Php quay vector v ng dng

Nguyn Thanh Tr K42 PTC DHSP HN February 6, 2009

Quay vector l mt trong nhng ph-ng php bin i vector rt mnh, c nhiu ng dng trong gii ton. Trong chuyn ny, ti xin gii thiu mt s k thut quay vector v ng dng ca ph-ng php ny trong vic gii ton

1 L thuyt c bn
1.1 nh ngha
lm quen vi ph-ng php quay vector, ta cn mt s nh ngha - Ta ni gc nh h-ng gia hai vector ( a , b ) bng v k hiu ( a, b)= nu trn -ng trn nh h-ng (O) tn ti hai im A v B sao cho cc vector OA, OB t-ng ng cng h-ng vi cc vector a , b vi cc cung nh h-ng vi im u A, im cui B ca -ng trn (O) c s o l + 2k (k Z ) - Php quay vector gc , k hiu Q, l quy tc cho t-ng ng mi vector u ca mt phng vi vector Q ( u ca mt phng -c xc nh bi Q ( u ) c di bng u v ( u , Q ( u)=

1.2 Tnh cht

Ta c cc tnh cht ca php quay vector Tnh cht 1. Q ( u ) = 0 khi v ch khi u = 0 Tnh cht 2. Nu = 2k (k Z ) th Q ( u) = u , u

Nu = 2k (k Z ) th Q ( u) = u khi v ch khi u = 0 1

Cc tnh cht 1 v 2 suy ra d dng t inh ngha Tnh cht 3. ( u , v ) = (Q ( u ), Q ( v ), u , v Tht vy, theo h thc Sa-L ta c: ( u , v ) = ( u , Q ( u )) + (Q ( u ), Q ( v )) + (Q ( u ), ( v )) = + (Q ( u ), Q ( v ) = (Q ( u ), Q ( v)

Tnh cht 4. Q+ = Q Q Tht vy vi vector u bt k ta c: |Q+ | = | u | = | Q ( u )| = | Q (Q ( u ))| = |Q Q ( u )) Q+ ( u ), Q Q ( u ) = Q+ ( u ), u) + u , Q (Q ( u )) = ( + ) + + = 0 Do Q+ ( u ) = Q Q ( u ), u Q+ = Q Q Tnh cht 5. u . v = Q ( u ).Q( v ), u, v Tht vy, theo tnh cht 3 v nh ngha ta c: Q ( u ).Q( v ) = | Q ( u )| . | Q ( v )| . cos Q( u ), Q ( v) = | u | . | v | . cos u , v = u . v Tnh cht 6. Q ( u ) = Q( u ), R, u Tht vy, ly hai vector a v b khng cng ph-ng. Khi Q ( a v Q ( b ) khng cng ph-ng. Vi mi u ta c: Q ( a ). (Q ( u ) Q( u )) = Q ( a ).Q( ( u )) Q( a ).Q( u) = a ( u ) a u = 0 Suy ra Q( u ) Q( u ) vung gc vi Q ( a) Lp lun t-ng t ta c Q ( u ) Q ( u ) vung gc vi Q ( b ) T ta phi c Q( u ) Q( u)= o Tnh cht 7. Q ( u + v ) = Q( u ) + Q( v ), u , v Tht vy, ly hai vector a v b khng cng ph-ng. Khi Q ( a v Q ( b ) khng cng ph-ng Ta c: 2

= ( + ) + u , Q ( u ) + Q ( u ), Q (Q ( u ))

 Q . ( a ). (Q u + v Q ( u ) Q ( v )) = Q.( a ).Q u + v Q.Q( u ) Q.Q( v) = a .( u + v ) a . u a . v = 0 Lp lun t-ng t ta c Q .( b ). (Q u + v Q ( u ) Q ( v )) = 0 Vy vector Q u + v Q( u ) Q ( v ) vung gc vi hai vector khng cng ph-ng Q ( a ) v Q ( b ). Do Q u + v Q ( u ) Q ( v)=0

2 Mt s v d
V d 1 (nh l con nhm). V pha ngoi ca a gic A 1A2 . . . An xt cc vector e1 , e2 , . . . , en ln l-t vung gc vi cc cnh A 1A2, A2A3 , . . . , An1 An , An A1 c di bng cc cnh t-ng ng. Chng minh rng e1 + e1 + + en = 0 Chng minh. Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a gic A 1A2 . . . An c h-ng ta c: d-ng. Xt php quay vector Q 2 Q ( e1 + e2 + + en ) 2 = Q ( e ) + Q ( e ) + + Q ( e ) = A1 A2 + A2 A3 + + An A1 = 0
2

Do e1 + e1 + + en = 0 V d 2 (nh l Napoleon). V pha ngoi tam gic ABC dng cc tam gic u BCA1, CAB1, BAC1. Cc im I, J, K theo th t l trng tm cc tam gic u BCA1, CAB1, BAC1. Chng minh rng tam gic XY Z u. Chng minh. Gi s tam gic ABC c h-ng d-ng. Xt php quay vector Q 3 ta c: 1 ( IJ ) = Q Q A C + BA + CB 1 1 3 3 3 1 (BA) + Q (CB ) = Q ( A C ) + Q 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 = A1B + BC1 + CA = IK 3

V d 3. Cho t gic ABCD. V pha ngoi ca t gic ABCD, dng cc tam gic vung cn AXB, BY C, CZT, DT A t-ng ng ti cc nh X, Y, Z, T . Chng minh rng: a. XZ v Y T vung gc vi nhau b. 2S (ABCD) S (XY ZT ) Chng minh. a. Gi s t gic ABCD c h-ng d-ng. Xt php quay vector Q , ta c: 2 Q (XZ ) = Q XA + AT + T D + DZ 2 2 (XA) + Q (AT ) + Q (T D ) + Q (DZ ) = Q 2 2 2 2 = XB + T D + T A + ZC, Q (XZ ) = Q XB + BY + Y C + CZ 2 2 = Q (XB ) + Q (BY ) + Q (Y C ) + Q (CZ ) 2 2 2 2 = AX + CY + BY + DZ. Do : 1 XB + T D + T A + ZC + AX + CY + BY + DZ Q (XZ ) = 2 2 1 = T A + AB + T Z + ZY + BY 2 1 T A + AB + T Y + BY = T Y . = 2 Vy XZ v T Y vung gc vi nhau v bng nhau b. Gi X1 , Y1 , Z1 , T1 ln l-t l trung im ca AB, BC, CD, DA.

Ta c: S (ABCD) = AC.Q ( BD ) 2 1 = AD + DC + AB + BC .Q BA + AD + BC + CD 2 4 = X1 Z1 + T1 Y1 . X1 X + T1T + Y Y1 + ZZ1 1 X1 Z1 + T1Y1 + X1 X + T1T + Y Y1 + ZZ1 4 = ZX + Y T = ZX 2 + Y T 2 + 2.ZX.Y T 1 = XT 2 (Do ZX v Y T vung gc v bng nhau) 2 1 = S (XY ZT ) 2 Vy 2S (ABCD) S (XY ZT ) V d 4. Cho t gic ABCD. V pha ngoi ca t gic dng cc tam gic u ABX, BCY, CDZ, DAT . Gi E, F ln l-t l trung im ca BY v AT ; O l XO tm tam gic CDZ . Tnh (XO, EF ) v EF Chng minh. Gi s t gic ABCD c h-ng d-ng. Gi I, H, J, K ln l-t l trung im ca AB, BC, CD.DA. Ta c: 1 1 FE = AB + T Y = AB + T K + KH + HY 2 2 1 3 1 AB + DC + T K + HY = 2 2 2 Do : 3 1 1 1 Q (F E ) = Q (AB ) + Q (DC ) + Q (T K ) + Q (HY ) 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 = . XI + . J Z + . AD + . BC 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 = XI + J O + AD + BC 2 2 2 3 3 = XI + IJ + J O = XO 2 2 Vy XOEF v XO 2 = EF 3 5

V d 5. Cho hai tam gic ABC v A B C ng dng cng h-ng. Cc im A1, B1 , C1 chia AA , BB , CC theo cng mt t s. Chng minh rng ba tam gic ABC, A B C , A1B1 C1 ng dng cng h-ng. Chng minh. Gi s tam gic ABC v A B C c h-ng d-ng Do hai tam gic ABC v A B C ng dng cng h-ng nn tn ti php quay Q v s k sao cho: QAB = k.AC, QA B = k.A C Do A1, B1 , C1 chia AA , BB , CC theo cng mt t s , ta c: 1 1 A1B1 = AB + AB 1 1 AC A1C1 = AC + Xt: QA1 B1 = Q 1 1 AB + AB

1 1 = .Q(AB ) + .Q(A B ) 1 1 = .AC + .A C = A 1 C1 Vy ba tam gic ABC, A B C , A1B1 C1 ng dng cng h-ng.

3 Bi tp
Bi tp 1. Cho hai im A v B ln l-t chuyn ng trn hai -ng trn (O1 ), (O2 ) vi cng vn tc gc v cng ng-c h-ng vi chiu kim ng h, Vi mi v tr ca A v B , xt C l im sao cho tam gic ABC u v c h-ng d-ng. Chng minh rng C cng chuyn ng trn mt -ng trn (O 3 ) vi vn tc bng vn tc gc ca A v B Bi tp 2. Cho t gic ABCD c AC = BD. Dng ra ngoi t gic cc tam gic u BCM v ADN . Gi P v Q ln l-t l trung im ca BC v AD. Chng ming rng MN song song hoc trng vi P Q

Bi tp 3. Cho ng gic ABCDE . M l trung im -ng cho CE v tho mn iu kin MD AB v MD = 1 AB . Cc tam gic AEK.BCL -c dng 2 v pha ngoi lc gic theo th t vung cn ti K, L. Chng minh rng tam gic DKL vung cn Bi tp 4. V pha ngoi tam gic ABC dng cc tam gic BXC, CY A, AZB cn ti X, Y, Z v tho mn iu kin BXC = CY A = AZB = 1200 . Gi s tam gic XY Z u. Chng minh rng tam gic ABC u Bi tp 5. Cho t gic ABCD, O l trung im ca CD. Ly cc im M, N sao cho cc tam gic DAM, CNB, OAB ng dng cng h-ng. Chng minh rng tam gic ONM ng dng cng h-ng vi c ba tam gic trn Bi tp 6. Cho tam gic u A 1A2 A3 v im M . cc im B1, B2 , B3 theo th t l im i xng ca M qua A 2A3 , A3A1, A1A2 . Chng minh rng cc tam gic A1A2 A3 v B1B2 B3 c cng trng tm. Hy m rng kt qu cho tr-ng hp ngic u Bi tp 7. V pha ngoi tam gic ABC ta dng tam gic BCX tho mn iu kin XCB = , XBC = v tam gic CAY, ABZ theo th t cn ti Y, Z sao cho CY A = 2, AZB = 2 . Chng minh rng AX Y Z Bi tp 8. Cho t gic ABCD c AC = BD. V pha ngoi t gic ta dng cc tam gic ng dng ABX, BCY, CDZ, DAT v theo th t cn ti X, Y, Z, T . Chng minh rng XZ Y T Bi tp 9. V pha ngii tam gic ABC dng cc tam gic u A BC, B CA, C AB . A0, A0, B0 , B0 , C0, C0 ln l-t l trung im ca BC, B C , CA, C A , AB, A B . Chng minh rng A 0A0 , B0B0 , C0 C0 ng quy