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Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
c
2
dt
di
L = c
Li N
total
= u = u
V n A n L
o o
2 2
= =
i
N
L
u
=
l
N
n =
H nI B
0 0
= =
Inductors and self inductance L
and Back EMF-voltage
Changing flux induces emf in same
element that carries current
A back emf is generated by a
changing current
emf opposes the change causing it
(Lenzs Law)
dt
di
L = c
LR circuit
t
c
t
e
R
I
R
L
= t
At t=0 the switch is just open. Apply Kirchhoffs Loop Rule
0 = c IR
L
0 IR
dt
dI
L =
LR circuit
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
t
e 1
R
i
t
c
R
L
L
= t
Apply Kirchhoffs Loop Rule
0 iR
L
= + c c
L
i
L
R
dt
di c
= +
At t = 0, i = 0, and switch is just closed
Energy in an inductor
i
dt
di
L I P = = c
} }
=
i t
di Li Pdt
0
0
2
Li
2
1
W =
2
Li
2
1
W U = =
I nduced electric fields
Induced fields
Let us discuss two ways of production of electric field:
(1) A Coulomb electric field that is created by positive or negative
charges;
(2) A non-Coulomb electric field that is created by a changing
magnetic field.
Induced electric fields
Lets calculate the value of work
one has to do to moving a charge
along the circular path s:
0
}
} }
=
= =
l
l
l d E
l d E q l d F W
c
dt
d
l d E
l
u
=
}
Induced fields
dt
B d
E rot
=
dt
d
l d E
u
=
}
0 =
}
l d E
0 = E rot
E
Reminder: in electrostatics:
Conclusions
The electric field produced by static charge is conservative:
- Zero work must be done over a closed path (circuit)
The electric field due to an emf is NOT conservative
Net work must be done over a closed path (circuit)
Therefore, the closed path integral of E is non-zero
Charges will accelerate parallel to E.
Eddy Currents
Eddy Currents
Eddy currents are induced electric currents that flow in a
circular path
Eddy Currents
A magnetic braking system.
Generation of Eddy Currents (cont.)
Eddy currents flowing in the material will generate their
own secondary magnetic field which will oppose the
coils primary magnetic field.
Crack Detection
Crack detection is one of the primary uses of eddy current inspection.
Cracks cause a disruption in the circular flow of the eddy currents
and weaken their intensity.
Magnetic Field
From Test Coil
Magnetic Field
From
Eddy Currents
Eddy Currents
Crack
Material Thickness Measurement
Eddy current inspection is often used in the aviation
industries to detect material loss due to corrosion and
erosion.
Material Thickness Measurement
Eddy current inspection is used extensively to inspect
tubing at power generation and petrochemical facilities
for corrosion and erosion.
Metal Detectors
Metal detectors like those used at airports can detect any metal objects,
not just magnetic materials like iron. They operate by induced currents.
Demo
E-M Cannon
v
~
side view
More Applications of Eddy Currents
Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains
Induced surface (eddy) currents produce field in opposite
direction
Repels magnet
Levitates train
Maglev trains today can travel up to 310 mph
May eventually use superconducting loops to produce B-field
No power dissipation in resistance of wires!
N
S
rails
eddy current
Summary
Let there be light!!!
J ames MAXWELL concluded that a changing magnetic field (B)
will produce a changing electric field (E) and the changing E will
produce a changing B. The net result of the interaction of the
changing E and B fields is the production of a wave which has both an
electric and a magnetic component and travels through empty space.
This wave is referred to as an electromagnetic wave (EM).
Faraday's law of induction describes the production of an
electric field by a changing magnetic field.
dt
B d
E rot
=
dt
d
l d E
u
=
}
The speed of EM waves in a vacuum is given by
v = 1/\(c
0
o
)
where c
0
is the permittivity of free space c
0
=8.85x10
-12
C
2
/N m
2
and
o
is the permeablity of free space
o
=4 tx10
-7
T m/A.
v = 3.00x10
8
m/s speed of light in vacuum
Production of Electromagnetic Waves
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
In 1831 Joseph Henry discovered magnetic induction.
The History of Induction
Joseph Henry
(1797-1878)
Michael Faraday
(1791-1867)
Michael Faraday's ideas about conservation of
energy led him to believe that since an electric
current could cause a magnetic field, a magnetic
field should be able to produce an electric current.
He demonstrated this principle of induction in
1831.
So the whole thing started 176 years ago!
The authors appreciate helpful discussion with
Prof. Mieczysaw DEMIANIUK
while preparing the lecture.