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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : Routing Protocols

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Classl"ss Routing Protocols
In classless routing protocols, subnet information is exchanged during routing updates.
This results in more efficient utilization of IP addresses. The summarization in classless networks
is manually controlled. Ex: IP !", EI#P, $%P&, '#P !(, and I%)I%

Routing Protocols

outing protocols *ob is to maintain routing tables
and route packets appropriately.
Examples of routing are IP, I#P, EI#P, $%P&.

Rout"' Protocols
outed protocols are used to transport user traffic
from source node to destination node.
Examples of routed protocols are IP, IP+ and
,ppleTalk.

ARP




,ddress esolution Protocol -,P. is used to resol!e a hosts IP
address to its physical address -such as /,0 address., to
allow communication on a multi)access medium such as ethernet.
e!erse ,P -,P. is used to obtain an IP address from physical
address -such as /,0.. ,P broadcast may be used to obtain IP
address to boot by diskless workstations o!er a network.


%yp"s o( Routing Protocols

Distance Vector: 1istance !ector routing determines the direction
and distance to any link in the internetwork. %maller the metric,
better the path. 1istance !ector routing is useful for smaller
networks. Ex: IP and I#P.
)in$ Stat": ,lso known as %P& algorithms, %P& generates the
exact topology of the entire network for route computation by
listening to the first hand information. 'andwidth and delay
are the most widely used metrics. Ex: $%P& and 23%P.

&alanc"' *y+ri': 'alanced 4ybrid combines some aspects of
3ink %tate and 1istance 5ector routing protocols. It uses
distance !ectors with more accurate metrics to determine the
best paths to destination networks. Ex: EI#P
D"(ault A'ministrati," 'istanc"s

1irectly 0onnected Interface))))))6 7 External '#P))))))))))6 "7
%tatic oute))))))6 8 Internal '#P)))))))))))6 "77
Internal EI#P))))))6 97
I#P))))))6 877
$%P&))))))6 887
IP))))))6 8"7
I%)I%))))))6 88:
;nknown "::
,n administrati!e distance of 7 represents highest trustworthiness of the route.
,n administrati!e distance of ":: represents the lowest trustworthiness of the route.



Class(ul Routing Protocols
0lassful routing protocols do not exchange subnet information during routing information exchanges.
The summarization is always done automatically at ma*or network boundaries.
Ex: IP !8, I#P
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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : EIGRP and OSPF
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OSPF+Op&n Short&st Path First,
OSPF and OSPF Ar&a
OSPF is a link state technology that uses Dijkstra algorithm to compute routing
information.
An OSPF area is a collection of networks and routers that have the same area
identification.OSPF process identifier is locally significant.
OSPF ro"t&r ID d&t&r!ination
1. se the address configured !y the ospf router"id command
#. se the highest num!ered $P address of a loop!ack
interface
%. se the highest $P address of any physical interface
&. $f no interface e'ists( set the router"$D to ).).).)
DR and *DR E#&ction
*hen two or more routers are contending to !e a D+ ,designated +outer- on a network segment( the router with the highest OSPF priority will !ecome the D+ for that
segment. .he same process is repeated for the /D+. $n case of a tie( the router with the highest +$D will win.
OSPF Ar&a )yp&s
Standard Ar&a 0 Default OSPF area type
St"- Ar&a 0 1'ternal link ,type 2- 3SAs are replaced with a default route
)ota##y St"--y Ar&a 0 .ype %( &( and 2 3SAs are replaced with a default route
Not So St"--y Ar&a +NSSA, 0 A stu! area containing an AS/+4 type 2 3SAs are
converted to type 5 within the area

OSPF Priority
.he ip ospf priority command is
used to set manually which router
!ecomes the D+. .he range is )"
#22 and the default is 1. ) means it
will never !e D+ or /D+.
Ro"t&r )yp&s

Int&rna# Ro"t&r 0 All interfaces reside within the same area
*ac(-on& Ro"t&r 0 A router with an interface in area ) ,the !ack!one-
Ar&a *ord&r Ro"t&r +A*R, 0 6onnects two or more areas
AS *o"ndary Ro"t&r +AS*R, 0 6onnects to additional routing domains4 typically located in
the !ack!one

EIGRP +Enhanc&d Int&rior Gat&'ay Protoco#,
For $7+P routing( you need to provide AS ,Autonomous System- num!er in the command. +outers need AS num!er to e'change routing information.
+outers !elonging to same AS e'change routing information.


I!portant t&r!s "s&d in EIGRP
S"cc&ssor0 A route ,or routes- selected as the primary route,s- used to
transport packets to reach destination. 8ote that successor entries are kept in
the routing ta!le of the router%
F&asi-#& s"cc&ssor0 A route ,or routes- selected as !ackup route,s- used
to transport packets to reach destination. 8ote that feasi!le successor entries
are kept in the topology ta!le of a router.
D.A/ +Di00"sing .pdat& A#gorith!,0 1nhanced $7+P uses DA3 algorithm to
calculate the !est route to a destination




Routing metrics used by IGRP
*and'idth0 .his is represents the ma'imum throughput of a link.
1). ,9a'imum .ransmission nit-0 .his is the ma'imum message length that is accepta!le to
all links on the path. .he larger 9. means faster transmission of packets.
R&#ia-i#ity0 .his is a measurement of relia!ility of a network link. $t is assigned !y the
administrator or can !e calculated !y using protocol statistics.
D&#ay0 .his is affected !y the !and width and :ueuing delay.
/oad0 3oad is !ased among many things( 6P usage( packets processed per sec
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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : Frame Relay
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%ypes o( )irtual circuits *+cs, in Frame Relay
Frame Relay is purely a Layer 2 standard.
Two types of Vcs in FR
1" &ermanent +irtual Circuits *&+Cs,: these are permanently established connections that are used
for frequent and consistent data transfers between DTEs across a Frame Relay cloud.
2" S#itche- +irtual Circuits *S+Cs,: these are temporary connections used in situations requiring
only occasional data transfers between DTEs across Frame Relay cloud. The terms !all "etup#
Data Transfer# $dle# and !all Termination are associated with "V!s.

Frame Relay connection types
1" &oint.to.&oint: $n point%to%point connection type# a single sub interface establishes a &V!
connection to another physical interface or sub%interface

2" /ulti.point '$n multipoint connection type# a single sub%interface is used to establish multiple &V!
connections to se(eral physical interfaces or sub%interfaces. $n multipoint Frame%Relay networ)# split
hori*on rule is applicable to broadcast traffic.



D0CI *Data 0in$ Connection I-enti(ier,
Salient (eatures
+. DL!$s ha(e only local significance. $t means# the end de(ices o(er FR networ) can ha(e different
DL!$ numbers
2. DL!$ number is pro(ided by the FR ser(ice pro(ider. DL!$ number is mapped to Layer , protocol
address using -Frame%Relay map- statement.
,. DL!$ numbers must be unique on a router.








Frame relay su1.inter(aces
.hen configuring frame%relay using sub interfaces the physical interfaces on
which sub interfaces are configured would not be assigned any $& address.
E(en if one is assigned it should be remo(ed prior to configuring frame%relay.
$f an $& address is assigned to physical interface# the sub interfaces defined
within the physical interface will not recei(e any frames.
Split hori2on is a method of pre(enting a routing loop in a networ). To o(ercome the
split hori*on# sub%interfaces can be configured on /012 networ)s.
Frame Relay encapsulation types an- 0/I %ypes
!isco supports two types of Frame Relay encapsulation' cisco *-e(ault,3 an- iet("
3se $ETF when setting up a frame%relay networ) between a !isco router and a non%
!isco router.
Frame%Relay L1$ types are Cisco *-e(ault,3 ANSI3 4566A4 L1$ type is auto%sensed
in $5" (++.2 and up.
"how frame%relay lmi command shows L1$ stats.

D0CI Con(iguration
The command used to assign dlci number to a sub interface is'
R1*con(ig.i(,7(rame.relay inter(ace.-lci 8-lci.num1er9
!: R1*con(ig.i(,7(rame.relay inter(ace.-lci 100
/ote that prior to issuing the abo(e command4 issue the following command to get
into proper sub interface configuration mode'
R1*con(ig,7inter(ace serial num1er"su1inter(ace.num1er :multipoint ; point.
to.point< !: R1*con(ig,7inter(ace serial 0"1 point.to.point
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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : Access-Lists
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Access Lists
IP access lists are a sequential list of permit and deny conditions that apply to IP addresses or upper
layer protocols. Access Control Lists are used in routers to identify and control traffic.


&urpose o( Access Lists

1. Controlling traffic through a router, and
2. Controlling VT access to a router!s VT
ports
". #ilter incoming and outgoing pac$ets
%. &estrict contents of routing updates
'. Trigger dial(on(demand routing )**&+ calls

%ypes o( I& Access Lists
,tandard IP Access Lists
Extended IP Access Lists
-amed Access Lists


)il* Car* +as$ing


.ild card mas$ing is used to permit or deny a group of addresses.
#or e/ample, if 0e ha1e a source address 12'.'%.1".2 and 0ant all the
hosts on the last octet to 3e considered, 0e use a 0ild card mas$,
12'.'%.1".2''.
The "2 3it 0ildcard mas$ consists of 1!s and 4!s
1 5 ignore this 3it
4 5 chec$ this 3it

Special Case: 6ost 12'.'%.1".2 is same as 12'.'%.1".2 0ith a 0ild card
mas$ of 4.4.4.4, considers only specified IP.
Any is equi1alent to saying 4.4.4.4 0ith a 0ild card mas$ of
2''.2''.2''.2''. This means none of the 3its really matter. All IP
addresses need to 3e considered for meeting the criteria.

Stan*ar* Access List
1. These ha1e the format, access-list ,num-er. ,permit or *eny. ,source/a**ress.
!: access(list 1 permit 172.182.2.4 4.4.4.2''
2. Place standard access lists as near the destination as possi3le and e/tended access lists
as close to the source as possi3le.
". Access lists ha1e an implicit deny at the end of them automatically. 9ecause of this, an
access list should ha1e at least one permit statement in it: other0ise the access list 0ill
3loc$ all remaining traffic.
%. Access lists applied to interfaces default to out3ound if no direction is specified.





!ten*e* Access Lists an* Name* Access Lists
;/tended Access lists ha1e the format,
access-list 0num-er10permit or *eny1 0protocol1 0source1source-#il*car* ,operator
,port..0*estination1 *estination-#il*car* ,operator ,port..
.ith e/tended IP access lists, 0e can act on any of the follo0ing<
( ,ource address ( Port information )..., *-,, #TP, etc.+
( *estination address
( IP protocol )TCP, IC=P, >*P, etc.+
!: access(list 141 permit icmp host 172.182.".2 any

-amed Access lists ha1e the format, ip access-list 0stan*ar* 2e!ten*e*1 name
!: ip access(list e/tended denyping

&ermitte* num-ers (or access-lists
1-99: IP standard access list 100-199: IP extended access list 800-899: IPX standard access list
1000-1099: IPX SAP access list 1100-1199: Extended 48-bit MAC address access list 900-999: IPX extended access list
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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : NAT
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&'!rloa(ing
A special case of dynamic NAT that maps multiple unregistered IP addresses to a single registered (globally
unique) IP address by using different port numbers.
Dynamic NAT with oerloading is also !nown also as PAT (Port Address Translation).



Static NAT
"aps an unregistered IP address to registered IP (globally unique) addresses on one#to#one basis.
The command$ ip nat insi(! sourc! static )local ip* )glo+al ip* configures address translation for
static NAT.



Con,iguring NAT

%hen configuring NAT$ NAT should be enabled on at least
one inside and one outside interface.
&. The command for enabling NAT on inside interface is'
-1.con,ig/i,01ip nat insi(!
(. The command for enabling NAT on the outside interface
is'
-1.con,ig/i,01ip nat outsi(!
)emember to enter into appropriate configuration modes
before entering the commands.
*sually$ the inside NAT will be configured on an +thernet
interface$ whereas the outside NAT is configured on a
serial interface.





A((r!ss Classi,ication


Insi(! 2ocal ' An actual address assigned to an inside host
Insi(! 3lo+al ' An inside address seen from the outside
&utsi(! 3lo+al ' An actual address assigned to an outside host
&utsi(! 2ocal ' An outside address seen from the inside

NAT $ool ' A pool of IP addresses to be used as inside global or
outside local addresses in translations
D!,ining an I$ NAT $ool

&. Defining an IP NAT pool for the inside networ! using the command'
ip nat pool )pool/nam!* )start/ip* )!n(/ip* 4n!tmas# )n!t/mas#* 5 pr!,ix/l!ngth )pr!,ix/l!ngth*6 7typ!/
rotary8 Ex: ip nat pool pool1 200.200.200.3 200.200.200.4 netmask 255.255.255.0
Note that type#rotary is optional command. It indicates that the IP address range in the address pool identifies
hosts among which T,P load is distributed.
(. "apping the access#list to the IP NAT pool by using the command'
ip nat insi(! sourc! list )acc!ss/list/num+!r* pool )pool/nam!* Ex: ip nat inside source list 1 pool pool1





Dynamic NAT
"aps an unregistered IP address to a registered (globally unique) IP address from a group of registered
(globally unique) IP addresses.
The command$ ip nat insi(! sourc! list )acc!ss/list/num+!r* pool )nam!*
is used to map the access#list to the IP NAT pool during the configuration of Dynamic NAT.
&'!rlapping
This occurs when your internal IP addresses belong to global IP address range that belong to another
networ!.

IPv6 : Points to Remember
1. IPv6 address is 128 bits in length represented in hexadecimal
2. IPv6 Loopback address is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, also expressed as ::1.
3. IPv6 reserves to special addresses. !he" are 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 and 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1.
#. !hree transition strategies $or migration $rom ipv6 to ipv# are d%al stacking, 6&to&# t%nneling and '(!&P!
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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : IPv6 Addressing
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%,I-6. /orm$t
)(* to +,I&6# conversion inserts hex -...+/ in the middle o$ a )(* addr, !hen $lips
the ,0L bit to 1, in order to create a 6#&bit inter$ace I1 $rom a #2&bit )ac address.



IPv6 Comm"nic$tion *ypes

,nic$st : %sed $or one&to&one comm%nication.
!here are 3 t"pes o$ %nicast addresses namel"
global, %ni3%e&local and link&local
0"#tic$st : %sed $or one&to&man" comm%nication
IPv6 m%lticast address begins ith 4..4
Anyc$st : %sed $or one&to&one&o$&man"
comm%nication





IPv6 Address !copes

::00&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&5 1e$a%lt 6o%te
::0122&&&&&&&&&&&&5 ,nspeci$ied
::10122&&&&&&&&&&&5 Loopback
.*00::07&&&&&&&&&5 ,ni3%e Local ,nicast
.+20::010&&&&&&&&5 Link&Local ,nicast
.+*0::010&&&&&&&5 8ite&Local ,nicast
..00::02&&&&&&&&&&5 )%lticast

IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 address consists o$ 2 gro%ps o$ $o%r hexadecimal digits separated b" colons and hich mainl" consists
o$ 3 segments called 9lobal Pre$ix hich is o$ #2 bits, s%bnet part ith 16 bits and Inter$ace I1 called as :ost
part ith 6# bits.
!he $irst 3 octets constit%te 9lobal Pre$ix, the $o%rth octet constit%te s%bnet part and the last $o%r $orm the
Inter$ace I1.
R"#es : a; <ne set o$ 0=s in the address can be replaced b" :: b%t this can be done onl" once
b; <ne or an" n%mber o$ consec%tive gro%ps o$ 0 val%e can be replaced ith to colons >::;




IPv6 1e$der

2ersion ># bits; : IP version n%mber >6;
*r$33ic C#$ss >2 bits; : ,sed $or ?o8
/#o( 4$be# >20 bits; : ,sed $or packet labelling
P$y#o$d 4ength >16 bits; : Length o$ the IPv6 pa"load
Ne&t 1e$der >2 bits; : Identi$ies the t"pe o$ header $olloing the IPv6 header
1op 4imit >2 bits; : '%mber o$ hops %ntil the packet gets discarded.
!o"rce Address >122 bits; : 8o%rce IP address
Destin$tion Address >122 bits; : 1estination IP address
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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : VLANs and VTP
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VLANs ) Points to *%m%m+%r
1. VLAN 1 is the management VLAN.
2. Static VLAN : VLAN is statically assigned to the physical port and never changes.
3. Dynamic VLAN : VMPS automatically assigns VLAN based on MA
!. Acc%ss Lin' : An access lin" can carry only one VLAN #used bet$een host and s$itch port%
&. Trn' Lin' : A trun" lin" can carry multiple VLANs. 'sed to connect to other s$itches(
routers( or servers
). *$o types o+ *run" +raming, -SL #isco only% and ./2.1.0
1. *run" lin"s can carry 1 to 1//& VLANs
.. S$itchport modes are trun"( dynamic desirable( dynamic auto( access.


VLAN con,igration
Cr%ating VLANs
S213vlan database
S21#vlan%3vlan 1/ name +irstvlan
S21#vlan%3vlan 2/ name secondvlan
VTP ) Points to *%m%m+%r
1. V*P is a Layer 2 messaging protocol. -t carries con+iguration in+ormation throughout a
single domain
2. V*P Modes are
S%r-%r , reate( modi+y( or delete VLANs #*his is the dea+ult vtp mode on a s$itch%
C!i%nt , an4t create( change( or delete VLANs
Transpar%nt , 'sed $hen a s$itch is not re0uired to participate in V*P( but only pass
the in+ormation to other s$itches
3. V*P domain is common to all s$itches participating in V*P
!. Pruning is a techni0ue $here in VLANs not having any access ports on an end s$itch
are removed +rom the trun" to reduce +looded tra++ic
&. Con,igration r%-ision nm+%r is a 325bit number that indicates the level o+ revision
+or a V*P pac"et. 6ach time the V*P device undergoes a VLAN change( the con+ig
revision is incremented by one.
Acc%ss Port con,igration
S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport mode access
S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport access vlan 1/
S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport access vlan 2/
Trn' Port con,igration

S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport mode trun"
S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport trun" encapsulation dot10






VTP Con,igration

SW1#vlan database
SW1(vlan)#vtp mode (Server/Client/Transparent)
SW1(vlan)#vtp domain <name>
SW1(vlan)#vtp password <password>
SW1(vlan)#vtp pruning
Tro+!%shooting commands
1. sow vlan
!. sow vlan"membersip
#. sow vtp status
$. sow inter%aces trun&
'. sow inter%ace <inter%ace"name> switcport
Acc%ss port con,ig to a rang% o, int%r,ac%s
S21#con+ig%3inter+ace range +a /72 5 &
S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport access vlan 1/
S21#con+ig%3inter+ace range +a /7) 5 1/
S21#con+ig5i+%3s$itchport access vlan 2/
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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : Spanning Tree Protocol
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STP & Points to 'emem(er


1. STP is a layer 2 protocol that runs on switches and bridges, the purpose of STP is to remove
switching loops. By default, STP is enabled on cisco switches.
2. All switches participating in STP echange info with other switches in the networ!
Through messages !nown as %PD)s *Sent out at a fre"uency of 2 sec on every port#
$. STP port states are %loc$e+, -isten, -earn, .or#ar+, Disa(le+
%. The command &show spanning'tree( includes the following info
i. )*A+ number
ii. ,oot bridge priority, -A. address
iii. Bridge timers /-a Age, 0ello Time, 1orward 2elay#
Selection Criteria
'oot %ri+ge Selection
The switch with the lowest Bridge 32 is chosen as
root.
Bridge 32 is a combination of switch priority /$2456
by default and the range is 7 to 588$8 with
increments of %795# and switch:s -A. address
STP Port 'oles
1. 'oot ; A bridge can have only one root port. The root port is the port that leads to the root
bridge. All bridges ecept the root bridge will have a root port. the root port is in the STP
forwarding state.
2. Designate+ ; <ne designated port is elected per lin! /segment#. The designated port is
the port closest to the root bridge. =ach designated port is in the STP forwarding state
$. Alternate ; Alternate ports lead to the root bridge, but are not root ports. The alternate
ports maintain the STP bloc!ing state.
%. %ac$up; This is a special case when two or more ports of the same bridge /switch# are
connected together, directly or through shared media. 3n this case, one port is designated,
and the remaining ports bloc!. The role for this port is bac!up.


'oot Port Selection
i . 3f there are 2 or more paths to reach the ,oot Bridge, select the bridge port associated with
the lowest accumulated path cost. /'
ii. 3f the path cost to reach the root bridge over 2 or more bridge ports is same, then; select the
neighboring switch with the lowest Switch 32 value to reach the ,oot Bridge /'
iii. 3f there are two or more ports on the same bridge with the lowest path cost, then;
> Select the port with the lowest Port Priority value, if you have multiple paths to reach the
,oot Bridge via same neighbor switch. /'
> 3f all the ports are configured with same priority number /$2 by default#, select the lowest
port number on the switch.



Designate+ %ri+ge Selection
i. 3n a *A+ segment, the bridge with the lowest
path cost to the ,oot Bridge will be the 2B /'
ii. 3f there are two bridges in the *A+ segment
with e"ual path cost to the ,oot Bridge, then the
Bridge with the lowest Bridge 32 becomes the
2B.
Designate+ Port Selection
i. The switch port /associated with the 2B# on the *A+ segment with the lowest accumulated path
cost to the ,oot Bridge will be selected as 2P for the given segment. /'
ii. 3f a switch has redundant connections to the networ! segment, the switch port with the lowest
port priority /$2 by default# is selected. /'
iii. 3f there is again a tie /it can happen if the priorities of the ports on this switch are the same#, then
the lowest numbered port on the switch is selected.


De0ault Timers

0ello'''''''''''''''''? 2s
1orward 2elay'''''? 18s
-a Age'''''''''''''? 27s

-in$ Costs
%an+#i+th Cost
17 -bps'''''''''''? 177
177 -bps''''''''''? 19
1 @bps'''''''''''''''? %
17 @bps'''''''''''''? 2
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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : Show Commands
Router Show commands
Sl. No. Command Explanation
1. show access-list Displays all accesslists from all protocols present in a specified router.
2. show banner Displays the banner set on the router.
3. show cdp Shows the status of CDP such as holdtime value,no.of pacets for every !"sec.
#. show cdp interface $t tells the CDP confi%uration on an interface-by-interface basis.
&. show cdp nei%hbor'detail Displays info on directly connected nei%hbors.
!. show cdp traffic Displays the CDP traffic info.
(. show cloc Displays the cloc )time, date*.
+. show flash ,sed to view all $-S ima%es and file stored in flash)Default location of $-S ima%es is in flash*.
.. show frame-relay lmi Shows the detailed statistics re%ardin% /0$.
1". show frame-relay map Displays the frame relay inverse 12P table.
11. show frame-relay pvc 3dlci4num5 Shows all the frame relay P6C7s terminated and their statistics at a specified router.
12. show history Shows the previously e8ecuted commands.$-S device stores the last ten commands that are e8ecuted.
13. show hosts Displays the host table.
1#. show interfaces 9o view interfaces,status,and statistics for an interface.$f u don7t lists a specific interface,all of the interfaces on the router are listed.
1&. show ip ei%rp nei%hbors Shows the list of ei%rp nei%hbors that a specified router has.
1!. show ip ei%rp topolo%y Displays the list of successor and feasible successors,as well as other types of routes.
1(. show ip ei%rp traffic $t shows the information about trafiic statistics for ei%rp.
1+. show ip interfaces Displays status and %lobal parameters associated with the interfaces on the router.
1.. show ip interface brief Displays the interface operational status and $P addresses for all router interfaces.
2". show ip nat statistics Displays :19 statistics.
21. show ip nat translations Displays the :19 translations.
22. show ip ospf Displays %eneral information about -SP; routin% processes.
23. show ip ospf database Displays lists of information related to the -SP; database for a specific router.
2#. show ip ospf interface $f ad<acent router7s dont become nei%hbors, then use the command to chec if the local router interface is confi%ured correctly.
2&. show ip ospf nei%hbor Displays the -SP; nei%hbour information.
2!. show ip ospf nei%hbor detail Displays all -SP; nei%hbors in detail.
2(. show ip route Displays the $P routin% table.
2+. show protocols Displays the routin% protocols that have been confi%ured and runnin% on a specified router.
2.. show runnin%-confi% Shows the current confi% stored in 210.
3". show sessions Shows the telnet sessions that are currently suspended.
31. show startup-confi% Shows the confi%uration stored in :6210.
32. show version Display version information for the hardware and firmware.
33. show arp Displays entries in the 12P table.
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Cisco CCNA ICND2 : Show Commands
3#. show ip protocols Displays parameters and current state of the active routin% protocol process.
3&. show users Displays users connected to the router.
3!. show ipv! interface 3interface-name5 Displays ipv! interface confi%uration information.
3(. show ipv! rip Displays information about all current $P6! 2$P processes.
3+. show ipv! ospf Displays %eneral information about -SP; routin% processes.
3.. show ipv! route Displays routes in the $P6! routin% table.
#". show ipv! protocols Displays parameters and current state of the active $P6! routin% protocol processes.
#1. show ip dhcp bindin% Displays $P addresses assi%ned to the clients.
Switch Show commands
Sl. No. Command Explanation
1. show banner Displays the banner.
2. show flash Displays the file contents of the flash.
3. show history Displays the last 1" commands entered.
#. show interfaces 9o view interfaces,status,and statistics for an interface.
&. show interfaces vlan 1 Displays the 6/1: status and the $P address of 6/1: 1.
!. show ip interface brief 6erifies the $P confi%uration.
(. show runnin%-confi% Displays the confi% held in D210.
+. show startup-confi% Displays the :6210 confi%.
.. show users Displays the users currently lo%%ed on.
1". show version Display $-S version information for the hardware and firmware.
11. show vlan Displays vlan information.
12. show vlan-membership Displays vlan membership information.
13. show mac-address-table Displays mac-address-table information.
1#. show vtp status Displays vtp status information such as vtp mode, vtp domain etc.
1&. show spannin%-tree Displays spannin%-tree statistics,includin% information about root brid%e and port status.
1!. show spannin%-tree summary Displays summary of port states.
1(. show spannin%-tree vlan 3vlan-id5 Displays S9P information for the specified 6/1:.
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