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Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass

832 00
JJ
II
1 230
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A #A A.
Minkowski: p 1 (xi )ni=1 , (yi )ni=1 Rn
n
1/p n
1/p n
1/p
X
|xi + yi |p |xi |p + |yi |p

i =1
i =1
i =1
A () f : A N
1 1 .

.
.
. {0, 1}N
0 1 .
R [a, b]
.

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1.1.
1.1.1 M - M
d : M M R

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1) d (x, y) 0 x, y M.
2) d (x, y) = 0 x = y.
3) d (x, y) = d (y, x ) x, y M.
4) d (x, y) d (x, z ) + d (z, y) x, y, z M.
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3 230
4) .
1.2.
1.2.1 (X, d ) .
) |d (x, z ) d (y, z )| d (x, y) x, y, z X .
)|d (x, y) d (z, u )| d (x, z ) + d (y, u ) x, y, z, u X .
n
1.2.2 d : R R R
d ((x1 , . . . , xn ), (y1 , . . . , yn )) = max |xi yi |
i n
1.2.3 Rn p 1
n
1/p
X
p
n
n
dp ((xi )i =1 , (yi )i =1 ) =
|xi yi |
i =1
1.2.4 d (x, y) = | x1
-
1
|
y
R+ = {x R : x > 0}.
1.2.5 N = {0, 1}n = {a

~ = (a1 , . . . , an ) : ai = 0 1 i n }
d (a
~, ~
b) = #({i n : ai , bi })
N .
1.2.6 S F (S) S
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4 230
d (A, B) = #((A \ B) (B \ A))

F (S).
1.2.7 C([0, 1]) = {f : [0, 1] R, f }. f, g C([0, 1])

d (f, g) =
|f (x ) g(x )|dx.
, -
d (, ) C([0, 1]).
1.2.8
) d (x, y) = |o(x ) o(y)|,
) d (x, y) = o|x y|
R.
1.2.9 (X, d ) .
i )d1 (x, y) =
d (x, y), ii )d2 (x, y) = min{1, d (x, y)}, iii )d3 (x, y) =
X .
d (x, y)
1 + d (x, y)
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1.2.10 (X, d ) d (x, y) = d (x, y)2

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1.2.11 p N ( ).
d : Z Z R :
d (n, n ) = 0 d (m, n ) = 1/r m n = pr 1 k
r, k k p. d (, ) Z.

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5 230

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2.1.
2.1.1 (X, d ) .
B(x, r ) = {y X : d (x, y) < r } x X r > 0
x r.

B(x, r ) = {y X : d (x, y) r } x X r > 0
x r.
2.1.2 (X, d )
) U X x U = (x ) > 0
B(x, ) U .

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6 230
) F X X \ F
.

2.1.3 (X, d ) A X .
) A, Ao
A = {x A : r > 0 B(x, r ) A}
o
) A, A X
A.

) A A = Ao
) F F = F .
) An , n N
n =1 An .
) Fn , n N
n =1 Fn .
a R (a, b),(, +)
(, a ) R [a, b], a < b, [, +), (, a ]
R.
2.1.4 F F = X .
F (F )o = .
2.2.
2.2.1.
2.2.1 (R2 , d ) d ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) =

p
(x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2
) A = {(x, y) R2 : x = 2}
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7 230
) A = {(x, y) R2 : x 2 + y2 > 1}
) A = {(x, y) R2 : x = y2 }
2.2.2 (X, d ) a X x B(a, ),
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B(x, d (x, a )) B(a, ).
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2.2.3 U
.
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2.2.4 R
) Qo = ,
) (R \ Q)o = ,
) Q R.
Q R.
2.2.5 A = { n1 : n N}
R.
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2.2.6 ) U1 , . . . , Uk (X, d ).
ki=1 Ui .
) F1 , . . . , Fk (X, d ). ki=1 Fi
.
) (Un )
n =1 R
T
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n =1 Un .
2.2.7 ) A (X, d )
A (A)o .
) C (X, d ) C Co .
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8 230
2.2.8 (X, d ) F X .
) F X x X B(x, ) F ,
> 0 x F .
) x F B(x, ) F , > 0.
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2.2.9
.
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2.2.10 A - (R, | |).
C = {x A : > 0 (x, x + ) A = }
.
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2.2.11 R U R
.
) x U Ix
x U . Ix .
) x, y U x , y Ix = Iy Ix Iy = .
) U
.
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2.2.12 (X \ A)o = X \ A.
2.2.13 (X, d ) A X .

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1. A .
9 230
2. (X \ A)o X .
3. C x C > 0 B(x, ) A = .
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2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.1 (X, d ) B X . x X
B x B X \ B. B
Bd B.
2.3.2 (X, d ) , x X A X x A, dist(x, A)
dist(x, A) = inf{d (x, a ) : a A}.
(2.1)
2.3.2.
2.3.3 ) Bd B A B Bd B Bd A.
) Ao Bd A = A.
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Stone-Weierstrass
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2.3.4

) Bd (A) Bd (A)
) Bd (A0 ) Bd (A)
R .
2.3.5
) Bd(Bd(A)) Bd(A)
) Bd(Bd(Bd(A))) = Bd(Bd(A)).
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10 230
2.3.6 (X, d ) A X diam(A) = diam(A).

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2.3.7 (X, d ) .
A, B X diam(A B) diam(A) + diam(B),
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2.3.8 ) (X, d ) , x X A, B X
A B.
dist(x, B) dist(x, A) dist(x, B) + diam(B).
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,
) A, B R A B x R
dist(x, A) > dist(x, B) + diam(B \ A).
2.4.
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
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2.4.1.
2.4.1 (X, d ) A X .
) x X A x A \ {x }.
A acc(A).
) x A A U (x ) x
U (x ) A = {x }. (A).
2.4.2.
2.4.2 (X, d ) A X x acc(A)

x A.
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11 230
2.4.3 (X, d ) A X . A = acc(A) (A).

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2.4.4 (X, d ) A X . (A) = A \ acc(A).

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2.5.
2.5.1.
2.5.1 X d, X . d,
(X, d ) (X, ) ,
U X d
.
2.5.2.
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
2.5.2 d, X
m, M R
md (x, y) (x, y) Md (x, y) x, y X
.
(2.2)
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2.5.3 1.2.2, 1.2.3 .
12 230
d (x,y)
1+d (x,y)
2.5.4 (X, d ) (x, y) =

( 1.2.9) d.
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2.5.5 d, X m, M,

d (x, y) < md (x, y) (x, y) Md (x, y)

(2.3)
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2.5.6 d (x, y) = |x y|, (x, y) = o|x y|

R, M R d (x, y) M(x, y).
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Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
3.1.
3.1.1 (xn )n N (X, d ) x X

> 0 n0 N d (xn , x ) < n n0 .
3.1.2 (xn )n N (X, d ). (nk )k N
nk < nk +1 k N. (xnk )k N
(xn )n N .
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14 230
3.1.3 (xn )n N (X, d ) Cauchy

> 0 n0 N d (xn , xm ) < n, m n0 .
3.1.4 (X, d ) Cauchy (X, d ) .
R .
C([a, b])

d (f, g) = sup{|f (x ) g(x )| : x [a, b]}.
.
C([a, b])
.
3.2.

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3.2.1 (xn )n N Cauchy (X, d ) (xkn )n N , (xn )n N .

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3.2.2 (X, d ) . x F
(xn )n N F lim d (xn , x ) = 0.
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3.2.3 (xn )n N (X, d ) x0 X
> 0 n N m > n xm B(x0 , ).
(xnk )k N (xn )n N x0 .
-
3.2.4 d, X .
) d,
) (xn )n N d (xn )n N
.
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3.2.5 (xn )n N (X, d ) (x2n )n N , (x2n +1 )n N , (x3n )n N . (xn )n N .
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15 230
3.2.6 (xn )n N , (yn )n N Cauchy (X, d )

(an )n N an = d (xn , yn ) .
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3.2.7 (X, d ) (xn )n N X
P
n =1
d (xn , xn +1 ) < + .
3.2.8 (X, d ) D X D = X .
Cauchy D (X, d ) .
3.2.9 (X, d ) .
1. X .
2. , (Fn )n N lim diam Fn =

n
0 n N Fn , . n N Fn .
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3.2.10 F : (X, d ) (Y, ) x0 X
> 0 > 0 (f (x ), f (x0 )) < x X d (x, x0 ) < .
3.2.11 (X, d ), (Y, ) . (fn )n N X Y f : X Y lim d (fn , f ) = 0, f

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3.2.12 (X, d ) . (C(X ), d ) .

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3.2.13 C1 [0, 1] = {f : [0, 1] R, f }

d (f, g) = sup |f (t ) g(t )| + sup |f 0 (t ) g0 (t )|

t [0,1]
t [0,1]
3.2.14 C([0, 1]) = {f : [0, 1] R, f } d (f, g) =
R1
|f (x ) g(x )|dx. (C([0, 1]), d ) .

0
3.2.15 N d (m, n ) = | m1 n1 |
N . -
3.2.16 R
d (x, y) = |o(x ) o(y)|

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4.1.
4.1.1 (X, d ) . D X
X D = X .
A X B X
A A B.
4.1.2 (X, d )
.
(R, | |), | |
Q = R.
4.1.3 (X, d ) . x X A X A.
Ac (A) A.

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18 230

4.1.4 (X, d ) D .
-
U U D = U .
4.1.5 (X, d ) (Ui )i I

. Ui , i I
.
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, -
4.1.6 B = {f : [, ] R : f }. B
d (f, g) = sup{|f (x ) g(x )| : x [, ]}.

(B, d ) .
4.1.7 (X, d ) {Bn : n N}

G x G n N x Bn G.
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4.1.8
-
{0, 1}N .
4.1.9 (X, d )
(X, d ) .
-
4.1.10 (X, d ) A X .
) Ac (A) A .
) Ac (A B) = Ac (A) Ac (B) A, B X .
4.1.11 (X, d ) .
) A X A .
) A (X \Ac (A)) Ac (A) = Ac (Ac (A)).
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JJ
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19 230
4.1.12 (X, d ) f : X R
. f x0 X
U x0 f (x0 ) > f (x ) x U, x , x0 . M
X f . M .
-

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,
4.1.13 ) G R
, x, y G x + y G, x G.
R G = {n : n Z}
G R, x < y R g G x < g < y.
) {(n ) : n N} [0, 1]
{(n ) : n N} = [0, 1].
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20 230

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Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
5.1.
5.1.1 (X, d ), (Y, ) f : (X, d ) (Y, ) .

f x X > 0 > 0
(f (x ), f (y)) <
x, y X d (x, y) < .
f x X .
5.1.2 (X, d ), (Y, ) f : (X, d ) (Y, ) .
.
JJ
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21 230
) f .
) U Y f 1 (U ) .
) F Y f 1 (F ) .
5.1.3 (X, d ), (Y, ) F X Y . F x X
> 0 > 0
(f (x ), f (y)) < y X d (x, y) < f F .
F x X .
5.1.4 (X, d ), (Y, ) fn : X Y (fn )n N f : X Y
> 0 n0 N
(fn (x ), f (x )) < n n0 x X
5.1.5 (X, d ), (Y, ) f : X Y .
f > 0 > 0
(f (x ), f (y)) < x, y X d (x, y) < .
f : [a, b] R .
6 , 6.1.27
5.1.6 f : (X, d ) (Y, )
(0, 1)
(f (x ), f (y)) d (x, y) x, y X .
5.1.33 f : (X, d ) (X, d )
x X f (x ) = x.

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22 230

5.1.7 (C([0, 1]), d ). F :
C([0, 1]) R F (f ) =
R1
0
f (x )dx .

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, -
5.1.8 f : (X, d ) (Y, ) . f x0 (xn )n N lim d (xn , x0 ) = 0

n
lim (f (xn ), f (x0 )) = 0.
5.1.9 f : (X, d ) (Y, )

A X
f (A) f (A).
-
n
5.1.10 R 1.2.3.
j = 1, . . . , n pj : Rn R pj (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = xj .
-
5.1.11 (X, d ) f : (X, d ) R . f (X ) R.
-
5.1.12 (X, d ) K X .
) f : (X, d ) R

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f (x ) = dist(x, K ) = inf{d (x, y) : y K },
23 230
.
) K x X dist(x, K ) = 0
x K.
-
5.1.13 (X, d ) .
) F
(Gn )n N F = n N Gn .
) G (Fn )n N
G = n N Fn .
-

-
,
5.1.14 (X, d ) A, B
X . f : X [0, 1] f|A = 0 f|B = 1.
-
5.1.15 (X, d ) (fn )n N X R. lim fn (x ) x X
f : X R f (x ) = lim fn (x ) .
5.1.16 (X, d ) , (Y, ) f : (X, d )

(Y, ) . (Fn )n N X lim diam(Fn ) = 0 f (n N Fn ) = n N f (Fn ).
-
n
5.1.17 f (x ) = 1/x, x D = (0, +)

D.
-
5.1.18 f : (X, d ) (Y, )
Cauchy (xn )n N X (f (xn ))n N Cauchy Y .
5.1.19 (X, d ) f : X R
. (X, d ) . -

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24 230
5.1.20
) f : [1, 1] R f (x ) = 1+1x 2 .
) f : R R f (x ) = 1+1x 4
) f : (1, +) R f (x ) = (1xx )2 .
5.1.21 ) f (x ) = (x ) R.
) f (x ) = ( x1 ) (0, 1).
-
5.1.22 f : R R
lim f (x ) = 0 = lim f (x ).
x +
f .
5.1.23 f : (0, 1) R limx 0+ f (x ) .

-
5.1.24 f : R (1, 1) f (x ) =
, 1-1, f
x
1+|x |
5.1.25 (X, d ) (fn )n N C(X ).

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25 230
D = {x X : (fn (x ))n N Cauchy }
5.1.26 fn : [a, b] R, n = 1, 2 . . . , ,
f : [a, b] R lim d (fn , f ) = 0 (an )n N , (bn )n N
n
[a, b] lim an = a, lim bn = b.

n
bn
lim
fn (x )dx =
an
-
, -
f (x )dx.
5.1.27 ) (fn )n N
(X, d ) f . lim d (xn , x ) = 0
n
lim fn (xn ) = f (x ).
n 2 x,
0 x 1/n
2
) fn =
n
x
+
2n
1/n x 2/n lim fn (x ) = 0 x [0, 1]
0
2/n x 1
lim fn (1/n ) , 0. fn f )
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
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JJ
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5.1.28 f : R R n N
[nf (x )]
fn : R R fn (x ) = n , [a ] a.
(fn )n N f .
-
5.1.29 fn : [0, +) R fn (x ) = o(nx ). a > 0

(fn )n N [a, +)
[0, +).
-
26 230
5.1.30 C([0, 1]) (fn )n N
0
x [0, 1] \ [ 2n1+1 , 21n ]
n +2
fn (x ) =
2 (x 2n1+1 ) x [ 2n1+1 , 2n1+1 + 2n1+2 ]
2n +2 x + 4
x [ 2n1+1 + 2n1+2 , 21n ]

-
,

) x [0, 1], lim fn (x ) = 0.
) d (fn , fm ) = 1 m , n.
) (fn )n N .
5.1.31 fn : [0, 1] R fn (t ) =
n 2 t (1 t )n .
) t [0, 1] lim fn (t ) = 0
n
) (fn )n N f = 0.
5.1.32 f : R R .
a, b R
|f (x )| a kx k`2 + b x Rn .
x = (xi )ni1 Rn , kx k`2 = (
Pn
i =1
xi2 )1/2 .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
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5.1.33 (X, d ) . f : (X, d ) (X, d )

. x X f (x ) = x.
-
5.1.34 2x = (x ) 2
I = [1.5, 0.5].
-
2x +3
5.1.35 f : [2, +) R f (x ) = 3x
+2
x [2, +) f (x ) = x. x.
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II
27 230

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, -
6.1.
(X, d ) .
6.1.1 (X, d ) A X . A
> 0 n N x1 , . . . , xn A A ni=1 B(xi , ).
6.1.2 (Ui )i I X
X
) i I Ui (X, d )
) X = i I Ui .
(Ui )i I I N.
(Ui )i I I .
(X, d ) (Ui )i I
X ,

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F I X = i F Ui .
6.1.3 (X, d ) . K X
.

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, -
6.1.4 (X, d ) .
) X .
) .
:) K (X, d ).
X \ K K .
x X \ K. y K y = d (x, y) > 0. y
Vy = B(y, y /4) K. y K
B(y, y /4) B(x, y /4) = .
(6.1)
(Vy )yK K K
y1 , . . . , yn K
K = Vy1 Vyn = (B(y1 , y /4) B(yn , y /4)) K.
U = ni=1 B(x, yi /4) U
x U K = . z U K x U (Vy1 Vyn )
(6.1).
x U X \ K X \ K .
) K X F K.
(Ui )i I F (K \ F ), (Ui )i I
K. K L I
K = i L (K \ F ). F i L Ui F .

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29 230
6.1.5 (X, d ) f : (X, d ) (Y, )

f (X ) Y .

1
: (Ui )i I f (X ). f (Ui ), i I
X i I f 1 (Ui ). X F
I X i F f 1 (Ui ) f (X ) i F Ui . (Ui )i F
(Ui )i I f (X ) Y .

6.1.6 (X, d ) . (Fi )i I X
G I
i G Fi , .
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,
6.1.7 R R2 .
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
i )A = [0, 1),
ii )A = [0, +)
iii )A = Q [0, 1]
v)A = {x, y) : |x | + |y| 1}
iv)A = {(x, y) : 4x 2 + y2 = 1}
vi )A = {x, y) : x 2 + 2y2 > 1}
vii )A = {(x, y) : x 1, 0 y 1/x }.

-
6.1.8 (X, d ) (xn )n N
x X . F = {xn : n N} {x } X .
-
JJ
II
30 230
6.1.9 A (X, d ) A K
K X . A .
-
6.1.10 A (X, d ) B A
B .
-
6.1.11 (xn )n N (X, d ) A = {xn :
n N}.
) (xn )n N Cauchy A .
) A (xn )n N Cauchy .
-
6.1.12
6.1.13 K (X, d ) K . K
.
-
6.1.14 (X, d )
1. (X, d ) .
2. (xn )n N X .

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3. (X, d ) .
31 230
-
6.1.15 (X, d ) . (X, d )
{Fi : i I } X
i I Fi , .
-
6.1.16 f : (X, d ) R F X
f|F . f .
-

6.1.17 6.1.14
:
(X, d ) f : (X, d ) (Y, )
f (X ) Y .
-
6.1.18 (X, d ) f : X R
x1 , x2 X
-
,
f (x1 ) = inf{f (x ) : x X }, f (x2 ) = sup{f (x ) : x X }.
[a, b] R .
6.1.19 [a, b] (Ui )i I [a, b]. (Ui )i I .

) [a, b] = I0,1 I0,2 I0,1 = [a, c ], c = a +2 b I0,2 = [c, b]
(Ui )i I I0,1 , I0,2 .
) I1 ) (Ui )i I
c1 .
I1 = I1,1 I1,2 I1,1 = [min I1 , c1 ], I1,2 = [c1 , max I1 ]
(Ui )i I I1,1 , I1,2 .
I2 .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
JJ
II
32 230
) ), ) (In )n N

1) I1 I2 I3 . . .
2) In = [an , bn ] lim bn an = 0.
, -
3) n N (Ui )i I
In .
) x0 [a, b] lim an = x0 = lim bn .

n
) n0 N Ui [an , bn ] Ui n n0
.
)-) [a, b]
R.
-
6.1.20 A - R f : A R
.
-
6.1.21 A - R f : A R
x1 , x2 A f (x1 ) = inf{f (x ) : x A}
f (x2 ) = sup{f (x ) : x A}.
-
6.1.22 (X, d ) f : X X
f (x ) , x x X . > 0 d (f (x ), x ) x X .
-

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
JJ
II
33 230
6.1.23 (X, d ) . H, K X
d (K, H ) = inf{dist(x, H ) : x K }.
) K X H
d (K, H ) = 0 H K , .
) H, K U, V
K U H V .
-
6.1.24 (X, d ) f : X X
d (f (x ), f (y)) = d (x, y). f .
-
6.1.25 (Fa )a I , .
a I F , .
-
6.1.26 (X, d ) (fn )n N X . lim fn (x ) x X
6.1.27 (X, d ) .
) f : X R .
) (fn )n N . fn ,
n N, > 0 > 0
|fn (x ) fn (y)| < x, y d (x, y) < n N.

-
6.1.28 X (fn )n N
X R. (fn )n N Cauchy (C(X ), d (, , ))
fn , n = 1, . . . .
-

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
JJ
II
34 230
6.1.29 (X, d ) f, fn , n N
lim d (xn , x ) = 0 lim fn (xn ) = f (x ).

n
f (fn )n N f .

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
JJ
II
35 230

-
, -
7.1.
(X, d ) Y X . Y A, B X A B = Y , A Y , B Y , .
7.1.1 (X, d ) U1 , U2 X U1 , U2 .
A (X, d )
.
A
U1 , U2
U1 A , , U2 A , A U1 U2 .
R ,
7.2.9

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
JJ
II
36 230
7.1.2 (X, d ) f : (X, d ) (Y, )

. f (X ) Y .

: f (X ) Y .
U1 , U2 Y
-
,
f (X ) U1 U2 , f (X ) U1 , f (X ) U2 , .
1
f f (U1 ), f (U2 ) X .
X = f 1 (U1 ) f 1 (U2 ) X f 1 (U1 ) = f 1 (U2 ) = .
f (X ) U1 = , f (X ) U2 =
.
f (X ) Y .
7.1.3 (X, d )
x X , x x .
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
7.1.4 (X, d ) , x X
x.
7.1.5 (X, d ) -
x X {x }.
JJ
II
37 230
7.1.6 (X, d )
x, y X f : [0, 1] X f (0) = x f (1) = y.
A x, y A
f : [0, 1] A f (0) = x f (1) = y.
7.2.
7.2.1 (X, d ) F1 , F2 X F1 , F2
-
7.2.2 R = [0, 1]
(2, 4] .
-
7.2.3 f : (X, d ) (Y, ) A X
f (A) .
-

-
,
7.2.4 A = {(x, y) : x 2 y2 10} R2

.
-
7.2.5 U (X, d ) f :
U Z , f .
-
7.2.6
R2 .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
A = {(x, y) R : y = 0} {(x, y) R : x > 0, y = 1/x }

2
JJ
II
7.2.7 ) A A B A B
.
) A, B A B , . A B
.
-
7.2.8 (X, d ) . (X, d )

f : (X, d ) {0, 1} . -
38 230
R
[a, b], (a, b), [a, +), (, a ] (a, +), (, a ) R.

7.2.9 I R K1 , K2 R
I K1 K2 Ki I , . a1 I K1 b1 I K2 .
a1 < b1 . 1
(a1 , b1 ) 1 K1 1 K2 . I2 = (1 , b1 )
I2 = (a1 , 1 ).
)
In = (an , bn )
-
,
1. In In +1 n N.
2. (an )n N (bn )n N
3. bn an = (b1 a1 )/2n 1 n N.
) (an )n N , (bn )n N x0 .
) x0 I (K1 K2 ).
I .
7.2.10 R .
R .
-
7.2.11 .
-
7.2.12 A = {(0, y) : y [1, 1]} {(x, ( x1 )) : x > 0}
) A
) A
-

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
JJ
II
39 230
7.2.13 (X, d ) (An )n N .

) An An +1 , n N n N An .
) n N An , n N An . -
7.2.14 R2

-
,
) A1 = {(x, x/n ) : x R, n N}.
) A2 = {(x, y) : x , 0}
) A3 = {(x, y) : y , 2} {(0, 2)}.
7.2.15 (X, d ) A
X . Bd (A) , .
-
7.2.16 (X, d ) , C X A X
C A , C (X \ A) , . C Bd (A) , .
-
7.2.17 (X, d )
X X .
-
7.2.18 (X, d ) . X .
-
7.2.19 X
- .
-

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
JJ
II
40 230
7.2.20
- .
-

-
, -
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
8.1.
8.1.1 (Arzela-Ascoli) K (X, d )

F K.
) F C(K ).
) F .
JJ
II
Arzela-Ascoli
41 230
8.1.2 (Arzela-Ascoli ()) (X, d ) (Y, ) . F X Y

x X
{f (x ) : f F } Y .
8.1.3 (Stone-Weierstrass) A
, (X, d ). A
X X ,
A X .

-
,
8.2.
8.2.1 fn : [a, b] R
. (fn )n
.
-
8.2.2 fn : [a, b] R
|fn0 (x )| 1 x [a, b] n N (fn )n N
.
-

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
8.2.3
M = {f : [0, 1] R : f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1 sup |f (t )| 1, f } C([0, 1])
t [0,1]
C([0, 1]) d (f, g) = maxt [0,1] |f (t ) g(t )|.

F : M [0, 1] F (f ) =
C([0, 1]).
R1
0
f 2 (t )dt M
-
8.2.4 T : (C([a, b]), d ) (C([a, b]), d ) Tf (x ) =

Rx
f
(
t
)
dt.
a
) T .
) (fn )n N C([a, b])
(Tfn )n N [a, b].
-
JJ
II
42 230
8.2.5 (X, d ) . F
(X, d ) (X, d ) F .
-

8.2.6 f : [0, 1] R
k N. f = 0.
R1
0
f (x )x
= 0
-
-
,
8.2.7 , x 2
C([0, 1]) C([1, 1]). -
R1
8.2.8 f C([0, 1]) 0 f ( 2n+1 x )dx = 0 n N.

f (x ) = 0 x [0, 1].
f [1, 1];. -

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
.
JJ
II
43 230

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
44 230
: .

-
,
1.2.1

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
45 230
: Minkowski.

-
,
1.2.3

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
46 230
: )
f (x ) = o(x + y) o(x ) o(y) y, x [, +)

-
,

1.2.8

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
47 230
: d3 (, )
f (x ) = 1+x x x 0.

-
,

1.2.9

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
48 230
:
.

-
,

1.2.11

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
49 230
: )
d (x, z ) d (x, y) + d (y, z ) d (x, z ) d (y, z ) d (x, y)
(8.1)
d (y, z ) d (x, y) + d (x, z ) d (x, y) d (x, z ) d (y, z ).
(8.2)
(8.1),(8.2)
d (x, y) d (x, z ) d (y, z ) d (x, y) |d (x, z ) d (y, z )| d (x, y).
d (x, z ) d (x, y) + d (y, z )
d (x, y) + d (y, u ) + d (u, z ) y, z, u

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
d (x, z ) d (y, u ) d (x, y) + d (z, u ).

d (y, u ) d (x, y) + d (x, u )
d (x, y) + d (x, z ) + d (u, z ) x, u, z

d (x, y) d (z, u ) d (x, z ) d (y, u ).

(d (x, y) + d (z, u )) d (x, z ) d (y, u ) d (x, y) + d (z, u )
JJ
II
50 230
|d (x, z ) d (y, u )| d (x, y) + d (z, u ).
1.2.2
: ~
x = (x1 , . . . , xn ), ~
y = (y1 , . . . , yn )
d (~
x, ~
y) 0 d (~
x, ~
y) = d (~
y, ~
x ).
d (~
x, ~
y) = 0 max |xi yi | = 0 xi = yi i n ~
x =~
y.
i n
. ~
x = (x1 , . . . , xn ), ~
y = (y1 , . . . , yn ),
~
z = (z1 , . . . , zn ) Rn .
i n,
|xi yi | |xi zi | + |zi yi | d (~

x, ~
z ) + d (~
z, ~
y)
maxi n |xi yi | d (~
x, ~
z ) + d (~
z, ~
y) d (~
x, ~
y) d (~
x, ~
z ) + d (~
z, ~
y ).
1.2.2

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
51 230
: ~
x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) ~
y = (y1 , . . . , yn )
dp (~
x, ~
y) 0 dp (~
x, ~
y) = dp (~
y, ~
x ).
n
1/p
X
dp (~
x, ~
y) = 0
|xi yi | = 0 |xi yi |p = 0 i = 1, . . . , n
i =1
xi = yi i n ~
x =~
y.
Minkowski
p 1 ~
x = (xi )ni=1 , ~
y = (yi )ni=1 Rn
n
1/p n
n
1/p
X
X p 1/p X
p
p
|xi + yi | |xi | + |yi |
i =1
i =1
i =1

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
Minkowski
n
1/p
X
p
dp (~
x, ~
y) =
|xi yi |
i =1
n
1/p
X
= |(xi zi ) + (zi yi )|
JJ
II
i =1
n
1/p n
1/p
X
p
p
|xi zi | + |zi yi |
i =1
i =1
52 230
= dp (~
x, ~
z ) + dp (~
z, ~
y)
1.2.3
: d (x, y) 0 d (x, y) = d (y, x ) x, y > 0. ,

d (x, y) = 0 |
1
x
1
y
| = 0 x = y.
, x, y, z R+
d (x, y) = |
1
x
1
x
1
y
1
z
|
|+|
1
z
1
y
= d (x, z ) + d (z, y).

d (x, y) .

1.2.4

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
53 230
: d (a
~, ~
b) 0 d (a
~, ~
b) = d (~
b, a
~ ).

d (a
~, ~
b) = 0 ai = bi i = 1, . . . , n a
~=~
b.
-
,
a
~, ~
b, ~
c N .
d (a
~, ~
b) d (a
~, ~
c ) + d (~
c, ~
b ).
i n ai , bi . ai , ci i Aa~,~c = {j n : aj , cj }. ai = ci
ci , bi ci = bi ai = ci = bi .
{i n : ai , bi } {i n : ai , ci } {i n : bi , ci }
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
d (a
~, ~
b) = #{i n : ai , bi }
.
# ({i n : ai , ci } {i n : bi , ci })
#{i n : ai , ci } + #{i n : bi , ci } = d (a
~, ~
c ) + d (~
c, ~
b ).

1.2.5
JJ
II
54 230
: d (A, B) = d (B, A) 0 A, B F (S).

,
d (A, B) = 0 #((A \ B) (B \ A)) = 0
A \ B = B \ A =
A B B A A = B.
A, B, C S.
x (A \ B) (B \ A).
x A \ B x C x C \ B. x < C x A \ C.
A \ B (A \ C) (C \ B).
x B \ A x C x C \ A. x < C x B \ C.
B \ A (C \ A) (B \ C).

(A \ B) (B \ A) (A \ C) (C \ B) (C \ A) (B \ C)

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
d (A, B) = #(A \ B) (B \ A)
#((A \ C) (C \ B) (C \ A) (B \ C))
#((A \ C) (C \ A)) + #((C \ B) (B \ C))
= d (A, C) + d (C, B).
JJ
II
55 230

2.4.2
: d (f, f ) = 0 d (f, g) = d (g, f ) 0.

d (f, g) = 0 f = g.
d (f, g) = 0 x0 [0, 1] f (x0 ) , g(x0 ).
|f (x0 ) g(x0 )| > 0. f g U =
(x0 , x0 + ) [0, 1] x0
|f (x ) g(x )| >
|f (x0 ) g(x0 )|
2

-
,

x U .
d (f, g) =
Z
|f (x ) g(x )|dx
x0 +
|f (x ) g(x )|dx
x0
x0 +
|f (x0 ) g(x0 )|/2dx |f (x0 ) g(x0 )| > 0
x0
. f = g.
f, g, h C([0, 1])

|f (x ) g(x )| |f (x ) h (x )| + |h (x ) g(x )| x [0, 1]
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass

d (f, g) =
|f (x ) g(x )|dx
Z
(|f (x ) h (x )| + |h (x ) g(x )|)dx
0
1
|f (x ) h (x )|dx +
|h (x ) g(x )|dx
JJ
II
56 230
= d (f, h ) + d (g, h ).
1.2.7
: o : R ( 2 , 2 ) ,
o0 (x ) = 1+1x 2 , 1 1. o(0) = 0.
) d (x, y) = |o(x ) o(y)| d (x, y0 =
d (y, x ) 0. o(x ) 1 1,

-
,
d (x, y) = 0 o(x ) = o(y) x = y
2). z R,
d (x, y) = |o(x ) o(y)| = |o(x ) o(z ) + o(z ) o(y)|
|o(x ) o(z )| + |o(z ) o(y)| = d (x, z ) + d (z, y)
) d (x, y) = o|x y| d (x, y) = d (y, x ) 0.

o(x ) 1 1,
d (x, y) = 0 o|x y| = 0 x = y
3). , fy : [0, )
R, y 0, fy (x ) = o(x + y) o(x ) o(y). f (0) = 0
fy0 (x ) = 1+(x1+y)2 1+1x 2 0. f (x ) f (x ) f (0) = 0
x 0.
d (x, y) = o(|x y|)
o(|x z | + |z y|), o
o(|x z |) + o(|z y|), f (x )

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
57 230
d (x, z ) + d (z, y).
1.2.8
: d (x, y)
i = 1, 2, 3
di (x, y) = di (y, x ) 0 di (x, y) = 0 x = y.
d1 (x, y)
d1 (x, z ) + d1 (z, y) =
d (x, z ) +
d (x, z ) + d (y, z )
d (x, y) = d1 (x, y)
d (z, y)
d (x, y)
.

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
d2 (x, y) x, y, z X . d (x, z ) 1
.
d2 (x, y) = min{1, d (x, y)} 1 = min{1, d (x, z )}
min{1, d (x, z )} + min{1, d (y, z )} = d2 (x, z ) + d2 (z, y).
JJ
II
d (z, y) 1 .
d (x, z ) < 1 d (z, y) < 1.
d2 (x, y) = min{1, d (x, y)} d (x, y) d (x, z ) + d (z, y)
= min{1, d (x, z )} + min{1, d (z, y)} = d2 (x, z ) + d2 (z, y).

d3 f (x ) =
f 0 (x ) = 1/(1 + x )2 > 0.
x
1+x
(0, +)
58 230
d (x, y) d (x, y) d (x, z ) + d (z, y)
d3 (x, y) =
d (x, y)
= f (d (x, y)) f (d (x, z ) + d (z, y))
1 + d (x, y)
d (x, z ) + d (z, y)
d (x, z )
1 + d (x, z ) + d (z, y)
1 + d (x, z ) + d (z, y)
d (x, z )
d (z, y)
1 + d (x, z )

-
,
d (x, z )
1 + d (x, z ) + d (z, y)
1 + d (z, y)
= d3 (x, z ) + d3 (z, y).
1.2.9
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
59 230
: 1.2.3
d ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) =
p
( x1 x2 ) 2 + ( y1 y2 ) 2
R2 .
d ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ))2
R2 .
(x1 , y1 ) = (1, 1), (x2 , y2 ) = (0, 1) (x3 , y3 ) = (1/2, 1).
d ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ))2 = (1 0)2 + (1 1)2 = 1,
d ((x1 , y1 ), (x3 , y3 )) = (1
2
d ((x3 , y3 ), (x2 , y2 ))2 = (
1
2
1
2
) + (1 1) = 1/4,
2
0)2 + (1 1)2 = 1/4.
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
d ((x1 , y1 ), (x3 , y3 )) + d ((x3 , y3 ), (x2 , y2 )) =

2
1
2
< 1 = d ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ))

1.2.10
JJ
II
60 230
: m, n
m n = pr 1 k r 1 0.
p m n r 1 1 r 1 = 0.
d (m, n ) 0 m, n Z.
d (m, n ) = 0 m = n. m , n
r 1 d (m, n ) = 1r > 0 .
m n = pr 1 k n m = pr 1 (k ) d (m, n ) = d (n, m )
m, n Z.
, m, n, q Z
d (n, q) d (n, m ) + d (m, q).
1
r
m n = pr 1 k1 m q = pi 1 k2 .
r = i n q = pr 1 (k2 k1 )
d (n, q)

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
d (n, m ) d (n, m ) + d (m, q).
r , i. t0 = min{r, i }.
n q = pi 1 k2 pr 1 k1 = pt0 1 (k2 pi t0 pr t0 k1 )
JJ
II
p k1 , k2 max{r t0 , i t0 } 1, p
k1 pt0 pr t0 k2 .
d (q, n ) =
1
t0
61 230
= max{d (q, m ), d (m, n )} d (q, m ) + d (m, n ).
1.2.11
: .
.

-
,

2.2.3

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
62 230
: ) Un R
Un +1 Un Un = {0}.

-
,

2.2.6

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
63 230

-
,
2.5.3

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
64 230
: ) R2 \ A . (x0 , y0 ) R2 \ A.
x0 , 2 < |x0 2|/2.
B((x0 , y0 ), ) R2 \ A. (x, y) B((x0 , y0 ), )
(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 < |x x0 | <
|2 x | |2 x0 | |x x0 | 2 > 0 x , 2.
B((x0 , y0 ), ) R2 \ A A .
) A . (x0 , y0 ) A. x02 + y02 > 1.
0 = (x02 + y02 ) 1. x0 , y0 , 0.
0
< min{|x0 |, |y0 |, 2(|x |+|
}.
y0 |)
0
B = B((x0 , y0 ), ) A. (x, y) B
(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 < |x x0 | < |y y0 | < .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
|x | |x0 | > 0 |y| |y0 | > 0.

x 2 + y2 (|x0 | )2 + (|y0 | )2
(8.3)
= x02 + y02 + 22 2(|x0 | + |y0 |)

x02 + y02 + 22 0
= x02 + y02 + 22 (x02 + y02 1) = 1 + 22 > 1.
x0 = 0 y0 = 0. <
0
0
min{|y0 |, 2(|x0|+|
} < min{|x0 |, 2(|x0|+|
} . y0 |)
y0 |)
x0 = 0 x 2 + y2 (|y0 | )2 . x0 = 0 (8.3)
B = B((x0 , y0 ), ) A. B = B((x0 , y0 ), ) A y0 = 0.
A .
) R2 \ A . (x0 , y0 ) R2 \ A.
x0 , y02 .
JJ
II
65 230
0 = |x0 y02 |/4. > 0 |y y0 | <

|y y02 | < 0 . f (y) = y2
R. = min{0 , }. B = B((x0 , y0 ), )
B((x0 , y0 ), ) R2 \ A. (x, y) B
2

-
,
(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 < max{|x x0 |, |y y0 |} < .
|x x0 | < 0 |y y0 | < |y2 y02 | < .
|x y2 | = |x x0 + x0 y02 + y02 y2 |
|x0 y02 | |x x0 | |y2 y02 |
40 0 0 = 20 > 0.
R2 \ A A .
;;
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
66 230
: a X x B(a, ). d (x, a ) < . B(x,

d (x, a )) B(a, ) y B(x, d (x, a )) d (x, y) <
d (x, a ).
d (a, y) d (a, x ) + d (y, x ) < d (a, x ) + d (x, a ) = ,
y B(a, ).

2.2.2

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
67 230
: U . x U x > 0 B(x, x ) U .

U x U B(x, x ) U
U = x U B(x, x ).
U = i I B(zi , i ) x U . i I x
B(zi , i ). 2.2.2

-
,

B(x, i d (x, zi )) B(zi , i ) U,
U .

2.2.3

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
68 230
:
.
) Qo , q Q > 0 B(q, ) Q (q , q + ) Q,

. Qo = .
) (R \ Q)o , x R \ Q > 0 (x , x + ) R \ Q.

.
) Q R R \ Q
R (R \ Q)o , . ) (R \ Q)o = .
Q .

-
,

2.2.4

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
69 230
: A . x = 1/n0 A
> 0 B(x, ) A.
B(x, ) A (
1
n0
1
n0
+ ) A

-
,
,
A
A . A
R \ A . 0 R \ A > 0
B(0, ) R \ A. lim 1/n = 0 n0 N 1/n <
n
n n0 . B(0, ) A , . A
.
2.2.5
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
70 230
: ) ki=1 Ui = .
ki=1 Ui , x ki=1 Ui . x Ui i k Ui
di > 0 B(x, di ) Ui . d = min{d1 , . . . , dk }
d > 0 B(x, d ) B(x, di ) Ui i k.
B(x, d )
k
\
i =1
B(x, di )
k
\

-
,

i =1
.
) ni=1 Fi X \(ni=1 Fi ) .
X \ ni=1 Fi = X (ni=1 Fi )c = X F1c Fkc
Fi Fic )
X \ ni=1 Fi ni=1 Fi .
) Un = (1/n, 1/n ).
Un
n =1 Un = {0}.
, 0
n =1 (1/n, 1/n ) x n =1 (1/n, 1/n ) |x | < 1/n
n N
|x | inf (1/n ) = 0 x = 0.
n N
{0}
.

2.2.6

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
71 230
: ) a A. A r > 0 B(a, r ) A A
a (A)o .

) Co C Co C = C C .
2.2.7

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
72 230
: ) F x X B(x, ) F , > 0. x < F

x X \ F . F X \ F > 0
B(x, ) X \ F B(x, ) F = . x F .
x X B(x, ) F , > 0
x F . X \ F F
.
x X \ F . > 0 B(x, ) X \ F
> 0 B(x, ) F , x F .
x < F x X \ F . X \ F F
> 0 B(x, ) X \ F X \ F B(x, ) F = .
x F .
) x F . ) B(x, ) F , > 0.
> 0 B(x, ) F = F F (X \ B(x, )). F (X \ B(x, ))
F F F (X \ B(x, ))
x F .
x F B(x, ) F , > 0. B(x, ) F ,

> 0. F ) x F .

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
2.2.8
JJ
II
73 230
: (X, d ) F = {x1 , . . . , xk }
X . F = F .
x F . x < F d0 = min{d (x, xi ) : i = 1, . . . , k }.
F = {xi }ki=1 d0 > 0.
x F B(x, d0 /2)F , xi F d (x, xi ) < d0 /2
d0 . x F F = F .

-
,

2.2.9

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
74 230
: x C rx (x, x + ).
(x, rx ) A = . x, y B x , y rx , ry . x < y C
rx = ry . (x, rx ) y. y A
A (x, rx ) , rx .
f : C Q, f (x ) = rx 1 1
Q C .

-
,

2.2.10

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
75 230
: ) Ix . . a, b Ix a < z < b.
(x1 , y1 ) a, x (x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 )
b, x (x2 , y2 ).
x < y1 x2 < x x2 < x < y1
(x1 , y1 )(x2 , y2 ) , . (x1 , y1 )(x2 , y2 )
z a < z < b z (x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 ).
(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 ) x
Ix , ).
) x , y Ix Iy , Ix Iy
Ix Iy . Ix , Iy
x, y Ix = Ix Iy = Iy .
) Q U Q , . {xi , i I } = Q U .
Q U , Q
i I Ixi = U .
x U Ix Ix Q , .
S
q Ix Q U Q = {xi : i I }. ) Iq = Ix U = i I Ixi .

2.2.11

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
76 230
: A X \ A .
X \ A X \ A X \ A (X \ A)o .
x (X \ A)o . > 0 B(x, ) (X \ A) B(x, ) A =
2.2.8 x X \ A.

-
,
2.2.12

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
77 230
: 1) 2). A A = . x X
(A)o = > 0 B(x, ) (X \ A) , .
o
B(x, ) (X \ A) = B(x, ) A A , .
X \ A X (X \ A)o = X \ A
.

-
,
2) 3). (X \ A)o = X \ A X x X
> 0 y B(x, ) X \ A. B(x, ) X \ A
> 0 B(y, ) B(x, ) X \ A B(y, ) A = .
3) 1). A.
(A)o = , B(x, ) A y B(x, ) > 0
B(y, ) A = , B(x, ) A.
2.2.12

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
78 230
: ) x Bd B. U (x ) B U (x ) ,
(X \ B) U (x ) , .
Bd B A x U (x ) A.
A B X \ B X \ A U (x ) (X \ A) , .
x Bd A.
) Ao A A Bd A A. Ao Bd A A.
x A. U (x ) x U (x ) A , .
x Ao Ao Bd A .
x < Ao U (x ) x U (x ) A.
U (x ) x U (x ) (X \ A) , x X \ A.
x < Ao x A X \ A. x Bd A

A = Ao Bd A.
2.3.3

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
79 230
: ) x Bd (A). U (x ) x U (x ) A ,
U (x ) (X \ A) , . y U (x ) A U (x ) y y A
U (x ) A , . x A.
A A X \ A) (X \ A) U (x ) (X \ A) , .
x X \ A.
x A X \ A Bd (A) Bd (A).
) x Bd (Ao ). U (x ) x U (x ) Ao ,
U (x ) (X \ Ao ) , . Ao A U (x ) A U (x ) Ao ,
y U (x ) (X \ Ao ) y < Ao r > 0 B(y, r ) A.
y U (x ) r0 > 0 B(y, r0 ) U (x ).
B(y, r0 ) (X \ A) , U (x ) (X \ A) , . x Bd (A).
R )
) .
A = Q (0, 1) R. A = [0, 1]
Bd ([0, 1]) = {0, 1} Bd (Q (0, 1)) = [0, 1].
Bd (A) & Bd (A). Ao = Bd (Ao ) = & Bd (A).

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
2.3.4
JJ
II
80 230
: ) Bd(A) A \ Ao A
Bd(Bd(A)) Bd \ (Bd(A))o = Bd(A) \ (Bd(A))o \ Bd(A).
) ) Bd(Bd(A)) Bd(Bd(Bd(A))).
x Bd(Bd(A)). x Bd(A) \ (Bd(A))o ). )
Bd(Bd(A)) Bd(A) x < (Bd(A))o
o
x < (Bd(Bd(A))) .
x Bd(Bd(A)) x Bd(Bd(A))
x Bd(Bd(A)) \ (Bd(Bd(A)))o = Bd(Bd(Bd(A))).

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
2.3.5
.
JJ
II
81 230
: A A diam(A) diam(A). diam(A) <

diam(A). > 0 diam(A) + < diam(A).
x,
y A diam(A) /4
d (x,
y ).
x,
y A B(x,
/4) A , B(y,
/4) A , .
x, y A d (x,
x ) < /4 d (y,
y) < /4.
1.2.1,
|d (x, y) d (x,
y )| d (x, x ) + d (y,
y)
-
,

d (x, y) d (x,
y ) d (x,
x ) d (y,
y)
d (x,
y ) /2 diam(A) 3/4
diam(A) diam(A) 3/4 . diam(A) =
diam(A).

2.3.6

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
82 230
: x, y X A = {x } B = {y}
diam(A B) = d (x, y) > 0 = d (x, x ) + d (y, y) = diam(A) + diam(B).

-
,
2.3.7

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
83 230
: A B dist(x, B) dist(x, A).

a A d (x, a ) d (x, b) + d (b, a )
b B.
> 0. b b d (x, b) dist(x, B) + .

-
,

d (x, a ) dist(x, B) + + d (b, a ) dist(x, B) + + diam(B), a, b B.
> 0 d (x, a ) dist(x, B) + diam(B) dist(x, A)

dist(x, B) + diam(B).
) X = [0, 1]{3} , A = {3},B =

{3} [0, 1/2] x = 1
dist(x, A) = 4, dist(x, B) = 1/2 diam(B \ A) = 1/2.
dist(x, A) > dist(x, B) + diam(B \ A).
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass

.
2.3.8

JJ
II
84 230
: x acc(A). U (x ) x U (x )(A \{x }) , .

U (x ) U (x ) (A \ {x }) ,
{x1 , . . . , xk } = U (x ) (A \ {x })
d0 = min{d (x, x1 ), . . . , d (x, xk )} > 0.

V (x ) = B(x, d0 /2) U (x ) x0 V (x ) (A \ {x }) = x acc(A). x A.
2.4.2

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
85 230
: (A) A x acc(A), x A \ {x } A.
acc(A) (A) A.
x A. U (x ) A , U (x ) x. x (A)
. x < (A) U (x ) x
-
,
U (x ) A ) {x } U (x ) (A \ {x }) , .
x A \ {x } .
2.4.3

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
86 230
: x A.
x (A) U (x ) x U (x ) A = {x }
x A U (x ) U (x ) (A \ {x }) = ,
x < acc(A), x A

2.4.4

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
87 230
: U (X, d ) a U . r > 0
Bd (a, r ) U , ,
y X d (a, y) < r y U .
(8.4)
B (a, rm ) U . y B (a, rm ). (a, y) < rm (2.2)

md (a, y) (a, y) < rm d (a, y) < r.
(8.4) y U . B (a, rm ) U
U (X, ).
U (X, ) a U . r > 0
B (a, r ) U , ,
y X (a, y) < r y U .
Bd (a,

r
)
M
U . y Bd (a, Mr ). d (a, y)
(a, y) Md (a, y) < M
r
M
(8.5)
r
M
(8.5) y U . Bd (a,
U (X, d ).
-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
(2.2)
= r (a, y) < r.
r
)
M
U
2.5.2
JJ
II
88 230
: ~
x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) Rn ~
y = (y1 , . . . , yn ) Rn
p [1, ) i n ,
| xi yi |
pp
|x1 y1 + + |xn yn
|p
|p .

-
,
d (~
x, ~
y) = max |xi yi |
i n
pp
|x1 y1 |p + + |xn yn |p = (~
x, ~
y).
i n |xi yi | maxi n |xi yi |
q
pp
|x1 y1 |p + + |xn yn |p p max |xi yi |p + + max |xn yn |p
i n
i n
p
= n max |xi yi |
i n
p
(~
x, ~
y) n d (~
x, ~
y).

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass

d (~
x, ~
y) (~
x, ~
y)
nd (~
x, ~
y)
2.5.3
JJ
II
89 230
d (x,y)
: (x, y) = 1+d (x,y) (x, y) d (x, y).

a X , Bd (a, r ) B (a, r ). U
(X, ) r > 0 B (a, r ) U
Bd (a, r ) B (a, r ) U.
U (X, d ).
, U (X, d ). a U r > 0
Bd (a, r ) U . B (x, 1+r r ) Bd (x, r ).
f (x ) = 1+x x [0, +)
f 0 (x ) = (1+1x )2 > 0.
(a, y) =
B (a,
1+r
d (a, y)
1 + d (a, y)
<
r
1+r
d (a, y) < r.
) Bd (a, r ) U (X, ).
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
2.5.6

JJ
II
90 230
: U (X, d ) a U . r > 0
Bd (a, r ) U . = min{r, } (2.3) y X d (a, y) <
md (a, y) (a, y) Md (a, y). ,
x B (a, m) (a, x ) < m
d (a, x ) < x U
B (a, m) U . U (X, ).
, U (X, ) a U . r > 0
B (a, r ) U . = min{, Mr } Bd (a, ) B (a, r ).
x Bd (a, ) d (a, x ) < (2.3), (a, x ) Md (x, a )

M Mr = r. Bd (a, ) B (a, r ) U .
2.5.5

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
91 230
: 1.2.8 .
.
U (R, ) a U . r > 0
B (x, r ) U {y R : o(|x y|) < r } U .
o(0) = 0, > 0
o : R ( 2 ,
> 0 |x | < |o(x )| < .
= r > 0 |a x | < |o(a x )| < r.
Bd (a, ) B (a, r ) U U (R, d )
.
U (R, d ), a U r > 0 Bd (, r ) U .
o|a x | < o(r ) |a x | < r o ,
B (a, o(r )) Bd (a, r ) U . U (R, )
d .
)
2
M > 0 d9x, y) M(x, y) x, y.

o|x y| [0, 2 ) x, y R |x y|
0 + M > 0 |x y| < Mo|x y| x, y R.
M, x R y = 2M + x ,
|x y| = 2M < Mo|2M | < M

.
2 < 1/2,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
92 230
2.5.6
0
0 x 12
1
: fn (x ) =
n (x 2 ) 12 x 12 + n1
1
21 + n1 x 1
Cauchy .

-
,
3.2.14

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
93 230
x y
: o(x ) o(y) = o 1+xy xy > 1.

-
,
3.2.16

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
94 230
: x0 = lim xkn . > 0. n1 N

n
d ( xkn , x 0 ) <
n n1 .
-
,
(xn )n N Cauchy n2 N
d (xn , xm ) <
n, m n2 .
n n0 = max{n1 , n2 }
d (xn , x0 ) d (xn , xkn0 ) + d (xkn0 , x0 )
< + = .
2 2
lim xn = x0 .
n

3.2.1
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
95 230
: x F B(x, ) x B(x, ) F , ,
2.2.8. n N xn B(x, n1 ) F . xn F n
lim d (xn , x ) = 0.
n
, (xn )n N F lim d (xn , x ) = 0

n
B(x, ) F , > 0. x F .

3.2.2

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
96 230
: k N nk N nk 1 < nk
d (xnk , x0 ) < 1/k k. (xnk )k N (xn )n N
x0 .
n = 1 n1 N d (xn1 , x0 ) < 1.
n1 < n2 < < nk d (xni , x0 ) < 1/i
i = 1, . . . , k. = 1/(k + 1) n = nk m > nk
d (xm , x0 ) < /(k + 1). nk +1 = m.
(xnk )k N .

-
,

3.2.3

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
97 230
: )) d, lim d (xn , x ) = 0. lim (xn , x ) =

n
0. r > 0 B (x, r ) x (X, ). d,

s > 0 Bd (x, s) B (x, r ).
lim d (xn , x ) = 0 n0 N xn Bd (x, s) n n0 .
n
Bd (x, s) B (x, r ) xn B (x, r ) n n0 lim (xn , x ) = 0.

n
lim (xn , x ) = 0 lim d (xn , x ) = 0 n
)).
)) (X, d ), (X, ) ,
.
F (X, d ). F F
(X, ) F = F F (X, ).
x F F lim (xn , x ) = 0.
lim d (xn , x ) = 0 x F
= F F

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
(X, d ). F F F F = F .
F (X, ) F (X, d ).

3.2.4
JJ
II
98 230
: .
(x6n )n N (x2n )n N
(x3n )n N . (x2n )n N (x3n )n N .
3(2n + 1) = 2(3n + 1) + 1, (x3(2n +1) )n N
(x2n +1 )n N (x3n )n N .
. x0 (x2n )n N , (x2n +1 )n N (x3n )n N .
lim xn = x0 . > 0. (x2n )n N , (x2n +1 )n N
n
x0 ni ,i = 1, 2

-
,

d (x2n , x0 ) < n n1 ,
(8.6)
d (x2n +1 , x0 ) < n n2 .
(8.7)
n0 = max{2n1 , 2n2 + 1}. n n0 . n = 2k n = 2k

n0 2n1 k n1 (8.6) d (xn , x0 ) < .
n = 2k + 1 n = 2k + 1 n0 2n2 + 1 k n2
(8.7) d (xn , x0 ) < .

3.2.5

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
99 230
: (xn )n N , (yn )n N Cauchy , > 0

n1 , n2 N d (xn , xm ) < /2 n, m n1 d (yn , ym ) < /2
n, m n2 . n0 = max{n1 , n2 }. ,
1.2.1 n, m n0
|an an | = |d (xn , yn ) d (xm , ym )| d (xn , xm ) + d (yn , ym ) < .

(an )n N Cauchy . R
(an )n N .

;;

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
100 230
: (X, d ) (xn )n N X
P
n =1
d (xn , xn +1 ) < +.

Cauchy . > 0. n0 N
d (xn , xn +1 ) < .
n n0
m > n n0
d (xm , xn ) d (xn , xn +1 ) + d (xn +1 , xm ) xn , xn +1 , xm
d (xn , xn +1 ) + d (xn +1 , xn +2 ) + d (xn +2 , xm ) xn +1 , xn +2 , xm

..
.
m
n
X
d (xn +i 1 , xn +i )
i =1
d (xn , xn +1 ) < .
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
n n0
(xn )n N Cauchy (X, d ) (xn )n N .

, (xn )n N X
n =1
d (xn , xn +1 ) < +
. (xn )n N Cauchy X . n N
pn N
d (xk , xm ) < 2n k, m pn .
pn +1 > pn n N.
P
d (xpn , xpn+1 ) < 2n
n =1 d (xpn , xpn +1 ) < +.
x0 X lim xpn = x0 . 3.2.1 lim xn = x0
n
X .

;;
JJ
II
101 230
: (xn )n N Cauchy X . D = X n N
yn D d (xn , yn ) < 1/n.
(yn )n N Cauchy . > 0.
n0 N

-
,
d (xn , xm ) < /3 n, m n0 1/n0 < /3.
n, m n0 ,
d (yn , ym ) d (yn , xn ) + d (xn , xm ) + d (xm , ym )

<
n
3 m
/3 + /3 + /3 = .
(yn )n N Cauchy D .
lim d (yn , y) = 0 d (xn , yn ) < 1/n n lim d (xn , y) = 0.
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
;;
JJ
II
102 230
: 1) 2) (X, d ) . n N xn Fn .
(xn )n N Cauchy . > 0. n0 N
diam Fn0 < . (Fn )n N , xn Fn0 n n0 .
d (xn , xm ) diam Fn0 < n, m n0 .
(xn )n N Cauchy X x0 X
lim d (xn , x0 ) = 0. x0 Fk k N xn Fk n k Fk
n
. x k Fk .
n N Fn . x, y n N Fn d (x, y) diam Fn
n N d (x, y) inf{1/n : n N} = 0. d (x, y) = 0
x = y.
2) 1) ,
(Fn )n N lim diam Fn = 0 n N Fn , .
n
(xn )n N Cauchy . n N Dn = {xk : k n }

Dn +1 Dn n N. (xn )n N Cauchy
diam Dn = sup{d (xk , xm ) : k, m n } 0.

n
Fn = Dn Fn +1 Fn diam Fn = diam Dn n N.
x0 n N Fn .
(xnk )k N (xn )n N d (xnk , x0 ) < 1/k.
(xni )ki=1 n1 < n2 < < nk .
nk +1 x0 n N Fn

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
103 230
x0 Fnk +1 = {xm : m nk + 1}.
B(x0 , 1/(k + 1)) {xm : m nk + 1} , m nk + 1

d (x0 , xm ) < 1/(k + 1). xnk+1 = xm .
(xnk )k N (xn )n N x0
(xn )n N Cauchy (xn )n N x0 .

;;

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
104 230
: x X > 0. lim d (fn , f ) = 0 n0 N

n
sup (f (x ), fn (x )) < /3 n n0 .
(8.8)
-
x X
fn0 (x ) > 0
(fn0 (y), fn0 (x )) < /2 y X d (x, y) < .
(8.9)
y X d (x, y) < , (8.8),(8.9)
(f (x ), f (y)) (f (x ), fn0 (x )) + (fn0 (x ), fn0 (y)) + (fn0 (y), f (y))
+ + = ,
3 3 3
f .

3.2.11
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
105 230
: (fn )n N Cauchy . > 0

n0 N
d (fn , fm ) = sup |fn (x ) fm (x )| <

n, m n0 .
(8.10)
2
x X
x X
(fn (x ))n N .
|fn (x ) fm (x )| sup |fn (x ) fm (x )| = d (fn , fm ).
x X

-
,

(fn )n Cauchy C(X ) (fn (x ))n N Cauchy

. R lim fn (x )
. f : X R f (x ) = lim fn (x ).
lim d (fn , f ) = 0 f .
x X . f (x ) = lim fn (x ), n (x ) N, n (x ) n0
|f (x ) fn (x )| < /2 n n0 .
(8.11)
|f (x ) fm (x )| |f (x ) fn (x ) (x )| + |fn (x ) (x ) fm (x )|
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
(8.10) x X m n0 ,
(8.12)
= .
d (f, fn ) = sup |f (x ) fn (x )| < n n0
JJ
II
x X
lim d (fn , f ) = 0. f
106 230
. 3.2.11 f
(C(X ), d ) .
3.2.12
: (fn )n N Cauchy .
sup |fn (t ) fm (t )| d (fn , fm )
(8.13)
t [0,1]
sup |fn (t ) fm (t )| d (fn , fm )
(8.14)
t [0,1]
(fn )n N , (fn )n N Cauchy

(C([0, 1]), d ). 3.2.12 (C([0, 1]), d )
f, g : [0, 1] R
lim d (fn , f ) = 0 lim sup |fn (x ) f (x )| = 0
n x [0,1]
lim d (fn , g) = 0 lim sup |fn (x ) g(x )| = 0.

0
n x [0,1]

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
f = g f C ([0, 1]) lim d (fn , f ) = 0.

0
lim d (fn , f ) = 0
n
Z
fn0 (t ) g(t )dt | sup |fn0 (x ) g(x )|
|
0
t [0,1]
Z x
lim
dt 0
0
fn0 (t )dt =
x
n
JJ
II
g(t )dt.
107 230

fn (x ) fn (0) =
fn0 (t )dt.
0
lim d (fn , f ) = 0
n
f (x ) f (0) = lim (fn (x ) fn (0)) = lim

n
fn (t )dt =
g(t )dt.
(8.15)
Rx
g , G (x ) = 0 g(t )dt G 0 (x ) =
g(x ). (8.15) f 0 (x ) = g(x ) x.

3.2.13

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
108 230
: n N

-
0
0 x 21
fn (x ) =
n (x 12 ) 12 x 21 + n1
1
12 + n1 x 1
(fn )n N Cauchy . n > m,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
1,0
0,8

0,6
JJ
II
0,4
0,2
109 230
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
8.1: , f2 , f32 , f64 , f128
d (fn , fm ) =
|fn (x ) fm (x )|dx
0
1
+ m1
2
|fn (x ) fm (x )|dx, fn (x ) = fm (x ) x [0,
1
2
1
+ m1
2
1
2
1
2n
+(
1
m
1
n
[ 12
1
, 1]
m
-
,
1
+ m1
2
Z
fn (x )dx
1
]
2
fm (x )dx
1
2
1
2m
1 1
2 m
1
n
(1/n )n N Cauchy
(fn )n N Cauchy.
f C([0, 1]) lim d (fn , f ) = 0.
n
f C([0, 1]) lim d (fn , f ) = 0.

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass

d (fn , f ) =
Z
0
1
2
|f (x )|dx +
1
+ n1
2
Z
1
2
|fn (x ) f (x )|dx +
1
1
+ n1
2
|1 f (x )|dx 0.
(8.16)
f , f (x ) 0
Rb
Ra1
f (x )dx = 0 f (x ) = 0 x [a, b]. (8.16)
|f (x )|dx = 0 f (x ) = 0 x [0, 21 ]. limn n1 = 0

1 f (x ) = 0 x > 1/2. f
f ( 12 ) = 1 .
JJ
II
110 230
3.2.14

: d (m, n ) , 1.2.4
(N, d (, )) .
m < n N
d (m, n ) = |
1
m
1
n
|=
1
m
1
n
<
1
m
(8.17)
(n )n N Cauchy.
(8.17) > 0 d (m, n ) < m, n N
m, n > n0 = [1/]+ 1, [1/] 1/. (n )n N
Cauchy . n0 N lim d (n, n0 ) = 0.
n
n0 N lim d (n, n0 ) = 0. n 2n0 ,

n
d (n, n0 ) = |
d (n, n0 ) >
1
2n0
1
n
1
n0
|=
1
n0
1
n

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
2n0
n 2n0 , lim d (n, n0 ) , 0 .

n
3.2.15
JJ
II
111 230
: o : R ( 2 , 2 ) , . m < n N
nm
o(n ) o(m ) = o
1 + nm
o o(0) = 0 > 0
> 0
|o(x )| < x |x | < .
(8.18)
m < n
nm
1 + nm
(8.18),(8.19)
m
n
+ n1
1
m

-
,

<
(8.19)
<m<n
d (n, m ) = |o(n ) o(m )| <
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
(xn )n N xn = n n N Cauchy .
x0 R lim d (xn , x0 ) = 0.
d (xn , x0 ) = |o(n ) o(x0 )| 0

n
lim o(n ) =
n
x0 R o(x0 ) =
.
2
= o(x0 ),

3.2.16
JJ
II
112 230
: D X {B(x, r ) :
x D, r Q} .

-
,

4.1.7

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
113 230
: > 0 X
.

-
,

4.1.9

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
114 230
: ) 4.1.7
) A = (A \ Ac (A)) (A Ac (A))
) 4.1.7
4.1.11

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
115 230
: D U U U D U .
x U . B(x ) x B(x ) U , . D
B(x ) U x,
(B(x ) U ) D , B(x ) (U D ) , .
x U D U U D.

4.1.4

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
116 230
: D X . Ui , i I
D Ui , i I. di Ui D i I.
Ui Uj = di , dj i , j I. f : I D, f (i ) = di
1 1. D I
Ui , i I, .

-
,

4.1.5

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
117 230
: > 0 (fi )i I
B d (ft , fs ) s , t.
t [, ] ft : [, ] {0, 1} ft (x ) = 1 x [, t ]
ft (x ) = 0 . t1 , t2 [, ] t1 < t2 s (t1 , t2 ].
ft1 (s) = 0, ft2 (s) = 1

-
,

d (f, g) = sup{|ft1 (x ) ft2 (x )| : x [, ]} |ft1 (s) ft2 (s)| = 1.

t1 , t2 , d (ft1 , ft2 ) 1. ft , t [, ] , [, ] ,
1. (B, d ) .

4.1.6

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
118 230
: D X B = {B(x, r ) : x D, r Q}.
B G y G
r R, r > 0 B(y, r ) G. s (0, r/2),
D a D a B(y, s).
a B(y, s) d (y, a ) < s y B(a, s). x B(a, s),

r
2
r
2
-
,
y B(a, s) B(y, r ) G.
d (y, x ) d (y, a ) + d (a, x ) < s + s <
= r x B(y, r ) G.
4.1.7

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
119 230
: (X, d ) . 4.1.7
{Bn : n N} G
x G n N x Bn G. f : X {0, 1}N
f (x ) = (fn (x ))n N fn (x ) = 1 x Bn fn (x ) = 0 x < Bn .

f 11 X
{0, 1}N .
x , y. d (x, y) = > 0 B(x, /4) B(y, /4) = . n N
x Bn B(x, 4 ). fn (x ) = 1 fn (y) = 0. f (x ) , f (y)
f 1 1.

4.1.8

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
120 230
: > 0. (xn )n N
X xn , xm d (xn , xm ) n , m.
.
(xn )n N x. = /10 B(x, )
(xn )n N .

-
,

d (xn , xm ) d (xn , x ) + d (x, xm ) 2 < /5

n, m .
> 0 F N G = {xi : i F }
X
x X xi G d (x, xi ) < . ().
i F B(xi , ) X .
D = n N G1/n = n N {xi1/n : i F1/n } . ()
x X n N xi1/n G 1 G d (x, xi1/n ) < 1/n. G
n
X .

4.1.9

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
121 230
: ) Ac (A) A.
X \ Ac (A) . x X \ Ac (A).
B(x, r ) x
A. B(x, r ) X \ Ac (A).
y B(x, r ) ry > 0 B(y, ry ) B(x, r ), 2.2.2.
B(y, ry ) A.
y X \ Ac (A) B(x, r ) X \ Ac (A).
X \ Ac (A) Ac (A) .
) ) ,
x Ac (A B) x A B

-
,

x A B
x Ac (A) Ac (B).
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
4.1.10

JJ
II
122 230
: (X, d ) 4.1.7
(Bn )n N X G
y G n N y Bn G.
A X , a A ra > 0
B(a, ra ) A . n (a ) N
a Bn (a ) B(a, ra ). Bn A .
B = {Bn (a ) A : Bn (a ) A B(a, ra ) A, a A}
. A B
A .
) A\Ac (A) . ,
x A \ Ac (A)
A x A \ Ac (A).
) A \ Ac (A) .
A = (A \ Ac (A)) (A Ac (A)) ) 4.1.10
Ac (A) = Ac (A Ac (A)) Ac (Ac (A)).

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
Ac (B) B B X
Ac (Ac (A)) Ac (A) = Ac (A) ) 4.1.10.

Ac (A) Ac (Ac (A)) Ac (A) Ac (A) = Ac (Ac (A)).
JJ
II
123 230
4.1.11
: (X, d ) 4.1.7
{Bn : n N} U
x U n N x Bn U . x0 f
U f (x0 ) > f (x ) x U, x , x0 .
n N x0 Bn U . f (x0 ) > f (x ) x Bn , x , x0 .
x M Bn (x )
Bn x f Bn (x )
x,
f (x ) > f (y) y Bn x Bn Bn Bn (x ) .
g : M N, g(x ) = n (x ) 1 1 M
. n (x ) = n (y) f
x Bn (x ) y Bn (x ) .
Bn (x ) x = y.

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
4.1.13
.
JJ
II
124 230
: G = {0} . G , {0}
= inf(G (0, )).
> 0 G. , < G infimum

0 < < g1 < g2 G < g1 < g2 < + . 0 < g2 g1 < <
g2 g1 G.
G = {n : n Z}.
G , n n0 Z n0 < < (n0 + 1).
-
,

0 < n0 <
.
= 0 G R. x < y R. G
0 < x < y. = min{x, y x }
g G 0 < g < . n0 N n0 g < y (n0 + 1)g.
n0 2 2 < x + y x = y.
x n0 g < y n0 g < x < y < n0 g +g yx < g < ,
.
) [1, 1] (nk )k N
limk (nk ) = .
[1, 1]. x R (x ) = .
G = {2n + m : n, m Z}. )
G R. k N nk , mk Z
x < zk = 2nk + mk < x + 1/k

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
125 230
|(x ) (zk )| |x zk | 1/k 0.

k
(2nk + mk ) = (mk ) (x ) = (x ) .
4.1.13
: 5.1.12

-
,
5.1.13

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
126 230
: x X , x1 = f (x ) xn +1 = f (xn ) n N.
x0 f (x0 ) = x0

-
,

5.1.33

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
127 230
: f C([0, 1]). g C([0, 1])
Z
|F (f ) F (g)|
Z
|f (x ) g(x )|dx sup |f (x ) g(x )|
x [0,1]
dx = d (f, g).
> 0 g C([0, 1]) d (f, g) < |F (f ) F (g)| < .

F .

-
,

5.1.7

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
128 230
: f : (X, d ) (Y, ) x0 lim d (xn , x0 ) = 0.

n
lim (f (xn ), f (x0 )) = 0 > 0. f x0 > 0
(f (x ), f (x0 )) < x X d (x, x0 ) < .
(8.20)
-
,
lim xn = x0 n0 N d (xn , x0 ) < n n0 .
(8.20) n n0 , (f (xn ), f (x0 )) < . lim f (xn ) = f (x0 ).
, (xn )n N lim xn = x0
n
lim f (xn ) = f (x0 ). f x0 > 0
> 0 x X d (x , x0 ) < (f (x ), f (x0 )) .

n N = 1/n xn X d (xn , x0 ) < 1/n (f (xn ), f (x0 )) .
(xn )n N x0 (f (xn ))n N
f (x0 ), . f x0 .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
5.1.8
JJ
II
129 230
: f f 1 (f (A))
. A f 1 (f (A))
Af
(f (A)) f (A) f (A).
A X f (A) f (A). F
Y ,
f (f 1 (F )) f (f 1 (F )) F = F f 1 (F ) f 1 (F )
f 1 (F ) = f 1 (F ). f 1 (F ) f .
5.1.9

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
130 230
: 5.1.8 (xk )k N Rn x0 Rn . xk = (x1k , x2k , . . . , xnk )

x0 = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
n
1/p
X k
lim |xi xi | = 0.
i =1
P
1/p
|xjk xj |
|xik xi |p
limk xjk = xj .
limk pj (xk ) = pj (x0 ) pj .
n
i =1
5.1.10

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
131 230
: D (X, d ). f
5.1.9 f (X ) = f (D ) f (D ).
f (D ) f (X ) f (D ) f (X ) = f (D ).
f (D ) , f (X ).
5.1.11

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
132 230
: ) x, z X . y K,
d (x, y) d (x, z ) + d (z, y) dist(x, K ) d (x, z ) + d (z, y).
> 0 y K d (z, y ) dist(z, K ) + .

dist(x, K ) d (x, z ) + dist(z, K ) + .
> 0 dist(x, K ) d (x, z ) +

dist(z, K ). dist(z, K ) d (z, x ) + dist(x, K ).
| dist(x, K ) dist(z, K )| d (x, z ).
| dist(x, K ) dist(z, K )| x, z d (x, z ) <

f (x ) = dist(x, K ) .
) K . dist(x, K ) = 0 > 0 k K
d (x, k ) < B(x, ) K , . x K = K.
x X dist(x, K ) = 0 x K. x K
B(x, ) K , > 0 dist(x, K ) = 0 K K.
K = K K .
5.1.12
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
133 230
: ) F (X, d ). 5.1.12

f (x ) = dist(x, F )
. n N Gn = {x X : dist(x, F ) < 1/n }
X .
F = n N Gn .

-
,

F Gn n N. x n N Gn n N
xn F d (x, xn ) < 1/n. lim d (xn , x ) = 0 F
n
x F . F = n N Gn ..
) G X . F = X \ G
X . ) X \ G = Gn Gn X .
G = X \ n N Gn = n N (X \ Gn ).
Fn = X \ Gn G = n N Fn .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
5.1.13
JJ
II
134 230
: x X d (x, A)+ d (x, B) > 0. d (x, A)+ d (x, B) =

0 d (x, A) = 0 d (x, B) = 0 A, B x A x B,
A B = 0. 5.1.12 d (x, A), d (x, B)

f (x ) =

-
,
d (x, A)
d (x, A) + d (x, B)
. f (x )
f (x ) [0, 1] x X . x A d (x, A) = 0 f (x ) = 0,
x B, d (x, B) = 0 f (x ) = 1.
5.1.14

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
135 230
: x X > 0. (fn )n N
> 0 |fn (x ) fn (y)| < 3 y X d (x, y) < n N.
|f (x ) f (y)| < y B(x, ).
n1 N |fn (x ) f (x )| < 3 n n1 . y B(x, )
n2 N |fn (y) f (y)| < 3 n n2 . n0 = max{n1 , n2 }

-
,

|f (x ) f (y)| |f (x ) fn0 (x )| + |fn0 (x ) fn0 (y)| + |fn0 (y) f (y)|
= .
f (B(x, )) B(f (x ), ) f .
5.1.15

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
136 230
: n N n N Fn Fn f (n N Fn ) f (Fn )
n N f (n N Fn ) n N f (Fn ).
y n N f (Fn ). n N xn Fn y = f (xn ). (Fn )n N X lim diam(Fn ) =
0 (xn )n N Cauchy .
> 0 n0 N diam(Fn0 ) < . xn Fn0
n n0 d (xn , xm ) diam Fn0 < n n0 .
Cauchy .
(X, d ) x0 X lim d (xn , x0 ) = 0. n
x0 Fn = Fn n N x0 n N Fn . lim diam(Fn ) = 0
n
x0 n N Fn .
z n N Fn d (x0 , z ) diam(Fn ) n N d (x0 , z ) =
0 x0 = z.
f lim (f (xn ), f (x0 )) = 0 y = f (x0 ) f (n N Fn ).

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
5.1.16
JJ
II
137 230
: x0 D > 0.
|f (x0 ) f (x )| = |
|x | |x0 |/2
|x |
|x0 |
1
x0
1
x
|=|
x x0
xx0
(8.21)
-
,
(8.21)
|f (x0 ) f (x )|
|x0
|2
| x x0 | .
(8.22)
|x x0 |
|x0 |2
2
(8.22)
|f (x0 ) f (x )| .
|x |
|x |2
|x x0 | min{ 20 , 20 } |f (x0 ) f (x )| f
.
> 0
> 0 x, y D |x y| < | x1 1y | .
= 1 > 0 x = min{ 12 , } y =
|x y| =
x
2
< |
1
x
1
y
x
2
|1
f D.
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
138 230
5.1.17
: f : (X, d ) (Y, ) (xn )n N Cauchy

X . (f (xn ))n N Cauchy Y . > 0. f > 0
(f (x ), f (y)) < x, y X d (x, y) < .
(8.23)
(xn )n N Cauchy , = > 0 n0 N d (xn , xm ) <

n, m n0 . (8.23)
(f (xn ), f (xm )) < n, m n0

(f (xn ))n N Cauchy Y .
5.1.18
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
139 230
b, d ) X . X = X
b. xo X
b \ X .
: (X
d (xo , x ) > 0 x X f : X R f (x ) = d (x1 ,x )
0
. f
.
f . X
b (xn )n N X
X
b, d ). (xn )n N Cauchy f
x0 (X
(f (xn ))n N Cauchy R.
R (f (xn ))n N a R,
d (x0 , xn ) 0 f (xn ) = d (xn1,x0 ) +.
b X .
X = X

-
,

5.1.19
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
140 230
: ) f (x ) =
|f (x ) f (y)| = |
1
1+x 2
|=|
2
y2 x 2
1 + x2
1+y
(x y)(x + y)
(1 + x 2 )(1 + y2 )
|x + y|
| |x y|
=|
(1 + x 2 )(1 + y2 )
(1 + x 2 )(1 + y2 )
2 max{|x |, |y|}
|x y|
2|x y|
(1 + x 2 )(1 + y2 )
-
,

max{|x |,|y|}
(1+x 2 )(1+y2 ) 1.
.
|y4 x 4 |
|x y| |x +y| (x 2 +y2 )
) |f (x ) f (y)| = (1+x 4 )(1+y4 ) = (1+x 4 )(1+y4 ) .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
|x + y|(x + y ) (|x | + |y|)(x + y )

2
2 max{|x |, |y|}2 max{|x |, |y|}2 = 4 max{|x |, |y|}3 .
4 max{|x |, |y|}
.
(1 + x 4 )(1 + y4 )
(8.24)
JJ
II
|z |3 1 + |z |4 z R. |z | 1 |z |3 1
1 + |z |4 |z | > 1 |z |3 |z |4 1 + |z |4 . |z | = max{|x |, |y|} (8.24)

4 max{|x |, |y|}3
|f (x ) f (y)| |x y|
4|x y|.
(1 + x 4 )(1 + y4 )
|f (x ) f (y)| |x y|
> 0 = /4 |f (x ) |(y)| < x, y R

|x y| < f .
141 230
) n = 1, 2, . . . , xn = 1 +
|f (1 +
1
n
) f (1 +
1
m
)| = |
1+
1
n
n , m,
1
n
(1 1 n1 )2
1+
1
m
(1 1
1
)
m
| = |n (n + 1) m (m + 1)| > 1.
2
xn xm = n1 m1
0 n, m . (xn )n N
Cauchy (f (x )n )n N . 5.1.18 f
.
-
,

5.1.21

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
142 230
: ) (x )
x, y R
(x ) (y) = 0 (z )(x y) = (z )(x y)
z x y. |(x ) (y)| |x y|. > 0
= > 0 x, y R |x y| < |(x ) (y)| < ,
(x ) R.
2
)n N (0, 1) Cauchy
) (xn )n = ( n
|f (x2n ) f (x2n +1 )| = |(n ) (n +

-
,

))| = 1
f (xn ) Cauchy. 5.1.18 f .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
5.1.21
.
JJ
II
143 230
: > 0. limx + f (x ) = 0 = limx f (x ) M > 0
|f (x )| <
x R |x | M.
(8.25)
f [M, M ], f : [M, M ] R
. . > 0
|f (x ) f (y)| , x, y [M, M ] |x y| < .

(8.26)
3
|f (x ) f (y)| x, y R |x y| < .
(8.27)
x, y R |x y| < 0 = min{, 2M }. x, y [M, M ] (8.26)

. x, y M x, y M (8.25) .
x < M < y y x < 0 . M x y x < , x [M, M ]
|f (y) f (x )| |f (y) f (M )| + |f (M ) f (x )|

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
|f (y)| + |f (M )| + |f (M ) f (x )|
= (8.25),(8.26).
|f (x ) f (y)| < y < M < x |x y| < 0 .

f .
JJ
II
144 230
5.1.22
: a R (xn )n N (0, 1)
lim xn = 0 lim f (xn ) = a.
n
(xn )n N (0, 1) lim xn = 0 (xn )n N Cauchy

n
5.1.18 (f (xn ))n N Cauchy . R

lim f (xn ) a.
n
(yn )n N (0, 1) lim yn = 0

n
lim f (yn ) = a.
lim f (yn ) . lim f (yn ) = b , a.

n
= |a b| > 0. f > 0
yn <
|f (yn ) b| <
n n1 .
n n2 .
n max{n1 , n2 } |f (xn ) f (yn )| <
II
145 230
|a b| |f (xn ) a | |f (yn ) b|
|a b|
JJ
|xn yn | <
|f (xn ) f (yn )| = |f (xn ) a + a f (yn ) b + b|
.
lim f (yn ) = a limx 0+ f (x )
n
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
n2 N
|f (xn ) a | <
lim xn = 0 = lim yn n1 N
xn <
|f (x ) f (y)| < /5 x, y (0, 1) |x y| < .

n
5.1.23

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
146 230
: f .
f .
1+x x
f (x ) =
x 0
x < 0
1x
|f (x )| = | 1+|x | | < 1 x R. ,
x 0,
x
y
f (x ) =
= y [0, 1) x = y + yx x =
.
1+x
1y
x
f ( 1y ) = y y [0, 1).
x < 0,
x
y
f (x ) =
= y (1, 0) x = y yx x =
.
1x
1+y
f ( 1+y ) = y y (1, 0).

y
x [0, 1)
1x x
g(x ) =
f (g(x )) = x x (1, 1).
x
x (1, 0]
1+x
x 0, f (x ) = x/(1 + x ) [0, 1)
g(f (x )) = g(
1
1+x
)=
x
1+x
x
1+x
=x
g(f (x )) = x x 0. g = f 1 .
g(x ) f
f .
f . x, y R.
|f (x ) f (y)| = |
x
1 + |x |
y
1 + |y |
|=
|x + x |y| y y|x ||
(1 + |x |)(1 + |y|)
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
147 230
(8.28)

|x y| + |x |y| y|x ||
x = 0 |f (0) f (y)| |y|.

x , 0. x, y x |y| y|x | = 0, (8.28)

|f (x ) f (y)| |x y|.
x, y |x y| < .
|x |y| |x |y| = 2|xy|.
x > 0 y < 0, |y| = y y + x = |x y| < |x | = x x y = |x y| < .

(8.28)
|f (x ) f (y)| |x y| + 2|xy| + 2 .
2
(8.29)
(8.29) x < 0, y > 0 |x y| < .

> 0 + 2 2 <
|f (x ) f (y)| x, y |x y| < ,
f .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
5.1.24
JJ
II
148 230
: D D. x D. (fn )n N
> 0 > 0 |fn (x ) fn (y)| < y B(x, ) n N.
x D y D d (x, y) < .
(fn (y))n N Cauchy n0 N |fn (y) fm (y)| < n, m n0 .
n, m n0

-
,

|fn (x ) fm (x )| |fn (x ) fn (y)| + |fn (y) fm (y)| + |fm (y) fm (x )| 3.

> 0 (fn (x ))n N Cauchy.
x D.
5.1.25

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
149 230
: > 0. n0 N
) an a < b bn < n n0 .
) d (fn , f ) = sup{|fn (x ) f (x )| : x [a, b]} < n n0 .
-
,
3.2.11 f . [a, b] .
M R |f (x )| M x [a, b]. n n0 ,
bn
Z
fn (x )dx
bn
bn
fn (x )dx
an
bn
f (x )dx |
an
an
Z
f (x )dx
an
an
an
d (fn , f )
|f (x )|dx +
an
dx + sup |f (x )|
x [a,b]
f (x )dx |

bn
a
bn
f (x )dx
a
fn (x ) f (x )dx | +
Z
Z
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
|f (x )|dx
bn
Z
a
an
dx + sup |f (x )|
x [a,b]
dx

bn
(bn an ) + M (an a ) + M (b bn ) < (b a + 2M )

n n0 . .
5.1.26
JJ
II
150 230
: ) > 0. (fn )n N f n1 N
|fn (x ) f (x )| < /2 n n1 x X
(8.30)
3.2.11 f . lim d (xn , x ) = 0
f 5.1.8 n2 N
|f (xn ) f (x )| < /2 n n2 .
(8.31)
n max{n1 , n2 } (8.30),(8.31)
|fn (xn ) f (x )| |fn (xn ) f (xn )| + |f (xn ) f (x )|
lim fn (xn ) = f (x ).
n
) x [0, 1]. x = 0 fn (0) = 0 n N. x > 0

n0 N n20 x fn (x ) = 0 n n0 . lim fn (x ) = 0
n
x [0, 1].
fn (x ) . fn n1 , n2 . limk xk = 1/n
limk n 2 xk = n limk n 2 xk + 2n = n. limk fn (xk ) = n = fn (1/n )
fn 1/n.
limk xk = 2/n limk n 2 xk + 2n = 0. limk fn (xk ) = 0 =
fn (1/n ), fn 2/n.
( n1 )n N 0 fn (1/n ) = n n N lim fn (xn ) =
+ , 0.
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
151 230
5.1.27
: > 0. n0 N n0 < 1. n n0
xR
|f (x ) fn (x )| = |f (x )
=|
[nf (x )]
| = |f (x )
n
nf (x ) [nf (x )])
n
1
n
nf (x ) + (nf (x ) + [nf (x )])

n
1
n0
< .
(fn )n N f .
5.1.28

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
152 230
: o : R ( 2 , 2 )
, o(0) = 0 limx + o(x ) = 2 .
x > 0, lim fn (x ) = lim o(nx ) = 2 lim nx = +.
n
x = 0 fn (0) = 0 n N lim fn (0) = 0.
2
lim fn (x ) =
0
n
x > 0
x = 0
[a, +), a > 0.
x > 0
|fn (x )
| = |o(nx )
|=
o(nx )
o(nx ) = u nx = (
u ) = (u )
o(nx ) = o(nx ).
o : R (0, ) limx o(x ) = 0.

> 0. M > 0 0 o(x ) < x > M. > 0
n0 N na M n n0
x > a nx > na > M o(nx ) o(na ) < .
JJ
II
| = o(nx ) x a n n0
2
(fn )n N [a, +).
[0, +).
> 0 n0 N
|fn (x )
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
|fn (x ) f (0)| = o(nx ) < 1 x [0, ) n n0 .
153 230
(8.32)
fn ( n12 ) = o(n ) (8.32).
5.1.29
-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
154 230
: ) fn fn (0) = 0 n N. x > 0
n0 N 2n < x n n0 fn (x ) = 0 n n0 .
lim fn (x ) = 0 x [0, 1].
n
) n < m x = 2n1+1 +
2m < 3/2n +2 .
1
2n +2
3
2n +2
fn (x ) = 1 fm (x ) = 0
supp fn = {x [0, 1] : f (x ) , 0}, supp fn = [ 2n1+1 , 21n ]

supp fn supp fm = n , m. d (fn , fm ) = 1 sup{|fn (x )| :
x [0, 1]} = 1 n N.
) ) d (fn , fm ) = 1 n, m N. lim d (fn , 0) =
n
0 n0 N
d (fn , 0) <
.
n n0 d (fn , fm ) <
-
,
d (fn , fm ) = sup{|fn (x ) fm (x )| : x [0, 1]} 1.
1
2
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
n, m n0
5.1.30
JJ
II
155 230
: ) t (0, 1) lim n 2 t (1 t )n = 0,
n
fn (0) = 0 = fn (1) n N.
P
2
n

n =1 n t (1 t ) .
2
n
an = n t (1 t )
an +1
an

-
,
(n + 1)2 t (1 t )n +1 (n + 1)2
=
(1 t ) (1 t ) < 1.
=
n
n 2 t (1 t )n
n2
lim n 2 t (1
t )n = 0.
) n N
1
1
1
fn ( ) = n 2 (1 )n
n
n
n
lim (1 n1 )n
n
= e . (fn )n N

1
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
5.1.31
JJ
II
156 230
: f > 0
|f (x ) f (y)| < 1 x, Rn d (x, y) .

x = (xi )ni=1 Rn . xk = kk
(x )n k = 0, . . . , n0 = [
x k i i =1
k = 0, 1, . . . , n0 1
kx k
(8.33)
].
1/2
n
X
2
d (xk +1 , xk ) =
((k + 1)xi kxi )| = ,
|
kx k
i =1
d (x, xn0 ) < .

(8.33) |f (x ) f (xn0 ) )| < 1
|f (xk +1 ) f (xk )| < 1 k = 0, 1, . . . , n0 1.

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
|f (x )| |f (0)| + |f (x ) f (0)|
|f (0)| + |f (x ) f (xn0 )| +
n0
X
|f (xk ) f (xk 1 )|
k =1
|f (0)| + 1 + n0 |f (0)| +
b = |f (0)| + 1 a =
kx k
+ 1.
JJ
II
157 230
5.1.32

: x X (xn )n N x1 = f (x )
xn +1 = f (xn ). Cauchy .
xn +k = f (xn +k 1 ) = f (f (xn +k 2 )) = = f k (xn ) f k = f f f, k .
f
-
,
d (xn +1 , xn ) = d (f (xn ), f (xn 1 )) d (xn , xn 1 )

2
d (xn 1 , xn 2 ) d (x1 , x0 ).
n > m
d (xn , xm ) d (xn , xn 1 ) + d (xn 1 , xn 2 ) + + d (xm +1 , xm )

n 1
n 2
(8.34)
+ + )d (x1 , x0 )
m
= m (1 + + + n m 1 )d (x1 , x0 ) =
> 0. lim n = 0 n0 N
n
n
d ( x1 , x 0 )
1
d ( x1 , x 0 )
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
< n n0 .
(8.34) d (xn , xm ) < n > m n0 (xn )n N

Cauchy .
(X, d ) x0 X lim xn = x0 .
n
lim f (xn ) = f (x0 ).
JJ
II
f (xn ) = xn +1 lim f (xn ) = lim xn +1 = x0 . x0 X
f ( x0 ) = x0 .
x0 f (x0 ) = x0 .
y X f (y) = y
158 230
d (x, y) = d (f (x ), f (y)) d (x, y) d (x, y) = 0

< 1 d (x, y) 0. x0 = y.
5.1.33

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
159 230
: f : I R f (x ) = 21 ((x ) 2).
f (I ) I.
(x )2
, x, 1 (x ) 1 1.5
0.5
2
, |f (x ) f (y)| =
1
2
|(x ) (y)|
= |(t0 )||x y| t0
2
|x y|
f (x ) 5.1.33

x [1.5, 0.5] x = f (x ) = 12 ((x ) 2) 2x = (x ) 2.

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
5.1.34
JJ
II
160 230
2(3x +2)(2x +3)3
: f 0 (x ) =
(3x +2)2
,
5
(3q+2)2
< 0.
|f (x ) f (y)| = |f 0 (t )|x y| <
1
2
|x y|.
-
,
5.1.33 x [2, +) f (x ) = x
I = [2, +) R
f : I I.
I = [2, +) R
f (I ) I. f (2) = 64++23 = 78 < 2.
5.1.33. +3
f (x ) = 2x
= x x = 1
3x +2
f .

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
5.1.35
JJ
II
161 230
: 6.1.8

-
,
6.1.9

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
162 230
: K .

-
,

6.1.13

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
163 230
: 1) 2) 2) 3)
6.1.13 3) 1) 6.1.12

-
,

6.1.14

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
164 230
: 6.1.8

-
,
6.1.16

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
165 230
: A R
A
.
6.1.20

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
166 230
: g : X R g(x ) = d (f (x ), x )
inf x X g(x ) > 0.

-
,

6.1.22

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
167 230
: f (X ) X . B(x0 , ) f (X ) =
xn = f (n ) (x ) = f f f (x )
{z
6.1.24

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
168 230
: i ) [0, 1) , xn = 1 1/n A n N,
lim xn = 1 1 < A. .
n
ii ) [0, +) .
iii ) Q [0, 1] , 2.2.4,
.
iv) A .
A (x, y) A 4x 2 1 y2 1
(x, y) [ 21 , 12 ] [1, 1]. A .
f : R2 R f (x, y) = 4x 2 + y2
f 1 (1) . f 1 (1) = {(x, y) : 4x 2 + y2 = f (x, y) = 1}
A .
v) A .
A (x, y) A |x | 1 |y| 1
A [1, 1] [1, 1], .
f : R2 R f (x, y) = |x | + |y|
1
f ([0, 1]) . f 1 ([0, 1]) = {(x, y) : |x | + |y| 1} = A A
.
iv) A (n, 1) A n N
A .
vii ) n N (n, n1 ) A A
.

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
6.1.7
169 230
: (Ui )i I F . i0 I x Ui0 . lim d (xn , x ) = 0 n0 N xn Ui0 n n0 .

n
n = 1, . . . , n0 in I xi Uin . F Ui0 Ui1 Ui2 Uin0

(Ui )i I .

-
,
6.1.8

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
170 230
: A
(xn )n N A x X x A.
(xn )n N A x X .
lim d (xn , x ) = 0 6.1.8 K = {xn : n N} {x }
. A K . xn A K n N, A K lim xn = x
n
x A K A.
6.1.9

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
171 230
: > 0. x1 , . . . , xk A A ki=1 B(xi , /2)

B ki=1 B(xi , /2).
i = 1, . . . , k B B(xi , /2) , yi B B(xi , /2).
x B i k
x B B(xi , /2) d (x, yi ) d (x, xi ) + d (xi , yi ) <
x B(yi , ). B i F B(yi , ), F = {i k : B B(xi , /2) , }
B .

6.1.10

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
172 230
: ) (xn )n N Cauchy > 0 n0 N

n
d (xn , xm ) < n, m n0 . A i =01 B(xi , ) A .
) N1 N xn = xm n, m N1
(xn )n N Cauchy .
(xn )n N . > 0. A
k N xn1 , . . . , xnk A A ki=1 B(xni , ).
= 1 k1 N xn1 , . . . , xnk1 A A ki=1 B(xni , 1).
(xn )n N n1 {1, . . . , k1 }
(xn )n N B(xn1 , 1).
(xn )n N . N1 = {n N : xn B(xn1 , )}.
N1 N.
6.1.10 A1 = {xn : n N1 } .
= 1/2 k2 N F2 N1 A1
i F B(xi , 1/2). N2 N1 i2 F {xn : n
N2 } B(xi2 , 1/2).
N N1 N2 N2 . . . Ni
Ni 1 , nk Nk {xn : n Nk } B(xnk , 1/k ).
k N ik Nk ik < ik +1 .
k Nk .
(xik )k N Cauchy (xn )n N .
> 0 k0 N 2/k0 < . k k0 ,ik Nk
Nk0

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
173 230
k, m k0 xik B(xnk0 , 1/k0 ) d (xik , xim ) 2/k0 < .
6.1.11
: (X, d ) . > 0 F
X X x F B(x, ).
n N Fn X X
x Fn B(x, 1/n ). D = n N Fn X .
D = X .
x X > 0. n N 1/n < .
Fn y Fn F d (x, y) < 1/n < . x D
X = D.

-
,

6.1.12

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
174 230
: K . > 0
k N x1 , . . . , xk K ki=1 B(xi , ) $ K.
(8.35)
x1 K. (8.35) x2 K d (x1 , x2 ) .
x1 , . . . , xn K
d (xi , xj ) i, j {1, . . . , n } i , j.
(8.35) ni=1 B(xi , ) $ K xn +1 K \
ni=1 B(xi , ). d (xn +1 , xi ) i = 1, . . . , n.
(xn )n N K d (xn , xm )
n , m.
. K .

6.1.13

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
175 230
: 1) 2). (xn )n N X
.
(xn )n N . 3.2.3 x X
> 0 m N n > m xn B(x, ).
x X B(x, (x )) (xn )n N .
{B(x, (x )) : x X } X . X
x1 , . . . , xn X X = ni=1 B(xi , (xi )).
(xn )n N X i n B(xi , (xi ))
.
2) 3). 3.2.1 (X, d ) .
6.1.13 X .
3) 1). (X, d ) . 6.1.12
(X, d ) D X
B = {B(x, q) : x D, q Q} .
x X U x U B B x B U .
(Ui )i I X .
(Bn )n N B X = i I Ui =
n =1 Bn n N Bn Ui
i I.
(Ui )i I
k N kn =1 Bn $ X .
k N, X = kn =1 Bn Bn Uin
in I X = kn =1 Uin .
n N xn < in=11 Bi .
A = {xn : n N}
6.1.11 (xn )n N Cauchy (xnk )k N . X
x X limk d (xnk , x ) = 0. x X =
n =1 Bn
n0 N x Bn0 . limk d (xnk , x ) = 0 k0 N xnk Bn0
k k0 . (xn )n N xn < Bn0 n n0

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
176 230
xnk < Bn0 k nk n0 . , (Ui )i I

.

6.1.14

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
177 230
: (X, d ) (Fi )i I X
. i I Fi = .
X = i F X \ Fi . Fi X \ Fi i I
(X \ Fi )i I X . X
G I X = i G X \ Fi i G Fi = .
i I Fi , .
(X, d ) (Gi )i I
X . (Gi )i I ,
F I i F Gi , X i F (X \ Gi ) , .
(X \ Gi )i I X
i I (X \ Gi ) , i I Gi $ X
.
(Gi )i I .

6.1.15

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
178 230
: (xn )n N lim d (xn , x ) = 0

n
lim f (xn ) = f (x ). 6.1.8 F = {xn : n N} {x }
. f|F lim f (xn ) = f (x ).
f .
6.1.16

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
179 230
: 6.1.14 (yn )n N
f (X ) . (yn )n N
f (X ) n N, yn = f (xn ) xn N. (X, d ) (xn )n N (xkn )n N . x = lim xkn .
f lim f (xkn ) = f (x ).
(ykn )n N (yn )n N f (x ) f (X ) f (X )
Y.
6.1.17

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
180 230
: X f 6.1.17 K = f (X )
R. K R. sup K, inf K R. sup inf
(xn )n N , (yn )n N X f (xn ) inf K
f (yn ) sup K. K f (xn ), f (yn ) K n N
inf(K ), sup(K ) K .

-
,

6.1.18

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
181 230
: ) (Ui )i I I0,1
F1 I I0,1 i F1 Ui .
(Ui )i I I0,2 F2 I
I0,2 i F2 Ui . F1 F2 I [a, b] = I0,1 I0,2
{Ui : i F1 F2 } .
(Ui )i I
I0,1 , I0,2 . I1 .
I1 [a, b]
ba
max I1 min I1 =
.
2
) I1 )
(Ui )i I . ) .
(Ui )i I I1,1 F1,1
I I1,1 i F1,1 Ui . (Ui )i I
I1,2 F1,2 I I1,2 i F1,2 Ui . F1,1 F1,2
I I1 = I1,1 I1,2 {Ui : i F1,1 F1,2 }
.
I2 I1,1 , I1,2 (Ui )i I . I2 I1
max I2 min I2 =
max I1 min I1
2
ba
22
) I1 , . . . , In
1) I1 I2 I3 In
2) In = [an , bn ] bn an =

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
182 230
ba
.
2n
3) (Ui )i I I1 , . . . , In .
a +b
cn = n 2 n . In,1 = [an , cn ] In,2 = [cn , bn ] )

(Ui )i I
In,1 , In,2 . In +1 . In +1 In
b2
bn an
= n +1
max In +1 min In +1 =
2
2
2).
) In +1 = [an +1 , bn +1 ] [an , bn ] (an )n N
, (bn )n N an bn n N.
A = lim an B = lim bn A B. lim bn an = lim b2na = 0
n
A = B.
) x0 = A = B. (Ui )i I [a, b] i0 I x0 Ui0 . Ui0 0 > 0 B(x0 , 0 ) Ui0 .
lim an = x0 = lim bn n0 N an , bn B(x0 , 0 ) n n0 .
n
[an , bn ] Ui0 n n0
[an , bn ], .

6.1.19

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
183 230
: A . A
, R
. x0 A \ A.
f (x ) =
|x x0 |
x A.
f |x x0 | , 0 x A.
x A (xn )n N A
|xn x0 | 0 supn N f (xn ) = +. f .
5.1.12 g(x ) = |x x0 | . g(x ) , 0 x A
1/g(x ) .
A R.
inf A = sup A = +. (xn )n N A
lim xn = + lim xn = +.
n
f (x ) = x x A. f
.

6.1.20

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
184 230
: A R A
. A R .
1. A .
|x |
f (x ) = 1+|x | .
1 + |x | 1 x R, f .
0 f (x ) < 1 x R.
A sup A = +.
(xn )n N A lim xn = +.
n
sup{f (x ) : x A} sup{
xn
n 1+xn
lim
xn
1 + xn

-
,

: n N} = 1,
= 1. x A f (x ) = 1.
x A
f (x ) = sup{f (x ) : x A}.
2 A .
x0 A \ A. (xn )n N
A lim |xn x0 | = 0. f (x ) = |x x0 |.
n
x A, f (x ) inf{|a x0 | : a A} = 0. a A
|a x0 | = inf{|x x0 | : x A} = 0 x0 A .

6.1.21

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
185 230
: g : X R g(x ) = d (f (x ), x ). g(x )
f (x ) .
X g(x ) 6.1.17
{d (f (x ), x ) : x X } 6.1.18
x0 X

-
,

g(x0 ) = d (f (x0 ), x0 ) = inf{d (f (x ), x ) : x X }.

f (x ) , x x X d (x0 , f (x0 )) > 0
.
6.1.22

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
186 230
: ) K H , d (K, H ) = 0.
d (K, H ) = 0.
inf{dist(x, H ) : x K } = 0
(xn )n N K dist(xn , H ) < 1/n.

n N hn H d (xn , hn ) < 1/n. K (xn )n N
(xkn )n N . x0 (xkn )n N .
lim d (xkn , x0 ) = 0 x0 K K .
d (hkn , x0 ) d (hkn , xkn ) + d (xkn , x0 ) <
1
kn
+ d ( xkn , x 0 ) n N
lim d (hkn , x0 ) = 0. H x0 H. x0 H K.
n
) ) d (K, H ) = > 0. 0 < <

f : X R f (x ) = dist(x, H ) f (x )
, 5.1.12, K f 1 (, +) H f 1 (, ). x K
f (x ) = dist(x, H ) inf dist(y, H ) = > x f 1 (, ).

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
y K
z H, f (z ) = 0 z f 1 (, ). f
U = f 1 (, ) V = f 1 (, ) , .

6.1.23
JJ
II
187 230
: d (f (x ), f (y)) = d (x, y), f

. f (X ) X . X
f f (X ) .
, f (X ) = X f (X ) = X f .
f (X ) X . x0 X
B(x0 , ) x0 B(x0 , ) f (X ) = . (xn )n N xn =
f (n ) (x0 ) = f f f (x0 ). m < n,
{z

-
,

d (xm , xn ) = d (f (n ) (x0 ), f m (x0 )) = d (f (n 1) (x0 ), f (m 1) (x0 ))
(8.36)
= = d (f (n m ) (x0 ), x0 ) = d (xn m , x0 ).
X (xnk )k N (xn )n N
y X . (xnk )k N Cauchy n0 N
d (xnk , xnm ) < . (8.36), k > m n0

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
d (xnk nm , x0 ) = d (xnk , xnm ) < ,

xnk nm = f (nk nm ) (x0 ). f (X ) X .
6.1.24
JJ
II
188 230
: a0 I Fa0 . (Fa
Fa0 ) I Fa0 .
, L I ,
L {a0 }
-
,
a L (Fa Fa0 ) = a L Fa Fa0 , .

a I (Fa Fa0 ) = a I Fa , .
6.1.25

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
189 230
: lim fn (x ) x X .
n
f (x ) = lim fn (x ). lim d (fn , f ) = 0

n
> 0 n0 N |fn (x ) f (x )| < n n0 x X .

> 0. x X (x ) > 0
|fn (x ) fn (y)| < /3 y X d (x, y) < (x ) n N.
(8.37)
|fn (xi ) f (xi )|
n ni .
(8.38)
n0 = max{n1 , . . . , nd }.
x X . i d x B(xi , (xi )) d (xi , x ) < (xi ).
(8.37),(8.38), n n0
|fn (x ) f (x )| |fn (x ) fn (xi )| + |fn (xi ) f (xi )| + |f (xi ) f (x )|
X X = x X B(x, (x )) x1 , . . . , xd X =
di=1 B(xi , (xi )).
lim fn (xi ) = f (xi ) i = 1, . . . , d ni

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
190 230
|f (xi ) f (x )| = | lim (fn (xi ) fn (x ))| lim |fn (xi ) fn (x )| /3.

n
6.1.26
: ). ) ) fn = f n N.
> 0. > 0
|fn (x ) fn (y)| < x, y X d (x, y) < n N.
-
,
fn x X (x ) > 0
|fn (x ) fn (y)| < /2 y X d (x, y) < (x ) n N.
(8.39)
B(x, 2 ), x X X , X = x X B(x, 2 )
X {x1 , . . . , xn } X
(x )
X = ni=1 B(xi , 2 i ).
(x )
(x )
= min{
( x1 )
2
,...,
( xn )
2
}.
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
(x )
x, y X d (x, y) < . i n x B(xi , 2 i ).
(xi ) (xi )
d (xi , y) d (xi , x ) + d (x, y) <
+
= (xi ).
2
2
x, y B(xi , (xi )) (8.39)
|fn (x ) fn (y)| |fn (x ) fn (xi )| + |fn (xi ) fn (y)| < /2 + /2 = .

fn .
6.1.27
JJ
II
191 230
: (fn )n N Cauchy > 0 n0 N

d (fn , fm ) = sup |fn (x ) fm (x )| < n, m n0 .
(8.40)
x X
sup |fn (x )| sup |fn0 (x )| + 1 n n0 .

x X
(8.41)
x X
X n N fn (X )
. Mn R
sup |fn (x )| Mn .
(8.42)
x X
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
(fn )n N .
fn , n N . > 0.
n0 N (8.40). X fn : X R
. n N n > 0
(8.43)
= min{n : n = 1, . . . , n0 }. n N
|fn (x ) fn (y)| < x, y d (x, y) < . n n0 n .
n > n0 (8.43),
< + |fn0 (x ) fn0 (y)| + (8.40)
supx X |fn (x )| M + 1 n N
|fn (x ) fn (y)| |fn (x ) fn0 (x )| + |fn0 (x ) fn0 (y)| + |fn0 (y) fn (y)|
M = maxn n0 Mn . (8.41),(8.42)
|fn (x ) fn (y)| < x, y d (x, y) < n .
JJ
II
192 230
< + + = 3 (8.43) n = n0
n |fn (x ) fn (y)| 3 x, y d (x, y) .

fn , n N .

6.1.28

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
193 230
: lim d (fn , f ) = 0. > 0

n
n1 < n2 < . . .
d (fnk , f ) = sup{|fnk (x ) f (x )| : x X } k N.
k N xnk X |fnk (xnk ) f (xnk )| /2.

X x0 X (xnkm )m N
(xnk )k N lim d (xnkm , x0 ) = 0.
m
ynkm = xnkm yn = x0 n , nkm m

lim d (yn , x0 ) = 0
f m0 N
|f (xnkm ) f (x0 )| < /5 m m0 .
lim fn (yn ) = f (x0 ) lim fnkm (xnkm ) = f (x0 )

n
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
m1 N
|fnkm (xnkm ) f (x0 )| < /5 m m1 .

/2 |fnkm (xnkm ) f (xnkm )|
|fnkm (xnkm ) f (x0 )| + |f (x0 ) f (xnkm )|

/5 + /5 = 2/5
. lim d (fn , f ) = 0.
n
JJ
II
194 230

6.1.29
: .

-
,
7.2.3

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
195 230
:
A, B.

-
,

;;

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
196 230
: B = {(x, ( x1 )) : x > 0} A B.

-
,
8.2

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
197 230
: U1 , U2 X U1 , U2 .
U1 = U2 = X .
U1 , U2 X , F1 = X \ U1 ,
F2 = X \ U2 X .
F1 X = F2 X = . X = U1 = F1 U2 = ,
X = U2 = F2 U1 = .

7.2.1

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
198 230
: A = (1, 3/2), B = (5/3, 5) , R,

A , , B , [0, 1] (2, 4] A B. [0, 1] (2, 4]
.

-
,
7.2.2

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
199 230
:
U1 = {(x, y) R2 : x > 1} U2 = {(x, y) R2 : x < 1} U1 , U2
R2 . prx : R R
, prx (x, y) = x prx , 5.1.10,
U1 = prx1 (1, ). U1 . U2 = prx1 (, 1)
U2 .
2
2
2
2
A
U1 U2 .
(x, y) A x y 10 x 10 + y 10.
2
x 10 x 10 x 10. (x, y) U1
U2 . A
U1 U2 U1 , U2
x < 10, (x, y)
R2 . ( 10, 0) U1 A ( 10, 0) U2 A. A
.

7.2.4

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
200 230
:
f k, m Z.
U = (U f 1 ({k })) (U f 1 (Z \ {k })). {k } Z \ {k }
Z. f f 1 ({k }) f 1 (Z \ {k })
-, , X U f 1 ({k }) , , U f 1 (Z \ {k }) , .
U .

7.2.5

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
201 230
: A
A A.
F1 = {(x, y) R2 : y = 0} R2 F1 =
1
2 ({0}) 2 (x, y) = y , 5.1.10 F2 =
{(x, y) R2 : x > 0, y = 1/x }. F1 F2 = 7.2.1
A .
(x, y) R2 (x, y) F1 F2 . y = 0
((xn , yn ))n N F2 (x, 0).

yn = 1/xn n N, lim xn = x lim yn = 0.
n
lim 1/xn = lim yn = 0 lim |xn | = + lim xn = x R.

n
7.2.6

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
202 230
:
) B U1 U2 U1 , U2 . x B A
V (x ) x x V (x ) A , .
B Ui , i = 1, 2, A Ui , i = 1, 2
A . B U1 = B U2 = B
.
) A B U1 U2 U1 , U2 . A
A U1 U2 . U1 .
B U1 A B U1 .
A B , x A B. x U1 U1 B , B U1
B .

;;

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
203 230
:
(X, d ) -.
U1 , U2 X = U1 U2 . f : (X, d )
{0, 1}
f (x ) = 0 x U1 f (x ) = 1 x U2 .
f , U1 U2 = , , X Uj , j = 1, 2.
f 1 (0) = U1 , f 1 (1) = U2 f 1 ({0, 1}) = X ,
.
f : (X, d ) {0, 1} ,
f 1 (0) f 1 (1) . f 1 (0), f 1 (1)
X , . (X, d )
-.

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
7.2.8
.
JJ
II
204 230
:
I .
) I2 . 2 I2 .
2 I 2 K1 2 K2 .
I3 = (2 , max I2 ) I3 = (min I2 , 2 ).

I3 I2 , (I3 )=(I2 )/2 = (b1 a1 )/22 , min I3 K1 max I3 K2 .

(In )kn =1
) Ik Ik 1 . . . I1 .
) In = (an , bn ), bn an = (b1 a1 )/2n 1 n = 1, . . . , k.
) an K1 bn K2 n = 1, . . . , k.
k Ik k K1 k K2 .
Ik +1 = (k , bk ) Ik +1 = (ak , k ).
Ik +1 1) 2)
(In )n N .
) In +1 = (an +1 , bn +1 ) (an , bn ) = In (an )n N
(bn )n N .
In I1 = (a1 , b1 ) n N (an )n N , (bn )n N
. . bn an = (b1 a1 )/2n 1
. x0 .
) K1 (an )n N K1 x0 K1 . x0 K2
x0 K1 K2
K1 K2 = .

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
205 230
I R
R I I K1 K2 7.2.1 I
.

-
,
7.2.9

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
206 230
:
A R. a, b
(0, 1) x0 = a + (1 )b < A, x0
a, b A.
U1 = (, x0 ) U2 = (x0 , +) U1 , U2
R, U1 A , , U2 A , A U1 U2 . A .
A R. a, b I
c a < c < b c < I. A ,
.

7.2.10

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
207 230
:
(X, d ) . U1 , U2
X = U1 U2 . X
U1 = U2 = .
U1 , U2 , x U1 y U2 . (X, d )
f : [a, b] X f (0) = x f (1) = y.
f ([0, 1]) U1 U2 . f ([0, 1]) , 7.2.3,
f ([0, 1]) U1 = f ([0, 1]) U2 = .
U1 = U2 = .

7.2.11

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
208 230
:
) R+ = {x R : x > 0} R+ . f : R+ R2
f (x ) = (x, (1/x )), B = f (R+ ) =
{(x, (1/x ) : x > 0} .
1
A = {(0, y) : y [1, 1]} {(x, ( )) : x > 0} B
x
(8.44)
7.2.7 A .
B (0, y), y [1, 1]
B.
y [1, 1] t [/2, /2] (t ) = y.
1
tn = t +2n
tn > 0 lim tn = 0
n
lim (1/tn ) = lim (t + 2n ) = lim (t ) = y.
lim (tn , (1/tn )) = (0, y) (8.44).

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
)
( 1 , 0) = ( 1 , ( )) (0, 0) A. f (t ) =
(x (t ), y(t )), t [0, 1] ( 1 , 0), (0, 0) f (1) = ( 1 , 0)
f (0) = (0, 0). x (t )
2
t1 (0, 1) x (t1 ) = 3
.
2
t2 (0, t1 ) x (t1 ) = 5 .
(tn )n N
tn (0, tn 1 ) x (tn ) =
(2n +1)
> 0 n N.
(tn )n N lim tn . f (tn ) = (x (tn ), y(tn ))

n
JJ
II
209 230
A x (tn ) > 0 n N
1
(x (tn ), y(tn )) {(x, ( )) : x > 0} n N.

x
f (tn ) = (x (tn ), (2n + 1) ) = (x (tn ), (1)n ) n N,

2
lim f (tn ) , .
n
8.2

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
210 230
:
) U1 , U2 n N An U1 U2 .
n N, An An U1 An U2 . An Uj .
j {0, 1}.
An An +1 , An Uj An +1 Uj .

A1 Uj A2 Uj A3 Uj . . .
An Uj n N . n N An Uj
n N An .
) n N An , An An +1 , n N
) n N An .

-
,

7.2.13
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
211 230
:
) Bn = {(x, x/n ) : x R} A1 = n N Bn . (0, 0) Bn
n N, 7.2.13 Bn
. Bn y = x/n
Bn = fn (R) fn : R R2 f (x ) = (x, x/n ). fn .
x
x
(xk )k N x0 limk nk = n0 limk fn (xk ) = f (x0 ).
R Bn = fn (R) .
7.2.13 A1 .
) B1 = {(x, y) : x > 0} B2 = {(x, y) : x < 0} A2 = B1 B2 .
B1 , B2 A2
.
1 : R2 R 1 (x, y) = x 5.1.10 1
B1 = 11 (0, +). (0, +) B1
. B2 B2 = 21 (, 0)
2 (x, y) = y.
) A3 . 7.2.11
. (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) A3 . y1 , y2 > 2
f : [0, 1] R3 f (t ) = t (x1 , y1 ) + (1 t )(x2 , y2 )
f (0) = (x2 , y2 ) f (1) = (x1 , y1 ). f ([0, 1]) A3
ty1 + (1 t )y2 > 2 t [0, 1]. f (t )
(x2 , y2 ) (x1 , y1 ). y1 , y2 < 2
f : [0, 1] R3 f (t ) = t (x1 , y1 ) + (1 t )(x2 , y2 )
(x2 , y2 ) (y1 , y1 ) A3 .
y1 < 2 < y2
(x1 , y1 ) (0, 2), (0, 2) (x2 , y2 ).
t [0, 1]
(1 t )(x1 , y1 ) + t (0, 2),
f (t ) =
(2 t )(0, 2) + (t 1)(x2 , y2 ) t [1, 2]

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
212 230
(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 )
A3 . A3 .
7.2.14

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
213 230
:
Bd (A) = A X \ A = . X = A X \ A
X , X .

-
,
7.2.15

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
214 230
:
C Bd (A) = . (X \ A) C, A C
. C A (C X \ A) =
x C A (C X \ A) x C Bd (A)
.
C A, (C X \ A) C ,
C .
7.2.16

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
215 230
:
X . X = U V U, V , -
X . u U v V .
G u, v. G
G U, G V G , G U
G V , . X .

7.2.17

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
216 230
:
x , y X . A = {x }, B = {y}
X f : X [0, 1]
f|A = 0 f|B = 1, 5.1.14. X f
7.2.3 f (X ) R. 7.2.10
f (X ) . 0, 1 f (X ) [0, 1] f (X ). X
[0, 1] .

-
,

7.2.18

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
217 230
:
(X, d ) d (, ) .
X . C
X . x C {x } C \ {x } ,
.
C {x } (C \ {x }), C C {x }. C = {x }.

7.2.19

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
218 230
:
q Q Cq q.
Q .
C Q q1 < q2 . x0 R \ Q q1 < x0 < q2 . A1 = (, x0 ), A2 = (x0 , ) A1 , A2
R. Uj = Q Aj , j = 1, 2 ,
Q C U1 U2 C Uj , j = 1, 2, C
. C .

7.2.20

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
219 230
: f (A) B, C
(Y, ) f (A) B C B f (X ) , , C f (X ) , . f
f 1 (B), f 1 (C) A f 1 (B) f 1 (C). A
A f 1 (B) = A f 1 (C) , .
f (A) B = f (A) C = .
f (A) .

7.2.3

-
,

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
220 230
: T Lipschitz kf k .

-
,
8.2.4

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
221 230
: Arzela-Ascoli () 6.1.24.

-
,
8.2.5

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
222 230
: M R supx [a,b] |fn (x )| M n N.

Arzela-Ascoli
FM = {f C[a, b] : sup |f (x )| M }
x [a,b]
C([a, b]). (fn )n N FM , f : [a, b] R
lim sup |fn (x ) f (x )| = 0.
n x [a,b]
5.1.15 f . f
[a, b] . lim fn (x ) = f (x )
n
x [a, b] supx [a,b] |f (x )| M f FM

M f FM . FM
Arzela-Ascoli F .
(fn )n N .

8.2.1

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
223 230
: x, y [a, b] |f (x ) f (y)| =
|f 0 (z )(x y)| |x y|. (fn )n N
> 0 =
|f (x ) f (y)| |x y| < x, y [a, b] |x y| < .
y = a x > a
|f (x ) f (a )| |A| |f (x )| f (a )| + |x a | |f (a )| + |b a |
(fn )n N .
F1 (fn )n N F1
F1 (fn )n N .

8.2.2

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
224 230
: F ,
|F (f ) F (g)| = |
f (t ) g (t )dt | = |
2
(f (t ) g(t ))(f (t ) + g(t )dt |
sup |f (t ) g(t )| |f (t ) + g(t )| 2d (f, g)
t [0,1]
f, g M, supt [0,1] |f (t )| 1,supt [0,1] |g(t )| 1 |f (t )+ g(t )| 2

t [0, 1]. |F (f ) F (g)| 2d (f, g) F .
M
fn (x ) = x n , n N. n N fn M fn +1 (x ) fn (x )
x X . lim fn (x ) = 0 x [0, 1) fn (1) = 1
n
n N. lim fn = 0 . M (fn )
n
f M. lim d (fn , f ) = 0
n
lim fn (t ) = f (t ) t f (1) = 1 f (t ) = 0

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
t [0, 1) f . M
C([0, 1]).

8.2.3
JJ
II
225 230
: ) A C([a, b]) M > 0 kf k =

sup{f (x ) : x [a, b]} M f A. f A
Z y
|Tf (x ) Tf (y)|
|f (t )|dt kf k |x y| M |x y|.
x

-
,
f A x, y [a, b]
> 0 =
|x y|
|Tf (x ) Tf (y)| M |x y|
T .
B C([0, 1]). T (B)
(fn )n N B
(Tfn )n N
) ) F = {Tfn : n N}
F C([a, b]).
Arzela-Ascoli (Tfn )n N
[a, b].

8.2.4

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
226 230
: F (X, d ) (X, d ).
F . Arzela-Ascoli
.
f F d (f (x ), f (y)) = d (x, y) x, y X
F .
. (fn )n N f : (X, d ) (X, d ).

lim sup d (fn (x ), f (x )) = 0.
n x X
x X (fn (x ))n N f (x )
,

-
,

|d (f (x ), f (y))d (fn (x ), fn (y))| d (f (x ), fn (x )) + d (fn (y), f (y))
lim d (fn (x ), fn (y)) = d (f (x ), f (y)).
Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
fn n N d (fn (x ), fn (y)) = d (x, y)

d (f (x ), f (y)) = d (x, y) x, y X . 6.1.24
f F .

JJ
II
8.2.5
227 230
: pn
lim sup{|f (x ) pn (x )| : x [0, 1]} = 0.
[0, 1] M R |f (x )| 1
x [0, 1].
Z
f 2 (x ) f (x )pn (x )dx | sup |f (x )(f (x ) pn (x ))|
x [0,1]
R1
R1
f 2 (x )dx = lim 0 f (x )pn (x )dx.

n
R1
R1
0 f (x )x k = 0 k N 0 f (x )p(x )dx = 0 R1
R1
0 f (x )pn (x )dx = 0 n N. 0 f 2 (x )dx = 0
f f = 0.

dx 0.
0

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
8.2.6
JJ
II
228 230
: x 2 [0, 1]., 0 x , y 1
x 2 , y2 . A , x 2
[0, 1]. Stone-Weiestrass A
C([0, 1]).
A , x 2
C([1, 1]) f A f (1) = f (1).
C([1, 1]).

-
,

8.2.7

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
229 230
R1
0
f(
2n +1
x )dx = 0 u =
f(
0
2n +1
x )dx = 0
u=
2n +
1
(2n + 1)
2n +1
u 2n f (u )du = 0
n N. , x
C([0, 1] f = 0.
f (x ) = x .

8.2.8

Arzela-Ascoli
Stone-Weierstrass
JJ
II
230 230

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|xi + yi |p |xi |p + |yi |p

d ((x1 , . . . , xn ), (y1 , . . . , yn )) = max |xi yi |

1.2.5 N = {0, 1}n = {a

d (A, B) = #((A \ B) (B \ A))

1.2.7 C([0, 1]) = {f : [0, 1] R, f }. f, g C([0, 1])

1.2.10 (X, d ) d (x, y) = d (x, y)2

2.2.1 (R2 , d ) d ((x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )) =

2.2.2 (X, d ) a X x B(a, ),

B(x, d (x, a )) B(a, ).

dist(x, A) = inf{d (x, a ) : a A}.

2.3.6 (X, d ) A X diam(A) = diam(A).

dist(x, B) dist(x, A) dist(x, B) + diam(B).

dist(x, A) > dist(x, B) + diam(B \ A).

2.4.2 (X, d ) A X x acc(A)

2.4.3 (X, d ) A X . A = acc(A) (A).

2.4.4 (X, d ) A X . (A) = A \ acc(A).

2.5.3 1.2.2, 1.2.3 .

2.5.4 (X, d ) (x, y) =

d (x, y) < md (x, y) (x, y) Md (x, y)

2.5.6 d (x, y) = |x y|, (x, y) = o|x y|

3.1.1 (xn )n N (X, d ) x X

3.1.3 (xn )n N (X, d ) Cauchy

3.2.1 (xn )n N Cauchy (X, d ) (xkn )n N , (xn )n N .

3.2.6 (xn )n N , (yn )n N Cauchy (X, d )

3.2.7 (X, d ) (xn )n N X

2. , (Fn )n N lim diam Fn =

3.2.12 (X, d ) . (C(X ), d ) .

3.2.13 C1 [0, 1] = {f : [0, 1] R, f }

d (f, g) = sup |f (t ) g(t )| + sup |f 0 (t ) g0 (t )|

3.2.14 C([0, 1]) = {f : [0, 1] R, f } d (f, g) =

|f (x ) g(x )|dx. (C([0, 1]), d ) .

4.1.5 (X, d ) (Ui )i I

d (f, g) = sup{|f (x ) g(x )| : x [, ]}.

4.1.7 (X, d ) {Bn : n N}

5.1.1 (X, d ), (Y, ) f : (X, d ) (Y, ) .

5.1.8 f : (X, d ) (Y, ) . f x0 (xn )n N lim d (xn , x0 ) = 0

lim (f (xn ), f (x0 )) = 0.

5.1.9 f : (X, d ) (Y, )

f (x ) = dist(x, K ) = inf{d (x, y) : y K },

5.1.15 (X, d ) (fn )n N X R. lim fn (x ) x X

5.1.16 (X, d ) , (Y, ) f : (X, d )

5.1.17 f (x ) = 1/x, x D = (0, +)

5.1.23 f : (0, 1) R limx 0+ f (x ) .

5.1.25 (X, d ) (fn )n N C(X ).

D = {x X : (fn (x ))n N Cauchy }

[a, b] lim an = a, lim bn = b.

5.1.29 fn : [0, +) R fn (x ) = o(nx ). a > 0

5.1.30 C([0, 1]) (fn )n N

5.1.33 (X, d ) . f : (X, d ) (X, d )

6.1.5 (X, d ) f : (X, d ) (Y, )

vii )A = {(x, y) : x 1, 0 y 1/x }.

f (x1 ) = inf{f (x ) : x X }, f (x2 ) = sup{f (x ) : x X }.

) x0 [a, b] lim an = x0 = lim bn .

6.1.26 (X, d ) (fn )n N X . lim fn (x ) x X

|fn (x ) fn (y)| < x, y d (x, y) < n N.

lim d (xn , x ) = 0 lim fn (xn ) = f (x ).

7.1.2 (X, d ) f : (X, d ) (Y, )

7.2.4 A = {(x, y) : x 2 y2 10} R2

A = {(x, y) R : y = 0} {(x, y) R : x > 0, y = 1/x }

7.2.8 (X, d ) . (X, d )

7.2.13 (X, d ) (An )n N .

) A1 = {(x, x/n ) : x R, n N}.

) A3 = {(x, y) : y , 2} {(0, 2)}.