Dien khoi luong

1
6huong 16
Phng phap ien
khoi lng
Dien khoi luong
2
hguyan Iar
nh lng ion kim loai trong dd
Thc hien phan ng ien phan dung dch cha
M
n+
trong ieu kien
ien cc kim loai tr (Pt) a biet khoi lng
Ap at hieu the ap at thch hp
San pham dang ran bam vao ien cc
Can ien cc sau khi ien phan
Co the ien phan bang cach
Gi co nh hieu the ap at, thay oi cng o dong I
Gi co nh I, thay oi hieu the ap at
Dien khoi luong
3
hguyan Iar
Neu dd co hai hay nhieu cau t,
co the nhan:
- Nhng kim loai lan lt bam tren
cathode
- Kim loai cathode va oxyt kim
loai anode
-
+
+ 2
Cu
Dien khoi luong
4
ua Iha
Ox2
Kh2
E
cb2 E
I
Kh1 Ox1
E
cb1
E
A
E
C
E
E = E
A
E
C
Hieu so E
A
E
Cb1
hay E
cb2
E
C
goi la qua the cua he
E = E
cb1
E
cb2
+
=
A
+
C
=
e
+
C
+
R
Vi
e
Qua the hoat hoa;
C
qua the nong o va
R
qua
the ien tr
Dien khoi luong
5
ua Iha
e

Xuat hien do hien tng

phong ien cham
o ln qua the phu thuoc:
- Ban chat ien cc (nguyen lieu che tao, hnh dang ien
cc)
- Mat o dong
- Dd ien phan: dang cau t, nhiet o
- Dang san pham sinh ra be mat ien cc (kh, long, ran)
Qua the hoat hoa
Dien khoi luong
6
ua Iha
R
Qua the ien tr
Xuat hien do hai nguyen nhan
- ien tr cua lp dd sat mat ien cc tang do
viec giam nong o cau t khi tham gia phan ng
ien hoa
- Lp san pham mat ien cc lam can tr phan
ng ien hoa xay ra tiep theo sau
IR
R
=
Vi I cng o dong qua mach
R tong ien tr trong cua
bnh ien phan
Dien khoi luong
7
ua Iha
C

- S thay oi nong o hay dang hp chat cua cac cau t

sat vung ien cc
- Hay do s hnh thanh nguyen to galvanic gia hai cc tao
pin co sc ien ong ngc chieu vi dong ien ngoai
Qua the nong o
Xuat hien do
Th du: ien phan dd ZnCl
2
vi hai ien cc Pt
Sau mot thi gian ien phan, xem nh ien phan vi 2 ien cc kim loai
Zn va ien cc kh Cl
2
, tao nguyen to Galvanic
S phan cc nong o
Khuay tron dd, giam
C
Zn e Zn Cathode +
+
2 :
2
2
2 2 : Cl e Cl Anode

; 76 , 0 (
0
/
2
v E
Zn Zn
=
+
) 36 , 1
0
2 /
2
v E
Cl Cl
=

Dien khoi luong

8
-
+
+ 2
Cu
Hieu the ap at
Th du
Th du: ien phan dd Cu
2+
trong
moi trng acid vi [Cu
2+
] = 0,1 M,
[H
+
] = 1 M
ien cc Pt co dien tch S = 100
cm
2
/1 ien cc. Luc bat au ien
phan co I = 1 A, ien tr trong cua
dd ien phan R = 0,5
Tnh E
H
+
Dien khoi luong
9
Th du
v H E E
v Cu E E
v H E E
o
H H
cb
o
Cu Cu
cb
o
O H O cb
0 ] 1 lg[
2
059 , 0
0 ] lg[
2
059 , 0
31 , 0 10 lg
2
059 , 0
34 , 0 ] lg[
2
059 , 0
23 , 1 ] 1 lg[
4
059 , 0
23 , 1 ] lg[
4
059 , 0
2 2
2
/ 2
3
1 2
/
2 2
4 4
2
/
2
1
= + = + =
= + = + =
= + = + =
+
+
+
+
+

) 1 ( 23 , 1 , 4 4 2 :
0
2 2
v E H O e O H Anode = +
+
) 3 ( 0 , 2 2
) 2 ( 34 , 0 , 2 :
0
2
0 2
v E H e H
v E Cu e Cu Cathode
= +
= +
+
+

Dien khoi luong

10
Th du
E
I
+
H H 2
2
+

2
Cu Cu
2 2
O O H
0
0,31
1,23
E
+ =
2 1 cb cb
E E E
0 =
C

v
O e
85 , 0
2
= =
v E 3 , 2 ) 85 , 0 5 , 0 ( 31 , 0 23 , 1 = + + =
v IR
R
5 , 0 1 5 , 0 = = =
Dien khoi luong
11
Ian phan Irong dIau kIan Iha ap daI ro
d}nh
Nhng hien tng xay ra sau
mot thi gian ien phan:
- [Cu
2+
] giam E
cb2
giam
- [H
+
] tang E
cb1
tang
E = (E
cb1
-E
cb2
) tang. Neu
muon E co nh, giam
[Cu
2+
] giam I giam I
S
giam

e
giam,
R
=IR giam
E
I
+
H H 2
2
+

2
Cu Cu
2 2
O O H
0
0,31
1,23
E
Dien khoi luong
12
Ian phan Irong dIau kIan Iha ap daI ro d}nh
Gan cuoi qua trnh ien
phan:
- [Cu
2+
] giam nhieu E
cb2
giam nhieu, I giam nhieu
I
S
giam nhieu
e
giam,
R
giam
- [H
+
] tang E
cb1
tang
nhng do
O2
giam va E
dch ve pha trai nen xem
nh E
cb1
khong tang
Gan cuoi H
2
co the thoat ra
cathode ong thi vi ong
E
I
+
H H 2
2
+

2
Cu Cu
2 2
O O H
0
0,31
1,23
E
Dien khoi luong
13
6ar yau Io anh huong dan qua
Irnh Iao san pham
ien cc (tr, ben nhiet, de loai chat ban, giam sai so
khi can)
Qua the (
e
:
O2
va
H2
)
Mat o dong (I
S
tang,
e
tang; I
S
nho: tua qua mn, bam
khong chat; I
S
ln : tua tho, de ri. Thng chon I
S
=
0,005 0,050 A/cm
2
)
Dd ien phan
Khuay giam
C
, tang toc o di chuyen cau t ti
ien cc, uoi kh khoi dd
Nhiet o tang toc o di chuyen cau t ti ien cc,
giam
pH
Them cau t tao phc vi cau t khao sat hay loai
anh hng cua cau t nhieu...
Dien khoi luong
14
6ar yau Io anh huong dan qua
Irnh Iao san pham
Bien phap lam tang o chon loc
Di ng dong the
Dung phan ng tao phc
Them chat keo (gelatin, dextrin, albumin) de
b hap phu tren be mat ien cc can tr tac
dung cua nhng tam hoat ong, lam tang
Loai cau t nhieu bang can bang hoa hoc
Dien khoi luong
15
6ar yau Io anh huong dan qua
Irnh Iao san pham
Bien phap lam tang o
chon loc
Dung cau t on
E
I
+
H H 2
2
+

2
Cu Cu
+

2
Pb Pb
+
Ag Ag
+ +

3 2
Fe Fe
Th du1: ien phan Cu
2+
trong hon hp Pb
2+
va
Cu
2+
Th du 2: ien phan Ag
+
trong hon hp Ag
+
va
Cu
2+