
) )...( 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
1
o
n
n
y
n
n t t t
x P x f x r
+
A
+
+ +
~ =
Vn dng cng thc sai s bit trong phn ni suy Lagrange nhng thay o hm
cp n+1 bng sai phn hng n+1

12
5. Phng php bnh phng nh nht
Gi s c 2 i lng (vt l, ho hc, ) x v y c lin h ph thuc nhau theo cc dng
bit, v d:
nhng cha xc nh c gi tr ca cc tham s a, b, c. xc nh c cc tham
s ny, ta tm cch tnh mt s cp gi tr tng ng (xi, yi), i=1, 2, , n bng thc
nghim, sau p dng phng php bnh phng b nht.
13
Trng hp: y = a + bx
14
Trng hp: y = a + bx
15
Trng hp: y = a

+ bx+cx
2

16
17
18
19
Trng hp tng qut ca a thc ni suy Newton
Linear Interpolation
Connecting two data points with a straight line









f
1
(x) designates a first-order interpolating
polynomial.

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0 1
0 1
0
0 1
x x
x f x f
x x
x f x f

Linear-interpolation
formula
Slope
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
0
0 1
0 1
0 1
x x
x x
x f x f
x f x f

+ =
20
If three (3) data points are available, the estimate is improved by introducing
some curvature into the line connecting the points.
A second-order polynomial (parabola) can be used for this purpose

A simple procedure can be used to determine the values of the coefficients
) )( ( ) ( ) (
1 0 2 0 1 0 2
x x x x b x x b b x f + + =
) (
0 0 0
x f b x x = =
Could you
figure out how
to derive this
using the above
equation?
Represents a
second order
polynomial
Quadratic Interpolation

) ( ) (
0 1
0 1
1 1
x x
x f x f
b x x

= =
0 2
0 1
0 1
1 2
1 2
2 2
x x
x x
x f x f
x x
x f x f
b x x

= =
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) )( ( ) ( ) (
1 0 2 0 1 0
x x x x b x x b b x f + + =
) )( (
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (

) )( (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
1 2 0 2
0 2
0 1
0 1
0 2
2
1 2 0 2
0 2 1 0 2
2 2
0 1
0 1
1 0 0
x x x x
x x
x x
x f x f
x f x f
b
x x x x
x x b x f x f
b x x
x x
x f x f
b x f b

=


= =

= =
) )( (
) (
) ))( ( ) ( (
) (
) ))( ( ) ( (

1 2 0 2
0 1
1 2 0 1
1 2
1 2 1 2
2
x x x x
x x
x x x f x f
x x
x x x f x f
b

=

) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (

0 2
0 1
0 1
1 2
1 2
2
x x
x x
x f x f
x x
x f x f
b

=

) )( (
) (
) ))( ( ) ( ( ) ))( ( ) ( (
)) ( ) ( (
) (
) ))( ( ) ( (

1 2 0 2
0 1
0 1 0 1 1 2 0 1
0 1
1 2
1 2 1 2
2
x x x x
x x
x x x f x f x x x f x f
x f x f
x x
x x x f x f
b


+
+

=

) )( (
) (
) ))( ( ) ( (
) (
) ))( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( (
1 2 0 2
0 1
0 1 1 2 0 1
1 2
1 2 0 1 1 2
2 2
x x x x
x x
x x x x x f x f
x x
x x x f x f x f x f
b x x


+

+
= =
General Form of Newtons Interpolating Polynomials

) ( ) (
] , [
j i
j i
j i
x x
x f x f
x x f

=
Bracketed function
evaluations are finite
divided differences
] , , , , [ ] , , [ ] , [ ) (

) ( ) )( ( ) )( ( ) ( ) (
0 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0
x x x x f b x x x f b x x f b x f b
x x x x x x b x x x x b x x b b x f
n n n
n n n

= = = =
+ + + =

] , [ ] , [
] , , [
k i
k j j i
k j i
x x
x x f x x f
x x x f

=
0
0 2 1 1 1
0 1 1
x x
x x x f x x x f
x x x x f
n
n n n n
n n

] , , , [ ] , , , [
] , , , , [

23
x
i
f(x
i
)
x
0

f(x
0
)
x
1

f(x
1
)
x
2

f(x
2
)
x
3

f(x
3
)
x
4

f(x
4
)
x
i
f(x
i
)
x
0
=0
1
x
1
=2
13
x
2
=3
73
x
3
=4
241
x
4
=5
601

f
1
(x) = 1 + 6*(x-0) (based on x
0
and x
1
)
f
2
(x) = 1 + 6*(x-0)+18(x-0)(x-2) (based on x
0
, x
1
and x
2
)
f
3
(x) = 1 + 6*(x-0)+18(x-0)(x-2)+9(x-0)(x-2)(x-3) (based on x
0
, x
1
, x
2
, and x
3
)
f
4
(x) = 1 + 6x +18x(x-2) +9x(x-2)(x-3) +1x(x-2)(x-3)(x-4) (based on x
0
, x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, and x
4
)
= x
4
x
2
+ 1
EXAMPLE DIVIDED DIFFERENCE TABLE
f[x
i
,x
j
]
6
60
168
360
f[x
i
,x
j
,x
k
]

18
54
96
f[x,x,x,x]
9
14
f[x...x]
1
f[x
i
,x
j
]
f[x
1
,x
0
]
f[x
2
,x
1
]
f[x
3
,x
2
]
f[x
4
,x
3
]
f[x
i
,x
j
,x
k
]

f[x
2
,x
1
,x
0
]
f[x
3
,x
2
,x
1
]
f[x
4
,x
3
,x
2
]
f[x,x,x,x]
f[x
3
,x
2
,x
1
,x
0
]
f[x
4
,x
3
,x
2
,x
1
]
24
Given:
x
0
=1 f(x
0
)=ln(1)=0
x
1
=4 f(x
1
)=ln(4)=1.386
x
2
=6 f(x
2
)=ln(6)=1.791

Estimate ln(2) = ?
using interpolation

Find f(x) first
x
i
f(x
i
)
x
0
=1
0
x
1
=4
1.386
x
2
=6
1.79
f[x
i
,x
j
]
.462
.2025
f[x
i
,x
j
x
k
]
-.0519

f(x) =0.462(x-1)
-0.0518(x-1)(x-4)

Then calculate
f(2)=0.462(2-1) -0.0518(2-1)(2-4)
= 0.5658

[ TRUE ln(2) = 0.6931 ]