CaCO3 :

) CaCO3 (s ) 2H 3O (aq ) CO2 (g ) Ca 2+(aq ) 3H 2O(l

Va = 100mL

.C = 1, 0 101mol.L1
V 1L . T 298K
:
011

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

)t (s

0001

0001

0001

0101

0001

0001

0001

0001

0001

0001

)P(pa
)n(mmol

PV=nRT n . R=8,31SI . CO2

at
ef

x . n
) . x = f(t :

1cm 0, 5mmol ; 1cm 10s

. t ' 50s ; t 0
H3O+ :
. t 1

. xmax

.L

. r 67% m 25, 0g

.
.
.

( ) mol

n0

n0

( ) mol
( ) mol

 . K
3,0g ( ) .
:
. Qri
.
- .

He 23He

4
2

.
.
24He :

H 31 H 42 He AZ X

2
1

at
ef

Z A . X

- E . 42 He
42 He 1g .

m( 24He ) = 4, 0026u m( 12H ) = 2, 014u m( 23He ) = 3, 017u m( 13H ) = 3, 016u :

. N A 6, 02 1023 mol 1 u 931, 5MeV mp 1, 0073u mn 1, 0087u

. R = 200 r = 10,0 E = 6,00V

t 0 K

-0- -0-

.L

-0- :

-0-

-3-

-2-

di
uAB i
dt
uBC . i
uBC uAB .
I0 .
. I0
L .

( ) S m = 50 g

k
. O

at
ef

G .

S
t 0

5.104

Ep
.

T0 .

. k

.L

Ep=0

0,1

t t = 0
.
X0
E
Ec . t = 0,1 s


V1 40mL ) (2K S2O82
.C1 1, 0 101mol.L1 t 0 V2 60mL
) (K I .C 2 1, 5 101 mol.L1
:

mS

- .

x
V . H 3O ;OH
G x

1
(A + Bx ) :
V
V
.

)t (s

=G

at
ef

A 1, 9mS.L1

B 42mS.L.mol 1

. G

. t 1 min

.L

xmax .

S1 ) HNO2 (aq C1 0, 20mol.L1 pH 1 2, 0 S 2

)) (HCOO (aq ) Na (aq C 2 0, 40mol.L1 . pH 2 8, 7

) . . K 1

) . . K 2
pH /

pH
14

V=200mL .
n1 =4,010-2mol.L-1 n2 =8,010-2mol.L-1

) .
) Qri .

) Qrf /
.
) .
) .
) . x f =3,310-2mol .
) Qrf .0).
) pH .
:

pKa1(HNO2 /NO2 ) = 3, 3 ; pKa2(HCOOH /HCOO ) = 3, 8

146C t 1 5580ans 146C

2

14C Be; 6 B; 7 N; 8O :

at
ef

ln 2

t1

A . A0 ; t;

A 146C 0, 138
0, 209 .

.L

) .

) .0000

( 30 )
AB AB=2,5m
.

) (S m 200g A

B i

. g 10m.s 2 :

. vB 5m.s 1

) (S B I h

. B ) (S B ( . ) t 0
) ) y(t ) x(t ) (S ) . (B, i, j
) .
) . HI 4, 3m
) v I . I

-0- E 10V C 20F :

( )0 ()0
uC

+
L,r

( )0 . -0-

-0- r

-1-

uC . -0-
Et

duC
uC ;C; L
dt

dEt
r.i 2
dt

at
ef

i .

:T ( . t 4T t 0 ) .

.L
A

t(s)

01

01

01

01

01

PV
410-4P( mmol)
RT
01
01
01
01
011

x (mmol)

0,50

0,91

1,33

1,65

1,95

2,22

PV nRT n

2,44

2,62

1,78

2,86

CaCO3 (s) + 2H 3O (aq ) CO2(g) Ca (aq ) 3H 2O(l )

(mol)

x=0

n0

CVa

n0 x

CVa 2x

"

n0 x f

CVa 2x f

xf

xf

"

n0 xmax

CVa 2xmax

xmax

xmax

"

max

n x

x(mmol )

at
ef

2, 5

0, 5

t(s)

10

.L

50

74
v(t = 0) = 5 105 mol.s 1
5

v '(t = 50s) = 2, 8 10 mol.s

CVa 2xmax 0

t 1 = 74s

xmax

xmax

x(t 1 )

CVa
2

:
1

5, 0 103 mol

: xmax

2, 5 103 mol 2, 5mmol

OH

: t 1
2

HCOOH + CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -OH = HCOO-CH2 -CH2 -CH3 + H2O

(mol)

x=0

n0

n0

n0 x

n0 x

xf

n0 x f

n0 x f

xf

xf

xmax

n0 xmax

n0 xmax

xmax

xmax

xf
100
100 ....(1)
xmax
n0
r
n 0 xmax 0

n0 0, 424mol : ) 1( x f = n f (ester ) =

m
25

0, 284mol :
M
88

xf

0,424

0,424

)(mol

0,284

0,284

0,14

0,14

)(mol

: K
(0, 284)2
4
(0, 14)2
3
0, 19mol
60

: Qri

)n f (HCO2C3H7 ).n f (H2O

)n f (HCO2H).n f (C3H7OH

n 0' (C3H7OH) 0, 14

(0, 284)2
= 3 Qri 3
0, 14 0, 19
.

)n0 (HCO2C3H7 ).n0 (H2O

)n0 (HCO2H).n0 (C3H7OH

Qri

Qri K

:
) (0, 284 + x f

3x f2 1, 89x f 0, 03 0 x f 0, 017mol

xmax 0, 424mol

) (0, 14 x f )(0, 19 x f

0, 424 xmax 0

)(0, 17 0, 284
100 71%
0, 424

100

xf
xmax

at
ef

.
:
( =)MeV 53139 u

m = Zmp (A - Z)mn m( AZ X)

:
: 23He

m( 23He) = 2mp (3 - 2)mn m( 23He) = 0, 0063u

El ( 23He) = 0, 0063 931, 5 = 5, 87MeV

:
:
: 24He

3
2

) El ( He

5, 87
= 1, 96MeV
3
m( 24He) = 2mp (4 - 2)mn m( 24He) = 0, 0294u
=

= ) EA( 23He

.L

El ( 24He) = 0, 0294 931, 5 = 27, 39MeV

4
2

) El ( He

27, 39
:
=
= 6, 85MeV
A
4
24He 23He . El ( 24He) > El ( 23He) :

H 13H 24He AZ X

2
1

= ) EA( 24He

A 4 23 A 1

A : Z

Z 2 11 Z 0
X

A
Z

01n X
m m( H ) m( H ) m( He) m( n ) 0, 0187u
1
0

4
2

3
1

2
1

E 0, 0187 931, 5 17, 42MeV

E E NA 1, 6 1013 1, 68GJ

1g : 24He

di
dt

: uAB

uAB ri L
uBC Ri

: uBC
t 0

i 0

-2- uAB :

-3- uBC :

: I 0

uBC 0 :

uAC E uAB uBC

0

dI 0
dt

E
2, 86 102 A
r R

I0

RI 0

dI 0
dt

E rI 0 L

I0

uBC ( max )

5, 7
2, 85 102 A
200

uBC ( max )=5,7V

. 2 103s

- 3-

uAC f (t ) t 0

. L= (r R)= 0, 42H

T0 2

k=

4 2.m
5N.m 1
T 20

1
EP ( max )= kX02
2

2 EP ( max )

2.4.103
: X 0
= 4 102 m = 4cm
5

E = EP ( max ) = 4 103 J

EC = E EP (t = 0, 1s ) 4 10

10

EP (t = 0, 1s) = 2 5 104 = 103 J

3

T0 0, 63s

1
. EP (t )= kx 2 (t )
2

X0 =

m
....(1)
k

: ) 1(

. EP (0) = 8510-4 = 410-3 J

: L

: t = 0, 1s EC

= 3 10 J

S2O82 (aq) 2e 2SO42 (aq)

at
ef

2I (aq) I 2(aq) 2e
2
8

:
2
4

S2O (aq) 2I (aq) I 2(aq) 2SO (aq) : -

2
8

S2O (aq)

x 0

xf

xmax

C1V1 - x
V

2SO (aq)

I 2(aq)

C 1V1

C 2V2

C1V1 - x

C 2V2 2x

2x

C1V1 - x f

C 2V2 2x f

xf

2x f

C1V1 - xmax

C 2V2 2xmax

xmax

[I ] =

[S2O82 ] =

2I (aq)

:
2
4

(mol)

.L

C 2V2 2x
V

2xmax
:

[SO42 ] =

2x
V

[K ] =

2C 1V1 C 2V2
V
: G

CV - x
C V 2x
2C 1V1 C 2V2
2x
G = k S O 2 [S2O82 ] I [I ] SO 2 [SO42 ] K [K ] = k S O 2 1 1
I 2 2
SO 2
K

2 8
4
2 8
4
V
V
V
V

1
G=
k S O 2 C 1V1 I C 2V2 2K C 1V1 K C 2V2 k S O 2 2I 2SO 2 x
2 8
2 8
4
V

B
A

B k S O2 2I 2SO2
2

A k S O2 C1V1 I C 2V2 2K C1V1 K C 2V2

2

GV A
B

) 1(

: G
1 dx
.
V dt

1
(A Bx )...(1)
V

1 dG
.
....(2) :
B dt

v = 2, 6 104 mol.L1.s 1

: (t) G f (t ) v ) 0(

C1V1 - xmax 0 xmax C1V1 4 103 mol .

xmax 4 103 mol

t f = 165s

C 2V2 2xmax 0 xmax

G(t f ) = G(max ) =

C 2V2
2

4, 5 103 mol

1
(A Bxmax ) = 20, 7mS
V

: xmax
:

: t f

[H 3O ]f .[NO 2 ]f

K1 =

K2 =

= Ka1

[HNO2 ]f

HNO2(aq ) H 2O(l ) = NO2 (aq ) + H 3O (aq ) )

[OH ]f .[HCOOH ]f

HCOO (aq ) H 2O(l ) = HCOOH (aq ) OH (aq ) )

[HCOO ]f

3, 8

HCOO

HCOOH

14

7
HNO2 3, 3

NO

HNO2(aq ) HCOO (aq ) = NO (aq ) + HCOOH (aq )

Qri =

Qrf =

[HCOOH ]i .[NO 2 ]i
[HCOO ]i .[HNO2 ]i

=0

pKa1
[HCOOH ]f .[NO 2 ]f [H 3O ]f
Ka1
10
pKa1 pKa2
.

Q
=
=
= 10
= 3, 2
rf

pKa2
Ka
[HCOO ]f .[HNO2 ]f [H 3O ]f
10
2

. Qri Qrf

:
:

HNO2(aq ) HCOO (aq ) = NO (aq ) + HCOOH (aq )

x 0

xf

at
ef

(mol)

n1

n2

n1 - x

n2 x

n1 - x f

n2 x f

xf

xf

[HCOO ]f =

n2 - x f
2V

= 12 102 mol.L1

.L

[HCOOH ]f = [NO 2 ]f =

Qrf =

[HCOOH ]f .[NO 2 ]f

[HCOO ]f .[HNO2 ]f

pH = pKa1 log

[HNO2 ]f =

xf

2V

(8, 3 102 )2
= 3, 2
12 102 1, 8 102

[NO 2 ]f

8, 3 102
= 3, 3 log
= 4
2
[HNO2 ]f
1, 8 10

C 147 N -10 e +

14
6

N (t ) N 0e t

. N (t 1 ) =
2

N (t 1 ) =
2

N0
2

= N 0e

t 1

= 1, 8 102 mol.L1

= 8, 3 102 mol.L1

2V
=

n1 - x f

N0
2

: t 1
2

t 1 = ln 2 =
2

ln 2
= 1, 24 104ans 1
t1
2

. A(t ) A0e t

: A(t)
:

A(t )
A(t )
A(t ) 1
0, 138
1
= e t ln
= t t = - ln
= - ln

= 3347ans
A0
A0
A0

0, 209 1, 24 104
(3347ans 1995ans) = 1352ans

. 0000

:( B); (A)

E = EC (B) EC (A) = WAB (P ) + WAB (R)

P

B i

1
mvB2 - 0 = mg(AA') + 0 ; AA'=(AB).sin
2

2(AB).g.sin

vB

vB = 2 2, 5 10 0, 5 = 5m.s 1

P ma

Px max 0

Py may mg

ax 0

a g

y=

x(t ) vB cos .t

1 2
y(t ) gt vB sin .t
2

g
.x 2 x tan
2vB2 cos 2

:
: By Bx

x(t ) 4, 3t

y(t ) 5t 2 2, 5t

. y(t ) x(t ) :

. xI = HI 4, 3tI

tI =

HI
4, 3
=
= 1s
4, 3
4, 3

at
ef

dx
1
1

vx = dt = 4, 3m.s
v = 4, 3m.s
v(t )
vI x
vI = vx2 vy2 = 13, 2m.s 1
vy = 12, 5m.s 1
v = dy = 10t 2, 5

dt
y

.
. r -

uC u L = 0
uC ri L

duC
dt

LC

d 2uC
dt

; i=

duC
dq
=C
dt
dt

=0

d 2uC

.L

uC rC

di
=0
dt

uC LC

dEt
dt

= CuC

dt 2

r duC
1

.u = 0
L dt
LC C

1
1
CuC2 Li 2
2
2
du
1
1
Et = CuC2 LC 2 C
dt
2
2

Et = E(C ) + E(L) =

A'

i =C

duC
dt

d 2uC
dt 2

= -r.C

duC
dt

du d 2uC
dEt
d 2uC
LC 2 C .

=
u

LC.

dt
dt
dt
dt 2
dt 2

duC

E1(C ) =

1
CuC2 (0) = 105 J
2

uC LC

duC
.C

dt

d 2uC
dt 2

= -r.i

d 2uC
= uC LC.

dt
dt 2

ri

dEt

: uC (0) = 10V
uC (t = 4T ) = 5V
E2 (C ) =

E = E2(C ) - E1(C ) = -7,510-5 J

1
CuC2 = 25 107 J
2

.i = r.i 2

t = 0

: t = 4T