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: -

1.
2. (6)
3.
(7)
4. pH ,
,
pH Multilog ( ) (5)

.

pH

.

(3)

NaCl , CaCl2, Na2CO3



KCl , BaCl2, Sr(NO3)2

Ba(NO3)2, . HCl

CaCO3, SrCl2,, CuSO4

4
5

.


Bohr ,

, , .
Bohr

- -,
.
700 oC
Bunsen (camping gas).

- ,
-.
- - ..

( 520 - 620 nm). ..

a.
.


.
10-9 g.
,
.
( )

,
.

.. a (K=2, L=8, M=1) (K=2, L=8, M=8, N=1).

.

.

;.
,
(), ( ),
.

.
; ( ),
;.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
.

.

Bohr

, Li+
, Na+
, K+
, Ca++
, Sr++
, Cu++
, Ba++


:
,
, , ,

: ,
, ,
, ,
!

.

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