Structure Determination

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Mass spectroscopy What is the size and formula?

Infrared Spectroscopy What functional group are present?

Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Is a conjugated π electron system present?

Nuclear Magnetic What is the carbon-hydrogen framework?

Resonance

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Mass Spectrometry

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Mass spectrometry of some
common functional groups
• Alcohols
Alcohols undergo fragmentation in the
mass spectrometer by two pathways:
alpha cleavage and dehydration

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• Amines
Aliphatic amines undergo a
characteristic α cleavage in the mass
spectrometer similar to alcohols

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• Carbonyl compounds
Ketones and aldehydes that have a
hydrogen on a carbon three atoms
away from the carbonyl group
undergo a characteristic mass
spectral cleavage called the
McLafferty rearrangement.

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 Spectroscopy and the
electromagnetic spectrum
• Infrared, ultraviolet, and nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopies
differ from mass spectroscopy in that
they are nondestructive and involve
the interaction of molecules with
electromagnetic energy rather than
with an ionizing source.

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Electromagnetic spectrum

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Infrared Spectroscopy

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Interpreting Infrared
Spectra

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 Infrared spectra of some
common functional groups

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 Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy

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