I. Thng k m t : c s dng m t nhng c tnh c bn ca d liu thu thp c t nghin cu thc nghim qua cc cch thc khc nhau.

. Thng k m t v thng k suy lun cng cung cp nhng tm tt n gin v mu v cc thc o. Cng vi phn tch ha n gin, chng to ra nn tng ca mi phn tch nh lng v s liu. hiu c cc hin tng v ra quyt nh ng n, cn nm c cc phng php c bn ca m t d liu. C rt nhiu k thut hay c s dng. C th phn loi cc k thut ny nh sau:

Biu din d liu bng ha trong cc th m t d liu hoc gip so snh d liu; Biu din d liu thnh cc bng s liu tm tt v d liu; Thng k tm tt (di dng cc gi tr thng k n nht) m t d liu.

Khi to cc tr thng k m t, ngi ta c th nhm 2 mc tiu: 1. Chn mt tr thng k ch ra nhng n v c v ging nhau thc ra c th khc nhau th no. Cc gio trnh thng k gi mt gii php p ng mc tiu ny l thc o khuynh hng trung tm. 2. Chn mt tr thng k khc cho thy cc n v khc nhau th no. Loi tr thng k ny thng c gi l mt thc o phn tn thng k. Khi tm tt mt lng nh di, cn nng hay tui tc, ni chung ngi ta hay dng cc tr thng k nh s trung bnh cng, trung v; hay trong trng hp mt phn b n mt, ngi ta thng dng mt. i khi, ngi ta chn la nhng gi tr c th t hm phn b tch ly gi l cc t phn v. Cc thc o chung nht v mc phn tn ca d liu lng l phng sai, gi tr cn bc 2 ca n, tc l lch chun; khong; khong cch gia cc t phn v; v lch bnh qun tuyt i. Khi thc hin mt trnh din ha tm tt mt b d liu, cng c th p dng c 2 mc tiu ni trn. Mt v d n gin v k thut ha l th phn b, th th phi by c khuynh hng trung tm ln phn tn thng k.

II. Phn loi phn tch thng k Sau khi thu thp, x l v qun l s liu, chng ta tin hnh phn tch s liu. C nhiu cch phn tch ty theo thit k nghin cu, nhng ni chung vic phn tch s liu thng k thng c ba dng, l: - Phn tch thng k m t 1 bin s.

- Phn tch thng k tm tng quan gia hai bin s. - Phn tch thng k so snh gia cc bin s. Trong mt Thit k nghin cu c th s dng 1, 2 hay c 3 dng phn tch trn. 1. Thng k m t 1 bin s thng dng m t cc bin s v yu t x hi, dn s (gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn, ngh nghip); cc bin s v tip cn dch v x hi, y t (khong cch t nh n bnh vin, trnh trng tip cn vi cc phng tin truyn thng...) ca mu nghin cu. Thng k ny thng c dng trong thit k nghin cu m t, nghin cu ct ngang. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc thit k nghin cu y t thng c phn ny m t cc c im ca i tng nghin cu. 2. Cc i lng thng k m t thng c dng l: Mean: Trung bnh cng Sum: Tng cng ( cng tt c cc gi tr trong tp d liu quan st Std. Deviation: lch chun Minimum: gi tr nh nht Maximum: gi tr ln nht SE mean: sai s chun khin c lng tr Trung Bnh