Review of Energy Concepts from Strength of Materials

or some good-to-know background usually assumed by most vibration textbooks

G. Leng, ME, Dept, NUS

1. Try to explain why kinetic energy is mv2 ...

For a small displacement ds, the force on a moving particle

= m dv/dt

Total work done = = = m ds/dt dv m v dv m v2

G. Leng, ME, Dept, NUS

m dv/dt ds

2. Why is the elastic energy of a spring kx2 ?

Answer : Because ...

a) Work is done by the internal force b) The internal force is proportional to the deformation (Hookes Law) =
0

elastic energy

F (s)ds
1. Deform a small amount 2. The internal force changes with deformation 3. Sum up for total deformation
G. Leng, ME, Dept, NUS

For a linear spring F(s) = k s Hence elastic energy

x

F =
0

ksds
k x2

s =

Question : What happens if the spring is non-linear eg F(s) = ks3 ?

G. Leng, ME, Dept, NUS

Insight

Suppose the spring has a natural length lo and a cross-sectional area A

U ( A lo )

k x2

( kx ) ( x ) A lo strain volume

stress

G. Leng, ME, Dept, NUS

3. So what is the strain energy of a deformable body ?

Recall that a deformable or elastic body has

6 stress components T = { xx , yy , zz , xy , yz , zx }

6 strain components T = { xx , yy , zz , xy , yz , zx }

The strain energy of an elastic body is given by :

T dV V : volume of body
G. Leng, ME, Dept, NUS

units ?

Note that for a linear stress-strain law

[D ] Matrix of material constants

Hence U = = T dV

T [ D ] dV

Which is the standard quadratic form !

G. Leng, ME, Dept, NUS

Example : Strain energy of a bar

x

Displacement field is { u(x,t), 0, 0 } xx = = u/x E xx

Only non zero strain component

Hence the only non zero stress component is xx T dV

Strain energy = = =

u/x ( E u/x ) dV EA (u/x )2 dx

G. Leng, ME, Dept, NUS

Example : Strain energy of a beam

x

Displacement field { -z w/x, 0, w(x,t) } xx = = xx = = = T dV { E ( z2 dzdy) (2w/x2 )2}dx EIz (2w/x2 )2 dx

G. Leng, ME, Dept, NUS

Non zero strain

u/x

-z 2w /x2

Non zero stress

- E z 2w /x2

Strain energy