Diemons, Jared. Guns, Germs, Cree iow Tone Ns oeRs A Sloe The Fates of Human Socieves, oman history at lt tok of around 50000 yeas ago, athe time of hac have teed our Great Lap Forward The ent defi igo of {at leap come from Eat Arica sites with standrdaed sone tol ad theft peered jovelry(srichal beads Similar development seon apes in the Near East and in soutescer Europe, sen (ome 40/00 yest ago in southwestera Furope where abundant artacts se asset, sted with uly modern skeletons of people termed Cro-Magnons. Theat ‘the srbage preserved at archaclopal ses rapily becomes more 4d mor interes and eaves no db hat me are dealing with log calyand behaviorally modern humans ‘Co-Magnon garage heaps yield not ony stone tols bu also tols of bone whose suai fr shaping for instance, into fshooks) had 2onaey gone snrecomized by previous bumans. Took were prodeced in ders and stint shapes o moder that ther function a eles, ax, enraving tools, an so on are obvious us Instead fey snge rice tol sich ashand eld scrapes, lise tols made thee spre: soc. Recogizable nlpice weapons at Cro Magnon tes nclade fans Foon, pearhrower, and eventually bows and avon te pracuson of ‘sand other mule modem weapons. how ese mesma of ill ing ata safe dance permited the hunting of sch dangerous psy as Nn and cepa hile she invention of rope for ets ne and rare ‘lowed he dono sh and bird 0 cet. Remains of houses sed {er lating es toa reat improved abiy fo suvive in cl eh ‘at and emai of ewety nd cael bared selon nate reve laionary esthetic and spiival developments OF ths Cro-Magnons products that have been preserved, the best teow ae thee arworks: heir magic eave platings, ste, nd fre insrumens, which we sil sprecate a art today. Anyone who [Severed shane onerwheiming power of the liesied pated L 40 + GUNS, GERMS, AND STFEL Dull and hotses inthe Lascaux Cave of southwester France will ut stand ac once sat thir eearors mst have bee as modern it ei in ss they were in their skeletons, Orion, some momentous change rook plac in ou ancestors «0 Iiicsherween bout 100,000 and $0,000 years ago, That Grent I Forward poses wo major unreslved guestions, regarding it cause and its geographic locaton. As frit ease I argoed in my Ine he Third Chimpanzee foe the perfection ofthe woce box and hence *e anatomical basis of modern language, on which the exereise of buns “teatvity iso dependent. Others have suggested insted tht a hang Iran ganization around shat time, without a change in brain sie, mak oder Engage posse, A forthe site of he Grea Leap Forward di i take pice prin in ‘ne geographic area n one group of humans, wa wer thereby enable ‘o-expand an replace the former human populations of other prt of eh \workl? Or did ie occu in parallel i eiferent region, in each of which ‘the human populations living there raday would be descendants of ths populations fiving there hefore the lap? The rather mraerenki humam skulls fron Africa around 100,000 years ago have Bsn taken to support the former view, withthe leap occuring specially in Afric. Molecular sues (of soalled mitachondri! DNA} were iniily tvs snecqeted i terns af ah African origin of mole mans, thsh the "hose molecular findings is currently im doube. Om he thes hand, skulls of humans living in China and Indonesia unde of th sinds nf years ago are considered by some physical anchropigie to shir features sill found in modern Chinese and in Aboriginal Aust. hans, repel. If tue, thar finding would suggest parallel evolution ul moliegional origins of men humans ater than origins nasi le Garden of Een, The is emai unresolved The evince for a localized iain of modern humans followed by tie sovead and shen their replacement of oer eyes of humans elec, ‘om strongest for rope, Some 40,000 years a, ito Europe came the ‘CneMagnons, with their medeen sckton, superior weapons, a he! salva cultural alts. Within afew thousand year there were no mae Neandertals, who had been evolving a the aol occupants of Europe lor hundreds of rhousand of years. Tha seyuence strongly suggests hae de rmodem Cru-Magnons somehow used heir far superior technolo tl thei Engage sil or beans, nf, kill. or dspace the Neanderthal ‘caving behind litle or no evidence of bybidiation between Neanderthals and Cro‘Magnons