EF

K

????

K EF

K J

K
K

K
K

KW
W
K
K

o
o

--

K
K
K

K J JK
KEF

International K

K(SI)System Of Units"

K(SI)

--

m
60 mile
sec
hr

1ft = 0.3048m ,1mile = 5280ft ,1hr =3600sec

m
=1
ft
ft
5280
=1
mile
sec
3600
=1
hr
0.3084

EF

60 mile = 60 mile 0.3048 m 5280

hr

hr

ft

ft 1 hr (60 )(0.3048)(5280 ) m
m

= 26.8

miles 3600 sec

3600
sec
sec

--

SI

WSI
EL F

EMF
E TF

(1m)

(1kg)

(1sec)

(1k)

W
Em3FW

(m/sec) W

(N)Newton W
K(m/sec2)

K W
K(N/m2)L

W
K(kg/m3)L

Km3/kgW

K(J) (N.m)KW
(Watt,W)W

W
--

KESIF

K1 Kpa E1 Kg F
W

Z
a . m = F
EF
Z
g . m = F
1KPa = 1Kg 9.8

kg.m
m
= 9.81
2
sec
sec 2

KFNESIF

K1m/s21 KgN

1N = 1Kg 1

Kg .m
m
=1 2
2
s
s

1KP = 9.81N

1KPa 10 N = 1daN

--

PZ

P=

FZ

F
A

AZ

KP/cm2

1KP/cm2 = 1atmEF

W
1bar = 10 N/cm2 = 1 daN/cm2

1 bar = 1.02 Kpa/cm2

1KPa/cm2 = 0.98 bar
ENFESI F

Pam2
1Pa = 1 N/m

KK

Kbar

1 bar = 100000 Pa

WEFpsi
1 bar = 14.5 psi

--

E FKbar
K

EF

10-1

deci

10

de

deca

10-2

centi

102

10-3

milli

103

hecto
kilo

10-6

106

10

-9

micro
nano
--

10

mega
giga

10-12

1012

pico

tera

EF
W

F =

1
ma
gc

gcam F

siK
1
m
1kg 1 2
gc
sec
kgm
gc = 1
Newton sec 2

1Newton =

1Ib f =

32.174

ft.Ibm
Ib f sec 2

ft
1
1Ibm g
gc
sec 2

W
W

(gc)

Ksi

Btu

Wsi

1 Btu =1054.35 J(or N.m)

(SI System)
W
K

K
--

kg
KN

J
KWN.m

Kw400 kj

W
Power , P = 2 400

KJ
hr

KJ 1000 J hr
J

P = 800
= 222.2W

= 222.2

hr KJ 3600 sec
sec

E1 = 4000 J
E2 = 10 W.hr
E3 = 20 kN.m

KBtu KJ

KJ

3600 sec kj
KJ
+ (20 KN .m )

hr 1000 j
KN .m

E = (4000 J ) 1000 J + 10 sec hr

J

E = 4 + 36 + 20 = 60 KJ
1Btu

E = (60KJ ) 1.055KJ = 56.87 Btu

--

KW
W

- -

Physical Properties of Fluids

K
WK

W
W

K

K

- -

Density: L

kg
V m3

= m

ZLZ

20CO1000 kg/m4c
EF1.2kg/m

Specific Weight : L

= W

N
V m3

ZLZ

= g = mg Z Z
V

Specific Volume WvL

v = V

1 m3
kg

ZLZ
- -

SpecificGravityWSGL

SG =

f
w

(4C0)

ZLZ

KEF

p = m R T

p
RT

W
p = N m 2
R( R = 287 J kg K )
T(K)
= kg m 3

WE JF

K6.3m4m2cmW
K9772kg

- -

W
W

kg
V m3

= m

m = 9772kg
V = d 2 h

ZhZd

V = 2 2 3.6 = 11.31m 3
4

W
=

kg
m 9772
=
= 864 3
V 11.31
m

E JF

6750 kg1000kg/m

KEF

HWL

FWEF2WW

WVKE
- -

3
V = l w h = 2w w w = 2w

=
1000 =

m
V
6750
2w 3

3
w =

6750
= 3.375
2000

3
w = 3.375 = 1.5m

l = 2 w = 2 1.5 = 3.0m

h = w = 1.5m

E JF

K1.6k

(0.001m3)1000cm3

- -

f =

kg
m
1 .6
=
= 800 3
V 2 0.001
m

W
SG f

f
w

800
= 0.8
1000

Viscosity

KK

K
K

EF

- -

EFF

AyU

KF

KShear StressF

W w

w =

F
LZ
A

du

dY

w = du Z
dy

WK

N . sec

Z
du m 2
dy

N . sec
= Pa.Sec EFEKFEKF
m2

EF

Cinematic Viscosity

- -

m2
= Z
sec

m2

sec

KEF

EF

E FE_ F
KK
- -

EF
- -

EFEF

- -

1 du
dY

= 100

sec

WE JF

K10-3 pa.sec

du
dy

= 10 3 100 = 0.1Pa

- -

0.2m 0.15m0.12m3

K1.15kg/m
2750FK

KE9971500

1001/secEF

.0.001 pa.sec

0.85EF
2.8710 N sec/ m

40C05.00104 N sec/ m

W

W

KK

KK
K

- -

WK

= m = 1
V

v = V

W
m = V

mg= 27500.12 =330 kg

ms= 15000.15 = 225 kg

mw = 9970.2 = 199.4 kg

ma= 1.150.53 = 0.61 kg

Wm total
m total = 755 kg

total =

mtotal 755
=
= 755 kg 3
m
Vtotal
1

- -

vtotal =

3
1
Vtotal
=
= 0.001325 m
kg
mtotal 755

WE
du
= dy
K du
dy

= 0.001100 = 0.1 Pa

= m ZE

sec

= 0.85 1000 = 850

Kg
m3

m2
2.87 103

=
= 3.3 10 6

850
sec

EF
W40C05.00104 N sec/ m

K Benzene

- -

- -

KW
W
K
K

J J o

EF o
o

K JW o
o

K o

K
K

- -

J
Fluid Statics
m
K
K

pressure
K

P=

F N

A m2

N
2 = Pascal (Pa )
m

P = ( pa)

F = (N )
A = (m 2 )

( )

1 pa = 1 N m 2

( m ) = 100kpa

1bar = 100000 N

- -

EF

K1kN5mmEpistonF

A =
P=

d 2

F
A

P =

1000

50 2 10 6

KN
m2
P = 509 KPa = 5.09bar
P = 509

- -

EbFEaFK
KEFEdFEcF

E JF

Pressure HeadEF
K
K

E FE F

EmFEFFW

WEpFEgF

- -

P = gh

p = g (h )
h

EF

450cm 250cm 300cm

K1000Kg/m2 K

EFEF
F = m g
F = ( V ) g
F = (A h) g

F = 1000

kg
m
0.25m 0.30m 0.45m 9.81 2
3
m
sec

F = 331N
p = F

N
331
= 4400 2
0.30 0.25
m

W
P = gh
P = 1000

kg
m
9.81 2 0.45m
3
sec
m

- -

P = 4400

N
KN
= 4.4 2 = 4.40 Kpa
2
m
m

K
EF

K200m300mB A

1023 kg3
m

K
A

PA = g h A

PA = 1023 9.81 300

PA = 3.011 10 6 Pa

PB = g hB

PB = 1023 9.81 200

PB = 2.007 10 6 Pa
W

PA PB = 3.011 10 6 2.007 10 6 = 1.004 10 6 Pa

W
p = PA PB = g h

PA-PB = 1023 9.81 (300 200) = 1.004 10 6 Pa

- -

WEF

W(101.325kN/m2F
K1000kg/m3

K13.6

E13.6FE1000kg/m3F E101.325kn/m2F

KE9.81m/sec2F

P=gh

hH 2o =

H o g

101.325 100000 N
1000 kg

m 3 9.81 m

m2

sec 2

hH 2 o = 10.33m

K10.33 m

W
Hg

= Hg 13.6

Hg = 1000 13.6 kg

- -

m3

W
hHg =

101.325 100000 N

m2
13.6 1000 kg 9.81 m
m3
sec 2

hHg = 0.76 m

10.33 m0.76 m

W
K

E
F

KK

101.3 kN/m2 1.013 barEStandardF

K

- -

EF

0.61m 3.66m

W 1000kg/m3
K101.3kN/m2W ,

EFEF
- -

917kg/m3

P2E F

KP2P1
P2 = P0 + P2g h2

P2= (101.3 X 1000 N/m2) + (917 kg/m3) . (9.8 m/sec2).(3.05m)

= 128737 N/m2.

WP1

P1 = P2+ P1gh1
P1 = 128737N/m2 +(1000 kg/m3).(9.81 m/sec2).(0.61m)
=134721.1 N/m2

P1(gauge) = P1 - P0(atm)

= 134721.1-101.3 1000
= 33421.1N/m2
3.34 kN/m2

EPressure MeasurementF

WK

- -

EThe BarometerF

EF

EF

EpF

P = g h

KKKg

1.013 bar

- -

1.013 100000 = 1000 9.81 h

= 10.326m

1.013 100000
h=
1000 9.81

K10.326m

K13.6

1.013 100000 = 13600 9.81 h

h =

1.013 100000
13600 9.81

= 0.76m = 760 mm = 0.76 m

KE760 mm HgF760mm

EThe Manometers )
K

U
KK

KK

- -

KE F

KU
KEF

KCB

KhB

KC

PB = PC = P0 + Hg g h

EF

Differential Manometer

K
E FK

KEhF

KCD

KZhP2D

KEZ + hF P1C
P1+(h+Z)Ag =P2+Bgh+AgZ
- -

P1+ P2= Bhg +AgZ - AgZ - Agh

EF
P1 P2 = (B - A)gh

WKBA
P1-P 2= B g h

Inclined ManometerW

K
XX Sin hK
KEF
P1- P2 = g X Sin

EF
- -

WEF
KP

h P

Kg

P = h . .g

EF

P1 = P2 = P 3

KEF

K
EA1 = A2 = A3F
KEF1 = F2 = F3F

- -

EF

E FAF

P =

F
A

EF

K K
K

1 10 m K
Kbar

- -

W
K

KEF

EF

E F

EFEF
- -

WP A1 F1
F1
P
=

A1

F2KA2P
F2 = P. A2

KEF

F1 = F2
A1 A2
W

F2 A2
=
F1
A1
K

K
K

A1 F1
FEA2FF2
KE

S1 A2
=
S2
A1

W

W1 = F1 S1
W2 = F2 S2
- -

EF

KE F

KF1A1P1
WKA2P2

F1 = F2 = F
P1 . A1 = F1W
P2 . A2 = F2
P1 . A1 = P2 . A2
W
W

P1 A2
P = A
2
1

- -

EF

KEF

K
K

K
K

E F

WK
o

o
- -

KEF

EF

W
EF

EF

EF

KEFEF
K

K
K

- -

EF

EF

- -

KP

KEF

EF

DA

BKdB

K A
K b,a B

KP1F1 dQ
W

- -

F1 = Q

a
b
KQ

WF1 P1

4 F

1
1
1
P1 = A = 2 = d 2
1
d

P1 = P2 = P

WF2
F2 = P1 A2 = P1

D2
4

4 F1 D 2
a D2
=
=Q
4 d2
b d2

a D2
F2 = Q
b d2

0.85 0.80

- -

EF

EF
- -

EF

EF

- -

EF

EF

EF
- -

EF

- -

K EF

, 7.5cm EF
K6000N

7.5 m EF
K1 Mpa1206 kg/m

K95 kpa EF150 kpa EF

K

K999kg/m .101.325 kpa

K

K10kg/m750 kg/m

2m3m

K1barK

- -

100 NF

F2

EF

KH

EF

W
P = F

- -

(0.075) = 0.004418m 2
4
4

6000
P =
= 135808 Pa 1358 KPa
0.004418
A = r2 =

D2 =

EF

7.5 m

Oil

EF

P = Ptop + POil = Ptop + ( g h)Oil

P = 1000000 + (1206 9.81 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 KPa

Kp

EF

H
P\ bs = Pg + Patm = 150 + 95 = 245KPa

P = gh

101.325 = 999 9.81 h

101.325 103
h =
= 10.34m
999 9.81

- -

E13600 kg/mF

p = gh
101.325 103 = 13600 9.81 h

h = 0.76 m = 76 cm

Pgage = POil + PW

Pgage = (2 750) + (3 1000) = 4500 Pa = 4.5kPa

Pt = Pgage + Patm

Pgage = 4500 Pa = 4.5kPa

Patm = 1bar = 100000 Pa = 100kPa

Pt = 4.5 + 100 = 104.5kPa

CE
FF1

W
(0.33m)(100 N) (0.03m) F1 = 0

F1 =

0.33m 100 N
= 1100 N
0.03m

- -

F2 A2
=
F1
A1
P1 = P2 = P = F1/A1 =F2/A2
F1= P1A1= 1100 N
P1 = 1100/A1
1100 1100
6 N
P
=
=
=
6
.
22

10
1

2
A1
m2
d
4

P1= P2

F2 = P1 A2
F2 = 6.22 10 6

N
2
(
)

0
.
05
m
= 12.22kN
m2 4

- -

- -

KW
W

K

J W o

J
J

J o

JE
F o

EF

- -

EF
Fluids in Motion

K

Types of Fluid Flow

EParticlesF
K

EFE Laminar FlowF

K

KEFETurbulent FlowF

EF

- -

EF

Fluids in Motion

Steady Uniform FlowK

EConvergentF KE F

E FF

K
KESteady Non-Uniform FlowF

EF

EF

Rate of Flow
E F
KQ

EF

- -

W
=A

m3/sec

m = V

Q =

. 0.6 m/sec 15mm

= A

Q (0.015)2X0.6 = 106.02X10-6

m3/sec

Q = m

= 1000 (106.0210-6) = 0.106 kg/sec m

- -

Continuity EquationEF
E
F

m = 1 A1 1 = 2 A2 2

Continuity EquationEF
KLaw of Conservation of Mass

K
1 = 2 =
A1 1 = A2 2

Q = Q
1
2

E FEConverging PipeF

0.15m0.46m

K0.3m3

EF

- -

W
.

Q = A1

KEF

Q
1Z
A1

WA1

(0.462) = 166.1910-3 m2 =

d12

1 =

0.3
1.66019 10 3

A1 =

= 1.8 m/sec

2Z Q 17m/sec = 16.98
A2

0.3
0.15 2

)=

K
K
K

A1 1 = A2 2
A
2 = 1 1 =
A2

d12 1

d 22
4

0.462 1.8
= 16.93 m
2 =
2
sec
0.15
4

- -

5cm998

kg

/m3

3.75cm7.5cm
WEF0.15 m3/sec
K o
K o

EF

m1 =

11

m1 = Q

m1 = 998 kg m3 0.015 m

sec

m1 = 14.970 kg sec

- -

W
.

m1 = 2 m3

m 3 = m 1

1
2

m3 = 12 14.97 = 7.485 kg sec

KA1

A =1

d12 = 4 (0.05) 2 = 0.001963m 2

Q1 = A1 1

1 = Q1
A1
V1 =

0.015 m

sec = 7.6 m
sec
0.001963m 2

A3

A3 =

d3 =

(0.0375) 2 = 0.001104m 2
3

m
Q 3 0.0075 sec
3 =
=
= 6.76 m
sec
A3
0.001104m 2

- -

: Energy of a Liquid in Motion

"the capacity to do

.work"

K
??
W

Potential EnergyW

Datum Z m

WKEFLine

Potential Energy =

m g Z kg
m
2
sec

?J? ''Joule'' ??
W

- -

m EF
J

kg

g z

Potential Energy per Unit Mass =

Pressure Energy W

P AK

K EPFxEAF

WQ

Q = A

KE F V = Q EPFxEAF
A
WEwork)

Work = Force Distance

Work = pA

Q
work = p A
A

work = p Q
- -

W m
.

m = Q
WEF

work done per unit mass =

pQ

pJ

kg

J kg L

p
EF

p
=
Pressure Energy=

Kinetic EnergyW

KE m2 FEF

Kinetic Energ = m

kg

Kinetic Energy Per Unit MassZ 12 2

- -

WK

HHZ

gz+

+ 12 2 Total Energy Per Kg =

EF

WEheight or headF
EPotential HeadF o

EPressure HeadF o

EVelocity HeadF o

Total head Per kg = z +

p
2
+
g 2g

WK

Total head Per kg = m +

N m3 sec 2 m 2 sec 2

m
m
m 2 kg
sec 2

W
Total Head Per kg = m + m + m = m

- -

Bernoulli Equation

F?W

E
W?

KHH

p1

12
2

gZ1 =

p2

22
2

+ gZ 2

EF

E F

KCBAKhv
KC ZB ZA

pA

A2
2

+ gZ A =

pB

B2
2

+ gZ B =

- -

pc

c2
2

+ gZ c

BA
K

BA
WKC

pA

A2
2

+ gZ A Z

pB

B2
2

+ gZ B

BA

W
p A + A + gZ A =
2

pB

B2
2

+ gZ B +

energy loss between A and B

1.52 m/sec
K9.14 m/sec

K2.339kPaK15.2m

K993 kg/m3998 kg/m3

- -

P1

12
2

W
gZ1 =

P2

22
2

gZ 2

2.339 1000 1.52 2

P2 9.14 2

+
+ 9.81 0 =
+
+ 9.81 15.2
998
2
983
2
2.344 + 1.155 + 0 =

P2
+ 41.77 + 149.112
983

P2 = 983(2.344 + 1.155 41.77 149.112) = 184.2 KPa

K
W

W

htZ hHhs

K h hsht
K W

WK
h =

2g

= 2 gh

Em/secF
EmFh

- -

KK 21.6m22m
W

K
h= ht - hs
h = 22-21.6 = 0.4 m

= 2 gh = 2 9.81 0.4 = 2.8 m

sec

13600kg/m31.2kg/m3K20mm
K
W

P = ghHg
= 13600 9.81 0.02 = 2668.32 N/m2

W
P

air

2
2

2 = 2
= 2

air
266.32
= 66.7 m
sec
1 .2

- -

Pitot Tube

K EF
K

WEFEF
P1 + 1

+ gZ 1 =

P2

22
2

+ gZ 2

KEF

P1

12
2

12

P2

P 2 P1

2 = 2

P2 P1

P2 P1

- -

EF

WVenturi-Meter

KEF
K

KEFEF

EF

K K
- -

K
KEFEF
P1

12

P2

+ gZ 1 =

22
2

+ gZ 2

P1

12

22 12
2

P2

+ gz2

P1 P2

W
1 =

A2
2
A1

WEF

2 =

2( P1 P2)

A22
A12

KEFEFA2 A

E
FK
25C

2.5cmEF7.5cmEF42.1cm

- -

EF
2 =

2 =

2 =

2
=
A22
(1 2 )
A1

2 g h
A2
(1 22 )
A1

2 9.81 0.421
0.025 2
1
2
0.075

8.08
= 8.18 = 2.86 m
sec
0.988

m3
0.0014

m3

2
sec = 1.4 lit = 84 lit
Q = A2 v2 = 4 (0.025) 2.86 = 0.0014 sec =
m3
sec
min
0.001
lit

Orifice MeterEF

KE F

K
K
2 =

2(P1 P2 )

A22

1 2
A1

- -

EF

0.3m/secEF

K
0.06 m
0.3 m
K Cv= 0.82

2 = C

A
1 2
A1

2 = 1 A1
A2

2 = 7.5 m/sec

P =

22 (1
2 C2

A22
)
A12

= 73048.9 Pa 73KPa

- -

W
W

KEF

30 C0 1.5barEF
250mmB 400mm 300mm A

BBA 0.2bar

AR=287 J/kg K

K18m/sec

K Q K

- -

W

W

K
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2

WEF
A1 v1 = A2 v2

EBFEAFK
K

WEF A

P1
RT1

1 =

1.5 105
Kg
= 1.725 3
287 (30 + 273)
m

WEFB

P2
RT2

2 =

(1.5 0.2) 105 = 1.495 Kg

287 (30 + 273)
m3
- -

EFEBF

1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2

v2
W

v2 =

1 A1 v1 1.725 (0.4 0.3) 18

m
=
= 39.87
2
2 A2
sec
1.495 (0.25)

K
P1 + v1 + Z1 g =

P2

v2
+ Z2 g
2

EFK
EFEF

KEF
W

v2
2

= Z1 g Z 2 g = g (Z1 Z 2 )

W4m(Z1-Z2)

v2 =

(2 g (Z1 Z 2 ))

v2 = 2 9.8 4 = 8.86

m
sec

W Q

Q = A2 v2

( )

m3
Q = d v2 = (0.1) 8.86 = 0.0695
4
4
sec

m
Q = 0.0695 3
sec

2
2

- -

KW
W

K

W
W

EF o
EF

- -

KEFEF

K Surface Roughness

Energy Head Loss Pressure Drop

K Friction Head

EF

(1) EF

W(2)

l 2
P1 P2 = f
di 2

- -

di l v
f
K

KN/m2

WH

P1 P2
l 2
Hf =
= f

di 2 g
g

Km

W
Re = V d

(Relative Roughness)
EF

(f)
EF
(Material)

D(mm)

Riveted Steel

0.9-9

Cast Iron

0.26

Asphalted Cast Iron

0.12

Concrete

0.3-3

Galvanized Iron

0.15
0.046

Commercial Steel

0.0015

Drawn Tubing

EF Smooth

Glass

- -

Re
Re
Re =

V dH

V dH

EFZRe
Em/secFZV
Ekg/m3FZ

Em2/secFZ

EN.sec/m2FEFZ

EmFZ dH
W

dH = 4

A
U

ZA

ZU

K1m

dH = 4

dH = 4

A
U

(1 1)m 2

(1 + 1 + 1 + 1)m

d H = 1m
- -

4 1 4
= = 1m
4
4

W Re < 2100
W 4000 Re 2100

W Re > 4000

E FK 2300
K

EF

EF

Moody Diagram
( 1944 )

Friction EF

Reynolds NumberFactor

W
Re 210

64

Re

0.001 Re 410

WSmooth Pipe
f

0.316
Re 0.25

- -

KRough Pipe Zone

EdEFF

Transitional Zone
KEF

6mm15m

K848 kg/m 2 m/sec=0.014pa.sec

W

Re = D = 848 2 0.006 = 727

0.014

K2100

64 64
=
= 0.088
Re 727

W
P1 P2 = f

P1 P2 = P = 0.088

l v2

d 2
2

15
2
848 = 373 .12 KPa
0.006 2

EF

- -

Moody Diagram EF

- -

Q=20 l/min10mEpF

= 50 10 pa .sec 1030kg/m3.81cm

Q = 20 l min = 0.02 m

min

3
0.02 m 3
= 3.333 10 4 m
sec
sec
60

W
W

Q =AV
3.333 104
Q
=
= 0.292 m
sec
A (0.0381)2

4
m
V = 0.292
sec
V =

Re =

V D 1030 0.292 0.0381

=
= 229.2
50 10 3

Q Re 2100

Laminar Flow
P = f

l V2

D 2

64
W
Re
64
f =
= 0.279
229.2

W
P = 0.269

(0.292) 1030 = 3215.5Pa = 3.2 Kpa

10

0.0381
2

- -

80c 3 L/sec
40m52.5mm

971.64 Kg/m380c

0.358 10-3Pa. sec

Q = 3 L/sec = 0.003 m/sec

V = Q =
A

0.003

(0.0525)2

= 1.386 m

sec

Re

Re = v D = 971.64 1.386 03 .0525 = 197500 200000

0.358 10

K40000

= 0.000046 m

0.000046
= 0.000876
0.0525

W0.000876Re = 197500

f = 0.0208
- -

L V2

D 2

2
40 (1.36 )
P = 0.0208
971.6 = 14.8 KPa
0.0525 2
P = f

Correction FactorK
KEFEF

450 pa/m50mm

.0.881.386 m/sec80CEF

40m

.. p for 40m = 374 40 = 15 kpa

- -

20 C 0 EF

- -

EFEF

Pressure Drop in FittingsEF

- -

EKKKKTF

EFK K

EF

(mm)
(mm)
15.80
20.93
26.46
34.04
40.90
52.51
62.65
77.92
102.3
128.2
154.1

90

15
20
25
35
40
50
60
75
100
125
150

0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.1
2.4
3.0
4.3
5.2
6.1

45
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.7

0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
3.0
3.7
4.6
6.4
7.6
9.1

0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8

EF

5
6
8
11
14
17
20
24
38
43
50

0.2
0.25
0.28
0.42
0.51
0.65
0.79
0.90
1.27
1.70
2.00

75mm

30m90
10-Pa/sec K998.21 kg/m3K6 L/sec
KK3 1.008

- -

3.0m=(90)

9 3= 27 m
= 0.90 m

= 2.7 m
= 30 m

L = 30 + 27 + 2.7
Lt = 59.7 m

V

0.006
Q
m
=
= 1.258
W
A (0.07792)2
sec
4

Re = v D = 998.2 1.258 0.307792 = 97071 W

1.008 10

0.00046
= 0.0006 W
0.07792

f = 0.0208EF

L V2

D 2
2
= 0.0208 59.7 (1.258) 998.21 W
0.07792
2
P = f

Q P = 12587 Pa = 12.587 KPa

- -

Pumps and Pumping Requirements

( pressure head K

( power )( flow rate ))

K ( efficiency )
K

EF

WEFEFEF

V1
P2 V22
+
+ Z1 g + W =
+
+ Z 2 g + (Pfrict . )
2

P1

KJW W

- -

2.1 pa.sec1100 kg/m

K(W)K50 kg/sec52.51mm
T90

K30 KPa

EF

V1
P2 V22
+
+ Z1 g + W =
+
+ Z 2 g + (Pfrict . )
2

P1

KEFEFEF
W

V22
W = + Z 2 g Z1g + (Pfrict . )
2

HH

- -

Re = v D = 1100 v 0.0508

v = Q =
A

Re =

2.11

m
50
= 0.35
sec

2
1100 60 (0.0521)

v D 1100 0.35 0.0508

=
= 9.6

2.11

9.6 > 2100

64 64
=
= 6.67
Re 9.6

Wf

L V2
P = f

D 2

L = 1+1+3+2+15+3+1+3+62.1+10.6 +2 0.65

L = 29+12.6+0.6+1.3 = 43.5 m

W
ptot = 372.1 + 30 = 402.1 kpa

WEF
Ptot

N
m 2 = 365.55 J
Kg
Kg
1100 3
m

402.1 1000

- -

Pressure Drop in Air Duct Flow

L V2

D 2
P = K 1 V 2

P =

K = f L

Resistance Coeff. Or Press. Loss CoefficientK

(Dampers)
E

K =f e
D

KD
Le =
f

Le = Equivalent Length(m)
K Z

fZ
- -

DZ (m)

K
P = P Q

Friction Loss

L V2
P = f

D 2

Dynamic Press. Losses

P = K V

WEF
W
K

W
J

EF J
J

KKKKK J

- -

KEF

80C010 l/secEF
80C0K40m25.5mm

4.46 103 Pa.sec 80C0801 kg/m

K60mm 42m

K4590

480 l/min 0.02

E1000kg/m FK

- -

EF

WEFK
L V2
P = f

D 2

EF

Re =

V = Q = 10 0.001 = 4.62 m
2
sec
A
(0.0525)
4

V D 801 4.62 0.0525

=
= 43561 > 4000

4.46 10 3

W
K

EF 0.046mm

0.000046
= 0.000876
0.0525

f
f = 0.025
W
P =

L V2

D 2

(4.62) 801 = 162827.3Pa = 162.8kPa

40

P = 0.025
0.0525
2
2

- -

W
L = 42+ 8 2.4 + 4 1.5 + 60.79 =71.94m

E1L = 0.001 m3FW

Q = A V
m
480 0.001
V = Q =
= 2.6
A
sec

2
60 (0.06265)
4

L V2
P = f
D 2

P = 0.02

71.94 2.62

1000 = 77333Pa = 77.333Pa

0.06265
2

- -

W
W
K
K

W
W

o
o

JW o
J J J J

JW J J

K o
K o

K
K

K
- -

KE F
K

JW

J J J J

JW J J

K W

- -

EF

EHWCFF

K
K
K

250 275 80 %

K20 %

KK
K

EF

K
K

- -

KEF

K0.7

K
K

K
K

- -

K
K

WK

EF

KEF


W

- -

EF

K
K

KK
K

EHWCFF

K
K

E{{FK
K

EF

- -

HWCF EF

K
K

KEF

- -

EF

E F

CentistokesW170 FESAE 50F

KSaybolt Universal Seconds

170 FESAE 50FEF

250 saybolt universal seconds 48.0centistokesW

- -

100 F

K 7.5 centistokes W

100 F 7.5 centistokes

KEKEROSENEFEF

W
WEF

Emm2/secF

C0

V2

V4

WE

DBD

V4

- -

K??

KEF

EF

- -

K
K

EF

EF

- -

EF
K

EFK

EF

EFK

EF
- -

KW
W

K
K

o
J JW o
J

W o

EFEF

- -

E F

KKK

K????

KEF????

W
K

K
K

K K

- -

K K

K


K
W
P

K K

W K

P V = (const.) T
PV
= const.
T

Zconst.EFZT Z VZ P

W
- -

HZ
W

14.7Ibf/in2Z101KN/m2Z

WEF
1Pa = 1

N
m2
N

3
1KPa = 10 m 2

1MPa = 10 6

N
m2

W

Ibf
N
5 N
= 0.1MPa = 100 KPa = 10 3 Pa = 1.01325 10 5 2 = 76(cm) Hg = 14.7 2
1bar = 10
2
in
m
m
HZ

ER0 = F0 + 460FEHZ FE K0 = 1C0 + 273 FEHZF

KEF 273

P V = m R T

Pv=RT

PV =MRT

PV =

V
m
V
V=
n
R = MR

T R m V P

( 8314 J/Kg mol K0 Z R ) R n M

- -

E
K

W
ET1 = T2F

PV

= const.
T
PV
PV
1 1= 2 2,
T1 = T2
T1
T2

P1 V1 = P2 V2

20 gal( 75.7 L )
20 Ibf/in2 (137.9 kPa)

KEF

EF

- -

W
P2 =
P2

P1V1
V2

(137.9 KN / m 2 + 101KN / m 2 ) (75.71 10 3 m 3 / L)

= 478 KPa (abs )(377 gauge )
(37.851 10 3 m 3 / L)

P2 = 478 kPa

478 kPa137.9 kPa

EP1 = P2F

PV

= const.
T
PV
PV
1 1= 2 2,
P1 = P2
T1
T2

V1 V 2
=
V1T2 = V 2 T1
T1 T2

1500 in3

93.3C0 26.67C0

KKEF

EF
- -

V1 V2
=
V1T2 = V2T1
T1 T2

V2 =

T2V1
T1

(93.3C + 273)(1500in 3 16.39cm 3 / in 3 )

V2 =
26.67C + 273

] = 30051cm

= 1833.3in 3

1833.3 in31500 in3

EV1 = V2F

PV

= const.
T
PV
PV
1 1= 2 2,
V1 = V2
T1
T2

P1 P2
=
P1T2 = P2 T1
T1 T2

E FE2000Ibf/in2F

KEPgaugeF250F0 80F0

- -

EF
W

P1 P2
=
P1T2 = P2T1
T1 T2
PT
P2 = 1 2
T1

Ibf
Ibf

2000 2 + 14.7 2 (250 F + 460)

in
in

= 2649 Ibf / in 2
P2 =

(80F + 460)

P2 = 2649 Ibf/in2 14.7 Ibf/in2 = 2634 Ibf/in2

2634 Ibf/in22000 Ibf/in2

- -

2000 Ibf/in2 1500 in3

250F075F01000 in3
KEF

EF

W
P1V1 P2V 2
=
T1
T2
PV T
P2 = 1 1 1
T1V2

P2 = (2000 Ibf / in

) (
) (

) (
)

+ 14.7 Ibf / in 2 1500in 3 250 F + 460

75 F + 460 1000in 3

) = 4011Ibf / in

abs

P2 = 4011Ibf / in 2 14.7 Lbf / in 2 = 3996 Ibf / in 2 ( gauge)

1500 Ibf/in2EPgaugeF

3996 Ibf/in2

- -

WESIF

KN
KN

13793 2 + 101 2
m
m
P2 =
23.89C + 273

3
3
1500in 3 16.39 cm 10 6 m (121C + 273)

in 3
cm 3

3
3

cm
m

1000in 3 16.39 3 10 6

3

in
cm

2
3
p 2 = (1389 KN / m )(0.0246m )(3 394 K ) = 27648kPa(abs) = 27547kPa( gauge) = 27.5MPa( gauge)

(297 K )(0.0164m )

K{

E0F

K{

P1abs = Pat + Pe

P1ABS = 1 + 7.2 = 8.2bar

P 2 abs = 1 + 6.5 = 7.5bar

V1 = 1m3
V2 = 1m3
T2 = 20 + 273 = 293K

P1V1 P2V 2
=
T1
T2
PV T
PT
T1 = 1 1 2 = 1 2 = 8.2 293 = 320 K = 47C
P2V2
P2
7 .5

- -

K0

K
K

W
EDry airF

NO2

EHumid airF

KH

ETdbF

ETwbF

K
- -

ETdpF

K
K

( Psycrometric Tables)

- -

( Psycrometric Chart)

( Saturation Line) K

WEF

K(t)

KEF(a)KEF(pv)
K(a)K(t)

(Constant Dry Bulb Temperature Line) K

KEF

(Constant Humidity Ratio Lines) K

K(H)EF

(Constant Relative Humidity Lines) K

K(t)

K(R.H.= 1)(R.H.= 0)
- -

EF

K(t)

KEF(H = C)

(Constant Specific Enthalpy Lines) K

EF

EHFKEtF

KEtFKE FEaF

KEi=cFEaF

KEtF

- -

(Constant Wet Bulb Temperatures) K

K EF
EFEaaFKEaF
KEta=cF

(Constant Specific Volume Lines) K

EF

KEpvF

K KE FEaFKEtF

KEv=cF
EaF
K

EF
- -

d.b & FEF

KoEd.b & R.HFEw.b

(Importance of Psychrometry)

(Comfort

KCondition)
KEF

EFEF

00
K00

K
K
- -

EF
K

EF

EsFE F

KEIF

- -

EF

EsFEdpF
K

EsFEEFF
K

- -

KW
KW

- -

K
W

K
K

K
K

K
K

W
K

K
EF K

- -

K
E F EF

EFEF
K

EF
- -

EF

K
W

E F

EF

KE F

E FK

K
- -

EF

EF

EF

EF

KEF

- -

EF

EF

KEFEF

EF

EF
- -

K
KEF

EF

EF

- -

EF

W
K

K


- -

W
EF o

EF o

EF o

EF

EF

EF

- -

KEF

KEFEFEF

EF

KEF
KEFEFK

KEF
K

K K
K

EFEF
- -

KK

1. Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Roberson-Crowe.3rd Ed. 1995.

2. Fluid Power Theory and Applications, James A. Sullivan, 4th Ed. 1989

- -

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KKW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KKW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KKW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

- -