5

13

, ,

15

19

21

23

25

F G - 1 2

27

29

33

35

39

Stone-Weierstrass

41


. (X, d), X d ( )
d : X X [0, +) x, y, z X
(1) d(x, y) = 0 x = y.
(2) d(x, y) = d(y, x).
(3) d(x, y) d(x, z) + d(z, y) ( ).
.
(1) X . d : X X [0, +)

0,
d(x, y) =

1,

x = y
x , y

d ( ).
: 1.
. x = y d(x, y) = 0 d(x, z) + d(z, y). x , y
d(x, z) = d(y, z) = 0 x = y = z. d(x, z), d(z, y) 1,
d(x, y) = 1 d(x, z) + d(z, y).
d(x, y) = |x y|. d ( ).
(2) x, y
(3) x = (x(1), x(2), . . . , x(N)) , y = (y(1), y(2), . . . , y(N)) N

N
1/2
X

d2 (x, y) = |x(k) y(k)| .

k=1

d2 N , .
Minkowski:

N
1/2 N
1/2 N
1/2
X

X 2
X 2
2
(ak + bk ) ak + bk ,
k=1

k=1

k=1

Cauchy-Schwarz:
N
X
k=1

N
1/2 N
1/2
X 2
X 2

ak bk ak bk .
k=1

k=1

(4) x = (x(1), x(2), . . . , x(N)) , y = (y(1), y(2), . . . , y(N))

d1 (x, y) =

N
X
k=1

|x(k) y(k)|,

RN

d (x, y) = max |x(k) y(k)| .

1kN

d1 d N .
(5) C([a, b]) = { f : [a, b]
| f } ( [a, b]),
f, g C([a, b])

d ( f, g) = sup | f (x) g(x)|

x[a,b]

d1 ( f, g) =

| f g| .

 d d1 (
. ).
d1
, .
. (X, d) , x X > 0.

D(x, ) = {y X : d(x, y) < } .

D(x, ) () x - x.
.
(1) C([a, b]) d , - f
2
f .
(2) 2 , - x x . (
) x .
(3) 2 d , - x x
2.
(4) , 0.9999
. 1.0001 .

. (X, d) x, y X x , y, D(x, r), D(y, r)

r = d(x, y)/2 z D(x, r) D(y, r),

d(x, y) d(x, z) + d(y, z) < 2r = d(x, y),

. .
.

,
(1)
. , A
M > 0 |x| < M x A.
A (M, M) = D(0, M).
, ,

(2)
D(0, 2).
d2 d .
(3) N
, d d2 Nd . A
r
d Nr d2 . ,
A r d2
d .

R
R


. (X, d) , xn X x X . xn x
d

xn x lim xn = x xn x ( ), d(xn , x) 0. ,
> 0 n0 d(xn , x) < n n n0 . , > 0 n0
xn D(x, ) n n n0 .
( ). (X, d) , xn X x, y X .
xn x xn y, x = y.
. d(x, y) d(x, xn ) + d(xn , y) 0 n . d(x, y) = 0, x = y.

.
(1)

RN , xn x
lim xn (k) = x(k)

k = 1, 2, . . . , N ( ).
d2

, xn x k |xn (k) x(k)| d2 (xn , x) 0. , xn (k) x(k)

k,

N
1/2
X

2
d2 (xn , x) = |xn (k) x(k)| 0.
k=1

d d d2 Nd
x .
d

(2) C([a, b]) d fn f fn f .

(3) , x, x (
x x).
(4) . xn x xn
x. , {x} x
( , , 1/2), , , n0
xn {x} n n0 . xn = x n n0 .
. , :
(1) .
(2) x
x.


. (X, d) A X . A , x A > 0
D(x, ) A. A X r A .

D(x, )

D(x, )

()

()

d(x, y)

. (X, d) .
. D(x, ) . y D(x, ) D(y, d(x, y)) D(x, ).

.
(1) , .
. ,
.
(2) xn x A x A n0
xn A n n0 .
. (X, d) .

(1) Gi , i I , , iI Gi .
T
(2) G1 , . . . , Gn , nk=1 Gk .

(1) x iI Gi . x Gi0 i0 , > 0 D(x, ) Gi0 iI Gi .

T
(2) x nk=1 Gk . x Gk k. 1 , 2 , . . . , n > 0 D(x, k ) Gk
T
k. = min{1 , . . . , n }. D(x, ) Gk k. D(x, ) nk=1 Gk .

. (X, d) .

(1) F i , i I , iI F i .
S
(2) F 1 , . . . , F n nk=1 F k .

(1) F i , i I , X r F i , i I ,
(2) .

iI (X

r Fi ) = X r

iI

Fi

iI

Fi .


. (X, d) A X . A xn A
xn x x A.
. A xn A xn x. x < A.
x X r A. A , > 0 D(x, ) X r A. xn x, n0
xn0 D(x, ). xn0 X r A, xn0 < A, . ,
A A. A .
X r A , x X r A D(x, ) 1 X r A > 0. D(x, ) A ,
. , n
xn D(x, 1/n) A. d(xn , x) < 1/n 0, xn
x. x A .


.
(1) (X, d), . , x X y X r {x}.
x , y. r = d(x, y) > 0 x < D(y, r), {x} D(y, r) = ,
D(y, r) X r {x}. X r {x} , {x} .
S
(2) , F = {x1 , . . . , xn } F = nk=1 {xk }
.
(3) X , A X x A D(x, 1/2) =
{x} A. , .
(4)
, (0, 2) (0, 2) = D(1, 1). (0, 2)
1/n (0, 2) 0 < (0, 2).
(5)
, [0, 2]
0 2 0 2. [0, 2]
0 , 0
[0, 2].
(6) , (a, b) .
.
S
(7) (0, +) (0, +) =
n=1 (0, n) ( ).
(8) .
.
r

(9)
.
(10) A = {1/n : n } 1/n A 0 < A. A
.
(11) A = {1/n : n } {0}

R
R

R Q

N
N

[
R r A = (, 0)
n=1

!
1 1
(1, +)
,
n+1 n

. , A
.
(12)
[

RrZ=

nZ

(n, n + 1).

. ,

\
(1/n, 1/n) = {0}.
n=1

, .

( ). G
. G
.
. x G I x x
G ( G ). I x (S
) G = xG I x . , x, y G x , y I x = Iy ,
10

I x Iy = . I = {I x : x G}, I
S
G = II I . I . , I I
qI . I , : I
(I) = qI
, I .

1-1.

. . n , n > 1,
.
.
, , ,
.

11


. (X, d), (Y, ) f : X Y .

(1) f x0 X > 0 > 0 x X

d(x, x0 ) < ( f (x), f (x0 )) < . f .
(2) f > 0 > 0 x, y X
d(x, y) < ( f (x), f (y)) < .

,
(1) X = Y =
.
(2) f x0 > 0 > 0

f (D(x0 , )) D( f (x0 ), ).
Y
X

f
x0

f (x0 )
f (D(x0 , ))

D(x0 , )

D( f (x0 ), )

(3) f x0 xn X xn x0 f (xn )
f (x0 ).
(4) f, g : X
, , f g .
(5) X, Y, Z f : X Y , g : Y Z g f : X Z
.

. X , Y f : X Y . :
(1) f .
(2) A Y , f 1 (A) .
(3) A Y , f 1 (A) .

.
13

(1) (2) xn f 1 (A) xn x. f (xn ) A f (xn ) f (x) f . A

, f (x) A, x f 1 (A). f 1 (A) .
(2) (3) A Y . Y r A , f 1 (Y r A) = X r f 1 (A) ,
f 1 (A) .
(3) (1) x0 X > 0 . f 1 (D( f (x0 ), )) x0 f 1 (D( f (x0 ), )).
> 0 D(x0 , ) f 1 (D( f (x0 ), )). f (D(x0 , )) D( f (x0 ), ),
f .

.
.
. , f (x) = sin x
g(x) = arctan x, f ((10, 10)) = [1, 1] g( ) = (/2, /2).

.
(1) X Y f : X Y
X , f 1 (A) A Y .
(2) C = {(x, y) 2 : x2 + y2 = 1} C = f 1 ({1}), f (x, y) = x2 + y2
.

14

, ,
. (X, d) A X .

A = {x X : xn A xn x}.
A A A.
,
.
. x A xn = x,
A A. , A A.
. (X, d) A X .

(1) x A A.
(2) A .
(3) A A = A.

.
(1) x A > 0. A, xn A xn x. n0
xn0 D(x, ). , x A, n
xn A D(x, 1/n). d(xn , x) < 1/n 0, xn x,
x A.
(2) xn A xn x, x A. x1 A,
x1 A, y1 A d(x1 , y1 ) < 1.
, x2 A, y2 A d(x2 , y2 ) < 1/2.
yn A d(xn , yn ) < 1/n.
d(yn , x) d(yn , xn ) + d(xn , x) < 1/n + d(xn , x) 0. yn x, x A.
(3) A x A. xn A xn x. A
x A. A A, A = A, A A . , A = A,
A (1).


. A A. F X
F A x A, xn A xn x. xn F A
F . x F F .
.
(1)

Z = Z, Q = R, {1/n : n N} = {1/n : n N} {0}.

(2) RN , D(x, r) = {y RN : d2 (x, y) r}.
(0, 1) = (0, 1] = [0, 1) = [0, 1] = [0, 1],

. . ,
,

D(x, 1) = {x} = {x} , X = {y X : d(x, y) 1}.

15

. (X, d) A X .

A = {x X : > 0 D(x, ) A }.

A A A.
. .
. (X, d) A X .
(1) A .
(2) A = A A .

.
(1) xn A xn x. x A. > 0.
xn x, n0 xn0 D(x, ). r > 0 D(xn0 , r) D(x, ).
xn0 A, D(xn0 , r) A , D(x, ) A
.
(2) A A A. A A $ A. x
A. r > 0 D(x, r) A
. = min{d(x, y) : y D(x, r) A} > 0. D(x, ) A = , .

.
(1) , .
(2) , .

(3)

(0, 1) = (0, 1] = [0, 1) = [0, 1] = ((0, 1) {3}) = [0, 1],

Z = , Q = R,

{1/n : n

N} = {0}.

. (X, d) A X .

A = {x A : > 0 D(x, ) A}.

A A A.
.

(1) A A.
(2) .
.

(0, 1) = (0, 1] = [0, 1) = [0, 1] = ((0, 1) {3}) = (0, 1),

Z = , Q = ,

{1/n : n

. (X, d) A X .

A = A r A .

A A A.
.
(1) , .
(2)

(0, 1) = (0, 1] = [0, 1) = [0, 1] = {0, 1},

(3)

Z Z

= ,

Q = R.

R2 , .

.
. (X, d) , A X . :
(1) X r A = X r A .
(2) (X r A) = X r A.
(3) A = (X r A).

16

N} = .

.
(1) X r A X r A, X r A X r A . x X r A . x < A ,
r > 0 D(x, r) 1 A, D(x, r) (X r A) , . x X r A.
(2) (1) X r A A.
(3)

(X r A) = X r A r (X r A) = X r A (X r (X r A) ) = (X r A ) (X r (X r A))
= (X r A ) A = A r A = A.

17


X , 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , ,
, X k - k -, ,
k .
. X 1 , 2 X . :
(1) 1 - 2 -.
(2) 1 2 .
(3) 1 - 2 -.
.
(1)(2)
1

xn x

1 - A x A, n0 xn A n n0

2 - A x A, n0 xn A n n0
2

xn x

(2)(3) ,
. 1
2 , 1
2 .
(3)(1) .

.
.
( Hausdorff). 1 2 X
x X > 0 1 > 0 2 > 0 D1 (x, 1 ) D2 (x, ) D2 (x, 2 ) D1 (x, ),
D1 D2 1 2 .
. . D2 (x, ) 2
1 , 1 > 0 D1 (x, 1 ) D2 (x, ).
D2 (x, 2 ) D1 (x, ) D1 2 .
, A 1 -, x A . > 0 D1 (x, ) A.
, 2 > 0 D2 (x, 2 ) D1 (x, ) A. x , A 2 -.
2 -, 1 -.

.

Nd d d1 Nd ,
(1) N d1 , d2 d d d2
,
.
(2) C([0, 1]), d1 d . ,

1 nt, 0 t 1/n
fn (t) =

0,
1/n t 1
19

1/n

d1 ( fn , 0) =

1/n

(1 nt)dt =

1
0,
2n

d1

fn 0. fn

1, t = 0
h(t) =
,

0, t , 0

,
d , d .
d1 ( f, g) d ( f, g), d
d1 .

20


(X, d) Y X , Y
d Y Y . Y X . y Y
DY (y, r) Y , DX (y, r)
X .

DX (y, r) = {z X : d(y, z) < r}

DY (y, r) = {z Y : d(y, z) < r} = Y DX (y, r).
. X , Y X , A Y .

(1) A Y G X A = Y G.
(2) A Y F X A = Y F .

.
(1) A Y , x A r x > 0 DY (x, r x ) A.

A=

[
xA

DY (x, r x ) = Y

[
xA

DX (x, r x ) = Y G,

G X .
, A = Y G, G X , x A . x G,
G X , r > 0 DX (x, r) G.

DY (x, r) = Y DX (x, r) Y G = A.

A Y .
(2) A Y Y r A Y Y r A = Y G G
X A = Y F F X .

.
(1) Y X , A Y Y
X . .
(2) , , , ,
, . , , .
.
(1) X = , Y = [0, 2], A = [0, 1), A Y A = Y (666, 1). , A
X .
(2) X = 2 , Y =
{0} ( x), A = (1, 1) {0} (
x), A Y A = Y DX ((0, 0), 1). ,
A X . , Y
X 2- .
Y = , {n}, n Y , Y ,
(3) X =

R
R
R

{n} = Y (n 1/8, n + 1/8).

Y Y . ,
Y X .

21


. A X , A = X . X ,
.
.
(1) A x X A
x.
(2) A X A. x X
> 0, y A d(x, y) < .
.
(1)
,
= .
(2) X X .
.
(3) C([a, b]) d , , Weierstrass,
.

Q R

. (X, d) Y X , Y .

N
N

. {xn : n } X . y Y k ,
n(y, k) , d(xn(y,k) , y) < 1/k. k, {n(y, k) : y Y}
j
j
. yk Y , j , {n(y, k) : y Y} = {n(yk , k) : j }.

{ykj

: j, k

N} Y .
j

k 1/k < /2, j n(y, k) = n(yk , k).

, y Y > 0.

d(y, ykj ) d(y, xn(y,k)) + d(xn(y j ,k) , ykj ) < 1/k + 1/k < .
k


(Lindelof). X , Ai X , i I , .
S
S
J I iI Ai = iJ Ai .

. {xn : n } X . D
D(xn , 1/k), n, k . D , D = {Dm : m }.
S
A = iI Ai . x A i(x) I x Ai(x) . m(x)

x Dm(x) Ai(x) . {m(x) : x A} , x j A, j ,
S
{m(x) : x A} = {m(x j ) : j }. J = {i(x j ) : j }. A = iJ Ai .


23

N
N
N


. (X, d) . xn X Cauchy > 0 n0
m, n n0 d(xn , xm ) < . X Cauchy .
. Cauchy.

d(xn , xm ) d(xn , x) + d(xm , x).

.
, Cauchy
(1)
.
.
(2) N d2 . , xn Cauchy,
|xn (k) xm (k)| d2 (xn , xm ) , k = 1, 2, . . . , N , xn (k)
Cauchy , . xn d2
.
, qn
(3)
, qn Cauchy, .
(4) , (0, 1) , 1/n Cauchy
.
(5) (C([a, b]), d) . , fn Cauchy,

| fn (x) fm (x)| d ( fn , fm ),

fn (x) Cauchy
x, . f (x) = limn fn (x).
> 0. fn Cauchy, n0 d ( fn , fm ) < n, m n0 .
| fn (x) fm (x)| < n, m n0 x.
m +, | fn (x) f (x)| n n0 x.

sup | fn (x) f (x)| ,

x[a,b]

n n0 . fn f . f C([a, b]) fn f
d ( ,
d ).
(6) C([1, 1], d1) . ,

0, 1 x 0

fn (x) =
nx, 0 x 1/n .

1, 1/n x 1

fn Cauchy



1  1 1 
  ,
2 n m
1
, , n0 1/n0 < , m, n n0 d1 ( fn , fm ) < .
d1 ( fn , fm ) =

| fn (x) fm (x)| dx =

d1

fn f f . c 0 < c < 1 n 1/n < c

|f| =

| f fn | d1 ( fn , f ) 0,
25

1
c

| f 1| =

| f fn | d1 ( fn , f ) 0.

|f| =

| f 1| = 0.

f , [1, 0], 1
[c, 1]. 0 < c < 1 , f [1, 0],
1 (0, 1], f .
. X Y X . Y .
. xn Cauchy Y . xn Cauchy X , x.
Y , x Y .

. , (3) (4) ,
Y .
. (X, d) A X , diam (A) = sup{d(x, y) : x, y A}.
A.

(Cantor). (X, d) An X , n ,
T
diam (An ) 0 An+1 An n. x0 X
n=1 An = {x0 }.
. n xn An . xn Cauchy. , > 0, n0
diam (An0 ) < . n, m n0 xn xm An0 ,

d(xn , xm ) diam (An0 ) < .

X , xn x0 . , k xk , xk+1 , xk+2 , . . .
Ak x0 . Ak , x0 Ak . , x0
Ak . , , y0 , x0 y0
An , d(x0 , y0 ) diam (An ) 0. d(x0 , y0 ) = 0, x0 = y0 .

(Baire). X Gn X , n
T
.
n=1 G n .

N,

. G =
n=1 G n . G .
U X , U G , . G1 ,
 U G1

, D1 D1 U G1 diam D1 1. , G2
, D1 G2 , D2
D2 D1 G2 diam D2 1/2. , Dn

Dn Dn1 Gn diam Dn 1/n. Cantor,

).

n=1

Dn U G, U G , .

n=1

Dn (


. .
(0, 2) , An = (0, 1/n]
( (0, 2)!), , . ,
= {qn : n } , Gn = r {q1 , . . . , qn }, Gn (
!) , .

Q
Q

26

 F G - 1 2
. A X :
F , .
G ,
  .
, A = .
1 , .
2 , 1 .
. Baire 2 . ,
S
X X =
n=1 An , An , X r An
, , , .

\
\
[
(X r An )
(X r An ) = X r
An = ,
n=1

n=1

n=1

.
.
(1) , F G .
(2) F (X, d), G . ,
S
Gn = xF D(x, 1/n), n . Gn () F , F .
T
y
n=1 G n , n xn F d(xn , y) < 1/n.
xn y. F , y F . Gn F .
(3) , , ,
F .
S
,
= {qn : n } F
=
(4)
n=1 {qn }
(, F ). 1 ,
( ) . , .
T
=
G . G ,
n=1 G n G n .

R = Q (R r Q) =

[
[
{qn } (
n=1

R r Gn).

n=1

, , Baire,
,
1 . ,
{qn } = n. , ( r Gn ) = , n,
.
(5) (X, d), (Y, ) f : X Y .
f G . , x X > 0

( f, x, ) = sup {( f (z), f (w)) : z, w D(x, )} = diam ( f (D(x, )),

( f, x) = inf ( f, x, ),
>0

f x ( f, x) = 0.
f

{x X : ( f, x) = 0} =

(
\
n=1

) \

1
x X : ( f, x) <
=
Gn .
n
n=1

Gn , G .
27

R R .

(6) f :

28


. .
, , .
.
(1) xn = n
.
, , Bolzano(2) [0, 1]
Weierstrass, [0, 1] [0, 1].
(3) (0, 1) , xn = 1/n 0
(0, 1).
(4) [0, 1] . , xn = 1/n
.

R
R

. (X, d) .
. xn Cauchy. X , xkn
x X xkn x.

d(xn , x) d(xn , xkn ) + d(xkn , x) 0.


. ,
.

. A (X, d). A .
. xn A xn x. A , xkn y A
xkn y. xkn x y. x = y, x A,
A . A x0 X .
n A 1 D(x0 , n), A .
xn A d(xn , x0 ) n. A , xkn x A xkn x.

kn d(xkn , x0 ) d(xkn , x) + d(x, x0 ).

+, d(x, x0 ).

(4) .
.
. A
.

RN , A

. , N = 2. (xn , yn ) A .
xkn x.
xn , Bolzano-Weierstrass, xkn x
, ykn , ykn y
ykn y. xkn x
ykn y, (xkn , ykn ) (x, y). A , (x, y) A. A
.


29

. A X , f : A
f .

R .

. f . f
. xn A f (xn ) > n. A ,
xkn x A xkn x. f , f (xkn ) f (x). f (xkn )
, f (xkn ) > kn . s = sup f (A).
supremum, xn A s 1/n < f (xn ) s. f (xn ) s. A
, xn A xn , , , f (xn ) f ().
, f (xn ) s, , , f () = s = sup f (A). f
. f .

. (X, d), (Y, ) f : X Y . X , f
.
. f . > 0 xn , yn X
d(xn , yn ) < 1/n ( f (xn ), f (yn )) . X , xkn , ykn
x, y X xkn x ykn y.

d(x, y) d(x, xkn ) + d(xkn , ykn ) + d(ykn , y) 0.

x = y. , f , f (xkn ) f (x) f (ykn ) f (y) = f (x).

( f (xkn ), f (ykn )) ( f (xkn ), f (x)) + ( f (x), f (ykn )) 0,

.

( )
.
. X, Y f : X Y . A X , f (A)
.
. f (xn ) f (A). A xkn
xkn x x A. , f (xkn ) f (x), f (A) .

. X A X . Gi , i I , A
A.

iI

Gi ,

. (X, d) X S
. X = iI Gi , Gi , J I
S
S
X = iJ Gi . , i1 , i2 , . . . , in I , X = nk=1 Gik .

. , xn X .
n

Fn = {xn , xn+1 , xn+2 , . . . }.

F n , X r F n X , ,
, , X r F n1 , . . . , X r F nN , .
X r F n , X r F nN ,
T
FnN , . x
n=1 F n . x F 1 , k1 d(x, xk1 ) < 1.
x F k1 +1 , k2 > k1 d(x, xk2 ) < 1/2.
xkn d(x, xkn ) < 1/n, xkn x, X .
, X . > 0,
. , ,
S
xn xn+1 < nk=1 D(xk , ), n. xn
. xn , . n
1/n. An
S
.
n=1 An , X . G i , i I ,
X . . X ,
30

Lindelof, in I , n , X =
.
n=1 G
Sin
, xn < nk=1 Gik , n.
, xmn x xmn x. Gin
X , x Gin0 in0 , n1 xmn Gin0 n n1 . mn n0 ,
xn .


. .
.
,
.

, .
. > 0, .
. (X, d) .
. X . ,
, X .
, X . .
xn . X , 1.
, xn . D1 , xk1 D1 .
, D1 1/2,
xn D1 . D2 ,
xk2 D2 D1 , k1 < k2 . Dn 1/n,
xkn Dn Dn1 D1 , k1 < k2 < < kn . n m xkn , xkm Dm , d(xkn , xkm ) < 2/m.
xkn Cauchy, . .

.
(1) , , , ,
.
(2) X xn X xn x x X .
A = {xn : n } {x} . , Gi , i I , A, x
Gi0 . xn x Gi0 , n0 xn Gi0
n n0 . , i1 , i2 , . . . , in0 1 I xn Gin n < n0 .

A Gi0 Gi1 Gin0 1 ,

A .
(3) X . , {x}, x X ,
, X .

31


. (X, d), (Y, ) f : X Y .
(1) f 1-1, , f 1 , .
X Y .
(2) ( f (x), f (y)) = d(x, y) x, y X , f . f , X
Y .
.
(1) f 1 ,
, ,
.

. , X

Y , f : X Y ,
f 1 .
(2) , .
(3) X Y , A X , xn , x X , :
A f (A) .
A f (A) .
A f (A) .
xn x f (xn ) f (x).
X Y .
(4) X 1 2 ,
f : (X, 1 ) (X, 2 ) .
(5) X Y , X Y .

.

(1) (/2, /2)
f (x) = tan x.
. , , .
(2) ,
, .
(3) (a, b) (c, d)

f (x) = c + (x a)

dc
.
ba

. , .
,
. . ,
.
.

33


X , C(X)
f : X . f, g C(X), d ( f, g) = sup{| f (x) g(x)| : x X}.
X = [a, b], (C(X), d) . d

.
C(X).
. (X, d) . F C(X) ( )
, > 0 > 0 x, y X d(x, y) < f F
| f (x) f (y)| < .
, .
.
(1) C(X) .
(2) C([0, 1]) F = { fa : 0 a 666}, fa (x) = sin(ax). F
x, y [0, 1] 0 a 666 | fa (x) fa (y)| 666|x y|.
(Arzela-Ascoli). (X, d) fn C(X) :
x X fn (x) .
{ fn : n } .
fn ( d ).

. X , . A = {xn : n }
X . fn A.
( fn (x1 ))
, , Bolzano-Weierstrass, ,
n=1

( f1,n (x1 ))
.
,

(
f
(x
))

, , ( f2,n (x2 ))
1,n
2
n=1
n=1
n=1 .

, k ( fk,n )

(
f
)

k1,n
n=1
n=1
( fk,n (xk ))
.

g
=
f
.
n
n,n
n=1

g1 = f1,1

f1,2

f1,3

f2,1

g2 = f2,2

f2,3

f3,1
..
.
fn,1
..
.

f3,2
..
.
fn,2
..
.

g3 = f3,3
..
.
fn,3
..
.

f1,n

..
.

f3,n
..
.
gn = fn,n
..
.

f2,n

..
.

k, (gn )
n=k ( fk,n )n=1 , (gn (xk ))n=1 (
,
. k, k- xk , ).
gn Cauchy d , . > 0. ,
> 0 x, y X d(x, y) < n, |gn (x) gn (y)| < . X
, D1 , D2 , . . . , DN /2, .
A , j = 1, . . . , N , k j xk j D j . j
, n( j) |gn (xk j ) gm (xk j )| < m, n n( j).
(gn (xk j ))
n=1 Cauchy

35

 n0 = max{n(1), . . . , n(N)}. x X . x D j0 .
n, m n0

|gn (x) gm (x)| |gn (x) gn (xk j0 )| + |gn (xk j0 ) gm (xk j0 )| + |gm (xk j0 ) gm (x)| < 3,

(gn (xk j0 ))
n=1 Cauchy, d(x, xk j0 ) <
/2. supremum x d (gn , gm ) 3
n, m n0 , gn Cauchy d .

. C([0, 1])

1 nt, 0 t 1/n
fn (t) =

0,
1/n t 1

. , , ,
Arzela-Ascoli. fn .
, , Arzela-Ascoli
Bolzano-Weierstrass. ,
. ,
.
. (X, d) F C(X). F
, .
. F , . .
fn F. fn , , Arzela-Ascoli,
, F, . F .
, F , . .
S
> 0. F , f1 , . . . , fn F F nk=1 D ( fk , ).
{ f1 , . . . , fn } , > 0 x, y d(x, y) < 1 k n
| fk (x) fk (y)| < . , f F D ( fk0 , ), x, y
d(x, y) <

| f (x) f (y)| | f (x) fk0 (x)| + | fk0 (x) fk0 (y)| + | fk0 (y) f (y)| 2d ( f, fk0 ) + | fk0 (x) fk0 (y)| < 3.
F .

. F
, ( sup{| f (x)| : f F} < + x X ), .
F ,
. C(X) F , .
> 0. F , > 0 d(x, y) < | f (x) f (y)| < /3
x, y X f F. X , , x1 , . . . , xn X
S
X = nj=1 D(x j , ). F ,

A = {( f (x1 ), . . . , f (xn )) : f F}

Rn

, ( ). f1 , . . . , fm F

m
[

D2 (( fk (x1 ), . . . , fk (xn )), /3),

k=1

D2 . F D ( fk , ),
. , f F, fk

d2 (( f (x1 ), . . . , f (xn )), ( fk (x1 ), . . . , fk (xn ))) < /3.

, x X D(x j , ),

| f (x) fk (x)| | f (x) f (x j )| + | f (x j ) fk (x j )| + | fk (x j ) fk (x)| < /3 + /3 + /3 = .

36

 supremum x d ( f, fk ) < , f D ( fk , ).
(Dini). (X, d) , fn C(X), .
f C(X) fn (x) f (x) x X . fn f d ( ).
. , fn .
> 0. fn (x) f (x) x

X=

[
n=1

{x : | fn (x) f (x)| < } =

[
[
[
{x : fn (x) f (x) < } =
( fn f )1 ((, )) =
Gn .
n=1

n=1

n=1

fn f , Gn . X , n0
X = G1 G2 Gn0 . fn , Gn , X = Gn0 .
x n n0

| fn (x) f (x)| = fn (x) f (x) fn0 (x) f (x) < .

supremum x , d ( fn , f ) n n0 ,
fn f .


37

, , d
. (Xk , dk ), k
Q

X =
X
,

.
x = (x(k))
k=1 k
k=1 , y = (y(k))k=1 X ,

d(x, y) =

X
dk (x(k), y(k))
1
.

k
2 1 + dk (x(k), y(k))
k=1

d , (X, d) .
. (Xk , dk ), k

N, , X , (X, d) .
dk

, xn X x X d xn (k) x(k) k.
.

. xn x. k n0 2k d(xn , x) < 1 n n0 .
n

X 1
d j (xn ( j), x( j))
dk (xn (k), x(k))
1

= d(xn , x).

j 1 + d (x ( j), x( j))
2
2k 1 + dk (xn (k), x(k))
j n
j=1

2k d(xn , x)
0, n .
1 2k d(xn , x)
, xn (k) x(k) k, > 0. k0

X
1

< .
j
2
2
j=k +1
dk (xn (k), x(k))

k0
X
d j (xn ( j), x( j))
1

= 0,
j
n
2 1 + d j (xn ( j), x( j))
j=1

lim

n0 n n0

k0
X
d j (xn ( j), x( j))

< . n
j
2 1 + d j (xn ( j), x( j)) 2
j=1

d(xn , x) =

k0

X
X
X
d j (xn ( j), x( j))
d j (xn ( j), x( j))
d j (xn ( j), x( j))
1
1
1

=
+
j
j
j
2 1 + d j (xn ( j), x( j))
2 1 + d j (xn ( j), x( j)) j=k +1 2 1 + d j (xn ( j), x( j))
j=1
j=1
0

k0

X
X
d j (xn ( j), x( j))

1
1

< + = .
+

j
j
2 1 + d j (xn ( j), x( j)) j=k +1 2
2 2
j=1
0

. N , d2
.
. , d2 .
. Xk , k

N, . X .
39

. xn X .
Arzela-Ascoli. X1
x1,n (1) xn (1), x(1) X1 limn x1,n (1) = x(1). , X2
x2,n (2) x1,n (2), x(2) X2 limn x2,n (2) = x(2).
, k, xk,n xk1,n , x(k) Xk
limn xk,n (k) = x(k). Arzela-Ascoli, yn = xn,n .
yn (k) x(k) k, , , yn x, .


40

 Stone-Weierstrass
Weierstrass,

[a, b] . ,
d [a, b] C([a, b]).
Weierstrass [a, b]
.
. X . A C(X) , f, g C(X)
f + g, f g, c f A. A x, y X x , y
c
f A f (x) , f (y). 1 A A
. .

. [a, b] .
.
(1) A , x1 , x2 X x , y c1 , c2 ,
f A f (x1 ) = c1 f (x2 ) = c2 . , g A g(x1 ) , g(x2 ).

f = c1

g g(x1 )
g g(x2 )
+ c2
.
g(x1 ) g(x2 )
g(x2 ) g(x1 )

(2) .
(3) A , f A | f | A, s = sup{| f (x)| : x X}
A(t) = |t|, Weierstrass, Pn Pn A
[s, s]. Pn f A f = | f | d . Pn f A A
. | f | A A .
(4) A , f, g A,

f + g + | f g|
f + g | f g|
A, min{ f, g} =
A.
2
2
(Stone-Weierstrass). X , A C(X)
. A = C(X).
max{ f, g} =

. f C(X) > 0. g A d ( f, g) , g A = A,
A . x X y Y , (1) ,
hy A hy (x) = f (x) hy (y) = f (y). hy , y
Dy y hy > f Dy . Dy , y X , X ,
y1 , . . . , yn X X = Dy1 Dyn . g x = max{hy1 , . . . , hyn },
g x A ( (4) ), g x > f , g x (x) = f (x). g x ,
x Dx x g x < f + Dx . X ,
x1 , . . . , xm X Dx1 , . . . , Dxm X . g = min{g x1 , . . . , g xm }. g A
f (x) < g(x) < f (x) + . x, d ( f, g) .

. ,
Weierstarss, .
,
41

 [0, 1],

t. .
1
P0 (t) = 0, Pn+1 (t) = Pn (t) + [t P2n (t)].
2

Pn t.
Pn T , T (x) = x2 , , Dini,
.

. [a, b][c, d],

f (x, y) =

n
X

j,k=0

a jk

a jk x j yk ,

R , , C([a, b] [c, d]).

42