 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




٢١١
 ‫א‬  ٢١١ 
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬????‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       
   ٢١١ 
 

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬،
‫א‬K   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ،‫א‬       ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬      ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
   ٢١١ 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
– ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬   K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K E ‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ٢١١ 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  K    ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١١

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬، ‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪١{٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬٪٤٪٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬  

 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  E‫א‬F

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ‫ﺻﻠﺪة‬ ‫א‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮارة‬

 ‫ﻟﺪﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮارة‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F


-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 W‫א‬EF
  ‫˚م‬١٣٠٠       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ٪٠{٧  ٪٠{٠٨      ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 L I TKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ٪١{٣  ٪٠{٧     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  – ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 W‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   –    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ˚١٠٨٠
  ‫א‬  ٣L ٨{١  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ٪٤٥   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ٪٢٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬٪٩ ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣L ٣{٧‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ‫˚م‬٦٦٠
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   W ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٪٤{٨٪٩٣{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٤٥ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ٪١{٢  
 K
 W‫א‬EF
 ٣L٧{٣ ‫א‬  ˚٢٣٢
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬
٠{٠٧
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣L١١{٣٥‫א‬ ‫˚م‬٣٢٧
 ‫א‬

-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  – ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  –  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K
٣L ٢٠٠٠ ٩٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٠{٥ ٠{١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٠١ ٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬     ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،   
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬
 K
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 E١J ١F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Ekg/m3)‫א‬
 (W/m K)  (°C) ‫א‬  EMetals F
٢٢٢ ٦٦٠ ٢٧٠٠  ‫א‬
121-239 476-654 2630-2820 ‫א‬
393 1082  8970  ‫א‬
29-234 885-1260 ٧٤٧٠-٨٩٤٠ ‫א‬
74 1535  7860  ‫א‬
15-52 ١٣٧١-1532  6920-9130  ‫א‬
35 327 11350  ‫א‬
٢٤-٤٦ ١٨٢-٣٢٦ ٨٨٥٠-11350 ‫א‬
154 650 1745  ‫א‬
75-138 610-621 1770-1780 ‫א‬
92 1453 8910  ‫א‬
12-63 1110-1454 7750-8850 ‫א‬
166 3410 19290  ‫א‬
‫א‬
113 419 7140
E‫א‬F
١٠٥-١١٣ ٣٨٦-٥٢٥ ٦٦٤٠-٧٢٠٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Ekg/m3)‫א‬
 (W/m K)  (°C) ‫א‬ Non-Metals
0.1-0.4 110-330 ٩٠٠-٢٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
0.1-0.4 -- 400-700  ‫א‬
0.6-1.7 580-1540 2400-2700  ‫א‬
10-17 -- 2300-5500  ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 WMechanical Properties‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WToughness ‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ WHardness ‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   WElasticity  ‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬     ‫א‬   WPlasticity  ‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   WBrittleness  ‫א‬ J ٥
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K    ‫א‬   WDuctility  ‫א‬ J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WSoftness ‫א‬J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Technological Properties ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬          ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬Flowability W‫א‬J ١
  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 KCasting‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Plasticity W‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬ Forming ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Weldability W‫א‬J ٣
K Welding  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Machinability W‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬Machining ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫ א‬K١
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ٣L١٩{٣ ‫א‬   ٣L٨{١ ‫א‬ 
  ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K



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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬WJ ٢

 ‫؟‬،،،WJ ٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

‫א‬E١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  


 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٠٠F‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢J ١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 L = L0 (1 + ∆)
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z L  
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z L0  
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z ∆  

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٣  ٪٢  ‫א‬
 ٣  ٪١  ‫א‬
 ١{٥  ٪١{٥  ‫א‬
 ١{٥  ٪١{٢٥  ‫א‬
 ١{٥  ٪١{٥  ‫א‬
 ١{٥  ٪١{٥  E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E٢J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K˚١٠{٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K٤
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  F K   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E Sio2F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫ א‬-٣
K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K ‫א‬
  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  

 W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٤{٨ ‫א‬K ٥٤{٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬K٢L‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F

 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١J ٣F‫א‬K


- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  


 ‫א‬E٢J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E١J ٤F  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٢J ٤F

- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  -٢
 K       ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
EF ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٦F


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   -٦
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٧F

- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬  ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
  E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬ J ٣
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،
K‫א‬




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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J ١
      ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    W‫ א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ، ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫ א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W ‫א‬  ‫ א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  W ‫א‬ ‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬ ‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
‫א‬ ‫א‬     W‫א‬  ‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     W‫א‬   ‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬











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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  


 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

     ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  J 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J 


- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٩F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٠F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE˚٢٥J ٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
2
⎛V ⎞
t = C⎜ ⎟
  ⎝ A⎠    Chvorinov’s rule
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ZC 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZV 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZA 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L=400 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
‫؟‬‫א‬E ‫א‬EW‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨

      ‫א‬ ،‫א‬      ‫א‬ J ٩
‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K18cm‫א‬، r=10cm
4
 E A = 4πr 2 ‫א‬، V = πr 3 ‫א‬F
3




- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬  
  
‫ א‬J ١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١١

      ‫א‬ ،‫א‬      ‫א‬ J ١٢
‫א‬K40 cm x 30 cm x 20 cm ‫א‬‫א‬،30cm
‫؟‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  




 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Rolling E‫א‬F‫ א‬-١
Drawing‫ א‬-٢
Extrusion ‫ א‬-٣
Forging‫א‬‫ א‬-٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   K‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


-٤١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  E٣J ١F ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 EFE٣J ٢F

 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
E٣J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ٤F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
  E٣J ٥F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٣J ٥F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٣J ٦F

K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     K‫א‬      ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ، K‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬        ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬ –   – ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  F ‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬         
E˚٢٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪٠{٨٧F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F˚٧٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ –
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٣J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
E ٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،R،‫א‬،µ،‫א‬، (ho-hf) ،‫א‬
ho - hf =µ2 R
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬FEF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
2πFLN
 Power =
60000
 ENF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ZF
 EmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZL
 ErpmF‫א‬‫א‬ZN
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EkWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

-٥٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


L = R(ho − h f )
 EmF‫א‬ZR
 EmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zho
 EmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zhf

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٦–٥‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٣J ٨F
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF،
 ‫א‬EFW
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٥١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٩F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٠F
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K˚١٨٠–١٤٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K١٢٠–١٠‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬E٣J ١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬E٣J ١١F
 ‫א‬E  ‫א‬E


 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K


 ‫א‬E٣J ١٢F

         ،‫א‬  
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬E٣J ١٣F


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
E  F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEKKK‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
KEKKK‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
KEKKK‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
KEKKK‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬ J ٤
KEKKK‫א‬J ‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KEKKK‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬ J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٥٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬   ‫א‬        ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 KE٣J ١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    E ٣J ١٦ F      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٣J ١٦F

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬E٣J ١٧F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣J ١٨F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٣J ١٨F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،     

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E ٣J ١٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٣J ١٩F
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 W‫א‬J ٥
  ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 

 Press Work E‫א‬F‫א‬W 

‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Blanking ‫א‬Piercing
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ٣J ٢٠F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬E٣J ٢١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢٠F
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
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢١F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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     ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫א‬ E  F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  drawing  Deep‫א‬‫א‬ Bending ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ٢٢F،



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢٢F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  KE ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬     KE ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
  K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬  
 K   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،١٥٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،          ،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬      E ٣J ٢٤F ‫א‬ K ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢٣F

‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ٣J ٢٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬  ،   E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K٤
‫؟‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ K٥

 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

‫א‬ ٥٠ ‫א‬  ٠{٣٠   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K٢٠ ٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬KErpmF‫א‬ ١٠٠‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬
WEkNF١٦٠٠‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E



-٦٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١٠
 

‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ A1L1=A2L2V1=V2
EL2‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
‫א‬‫א‬5 cm‫א‬
F‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 1.2 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 3.5 cm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ A1L1=A2L2 V1=V2 ‫א‬‫א‬
EL2‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤



-٦٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  K١٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٦

‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٧

‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١٩

 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٧٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰ ‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 

-٧١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٢٠٠٩٠‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬KK
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

–‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Monomer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
‫א‬Polymer‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KPoly–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Polymerization‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬C2H4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬EMERF


 PolymerizationW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Addition Polymerization‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FThermoplastic ‫א‬‫א‬
 E ‫א‬
 Condensation Polymerization‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H2O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FTHERMOSETTING ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 Copolymerization ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬W 
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬A‫א‬MERS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   :CH4 ‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   C2H4 ‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   C2H6 ‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ C6H6‫א‬ J ٤
ABS‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬


 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K J ٣
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫ א‬  – ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫ א‬– ‫א‬   – ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 
 – ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 – ‫א‬  – ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬PVC
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  –   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  – ‫ א‬ – ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  – ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 –‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 – ‫א‬ – ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
– ‫א‬ ‫א‬ – ‫ א‬– ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬   – ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  – 
–‫א‬
–‫א‬ –‫א‬ –     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  –   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 – ‫א‬   E‫א‬F
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬


 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  –      
‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬  – ٢٦٠  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬ –   – ‫ א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬     –      ‫א‬
E ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫ א‬    ‫א‬
 – ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  J   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٠   ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  –     ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٥٠  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ٢٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٤
KE١J ١‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬      ،     W‫א‬  J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٨
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

-٧٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٧٠٠
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ١F‫א‬‫א‬ J ١


 ‫א‬E٤J ١F

E٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -١

-٨١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
K
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٧



 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬–

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٨٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 E٤J ٤F


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٨٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬J ١
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٪٥–١
 W‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE٤J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E˚١١٥˚٦٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E˚٢٠٤˚١٦٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٨٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  








‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ٤J ٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EL٢٥٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
-٨٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٤J ٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬




-٨٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
  ‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EF J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
W‫א‬٣
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J 
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

-٨٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F


-٨٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K,٢٥‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٨F‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٧F


-٨٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FJ ٢
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤J ٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E٤J ٩F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬E٤J ١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٩٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  


 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٤J ١٠F

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KEE‫א‬FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٤J ١١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١١F


-٩١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣–٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E٥٠F

-٩٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

-٩٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 



 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٣F


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EEFF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬KE٤J ١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

-٩٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٤F




 E٤J ١٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 KE٤J ١٦F
-٩٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬E٤J ١٦F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬








-٩٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
٢٠٥،٩٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L١٠٠٠٠،١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠،٣
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL١٢٠٠٠–٦٠٠٠F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ١٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬E٤J ١٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

-٩٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

،‫א‬‫א‬ W  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K٨
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١ 
F 
   

F J ‫א‬KK‫א‬K J  -١

 J ١٩٩٠J E‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬

F J ‫א‬ ، ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
 ١٩٩٩J E‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F–J ‫א‬ -٣

EJ J ‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬F – -٤
 ١٩٩٤J

 ‫א‬‫א‬J E‫א‬‫א‬F–‫א‬ -٥

 E‫א‬FJ ‫א‬ -٦

E‫א‬F–‫א‬ -٧

Kalpakjian S., Schmid S, “Manufacturing Engineering and -٨
 Technology,” Addison Wesley Longman, Singapore, 4th ed., 2000


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  ‫א‬  ٢١١ 
 
   

١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ٣٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ٣٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
٣٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬J 
٤٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬J 
٤٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬J 
٤٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ‫א‬  ٢١١ 
 
   

٤٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬J 
٤٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬J 
٥١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ٥٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
٥٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
٥٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬J 
٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
٥٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
٦١ K K K K K K K K K Press WorkE‫א‬F‫א‬W 
٦٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬J 
٦٦ K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ٦٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K PolymerizationW‫א‬
 ٧٥ Thermoplastic and Thermosetting‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
٨٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ٢١١ 
 
   

٨٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
٨٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬
٨٩ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬
٩٤ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬
٩٦ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٧ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W
٩٨ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W
١٠٠ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠١ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٢ K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS