CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing

SN XUT NH MY TNH
Ngi trnh by: HUNH HU NGH B mn: Ch To My Khoa C Kh

NI DUNG
1. IU KHIN S - S KHI U CA CAM 2. CC PHNG PHP LP TRNH NC 3. IU KHIN MY CNC

IE IEU KHIE KHIEN MA MAY NC BA NG MA BANG MAY T TNH (CNC)

No Noi dung
Khai niem Nhng van e kho khan cua NC co ien Cong nghe san suat cac bo ieu khien NC ieu khien so nh may tnh Direct Numerical Control Phoi hp gia DNC va CNC Cac he thong ieu khien thch nghi Xu hng phat trien cua CNC

Kha Khai nie niem

Viec s dung may tnh so a lam thay oi ve chat trong viec ieu khien may NC Trong chng nay chung ta se ban 3 van e sau:
Computer numerical control (CNC) Direct numerical control (DNC) Adaptive control (AC)

Kha Khai nie niem

CNC thay bo ieu khien NC co ien bang bo tnh toan nho (minicomputer hay microcomputer) May tnh nho dung e thc hien mot so hoac tat ca cac chc nang NC bi cac chng trnh c lu trong bo nh Read Write cua no Mot trong nhng khac biet cua CNC la mot may tnh ieu khien mot may cong cu. Khac vi DNC la dung 1 may tnh e ieu khien nhieu may cong cu rieng biet.

Kha Khai nie niem

ieu khien thch nghi khong oi hoi may tnh so. ieu khien thch nghi la dung he thong ieu khien e o 1 hoac nhieu bien so cua qua trnh (lc cat, nhiet o, cong suat, v.v.) va thay oi lng an dao va (hoac) toc o cat e bu tr vao nhng thay oi co hai cua cac bien so cua qua trnh. Muc ch cua ieu khien thch nghi: - Toi u hoa qua trnh gia cong ma may NC n oc khong the thc hien c. - Nhieu d an ieu khien thch nghi ban au la da tren viec ieu khien tng t hn la may tnh so. - Ngay nay cac he thong s dung cong nghe vi x ly e ng dung chien lc ieu khien thch nghi.

Nh Nhng kho kho khan cu cua NC co co ie ien

Co loi khi lap trnh gia cong do: - Cu phap sai - So sai. e cho bang lo ung, phai chnh sa en 3 4 lan hoac hn na Kho at c trnh t gia cong tot nhat

Nh Nhng kho kho khan cu cua NC co co ie ien

Van to ng an dao khong to Va toc va va lng toi u v
khong the thay toc o va lng an dao trong qua trnh gia cong. V vay ngi lap trnh phai thiet lap toc o va lng an dao cho trng hp xau nhat.

Bang uc lo de b ra ch rach Bo Bo oc bang la phan cng yeu kem nhat cua

may NC. Khi co s co, nhom th bao tr thng bat au tm nguyen nhan ni may oc bang.

Nh Nhng kho kho khan cu cua NC co co ie ien

Management information:
He thong NC co ien khong am bao thong tin theo thi gian khi gia cong. Nhng thong tin nay co the gom: may co s co va thay dung cu cat. Controller: Bo ieu khien NC co ien la loai cng (hard wired).

Cong nghe nghe sa san xua xuat ca cac bo bo ie ieu khie khien NC
t nhat la co 7 the he cac bo ieu khien a c biet en. Bong chan khong (Circa 1952) Electromechanical Relays (Circa 1955) Discrete semiconductors (circa 1960) Intergrated Circuite (circa 1965) Direct numerical control (circa 1968) Computer numerical control (circa 1970) Microprocessors and Microcomputers (circa 1975)

Cong nghe nghe sa san xua xuat ca cac bo bo ie ieu khie khien NC
1982: 286 Microprocessor. Number of Transistors: 134,000 Speed: 6MHz, 8MHz, 10MHz, 12.5MHz Within 6 years of it release, there were an estimated 15 million 286 Based personal computers installed around the world. 1985: Microsoft ships Windows 1.0. 1986: Intel ships the 16 MHz 80386 processor. Compaq Computer introduces the first 80386based computer. 1989: Intel 486? DX CPU Microprocessor 1990: Microsoft ships Windows 3.0. Number of Transistors: 1.2 million Speed: 25MHz, 33MHz, 50MHz

Cong nghe nghe sa san xua xuat ca cac bo bo ie ieu khie khien NC
1993: Intel introduces the 60 MHz Pentium processor. Number of Transistors: 3.1 million Microsoft ships the Windows NT operating system 1997: Intel Pentium II Processor. Number of Transistors: 7.5 million Speed: 200MHz, 233MHz, 266MHz, 300MHz 1999: Intel Celeron? Processor 1999: Intel Pentium III Processor. Number of Transistors: 9.5 million Speed: 650MHz to 1.2GHz

Cong nghe nghe sa san xua xuat ca cac bo bo ie ieu khie khien NC
2000: Intel Pentium 4 Processor. Number of Transistors: 42 million Speed: 1.30GHz, 1.40GHz, 1.50GHz, 1.70GHz, 1.80GHz and the history-making 2GHz 2003 To date, Intel has shipped one billion x86 processors. Advanced Micro Devices launches the 2.2 GHz 64-bit Athlon 64 processor. 2006, January 10 Apple Computer introduces the MacBook Pro, their first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer, as well as an Intel-based iMac.

ie ieu khie khien so so nh nh ma may t tnh (CNC)

CNC la he thong NC dung may tnh co bo cha chng trnh e thc hien mot so hay tat ca cac chc nang ieu khien so c ban. Vi CNC, chng trnh c cho vao mot lan va c lu trong bo nh may tnh. V vay may oc bang lo ch dung khi nap cac chng trnh va d lieu goc. So vi cac may NC thong thng may CNC mem deo hn, kha nang tnh toan tot hn.

Ca ng CNC Cau h hnh chung cu cua mo mot he he tho thong

Ca Cac ch chc nang cu cua CNC

ieu khien may cong cu (Machine tool control) Hieu chnh ban knh dao trong qua trnh gia cong (In process compensation) Cai thien viec lap trnh va van hanh (Improved Programming and Operating features) Chan oan (Diagnostics). u iem chnh cua CNC la cha ng cac kha nang ieu khien trong bo ieu khien me mem (soft wired). Mot so chc nang ieu khien nh no noi suy cung tro tron co the c thc hien trong HTK gan cng (hard wired) th tot hn so vi gan mem

S pha ng phat trie trien CNC i theo 2 h hng

Hybrid CNC: CNC lai (phoi hp ca gan cng va gan mem) Straight CNC: CNC trc tiep (ch s dung bo ieu khien gan mem)

S o HT Hybrid CNC

Trong he ng lai (Hybrid CNC ) he tho thong

Cac thanh phan gan cng (Hard wired components) thc hien cac chc nang co li nhat nh Tnh toan va sinh ra lng an dao (Feed rate gereration) Noi suy ng tron (Circular Interpolattion) Cac chc nang khac do computer (softwired components) thc hien. Hybrid CNC c s dung kha rong rai v gia re hn Straight CNC.

S o Straight System

Trong he ng tr he tho thong trc tie tiep (Straight CNC)

May tnh thc hien moi chc nang HT trc tiep Straight at tien hn nhng mem deo hn

Bu Bu tr tr trong qua qua tr trnh gia cong

Hieu chnh ban knh dao trong qua trnh gia cong, ieu khien sai so phat sinh trong qua trnh gia cong. Thuoc loai nay gom: 1. ieu chnh sai so c cam nhan bi thiet b o 2. Tnh lai v tr cac truc khi thiet b kiem tra c dung e nh v cac iem tham chieu tren chi tiet gia cong. 3. ieu chnh ban knh dao 4. ieu khien thch nghi e ieu chnh lai toc o cat va lng an dao. 5. Tnh toan chu ky ben cua dung cu cat va chon dung cu khac khi c ch nh.

Ca Cai thie thien c vie viec la lap tr trnh va va thao ta tac

Chnh ly chng trnh gia cong tren may. Viec nay cho phep ieu chnh lai hoac toi u hoa chng trnh gia cong. Cho hien ng chay dao e kiem tra bang lo. Nhieu kieu noi suy: ng tron, barabol, cubic S dung cac chng trnh con chuyen dung Nhap d lieu bang tay (Manual Data Input). Co the lu tr nhieu chng trnh

Cha Chan oa oan (Diagnostic )

1/ Phat hien nguyen nhan h hong e sa cha nhanh chong. 2/ Ra dau hieu canh bao ve mot s co co the xay ra, nh vay giam thi gian sa cha va tang nang suat lao ong 3/ He thong CNC phai co mot so thanh phan d tr e khi co h hong th thay the ngay, khong e may ch.

u ie iem cu cua CNC

1/ Bang chng trnh va thiet b oc bang ch dung 1 lan e a chng trnh vao may tnh. ieu nay nang cao o tin cay cua HT, v thiet b hay h hong nhat chnh la bo oc bang. 2/ ieu chnh chng trnh ngay tren may 3/ Chuyen oi inch met 4/ Mem deo hn 5/ Cac chng trnh do ngi dung viet rieng (MACRO) c lu trong bo nh may tnh. Khi can co the goi ra de dang. 6/ Gop phan tao ra he thong san xuat toan bo (Total manufacturing system): CNC de tng thch hn khi dung trong he thong san xuat ln a c may tnh hoa. Mot trong nhng bc quan trong tien en nhng he thong nay la DNC (ieu khien so trc tiep).

Direct Numerical Control (DNC)

He ng DNC co He tho thong co ma may t tnh ve ve tinh

Co ng HT DNC Co 2 da dang
1/ He thong sau bo oc bang (Behind the Tape Reater ( BTR) system) 2/ He thong DNC vi bo ieu khien may chuyen nghiep (Special Machine control Unit)

He ng DNC v He tho thong vi ca cau h hnh BTR

DNC v vi bo bo ie ieu khie khien chuyen nghie nghiep

Ca Cac ch chc nang cu cua DNC

NC khong can bang uc lo Lu tr chng trnh NC Thu thap d lieu, x ly va bao cao Truyen thong

u ie iem cu cua DNC

Loai bo c bang lo va may uc lo Kha nang tnh toan nhanh hn va linh hoat hn Lu chng trnh NC dang files Cac chng trnh c lu nh la CL files Bao cao ve tnh hnh san xuat Thiet lap nen mong e phat trien nha may t ong ieu khien nh may tnh trong tng lai.

Pho Phoi h hp gi gia DNC va va CNC

S phoi hp gia DNC va CNC lam tang kha nang cho he thong san xuat nh may tnh. Trc het la khong ca can bang lo va va ma may uc lo na cho may CNC. May tnh DNC nap trc tiep chng trnh cho bo nh CNC. Khong giong nh cac may NC truyen thong, may CNC co u bo nh e nap toan bo chng trnh tren DNC. Chng trnh ch nap mot lan ch khong phai tng block. Viec nay giam c so lng au noi can thiet gia may tnh trung tam va cac may cong cu.

Xu h ng trong t hng tng lai

Trong cac he thong hon hp DNC va CNC, phan mem cua bo ieu khien CNC se co postprocessor. Viec nay cho phep chng trnh gia cong NC nap chng trnh t may tnh DNC dang CL (Cutter Location) FILE, khoi can phai hau x ly trc khi a sang may CNC. u iem na cua s phoi hp gia DNC va CNC la kha nang d tr. Neu may tnh trung tam b hong, cac may trong he thong se khong b liet. Ch can thc hien s phuc hoi can thiet la moi may rieng biet hoat ong c nh thng.

Kha Kha nang phu phuc ho hoi ch chng tr trnh

Co ban sao chng trnh NC t may tnh DNC Mi may CNC co trang b thiet b oc bang lo hoac co the noi vi mot may oc bang lo lu ong. ng nhien gia thanh he thong nh the se phai tang len. u iem th ba la cai thien c lien lac gia may tnh trung tam va va ni san xuat. Vi viec noi cac may tnh hai au, nhieu s co trong thiet ke cua mot nha may ln c loai tr.

Ca ng ma Cac he he tho thong may NC ie ieu khie khien th thch nghi

ieu khien thch nghi (Adaptive Control AC) co nguon goc t mot nghien cu trong nhng nam au cua thap ky 1960 phong th nghiem nghien cu Bendix do khong lc Hoa ky tai tr. Luc au he thong ieu khien thch nghi da tren cac thiet b ieu khien tng t, phan anh tnh trang phat trien cua cong nghe thi o. Ngay nay AC dung Microprocessor, va thong thng la tch hp vi mot he thong CNC hien ai

Thua Thuat ng ng Adaptive Control

Thuat ng AC ngha la he ng ie khien he tho thong ieu khie

thong ng va dung ng o ca cac bie bien so so ra cu cua he he tho va du chu ng e ie khien to toc o hoa hoac l ng an chung ieu khie lng dao.

Mot so cac bien so nay c dung trong he thong may ieu khien thch nghi la to toc o quay hoac lc, c, moment, nhie cat, t, bien o nhiet o ca dao ong ng va va cong sua suat. Noi cach khac hau nh tat ca cac tham so cat ma co the o c la c th trong cac cac he thong AC th nghiem.

Mu ng ie Muc ch ch cu cua he he tho thong ieu khie khien th thch nghi

Lam cho he thong hoat ong co hieu qua hn. Ham muc tieu ay thng la toc o cat bo kim loai va gia thanh tren 1 n v the tch cua vat lieu c cat bo

AC du ng dung au
1/ Ni ma dung cu cat c s dung 40% thi gian chu ky gia cong. 2/ Ni co nhieu nguon bien so trong phoi ma AC co the bu tr. Thc te AC thch nghi lng an dao va van toc oi vi cac bien so o. 3/ Ni gia thanh van hanh may cao. Gia thanh van hanh may chu yeu la do von au t cho thiet b cao. 4/ Ni cac phoi ien hnh cho AC la nhng vat lieu gom thep, Titan, hp kim ben cao. Gang va nhom cung co the la vat lieu hap dan oi vi AC, nhng nhng vat lieu nay thng la de gia cong.

Ca Cac nguo nguon bie bien oi khi gia cong

Chieu sau va chieu day cat thay oi o cng thay oi o cng vng thay oi Mon dao. Mat gia cong khong lien tuc

Ca Cac tham so so va vao cu cua ch chng tr trnh

Kch thc va hnh dang cua dung cat, o cng cua vat lieu gia cong, kch thc gia cong, va ac tnh cua may cat. Da vao cac tham so vao nay, chng trnh se tnh toan va cho ra gia tr Lng an dao Van toc tru chnh, Gii han lc cat cho moi vung cat

Hai da ng ie dang ieu khie khien th thch nghi

1/ AC toi u (ACO) Adaptive Control Optimization 2/ AC gii han (ACC) -- Adaptive Control constraints

ieu khie ie khien th thch nghi to toi u

Trong nhng he thong nay, mot thong so toi u hoa c ch nh cho he thong . Ham nay c o trong suot qua trnh gia cong, th du lng phoi c cat ra hoac gia thanh cua khoi lng vat lieu cat ra. Nhieu he thong toi u hoa bang cach cc ai hoa t le gia lng kim loai cat ra so vi o mon dung cu.

Kho Kho khan trong nghien c cu

o mon dung cu khong the o trc tuyen bang cong nghe o hien nay. V vay, he so IP khong the ieu khien trong qua trnh gia cong. Do khong co cam bien e o c o mon dung cu trong he thong ACO . > hau nh tat ca cac he thong ieu khien thch nghi hien nay la thuoc loai th 2: ACC

Cong th thc t tnh t t le le

He ng ACC He tho thong

c phat trien vi mc o t thong minh va t ton kem hn so vi ACO. Cac he thong san xuat ACC s dung cac gii han da tren nhng bien so co the o c. V the he thong nay mi co ten goi la ACC. Muc tieu cua he thong la ieu khien van toc va lng an dao sao cho bien so o c nam trong vung gii han cho phep.

Hoa ng cu ng ACC Hoat ong cua mo mot he he tho thong

ng dung ien hnh la phay vien va phay tui rong (profile, pocket) tren may NC Van toc V tham so ieu khien c La cat P va cong suat cat N la nhng bien so o dc. Gan mot he thong ACC vao mot may NC la chuyen bnh thng. Co 2 ly do e may NC c dung lam iem bat au t nhien cho viec ng dung AC: 1/ May NC thng co mo t ieu khien, 2/ Cac phoi gia cong thong thng cho may NC co nhng nguon thay oi ma AC co the thc hien c (feasible).

Quan he he cu cua pha phan me mem AC oi v vi ch chng tr trnh APT

Mu Muc tieu cu cua vie viec t tnh toa toan

Xac nh ieu kien cat e cc ai hoa toc o cat bo kim loai. Ngi lap trnh gia cong thng phai ch ra van toc va lng an dao e gia cong. Vi ieu khien thch nghi, cac thong so nay c tnh toan nh phan mem gia cong tren c s d lieu nhap vao va ngi lap trnh khong phai can thiep vao

ch l li cu cua gia cong co co ie ieu khie khien th thch nghi 1/Tang nang suat gia cong. 2/ Tang chu ky ben cua dung cu (tuoi tho) 3/ Bao ve phoi tot hn 4/ Ngi van hanh t phai can thiep hn. 5/ Lap trnh gia cong cung de hn.

Xu h ng pha hng phat trie trien cu cua NC

Thay the bang uc lo bang bang t. S dung thiet b kiem tra tren NC ngay cang thong dung hn Kiem tra phoi trong qua trnh gia cong khi no con nam tren ban may T hieu chnh v tr dung cu e bu tru sai so cua may nh v mat tham chieu tren phoi sau khi gia cong e at c o chnh xac cao hn Kiem tra dung cu cat e xac nh tnh trang cua dung cu (rang gay). u iem chnh cua viec dung thiet b kiem tra la tiet kiem thi gian va nang cao o chnh xac gia cong.

Nh ng NC tien tie Nhng he he tho thong tien

Trong ngon ng APT, chi tiet c xac nh bang cac phng phap hnh hoc nh ng, mat phang, ng tron. ng, mat phang, ng tron la nhng phan t khong co bien v ng va mat la vo tan con ng tron la khep kn Con ban than chi tiet la 1 vat co bien, v vay phan t hnh hoc cua APT khong the xac nh ay u va chnh xac hnh hoc cua chi tiet. Bang trat t cau lenh trong APT, dung cu di chuyen theo mat hien tai cua chi tiet, bo qua cac phan ve ng tron va ng thang khong lien quan en chi tiet

Nh ng NC tien tie Nhng he he tho thong tien

Theo cach xay dng mo hnh trong he thong CAD/CAM phoi c xac nh bang nhng mat va canh tao nen vat the ac cua chi tiet. Mat va canh khong phai la vo tan. Khai niem nay goi la Boundary Geometry, ngc lai vi cac khai niem cua APT. Mot trong nhng muc tieu cua d an CAM 1 la dung cac khai niem cha ben trong hnh ho hoc bien e xac nh chi tiet

Mo ng cu Mot so so mu muc tieu quan tro trong cua d d an

bien. Se co nhng co gang lam cho ngon ng mi tng thch vi ngon ng APT. Ngon ng mi se mc cao hn so vi APT. 2/ a da dang: ng: Khong ch dung e cat kim loai ma con dung cho nhieu lnh vc khac nh kiem tra, dap, 3/ Thie ng Module: cac chng trnh con Thiet ke ke theo t tng phai c thiet ke e thc hien cac chc nang c ban nh
Phay Profile Phay Pocket Gia cong theo iem (PTP operation) Tien (Turning) Kiem tra (Inspection)

Mot ta ng m mi: i: Dung khai niem hnh hoc 1/ Mo tap ngon ng

T ong ng ho hoa ch chc nang la lap tr trnh NC Lap trnh NC bao gom
Tao ng chay dao Chon dung cu Lng an dao Toc o cat Th t nguyen cong

Kie Kiem tra s s giao nhau

Cac chng trnh con phai c xay dng ben trong bo NC tien tien e kiem tra kha nang va cham gia dung cu va o ga gia cong va nhng va cham khac co the.

Giao die dien v vi c s s d lie lieu CAD/CAM

He thong ieu khien so tien tien phai c giao dien vi c s d lieu thiet ke va gia cong. D lieu thiet ke phai cha d lieu lien quan en hnh hoc cua chi tiet (phoi tho va kch thc cuoi cung cua chi tiet), o ga, dao cat, kha nang che tao dao va d lieu ve gia thanh. Chc nang lap trnh NC phai c giao dien vi bo chng trnh lap quy trnh gia cong nh may tnh

Ca ng sa Cac he he tho thong san xua xuat linh hoa hoat (HTSXLH)
Mot trong nhng phat trien quan trong trong DNC la c a vao ng dung he thong san xuat linh hoat (Flexible Manufacturing System - FMS) . Mot FMS la mot nhom cac may NC (hoac nhng tram lam viec khac) co lien he vi nhau bi he thong van chuyen vat lieu. Toan bo cac may NC va he thong van chuyen c ieu khien bi mot may tnh.

Robotics
Theo ban chat cong nghe va lap trnh, Robot cong nghiep co nhieu iem chung vi cac may NC. Robot c dung e van chuyen phoi va dung cu trong san xuat. Mot trong nhng nhiem vu quan trong cua Robot la nap phoi vao lay phoi ra khoi may gia cong, ke ca may NC. Robot va may tao nen mot te bao san xuat t ong vi viec nap mot phoi vao te bao t mot bang tai va a chi tiet a gia cong tren te bao en mot bang tai khac. Toan bo cong viec c thc hien mot cach t nhien khong can en con ngi