W

W
K

? ? ?

K?

K
W

EF

K
W

EF

W
W

GTO ThyristorDiode o

DiacTriac o

UJT o

MOSFETBJT
o
IGBT

K
WThyristor J

semiconductors

General Electrics
--

Anode (A)
WK

KE JF Gate (G) Cathode (K)

Gate

(G)
Anode

(A)

G
A

Cathode

(K)
P

N
J1

P
J2

N
J3

WE JF

KSilicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

KON state

WStates of a thyristor J J
Forward biased stateW

KReverse biased state

KEFK

WStatic Characteristic of a thyristor J J

--

EF

K
J2J3J1

Forward leakage currentK

OAFForward Blocking (off) state

KEE JF

J2Forward Breakdown Voltage

KEE JFBCF On State

J2

Holding IH

Kcurrent

E
F

KJ3J1J2

Reverse leakage current

KEE JFODF

Avalanche

KEE JFDEF

--

+IA

IG1>IG0
IG2>IG1
B

IH
-VAK

VRB
D

IG0=0

+VAK
VFB

A
O

-IA

WE JF

WIdeal characteristic of a thyristor J J

EF

KEE JFOAF

K
EE JFOCF

KEE JFOBF

--

IA

C
O

WE JF

VAK

W J J
W

K J
J
K J
K J
KEF J
K J

Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) J

EF

GTO

(UPS)
K
--

EF
F

KE

K(SCR)

K(VAK)

E JF
(A)
E JFE JF(G)(K)

(VK)(VA)

KKEFIH

EFEF

EFEFWE JF
--

J J

E JF

(+IG)
(-IG)

(+IG)

E FK

KIH

WE JF

KK

E JF

K
--

E JF(Snubber Circuit)
( dv )
dt

WE JF

WTriac J

KE JF

T2T1T2T1
KT2G

T1T2T1T2
KT1G

--

T1

T2

Terminal
(T1)

()

Gate

(G)

G1

P
T2

G2

Terminal
(T2)

A2
()

K1

K2

T1

A1

()

EFEFEFWE JF

KE JF

AC Switch

K dc switch

--

IG1>IG0
IG2>IG1
-VB

IG0=0

IH
O

V
VB

WE JF

WDiac J
W

T2T1T2T1

T1T2T1T2
K

KE JF

- -

T2

T1

()

Terminal
(T1)

Terminal
(T2)

()

EFEFWE JF

E JF

K IG
K

W J

E
F

NPN

PNP

W
KBJT J

KMOSFETKF J
KIGBT J
- -

IBR
V
O

VB0

WE JF

WBipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) J J

PNPNPN

NPN

KPNP

KNPNE JF

KBJT

(E)(C) (B)

K(E)(C)

(E)(C)

EF(E)(B)
- -

K
K

EFEF

EFEFWE JF

W J J J

IC

IB VCE

KE JF

E JF

Cutoff J

KSaturation J

KActive region J

- -

WE JF

(IB=0)

(IC)

EF IB

E JF

20 VVCE

AC

- -

K
K

E JF

VCE

VCE
K

WE JF
MOSFETEF J J

EF

KE100KHzFEF

- -

KPWM

P N

N E JFK

KD DS G

VGVS

VSVDEF

VGS VGS
K

N E JF

E F

BJT

BJT

BJT (Losses)

K 4VVDS
- -

W J J J

E JF

IDEFVDS

KVGS

VGSE JF

EFK

2VVTHVGS

K4V

VGSK

KIDVGSID
IDVGSKVGS

KIDSS

VDS

ID K

JFVGSKID

EF E

VGS

VDS
VTH

IDBVDSS
KBVDSS VDS

KVGS> VTH

- -

WE JF
ID

ID VDS

ID VGS

VDS *IDVDS
KEF

EF

ID

VDS
RDS (ON )

V DS ( ON )
ID

0.5

10VVGS
K20V

- -

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor J J

(IGBTS)

IGBTs

CM1000HA

K1000A1400V

K10V

N E JF

G (E)(C)

(C)

(E)

EF

- -

E JF

J J J

VCE(IC)

E JF
(VGE)

(VGE(TH))

VCE

IC

VCE

E JF
- -

J J J

E JF

VCE

IC =

VS
R

WE JF

- -

W
J

T2T1 J
K J

T2T1 J

K J

K J

K J

K J

E F J

K J

K J

K J

K J

K J

J
K

J

- -

W
W

short circuit
K

W J

dc

Kswitch

E JF

E JFK
- -

t = 360o2
K

WE JF

K360o J

J
VA>VK

K J

K J

0.1 Alatching current (IL) J

KIH
50 mA

IL

IH

KEE JFF

- -

W J

AC switch

E JFKT2
E JFK

. 180o

WE JF

180o J
KEF

K J

K J

0.1 Alatching current (IL) J

K50 mA

E JFE JF

K180o360o
- -

Power circuit and control circuit J

F K

E FE

E JFK
K

WE JF

Isolation circuit J

- -

opto-couplers pulse transformers

K

E JF

KEF

WE JF
WMethods of triggering a thyristor J

WThermal and light triggering J J

K
Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier

K(LASCR)

- -

WHigh voltage triggering J J

K
K

W dv triggering J J
dt

C
K i = C dv
dt

K dv
dt

WGate triggering J J
E
F

WFiring circuits of a thyristor J

W

- -

WDC firing circuits J J

Eg E JF

SWKDRg
K
KRg

WE JF
WAC firing circuits J J

E JFK

D1R2R1

KR2
KRgR2

KK

- -

WE JF
WPulse triggering circuits J J

K
E JFKPulse transformers
CR1(UJT)Q1

R1K
Vp

R3

Q2
R3

KR3Q2

- -

WE JF
WThyristor protection J

J J

E JF

KFuse

KSnubber circuit
K

- -

K di
dt

WE JF

J J

E JF

K
varistor

E JF K

CSRS

Kdv/dt

K
K
K

di/dtL

- -

WE JF











- -

W
J
J

K J

J
J

K J

K J

snubber cicuit J

J
K

- -

W

KK

(R-L)(R)

KVmVm

WEF J
(Thyristor)

E F(SCR)
W

--

E JF2

Ig

Ig

2+

EF

2+

E F

EFWWE JF
KEF

Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with a resistive load

KRE JF

E F

EtoF

ERFE JF

EVoFE t = / F
K

--

t = / 'R'

KIH

'R'

E JF t = ( + 2 ) /

'vT''io''vo'EF
W

V0 = Vm sin t
0

, 0 < t < ( / )

, ( / ) < t < ( / )
, ( / ) < t < (2 / )

t = /
t = /

K'R'WE JF
--

KE JFWE JF
WAverage load voltage and current J J
WE JF
E JF

o ( avg )

.(1 + cos )

K Vm
W

E JF

o ( avg )

0 ( avg )

JFE JFE JF

WE

E JF

o ( avg )

2R

.(1 + cos )

W'Im'
E JF

o ( avg )

.(1 + cos )

KVm/R Im
--

R.M.S. value of the load voltage and current J J

E JF

E JF

o ( rms )

= V m . (1 +
2

sin 2
)
2

W
E JF

o ( rms )

. (1

sin 2
+
)

E FE F
KE F

(Vdo)
WVdoE JF ( = 0)

E JF

do

=Vm

Vo

(Power Factor) J J
'PF'

W'S' 'P'
E JF

PF =

P
S

E JF

P = I o2rms R

E JF

P = I S2 rms R

I o rms = I S rms
--

E JFE JF

WE JF

E JF

PF =

I o ( rms ) R
Vs

WE JFE JF'R'
E JF

PF =

sin 2
1
)
.(1 +

2
2

W J

120

'Vo' 10 KV
= 90oEF

W'PL'

= 45oEF

= 180oEF

= 0o EF

= 135oEF

W'Vm'

= V s 2 = 120 2 = 169.7 V

E JF'PL''Vo(avg)'

WE JF

.(1 + cos )
2
PL = I o2( rms ) R

o ( avg )

W = 0oEF
169.7
.(1 + cos 0o ) = 54 V
2
sin 2
169.7
V
I o( rms) = 2 Rm . (1 + 2 ) = 20 1 0 = 8.485 A

o ( avg )

P =I
L

2
o ( rms )

R = 8.485 2 .10 = 720 W

--

W = 45oEF

169.7
.(1 + cos 45o ) = 46.1 V
2
169.7
45. 1 sin 90 0
I o( rms ) = 20 . 1 180 . + 2 = 8.09 A
P L = 8.09 2.10 = 654.55 W

o ( avg )

W = 90oEF

169.7
.(1 + cos 90o ) = 27 V
2
169.7
90. 1 sin 180 0
I o( rms ) = 20 . 1 180 . + 2 = 6 A
P L = 62.10 = 360 W

o ( avg )

: = 135oEF

169.7
.(1 + cos135o ) = 7.91 V
2
169.7
135. 1 sin 270 0
=
.
1

. +
= 2.56 A
I o( rms ) 20
180
2
P L = 2.56 2.10 = 65.4 W

o ( avg )

W = 180oEF

169.7
.(1 + cos 180 o ) = 0 V
2
169.7
180. 1 sin 360 0
=
.
1

. +
=0 A
I o( rms ) 20
180
2
PL = 0 W

o ( avg )

''

Vo(avg) V
PL W

0
54
720

45o
46.1
654.6

90o
27
360

135o
7.91
65.4

180o
0
0

--

W J

120

10 KV
W60o

K'PL' J
K'PF' J

W'Im' J

120 2
= 16.97 A
10

=Vm =
R

W J
PL = I o2( rms ) R

QI
PL =

Im

=
o ( rms )

. (1

sin 2
+
)
2

16.97 2
60
sin 120
sin 2
.R.(1 +
)=
.10.(1 .
+
= 579 W
4
2
4
2

180

WE JF' PF' J
1
sin 2
.(1 +
)
2

2
1
sin 120
60
.(1 .
+
) = .634 Lag.
2
2
180

Q PF =
PF =

W J

150 V

W30o''K10 60 Hz
K'Im' J

K'Vo(avg)' J
K'Io(avg)' J

K'Io(rms)' J

K'PL' J
--

K'' J

K'fo' J

K'PF' J

'Vm' J

= V s 2 = 150 2 = 212 V

Im J

212
=Vm =
= 21.2 A
R
10

Vo(avg) J

o ( avg )

212
= V m .(1 + cos ) =
.(1 + cos 300 ) = 63 V
2
2

Io(avg) J

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

63
= 6 .3 A
10

Io(rms)' J

QI

o ( rms )

sin 2
21.2
30
sin 60o
. (1 +
)=
. 1 .
+
= 10.45 A
2
2
2
2

180

= I

'PL' J

PL = I o2( rms ) R =10.45 2 .10 =1092W

'R''' J
= 180 o = 180 o 30 o = 150 o

EF

W'fo'KE JF

= 60 Hz

'PF' J
1
sin 2
.(1 +
)

2
2
1
30
sin 60
.(1 .
+
) = 0.7 Lag.
180
2
2

Q PF =
PF =

--

Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load 'R-L'

E JF

'vo''vs'
E JFR-L
K'vT''io'

K'R-L'WE JF
W J J
WE JF

E F'Vs'

t =
= tan 1 L ''

K(Extinction angle)''

180o

--

180o''
'vT'K t

< t <

E JF
K 'R'

E JFWE JF

--

W J J

WE JF

E JF

o ( avg )

= V m .(cos cos )
2

W
E JF

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

= V m .(cos cos )
2R

W ' '

sin( ) = sin( ).e

)
tan

K = tan 1 L

E JF ' '

K''''
JFK( = + )''

= 90o'R' = 0oE
K(L)

W J J
W

W''
K

W''
K

W''
K

--

''''''E JF
J
Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load and a FreeWheeling Diode

K(Free-wheeling diode)

E JF

R-L

(Short-circuit)

KE JF

--

K 'R-L'E JF
W J J
E JF

KE JF

''

KE JF

0 < t <
t = ''

< t < K''

< t < t <t <

'R-L''vs'

vo = vs'vs' 'vo'

t = E JFK

E F

--

E JFWE JF
W J J

'vo'

--

E JF

WE JF

V
I

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

2R

.(1 + cos )
.(1 + cos )

W J

150 V

10 'R'K 60 Hz

30o K10 'L'

K

V
I

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

2R

.(1 + cos )
.(1 + cos )

o ( avg )

150 2
.(1 + cos 30o ) = 63 V
2
63
I o( avg ) = 10 = 6.3 A

Single Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifiers J
Resistive Load Z J
E JF

.R Vs

KE JF

--

K 'R'WE JF
W J J J
T1, T2

T3,T4

0 t T4T1

t 2T3T2

Pulse Transformer
KOpto-Coupler

W J J J
E JF

T4T1 KE JF

0 t

T1,T4

vs

VoT4RT1
K E
FR
--

T2,T3

T3 R T2

180oT2,T3 T4,T1

T4 T1

vAKT3 T2
is

io

WE JF
K 'R'

--

W J J J
E JF

JF

WE

E JF

V o ( avg ) = V m .(1 + cos )

W
E JF

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos )
R

WE JF
E JF

I o ( avg ) = I m .(1 + cos )

Vm
Vs

WIm Im
E JF

I m = V m = V s
R
R

W J J J

WE JF

E JF

V o ( rms ) = V m .
2

(1

sin 2
+
)

W
E JF

I o ( rms ) = I m .
2

(1

sin 2
+
)

--

W J

K10 R60 Hz150V

W30o

KVo(avg) J

KIo(avg) J
KIm J

K'Io(rms)' J

K'PL' J
K'fo' J

K'PF' J

W J

V
V o ( avg ) =

o ( avg )

= V m .(1 + cos )

150 2

.(1 + cos 30o ) = 126 V

W J

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

126
= 12.6 A
10

W J

=Vm =
R

150 2
= 21.2 A
10

W J
30
sin 2
21.2
sin 60o
I o( rms) = 2 . (1 + 2 ) = 2 . 1 .180 + 2 = 14.77 A

W J
PL = I o2( rms ) R =14.77 2 .10 = 2182W
J

= 2 f = 2.(60) = 120 Hz

--

Io(rms) J
Is

R
PF = I
V I

orms

orms

orms

14.77.(10)
PF =
= 0.98 Lag.
150

R-L J J J
E JF

K(R-L)

'R-WE JF
KL'

W J J J
T1,T4

T2,T3 t =

E JF t = +

K
--

vs T1,T4

t = T4 T1

voR

vs
T1, T4

t vo

T2, T3 E JFK
t = +

T2Vs

T3
t = +

K
E JFE JF

E JF
is180o
E JF 360o

+

K

--

WE JF
K 'R-L'

WE JF
K
--

W J J J

WEFE JF

E JF

V o ( avg ) = V m .(cos cos )

EFE JF
W

E JF

V o ( avg ) = 2 .V m cos

Vo(avg)/R I o ( avg )

WEFE JF

E JF

I o ( avg ) = V m .(cos cos )

R

WEFE JF

E JF

I o ( avg ) =

2
.
cos
R V m

E JF

90o 0

180o 90o
(rectifier)
(inverter)

(2-Quadrant)

--

WVAK J J J
E F T1

T2EF T2

T1
T2T1vs
E JF

V T 2 = V s + V T 1

T1

vT 2 = v s vsT2

KT1

W J

60 Hz230V

.0.5 L >> R
K200 V

L >> R

o ( avg )

200 =
cos = 0.966

=
2

WE JF

.V m cos

.(230 2 ). cos
= 15o

W J

60 Hz120V

W30o.10 L >> R
--

KVo(avg) J
K'Io(avg) J
KIm J

K'Io(rms)' J

KIoTh J
K'PL' J
KPF J

Vm J

V
V

o ( avg )

= V s 2 = 120 2 = 170 V

EF J
.V m cos =

.170. cos 30o = 94 V

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

94
= 9 .6 A
10

W J

o ( avg )

= 9 .4 A

W J
I o ( rms ) = I o ( avg ) = 9.4 A

180o J

oTh

1
2

o ( avg )

9.4
= 4.7 A
2

PL = I o2( rms ) R = 9.4 2 .10 = 883.3W

J
W Io(rms) = Is (rms)
PF =

I o ( rms ) R
Vs

--

94
= 0.78 lag.
120

W J J
E JF

EF

KE JF

WE JF
K

J J J
E JF

E JF

WL >> R

T1,T4

vs
t =

T4T1
( t )t =

t =

--

( t +)

is

t= +
T2 ,T3

T3T2
vo = -

t = 2vs
t = 2 +

E JFKT1,T4

E JF
Kis

WE JF
K
--

W J J J
E JFE JF

WE JFF

E JF

V o ( avg ) = V m .(1 + cos )

E JF

I o ( avg ) = V o( avg ) = V m .(1 + cos )

R
R
J J J

E JF

E JF

I D ( avg ) = I o( avg ) .

Vm
.(1 + cos )
2 R

W J

60 Hz120V
K 10 L >> R

W30o

K'Vo(avg)' J

'Io(avg)' J

KIm J

K'Io(rms)' J

KID(avg) J

KIoTh J
--

K'PL' J
KPF J

Vm J

= V s 2 = 120 2 = 170 V

EF J

= V m .(1 + cos ) =
o ( avg )

170

.(1 + cos 300 ) = 101 V

o ( avg )

o ( avg )

101
= 10.1 A
10

o ( avg )

= 10.1 A

J
I o ( rms ) = I o ( avg ) =10.1 A

D ( avg )

o ( avg )

30
= 10.1 (
) = 1.683 A

180

2(-) J

oTh

( )
150
. I o ( avg ) =
.(10.1) = 4.21 A
2
360

PL = I o2( rms ) R = (10.1) 2 .10 = 1020 W

W J
(I)

PF =

PL
1020
=
Vs I s ( rms ) 120 I s ( rms )

WIs(rms)
(II)

I s ( rms ) = I o ( avg )

--

= 10.1

150
180

= 9.22 A

W(I)(II)

PF =

1`020
= 0.92 Lag.
120 .(9.22)

'R-L' J
Single-Phase Full-Wave Half-Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load

(1-Quadrant)

E JF

E JFE JF

KE JFD3, D4T3, T4

J J
E JF

L >> R
W


--

K 'R-L'WE JF

T1

t D4T1vs

io t =

is

t =

io

D3T1

t = +

KE JF
t = +
D3T2vs

t = 2
--

+ t 2

2 t 2 +

T2

D4
KE JFD4T2

E JF
K

WE JF
K
--

J J
E JF

E JF

WE JFE JFE JF

E JF

V o ( avg ) = V m .(1 + cos )

E JF

I o ( avg ) = V m .(1 + cos )

R

W J

vo

120VE JF

L >> 60 Hz

W10 R
K = 0

K = 45o
K = 90o

K = 135o

EF

EF
EF

EF

T1 EF

= 0D4

D3T2
--

EFE JF

Kvovs

EF

D4 T1

= = 45o

0 t 45o
T1

t 225ovo

T2

D3T2
EFE JF

Kvovs

WEFEF EF
0 t 90

90o t 180o
D4T1

180o t 270o

EFE JF270o t 360o

Kvovs

EFEFEF EF
E JF
Kvovs

--

EF

EF

EF

WE JF
K

--

Three phase controlled rectifiers J

J J

W
K

K
K

K
--

K
J J
Three - phase half wave controlled rectifier connected with a resistive load (R )

R E JF

EF

iovoK
< 30 o

30 o 120 o

KWE JF

J J J

E JF

. < 30 o
--

W
120E F

T1FTh1

t1 ETh2 T2

t = Th3t = 120o + t1 Th2

240o + t1

Th1

E JF t + 120 o
+ 120 o t + 240 o Th2

+ 240 o t + 360 o Th3

(t = 0) A t = 30

120oTh2Th1 EF
120oTh3Th1

EFTh2

E JFK 120o

(iA, iB iC) vo

Th1io

EF
K360o120o

= 0Th1E JF

30 t = 30

t 30

(vAN)A 30 t 150

Th1

vANR

K Th3Th2
t = 150o 150 t 270 Th2
--

120o

Th2 (vBN)B

vBNR

Th3Th1

t 270 t 390 Th3K

(vCN)C= 270o

Th3

Th2Th1vCNR
360oK

Kt = 390oTh1

WE JF
--

K < 30 o

WE JF
K= 0

io voE JF

F Th1 ( < 30) 30

EvBF Th2 EvA

120oEvCF Th3 120o

io vo Th2

E JFE JF io vo
. =0 < 30

I o (avg ) Vo(avg)

E JF

Vo ( avg ) =

--

3 3
Vm cos = 0.827 Vm cos
2

E JF

I o ( avg ) =

Vo ( avg )
R

V
3 3
Vm cos = 0.827 m cos
2R
R

KVm

ITh(avg)

frVTh(m)

WE JF

E JF I Th ( avg ) =
E JF VTh ( m) =

I o ( avg )
3

3 Vm = V L ( m )

E JF f r = 3 f

K f (line voltage)

VL (m )

W J

208 V

''K10 60 Hz(VL)

W20o

K'Im' J

K'Vo(avg)' J

K'Io(avg)' J

K'ITh (m)' J

K'ITh (avg)' J

K'vTh (m)' J
K'fr' J

V phase =

VL
3

208
3

=120 V

V m = 2 V phase = 2 *120 = 170 V

--

I m = Vm = 170 =17 A J
10

Vo ( avg ) = 0.827 Vm cos = 0.827 * 170 * cos 20 o =132 V

I o( avg ) =

Vo ( avg )
R

132
= 13.2 A
10

I Th ( m) = I m =17 A J
I Th ( avg ) =
VTh ( m) =

I o ( avg )
3

13.2
= 4.4 A
3

3 Vm = VL ( m ) = 2 VL = 208 2 = 294V

f r = 3 f = 3 * 60 =180 Hz J

J J J

E JF
. 30 150

E JF

E JF

30 150 Th1W

R VAN
Vo t ' = 150 o

Vo 30 150

Th1

(150 o t ' + 120 o ) 180 t + 150

Th3 Th2 Th1

Th2 (t ' = + 120 o ) t = + 150 o Th2

Th2 Th3 Th2

VBN R
--

270 o t ' + 240 o ( + 120 o t ' 270 o )

Th3 Th2 Th1

(t ' = + 240 o ) t = + 270 o Th3

Th1 Th2 Th3

VCNRTh3

390 o t ' + 360 o ( + 240 o t ' 270 o )

Th3 Th2 Th1

KTh1

WE JF
K 30 150
--

Vo io

I o (avg ) Vo(avg)

W (30 150)

3Vm
[1 + cos( + 30)]= 0.477 Vm [1 + cos( + 30)]
2
Vo ( avg ) 0.477 Vm
=
=
[1 + cos( + 30)]
R
R

E JF Vo ( avg ) =

E JF I o ( avg )

150 180
K (Vo( avg )

= 0)

W J

208 V

''K10 60 Hz(VL)

W100o

K'Im' J

K'Vo(avg)' J

K'Io(avg)' J

K'ITh (m)' J

K'ITh (avg)' J

K'vTh (m)' J
K'fr' J

100o Th1

(Vm(load ) ) vAN
W
--

V phase =

VL
3

208
3

=120 V

V m ( source ) = 2 V phase = 2 *120 = 170 V

V m ( load ) = Vm ( source ) sin (30 o + ) = 170 sin(30 o + 100 o ) = 130 V

K I m(load ) Vm(source)
I m(load ) =

130
= 13 A
R
10
Vo ( avg ) = 0.477 Vm ( source ) [1 + cos( + 30)]

Vm ( load )

= (0.477 * 170) * [1 + sin (30 0 + 100 o )] = 29 V

V
I o( avg ) = o ( avg ) = 29 = 2.9 A
R
10

I Th ( m) = I m(load ) =13 A J
I Th ( avg ) =
VTh ( m) =

I o ( avg )
3

2.9
= 0.97 A
3

3 Vm = VL ( m ) = 2 VL = 208 2 = 294V

f r = 3 f = 3 * 60 =180 Hz J

J J
Three - phase full wave bridge - controlled rectifier connected with a resistive load (R )

E JFK

Th5Th3Th1KEF

Th6Th4Th2

EF

K360o60o

F EF
--

(vL)E

Th2Th3
KvBC

K I o (avg ) Vo (avg )

KWE JF

E
F

60o

K
K

1 E JF

(-)

(-) VCN,VAN
E JF =0
--

1200 W
Th1

VAN

Th3 240 120 A1

360 240 B1

C1Th5
KVCNVBNVANv1N

Th42
A2Th4300180

Th6 (60o) 420 300

Th2180o60o B2

(v2N) 2 C2

K v1N v2 N (v12) vo KVCNVBN VAN

KE JF

v12

AB

60o0o

AC

120o60o

BC

180o120o

BA

240o180o

CA

300o240o

CB

360o300o

AB

420o360o

E JF
--

WE JF
K = 0o
E JF

frEF

Kf

120o

K240o

Th1 Th2 Th3 Th4Th5Th6ABC

K

E JF

120o0o(vTh1 = vA1)Th1

240o
120oTh1 V A1 = 0
--

360o240oB1vA1 = vAB

E JFKC1vA1 = vAC
K

vTh2
CB

0
0
CA
CA

vTh6
0

BC
BC
BA
BA

vTh4
AB

AC
AC
0

vTh5
CA

CA
CB
CB

vTh3

BA
BA
0
0
BC

CB

AB

E JF

BC

vTh1
0

0
AB
AB
AC
Ac

0o
60o
60o

120o

120o

180o

180o

240o

240o

300o

300o

360o

vTh1 E JF

(VL(m))

E JF( =0o)
120o 0o

E JF K
E JF iC iB iA

--

i A = i1 i4
JF i B = i3 i6
i = i i
C 5 2

--

vTh1 WE JF
K = 0o

WE JF
K = 0o

0 o 60 o

K 60 o 120 o

W 0 o 60 o

E JF
E JF

Vo ( avg ) =
I o ( avg ) =

Vo ( avg )
R

3 3

Vm cos =1.654 Vm cos

V
3 3
Vm cos = 1.654 m cos
R
R

K(Vphase (m))Vm

W 60 o 120 o

--

E JF

Vo ( avg ) =

E JF I o ( avg )

3 3

Vm [1 + cos( + 30 o )] =1.654 Vm [1 + cos( + 30 o )]

Vo ( avg )

= 1.654

Vm
[1 + cos( + 30 o )]
R

W J

K10
60 Hz(VL)208 V
W20o''

K'Im' J

K'Vo(avg)' J

K'Io(avg)' J

K'ITh (m)' J

K'ITh (avg)' J

K'vTh (m)' J
K'fr' J

= 20 o

0 o 60 o

V L ( m ) = 2 VL = 208 2 = 294.15V

V phase

VL
3

208
3

=120 V

V m = 2 V phase = 2 *120 = 170V

Im =

VL ( m )
R

294.15
= 29.419 A
10

Vo ( avg ) = 1.654 Vm cos =1.654 * 170 * cos 20 o = 264 V

I o( avg ) =

Vo ( avg )
R

264
= 26.4 A
10

J
J

I Th ( m ) = I m = 29.419 A J
I Th ( avg ) =

I o ( avg )
3

26.4
= 8.8 A
3
--

VTh ( m) =

3 Vm = VL ( m ) = 2 VL = 208 2 = 294.15V

f r = 6 f = 6 * 60 = 360 Hz J

W J

i4i1(vSCR1) vTh1vo

iA

K30o'' J

K60o''' J
K90o'' J

120o

E
FEF

i4i160o

30oiA

K (i1 i4 ) iAE JF

WE JF

Th6Th1iA 30 o t 90 0
KiA = i1vAB

Th6Th1iA 90 o t 150 0
KiA = i1vAC

Th4Th3iA 210 o t 270 0

KiA = - i4vBC

Th4Th5iA 270 o t 330 0

KiA = - i4vCA

K EF J
--

K60oE JF

K90oE JF J

WE JF
--

K = 30o

WE JF
--

K = 60o

WE JF
--

K = 90o

W
'io''vo''vs' J
:'vAK'

'R'

'''Vo(avg)'
J

K220V

'io'EF J
WK

'' J

'' J

K'' J

--

'L' J
K'io'

J
:(L>>R)

K J

K J

'is''io''vo' J
:

K'60' J

K'60' J

220V J
:'60'K50 60Hz

K J

220VK

K'60'K50 60Hz

--

EF J
K J

J
K60Hz220V

WK'60'20

W J

208 V J
''10 60 Hz(VL)
K30o

J
10 60 Hz(VL)208 V

K60o''

208 J

K10 60 Hz(VL)V

W30o''

K'Im' J

K'Vo(avg)' J
--

K'Io(avg)' J

K'ITh (m)' J

K'ITh (avg)' J

K'vTh (m)' J
K'fr' J

K10 60 Hz(VL)208 V
W60o''

K'Im' J

K'Vo(avg)' J

K'Io(avg)' J

K'ITh (m)' J

K'ITh (avg)' J

K'vTh (m)' J
K'fr' J

--

DC

DC

DC

W
W

(duty cycle)

step-down (buck) choppers J

K

step-up (boost) chopper J

K

--

DC

WA Basic DC Chopper J
E JF

KRVs
S

Power Thyristor

'Insulated Gate Bipolar 'MOSFET'Transistor

KTransistor'

switches

W'ideal'

J
Kturn-on

J
Kturn-off

K J

power loss

output dc Input dc power

E JF

V s I s = V o I o

Wpower

K: Vs

K??: Vo

KWIs
KWIo

--

DC

KRWE JF
WDuty Cycle J

TONTOFF
E JF

TON

DK

WT

E JF

D =

ON

T ON + T OFF

= T ON
T

KTWD

K:T

KEF:TON
VPULSE

KEF:TOFF

TOFF

TON

T+TON

KWE JF
--

DC

(0 D 1) E JF

Base current

Commutation EF(Auxiliary Circuit)

Kcircuit

K
R J

The Principle of Operation of a Basic DC Chopper Connected with a Resistive Load:

E JFvo

(0 vo Vs)Vs

S
'S'voK

'OFF'

'S'Vsvo

E JF'ON'
Kvo

--

DC

KvoWE JF
W J J
WVo

E JF

V o =

.V s = T ON .V s
T
T ON + T OFF
ON

E JFE JF

E JF

V o = D V s

VoE JF

VoE JFD

K0 V0 VsVs

E JF Io

Io
W

E JF

--

I o = V o =
R

D
.
R Vs

DC

vo

Vs

D
0

KDVoWE JF
W J J
Io(rms)Vo(rms)

E JF

V o ( rms ) = V s

E JF

I o ( rms ) = Vs
R

D = IP D

K Vs IPW
R

W J J

KPOrmsPi

E JF

--

2
Vs2 Vorms
2
Po = Pi = D =
= I orms
R
R
R

DC

W J J

KPulse-Width Modulation (PWM) J

KPulse-Frequency Modulation (PFM) J

PWM
TON

E JFT

PFM

TTON

E JF
K

KPFMPWM[

SPFM

high current ripples

K

PWM[

filters
K

--

DC

vo

VS

Vo

2T

3T

EF

vo

VS
Vo

2T

3T

EF

vo

VS

Vo
0

2T

3T

EF

KvoWE JF

--

DC

vo

Vs
Vo

EF

vo

Vs

Vo

vo

EF

Vs

Vo
0

EF

voWE JF

--

DC

W J
220 VE JF

K10

W0.51 KHzS
KVo J
KVo(rms) J

KPi J

WE JF J

= D V s = 0.5 (220) = 110 V

WE JF J

o ( rms )

D = 220 0.5 = 155.6 V

=V s

E JF J
W

=DV

2
s

= 0.5

2202
= 2420 W
10

WStep-Down (Buck) DC Choppers J

WCase of An Inductive Load J J

E JFK

dv/dtS

EFE JF
--

DC

W J J
S

E JF

S K 'S'
DEFE JF

R-LSVs

vo0 t TON

K EFE JF

t = TONS

EFE JF

EFE JF

TON t T

EFE JFK

EFE JF

KTON t T

--

DC

io

+
VD
-

vo

EF

io

Is=io

vo

VD=Vs
ID=0

(0 t TON ) EF
io

Is=0

vo

ID=io

(TON t T ) EF

K WE JF
--

DC

WContinuous Current Mode J J

EFE JF

K J
K J

KS J

filter K

>> T

( = L / R)

I max I min

E JFKT

EFE JFE JF

0 t TON S
Vs

EFE JF TON t T

S isEFE JF

E JFEFE JFEFE JF

TON EFE JFEF

0 t is t T

W TON
--

DC

E F

ID
Imax

Imin
0

TON

Is

EF

T+TON

2T

Imax

Imin
0

TON

io

T+TON

2T

EF

Imax

Imin

TON

T+TON

EF

2T

KWE JF
--

DC

E JF I O = I L = I max + I min
2

W
E JF

Io =Vo

WE JFE JF
E JF

I max + I min = 2 V o
R

K I max I min

E JF

E JF

V L = L

dio

=V o

dt

dio = VO = io
dt
L
t

iO = VO t
L

W iO

E JF

iO = I max I min

E JF

E JF

I max I min = Vo TOFF

W t
t = TOFF

WE JFE JFE JF
I max I min

E JFE JF

E JF

I max = Vo + Vo TOFF

E JF

I min

E JF

R 2L
VO VO
=

TOFF
R 2L

W I P P = iO

--

I P P = I max I min

DC

E JF

I P P = TOFF V 0
L

IDIsS

WD

E JF

I s = D I o = T ON I o
T

E JF

I D = (1 D) I o = T OFF I o
T

K IDIo

is

K Vs
WDiscontinuous Current Mode J J

SKS

SK

K
KTON t T

E JFE JF

E JF
S

E JFKTON

TON t TS
K0 t TONS
--

DC

KL

E JFImin
W

I min = 0 = VO VO TOFF

2L

V o =T OFF V o
2L

E JF

L = R T OFF
2

--

DC

Vo

Vs

T+TON

TON

2T

E F

ID

Imax

TON

T+TON

2T

EF

Is

Imax

TON

io

T+TON

2T

EF

Imax

TON

EF

T+TON

2T

K WE JF
--

DC

W J

E JF

10 100 V

1 KHz S K50 mH

W50 VEF

KD J

KTON J

KVo(rms) J

KIo J

KImaxImin J

KIp-p J

Ip-p J
K5 KHz

Ip-p J
K250 mH

WE JF J
QV o = D V s

D =V o =

50
= 0.5
100

WE JF'TON' J
D = T ON
T

T ON = D T =
T ON =

D
f

0.5
= 0.5 ms
1000

W'TOFF' J

OFF

= T T ON = 1 0.5 = 0.5 ms

WE JF J

o ( rms )

=V s

D =100 0.5 = 70.7 V

--

DC

W J
IO =

VO 50
=
= 5A
R 10

E JFE JF J
Vo Vo
50
50
+
TOFF = +
0.5 = 5.25 A
10 2 * 50
R 2L
V
V
50
50
= O O TOFF =
0.5 = 4.75 A
10 2 * 50
R 2L

I max =
I min

WIP-P J

PP

= I max I min = 5.25 4.75 = 0.5 A

0.55 KHzIP-P J
W

= (1 D)T =
OFF

(1 D)
f

(1 0.5)
= 0.1 ms
5*103
V
V
50
50
I max = o + o TOFF = +
0.1 = 5.05 A
10 2 * 50
R 2L
V
V
50
50
I min = O O TOFF =
0.1 = 4.95 A
10 2 * 50
R 2L
I P P = I max I min = 5.05 4.95 = 0.1
A
T OFF =

IP-P

1 KHz250 mHIP-P J
W0.5

OFF

= (1 D )T =

TOFF =

(1 D )
f

(1 0.5) = 0.5 ms
3

1 *10
V
V
50
50
I max = o + o TOFF = +
0.5 = 5.05 A
10 2 * 250
R 2L
V
V
50
50
I min = O O TOFF =
0.5 = 4.95 A
10 2 * 250
R 2L
I P P = I max I min = 5.05 4.95 = 0.1
A
--

DC

IP-P

IP-P

W J

E JF

K100 mH10 100 V

1 KHz S

W0.5 msTON

KD J

KTOFF J

KVo J

KIo J

KVo(rms) J

K
J

W J

1
1
=
=1 ms
f 1 *103
T
0 .5
D = ON =
= 0 .5
T
1

T=

W J

OFF

= T TON =1 0.5 = 0.5 ms

W J

= DV s = 0.5 *100 = 50 V

W J

50
=V o = = 5
R 10
--

DC

W J

o ( rms )

D = 100 0.5 = 70.7 V

=V s

W
J
L=

TOFF
0 .5
R=
*10 = 2.5 mH
2
2

W J

E JF

K500 mH4 200 V

20 A

100 Hz 0.96 AIp-p

W4 msTON
KD J

KTOFF J

KIs J

KID J

KImaxImin J

W J

T=

1 1
=
=10 ms
f 100

4
D = T ON = = 0.4
10
T

W J

OFF

= T TON =10 4 = 6 ms

W J

=D

= 0.4 * 20 = 8 A

W J

I D = (1 D )I O = (1 0.4) * 20 = 12 A
--

DC

WImaxImin J
I P P
= 20 + 0.96 = 20.48 A
2
I
= I O P P = 20 0.96 = 19.52 A
2

I max = I O +
I min

T
=

L 500
=
=125 ms and
4
R

T = 10 ms

W J

E JF

K5 25V
W15 V4 KHzS
KD J

KIo J

K
J

KImaxImin J

W J
D =V o =

15
= 0.6
25

W J

15
=V o = = 3 A
R 5

W
J

OFF

= (1 D) T =

(1 D) (1 0.6)
=
= 0.1 ms
4
f

0.1
L = T OFF R =
*5 = 0.25 mH
2
2
--

DC

W J

I max =

Vo Vo
15
15
+
TOFF = +
* 0.1 = 3 + 3 = 6 A
5 2 * 0.25
R 2L
V
V
I min = O O TOFF = 3 3 = 0
R 2L

--

DC

'D' J

J
J

K J

K
J

: J

KEF J

110V J
W0.41KHzK20

K J

K J

K J

K J
K J

5100V J
WK50VEF

K J

KEF J

--

DC

1KHz J
K75 V110 V
KETON,TOFFF

110V J

1KHzK4mH8

W
0.4

K J

K J

K J
K J

K5KHz J
K
J

--

W
W

'Inverters'

K KKKKIGBT

K
W

--

'Voltage Source Inverter(VSI)' K

K

'Current Source Inverter(CSI)' K

K

J
W
(induction motors)

KEinduction heatingF

K(synchronous motors)

KEaircraft power suppliesF

KEuninterruptible power supplies UPSF

KE high-voltage DC transmissionF

KEstandby power suppliesF

o
o
o
o

EbatteryF

Esolar cellF

LL

KL

--

E JF

EF
K

S2S1

E JFS2S1
S2S1
Vs

S2 S1KS2S1

S1S2

E JF'T'

W'fo'

E JF

f o = 1 Hz
T

KWE JF
--

S1 S2WE JF

K S2 S1
K

'filter'
--

K
K'PWM'

Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) J

1-Phase Half-Bridge (VSI) J J

Inverter

E JF

LF 'Vs' S1 S2
K
KKK

--

Case of a Resistive Load R J J J

E JF S1 S2

S2 S1 R

'Vs' 0 t T/2
S1

S1 S2 i1

t = T/2 S1 T/2 t T

i2 '-Vs'
i2 S2

R E JF i1
1/T f
K

K'Vs'

WE JF
--

WE JF
Case of an Inductive load J J J

io

Vo

K E JF

Vo 0 t T/2

ioK D1 S1

0 t t1

D1

t1 t T/2 VS
S1

0 t T/2S1

K t1 t T/2
--

WE JF

--

S1t = T/2

VS S1

D2

D2t=t2T/2 t t2

t2 t T S2

S2

t2 t TS2
E JFKT
io

i2 ,i1E JF

io
0 t T/2
KT/2 t T

W
E JF

V o = V s

WV1(rms)

E JF
E JF

v O =

4 VS
sin nt
n = 1, 3, 5 , ..... n

rad/s n
Wn = 1

E JF

--

4
V 1( rms ) = V s = 0.9V s

W J

2.4 'R'E JF
WK24 V'Vs'

K'Vo(rms)'
K'Io(rms)'

EF

K'Po'

EF

K'V1(rms)'

o ( rms )

=V s = 24

WE JF

o ( rms )

o ( rms )

WE JF

1( rms )

EF
EF

= 0.9V s = 0.9 * 24 = 21.6 V

EF

24
= 10 A
2.4

EF

EF

V
=

o ( rms )

EF

= 24

2 .4

= 240 W

Single Phase Voltage Source Bridge J J

Inverter

R J J J

KE JF
S1 S4
--

S1 S4 S2 S3 S2 S3
S2 S3 S1 S4

S1 S4 W 'T/2'

0 t T/2

S2 S3
S1 S4

'Vs' 'Vo'

T/2 t TS3, S2S4, S1

S3,

S2

'-Vo'

E JF

KVs

Kfo = 1/T'T''fo'

WE JF

--

WE JF

WVo(rms)

E JF

WV1(rms)

E JFE JFn = 1

W J

2.4 'R'E JF

WK48 V'Vs'

K'Vo(rms)'

EF

K'Io(rms)'

EF

K'Po'

EF

K'V1(rms)'
--

EF

?E JF

W

EF

WE JF

o ( rms )

=V s = 48

o ( rms )

o ( rms )

48
= 20 A
2.4

E JF

1( rms )

= 0.9V s = 0.9 * 48 = 43.2 V

V
=

EF

EF

o ( rms )

EF

= 48

2 .4

= 960 W

E JF 48 V
KE JFEE JFF24 V


--

'R-L' J J J
'R-L' E JF

E JF
io 'Vo' E JF 'R-L' 'R'
D1 D2 D3 D4 S1 S2 S3 S4
'is'

KWE JF

'vo' E JF 'io'

t10 t t1 S1 S4

t = t1

0 t t1t = T/2

'Vs' D1 D4

S4, S1
--

'Vo' t1 t T/2
0 t T/2 'Vs'

t = t1 'io'

t = T/2

t = T/2

S1 S4

D2 D3

T/2 t t2 'Vs'

Vo = - Vs

'io'

S3 S2
t = t2
T/2 t t2

'io'
S3 S2t2 t T

S2, S3

'Vs'
t=0 t=T'Imin'Vo = - Vs

Imin t=T/2 t=3T/2'Imax'

--

WE JF
K

--

KE JF

W
E JF

VS t /
VS
R + ( I min R ) e
iO =
T
V S + ( I + V S ) e ( t 2 ) /
max
R
R

0t

T
2

T
t T
2

KL/RW
KWImin

KWImax

E JF
E JF

I min = I max

I max = I min

1 e T / 2

R 1 + e T / 2

V
=

W J

10 'R'E JF

K100 V'Vs'L = 25 mH

K60 Hz

--

W
T=

1
= 0.0167 s
60

L 0.025
=
= 0.0025 s
R
10
0.0167
T
=
= 6.67
2 2 * 0.0025

WE JF

I max = I min =

100 1 e 6.67
.
= 9.31 A
10 1 + e 6.67

WE JF

io (t ) =

100
100 t / 0.0025
=10 19.31e t / 0.0025
+ 9.31
e
10
10

io (t ) =

100
100 ( t
+ 9.31 +
e
10
10

0.0167
) / 0.0025
2

= 10 + 19.31e ( t 0.00835) / 0.0025

0t

1
120

1
1
t
120
60

Inverter Voltage Control Techniques J

W
K K
K K

K K

--

PWM

Pulse-Width Modulation PWM J J

KSingle Pulse-Width Modulation K

KMultiple Pulse-Width Modulation K

KSinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation K

J J J

E JFK

S1 S2

E JF

F
KAcAr

AcArE

AcAr180o

WModulation Index

E JF

M = Ar

WVo
--

E JF

V o =V s

KWM

KWVs

KWAr
KWAc

. :

S2, S1WE JF

J J J

fo

E JFKfc

W
--

E JF

P =

f
2f

c
0

m
2

f
f

c
o

KWP

KWfc

KWfo
KWmf

MM

Vs

/P
W

E JF

V o =V s

WE JF
J J J

K

--

S2, S1E JFK

fcfo

K
E JF Vo
W

V o = V s m
m =1
P

KWP

Km: m
KWVs

S1 S2WE JF
K
--

Current Source Inverter CSI J

Single Phase Current Source Bridge Inverter J J

E JF

0 t T/2 S4 S1W

S4 S1 E
F S4 S1L

S3 S2 T/2

S3 S2

T/2 t T -I 0 t T/2

E JFKT
K

--

WE JF

WE JF

--

J
J
J

J
J

J
J

220V

WK20

'Vo'

'V1' -

K -

K
E JF

'R'E JF

K110 V'Vs'L = 50 mH10

60 Hz
K

--


AC DC

AC DC

ACDC

W
W

Va

K
--

ACDC

J
Speed Control of a DC Motor Using single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers

E JF

E JFK

LaiaVa

Z H

E JF

V a ( ) = 2 2 V s cos ( )

E JF

= 180o= 0

90 Va()
(>90)
= 90o

K
K

WE JF

--

ACDC

WE JF

W
E JF

Va = Ea +Ia Ra

E JF

Ea = K = Kb

E JF

Ta = K Ia = KT Ia

Ea

E JF

--

= 2 N
60

WN

ACDC

P KT Kb

WaZ

E JF

Kb = KT =

PZ
2a

Va()Ta

E JFE JFE JF
E JF

=V a

( )

R
T
K K
a

Va()Ta

E JFE JFE JF
E JF

=V a

( )

R
T
K K
a

WE JFE JF

E JF

2 2V s

cos ( )

R
T
K K
a

(Rad/Sec)(N.m) Ta

E JF

= 2

2V S
cos ( )
Kb

oE JF

> 90 = 180o=0
E JFK

KE JFTa
--

ACDC

KE JF

KE JFEFEF

oWE JF

WE JF

EF

EF

WE JF

--

ACDC

WE JF

230 V 10 HP 1200 rpm

KE JF
Kb = KVs=260 V Ra = 0.3 Ia= 38 A

KT = 1.74

W=30o

K J

WE JF
Q =
T a KT I a

T a = 1.74 * 38 = 66.121 N .m

WE JF J
=

2 2V s

cos ( )

R
T
K K
a

2 2 260
0 .3
cos ( )
66.121
1.74
1.74 2
= 116.56 6.55 = 110 rad / sec

WE JF
Q = 2 N

60
60 60 * 110
N =
=
= 1051 rpm
2
2

W J
PF = V a I a

V I
s

Va=

2 2V s

cos ( ) =

2 2 * 260

--

cos (30 o ) = 202.82 V

ACDC

PF =

V
V

a
s

202.82
= 0.78
260

Speed Control of A DC Motor Using DC Choppers

E JF

E JFE JFK
WE JF
E JF

V a = D V s
KD

WE JF

--

ACDC

WE JF

KVs = 150 V

Ra = 0.5 , La = 10 mH, Kb = 0.05 V/rpm

1.6 ms(TON)

K40 AN = 2000 rpm

WE JFE JF
V a

= K b N + Ra I a

= 0.05 * 2000 + 0.5 * 40 = 100 + 20 = 120 V

WE JF
D

V
V

a
s

120
= 0.8
150

W
= T ON = f T ON
T
D
0.8
f =
=
= 500 Hz
3
1
.
6
*
10
T ON

Q D

--

ACDC

1000 rpm,10 kW, 240 V

KE JF

KVs=240 V Ra = 0.45 Ia= 51.43 A

Kb = KT = 2
W =20o

J
K J

Vs = 220

WKV

Ra = 0.3 , La = 15 mH, Kb = 0.04 V/rpm

1 ms(TON)

K25 AN = 2000 rpm

--

=55, =160, =215 -
Vo=148.6 V, Io=3.95 A, Po=778.8 W, PF=0.9 lag

Vo=148.6 V, Io=2.972 A, Io(rms)=2.972 A, Po=441.6 W, ISCR(avg)=0.99 A, -

IFWD(avg)=0.99 A
ITh(avg)=2.47 A, ITh(max)=7.43 A, VTh(max)=311 V, Po=1104 W -
Im = 17A, Vo(avg) = 121.75 V, Io(avg) = 12.175 A, ITh(m) = 17A, -
ITh(avg) = 4.06 A, VL(m) = 294 V, fr = 180Hz
Im = 29.41 A, Vo(avg) = 140.45 V, Io(avg) = 14.045 A, ITh(m) = 29.41A,
ITh(avg) = 4.06 A, VL(m) = 294 V, fr = 360Hz
44 V, 2.2 A, 69.6 V, 5.5 A, 242 W
D=0.5, Is(avg)=10 A, Is(rms)=14.14 A
on=0.68

-
-

ms, Toff=0.32 ms

44 V, 5.5 A, 69.6 V, 5.5 A, 2.2 A, 3.3 A, 6.16 A, 4.84, 2.4 mH

10 V, 99 V, 605 W

20 V, 198 V, 2420 W

102.86 N.m, 860 rpm, 0.85

400 Hz

--

(1)

Ashfaq Ahmed : Power Electronics for Technology, Prentice-Hall,

1999.

(2)

M. H. Rashid: Power Electronics: Circuits,

Applications, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993.

(3)

David A. Bradley: Power Electronics, Second Edition, Nelson

Thornes, 1995.

(4)

Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, and William P. Robbins: Power

Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, Second Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

Devices,

and

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J

J J

J J

J J

K K K K K K K J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J

J J

K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K KEF J J

J J

K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J

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K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J

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K K K K K K K K K K K K J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K EF J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K J

J J
J J

J J

J J

K K K K K K K J

J J

J J

K K J

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J J

K K K K K K K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K R-L J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K VAK J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K'R-L' J

J J
J J

J
J J

J J

J J J

J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J
K K K K K K KR J

J J

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K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
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K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K R J J J

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K'R-L' J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K J J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

J J

K K K K K K K K K K K K ACDCW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K J

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K