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اساسيات قدرة الموئع
اساسيات قدرة الموئع
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International אאאאKא
KאESIEאאאSystem Of Units"
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אא، אא
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m
60 mile
sec hr
Wא
1ft = 0.3048m ,1mile = 5280ft ,1hr =3600sec
Wאא
m
0.3084 × =1
ft
ft
5280 × =1
mile
sec
3600 × =1
hr
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K
א אא، אאאאא
W
ft ⎞⎛ 1 hr ⎞ (60)(0.3048)(5280) ⎛ m ⎞
⎛⎜ 60 mile ⎞⎟ = ⎛⎜ 60 mile ⎞⎟⎛⎜⎜ 0.3048 m ⎞⎟⎟⎛⎜ 5280 ⎟⎜ ⎟= ⎜
⎛ m ⎞
⎟ = 26.8⎜ ⎟
⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ hr ⎠⎝ ft ⎠⎝ miles ⎠⎝ 3600 sec ⎠ 3600 ⎝ sec ⎠ ⎝ sec ⎠
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אאאאא
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אא אSI אא
א
Kא
-٣-
אא אאא א
אאאא ١١٣ אאא
WSIאאא
EL F (1m) אא •
EMF (1kg)אאא •
E TF (1sec)אא •
(1k)אאא •
Wאאאאאא
Em3FאאאW• א
K(m/sec)אאW• א
אא،(N)Newton אW• א
K(m/sec2)אאאא
אא K אאאW• א
א
K(N/m2)L
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K(kg/m3)Lא
Km3/kgאאאWא• א
K(J) א(N.m)KאאW• א
K(Watt,W)אאאאW• א
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אא אאא א
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KESIאFאאאאא
אאאא אKאא א
Kא1 Kpa E1 Kg F
W
א × אZא
a . m = F
אאא א،EאFאאאא
W
אא × אZא
g . m = F
m kg.m
1KPa = 1Kg × 9.8 = 9 .81
sec 2 sec 2
KFאNאאאESIאFאאא
K1m/s2א1 KgאאאאNא
m Kg .m
1N = 1Kg × 1 = 1
s2 s2
1KP = 9.81N
1KPa ≈ 10 N = 1daN אא
Wא
Kאאאא،אאאא
PZא
P= F FZא
A
AZא
-٥-
אא אאא א
אאאא ١١٣ אאא
KP/cm2א،א
1KP/cm2 = 1atmEאF
W،אאאא
1bar = 10 N/cm2 = 1 daN/cm2
אENFאא،ESI אFאאאאא
Paאאא،m2
1Pa = 1 N/m2
אKאאאKא
Kאbar אאא
1 bar = 100000 Pa
WאEFpsiא
1 bar = 14.5 psi
אK
אאאאאאאא
אE١ ١FאKאאbarא،אא
Kאאאא
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אא
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אא א
א א א א א א
10-1 d deci 10 de deca
10-2 c centi 102 h hecto
10-3 m milli 103 k kilo
10-6 u micro 106 M mega
-٧-
אא אאא א
אאאא ١١٣ אאא
אאא ،אא
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1
F = ma
gc
אאgcאaאm אF
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W
1 m
1Newton = × 1kg × 1 2
gc sec
kgm
gc = 1 W
Newton × sec 2
Wאא
1 ft
1Ib f = × 1Ibm × g
gc sec 2
ft.Ibm
א 32.174 אא(gc)אא
Ib f sec 2
Kאsiאא
אBtuאאאאאא
Wsiאא
1 Btu =1054.35 J(or N.m)
W(SI System)אאאא
Wאאאא
Kאא •
Kאא •
Kאאאאאא •
-٨-
אא אאא א
אאאא ١١٣ אאא
kgא אאאא •
KN
אJאאא א •
K،א،WאN.m
W
Kwאאא،،400 kjאא
Wא
KJ
Power , P = 2 × 400
hr
⎛ KJ ⎞⎛ 1000 J ⎞⎛ hr ⎞ J
P = ⎜ 800 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 222.2 = 222.2W
⎝ hr ⎠⎝ KJ ⎠⎝ 3600 sec ⎠ sec
W
Wאא
E1 = 4000 J
E2 = 10 W.hr
E3 = 20 kN.m
KBtu KJא
Wא
⎛ KJ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ 3600 sec ⎞⎛ kj ⎞ ⎛ KJ ⎞
∑ E = (4000 J )⎜⎝ 1000 J ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝10 sec hr ⎟⎠⎜⎝ ⎟⎟ + (20 KN .m )⎜
J
⎟⎜⎜ ⎟
hr ⎠⎝ 1000 j ⎠ ⎝ KN .m ⎠
∑ E = 4 + 36 + 20 = 60 KJ
⎛ 1Btu ⎞
∑ E = (60KJ )⎜⎝ 1.055KJ ⎟⎠ = 56.87 Btu
-٩-
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Density: ρ אL١
K אאאאא א
W
kg
ρ = m ZאLאZא
V m3
- ١٢ -
אא אאא א
אאאא ١١٣ אאא
SpecificGravityWSGאאL٤
אאאאאא א
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ρw
Kאאא
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Wא
p ×ν = m × R × T אא
W
p
ρ= Wא
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p = N m 2 אא
R( R = 287 J kg K ) אאא
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ρ = kg m 3 א
WE١ J٢F
אK6.3mא،4mא2cmאאWא
Kא،9772kgא
Wא
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kg
ρ = m
V m3
m = 9772kg
- ١٣ -
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אאאא ١١٣ אאא
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V = π d 2 × h
4
W
אאאZh،אאאZd
V = π × 2 2 × 3.6 = 11.31m 3
4
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m 9772 kg
ρ= = = 864 3
V 11.31 m
E٢ J٢F
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אא،6750 kgא،1000kg/mא
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3
m
ρ =
V
- ١٤ -
אא אאא א
אאאא ١١٣ אאא
6750
1000 =
2w 3
6750
w = = 3.375
3
2000
w = 3.375 = 1.5m
3
∴ l = 2 × w = 2 × 1.5 = 3.0m
∴ h = w = 1.5m
E٣ J٢F
Kאאאאא،1.6kאאא
Wא
(0.001m3)1000cm3 אאא
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m 1 .6 kg
ρf = = = 800 3
V 2 × 0.001 m
- ١٥ -
אא אאא א
אאאא ١١٣ אאא
Wאאאאאאאא
ρf 800
SG f = = = 0.8
ρw 1000
WViscosityא
א،אא
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µ= = Pa.Sec EאFEKFאEKFאא
m2
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Cinematic Viscosity
µ ⎛ m2 ⎞
γ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Zאא
ρ ⎝ sec ⎠
m2
K א
sec
- ١٧ -
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1
א1 du = 100 א،אאא א
dY sec
K10-3 pa.secאא
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du
τ =µ×
dy
∴τ = 10 −3 × 100 = 0.1Pa
- ٢١ -
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אאאא ١١٣ אאא
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Kאאא،אא،א
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0.2m³ א0.15m³ אאא0.12m3א
אאאK1.15kg/mאאאא
15002750אאאאאאFKאא
KEאא997
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1001/secאאאאאאאאEF
.0.001 pa.secאאאא
א0.85אאאEF
2.87×10¯³ N sec/ m²
Wאאאא
אאא،אאא
40C0א5.00×10¯4 N sec/ m²
Wאאאא
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אאKאאאKאא
אKאאאאKאאא
Kאאאא
- ٢٢ -
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ρ = m = 1
V v
Wאא
1
v = V =
m ρ
Wאאאאאאא
m = ρ ×V
Wאא
mg= 2750×0.12 =330 kg
Wא
ms= 1500×0.15 = 225 kg
Wא
mw = 997×0.2 = 199.4 kg
Wאא
ma= 1.15×0.53 = 0.61 kg
Wm totalאא
m total = 755 kg
Wאא
mtotal 755
ρtotal = = = 755 kg 3
Vtotal 1 m
- ٢٣ -
אא אאא א
אאאא ١١٣ אאא
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Vtotal 1 3
vtotal = = = 0.001325 m
kg
mtotal 755
Wאאאא
Wאאאא JEא
du
τ = µ ×
dy
Kאאא du א µ א τ
dy
Wאא
τ = 0.001×100 = 0.1 Pa
γ = µ ⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟ Zאא JE
⎛ 2
⎞
ρ ⎝ sec ⎠
Kg
ρ = 0.85 × 1000 = 850
m3
µ 2.87 × 10−3 −6 ⎛ m ⎞
2
γ = = = 3.3 × 10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
ρ 850 ⎝ sec ⎠
Wאאאאא
אא،E٣٢Fאאא
Wאאא40C0אא5.00×10¯4 N sec/ m²
א Benzene
- ٢٤ -
אאא
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אאאא
אא
א
א
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Kאאאאאאאאא
- ٢٥ -
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W
אאא
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pressureא
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F⎛ N ⎞
P= ⎜ ⎟
A ⎝ m2 ⎠
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⎜ 2 ⎟ = Pascal (Pa )
⎝m ⎠
W
P = ( pa) אא
F = (N ) אאא
A = (m 2 ) אאאא
W
( )
1 pa = 1 N m 2
1bar = 100000 N ( m ) = 100kpa
2
E١٣F
אאK1kN5mmEpistonFא
Kא
Wא
Kאאאא
- ٢٦ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
π
A = d 2
4
F
P=
A
1000
∴P =
π
4
× 50 2 × 10 − 6
KN
P = 509
m2
P = 509 KPa = 5.09bar
١٣١٣
Wאאאא
אאא
אאא
אאאא،אא
EbFאאEaFאאK אאא
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- ٢٧ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
אאאאE٢ J٣Fא
WPressure HeadאEF
K
אאאאאאאאא
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א٣٣
- ٢٨ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
E٢٣F
،א450cm 250cm 300cm אאאאא
Kאאא1000Kg/m2 Kא
Wא
Kאאאא
E٢٣FאE٤٣F
F = m× g
F = (ρ × V ) × g
F = ρ × (A × h)× g
F = 1000 kg3 × 0.25m × 0.30m × 0.45m × 9.81 m
m sec 2
F = 331N
Wאאא
331
p = F =
N
= 4400 2
A 0.30 × 0.25 m
Wאאא
P= ρ× g×h
kg m
P = 1000 3
× 9.81 2 × 0.45m
m sec
N KN
P = 4400 2
= 4.4 2 = 4.40 Kpa
m m
Kאאא
- ٢٩ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
E٣٣F
אאאאKא200m300mB A
1023 kg3 א
m
Wא
אאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
Aא
PA = ρ × g × h A
PA = 1023 × 9.81 × 300
PA = 3.011 × 10 6 Pa
Bאא
PB = ρ × g × hB
PB = 1023 × 9.81 × 200
PB = 2.007 × 10 6 Pa
Wאאא
PA − PB = 3.011 × 10 6 − 2.007 × 10 6 = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa
Wאאא
∆p = PA − PB = ρ × g × ∆h
PA-PB = 1023 × 9.81 × (300 − 200) = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa
WE٤٣F
W(101.325kN/m2Fאא
K1000kg/m3 •
K13.6א •
Wא
Wא
،E13.6Fאא،E1000kg/m3F א،E101.325kn/m2Fאא
KE9.81m/sec2Fא
- ٣٠ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
Wא
Kאאאא،אאאא
Wא
P= ρ×g×h
101.325 × 100000 N
hH 2o =
P
= m2
ρH o × g
2 1000 kg
m 3 × 9.81 m
sec 2
∴ hH 2 o = 10.33m
K10.33 mאאא
،
אאאא
Wא
Wאאאא אאא
ρ Hg = ρ Hg × 13.6
ρ Hg = 1000 × 13.6 kg
m3
Wא א א א א
101.325 × 100000 N
hHg = m2
⎛⎜13.6 × 1000 kg ⎞⎟ 9.81 m
⎝ m3 ⎠
(
sec 2
)
hHg = 0.76 m
- ٣١ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
Wאאאא
K אא
אאאא אאאא
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Kאא
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אKK
אא
אא101.3 kN/m2 1.013 barאאאEStandardFא
Kאאאא
E٥٣F
،אא0.61m 3.66mאא
אאאאאאאא،
אאא
Wא 1000kg/m3א،אאאא،אא
K101.3kN/m2Wאא , 917kg/m3
- ٣٢ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
E٥٣FאE٥٣F
Wא
אאאאאP2אE٥ ٣Fא
א،
KאאאP2אאאP1
P2 = P0 + P2g h2
P2= (101.3 X 1000 N/m2) + (917 kg/m3) . (9.8 m/sec2).(3.05m)
= 128737 N/m2.
WאאP1אא
P1 = P2+ P1gh1
P1 = 128737N/m +(1000 kg/m3).(9.81 m/sec2).(0.61m)
2
=134721.1 N/m2
אא אא، אא אא
Wאא
P1(gauge) = P1 - P0(atm)
= 134721.1-101.3 × 1000
= 33421.1N/m2
3.34 kN/m2אא
- ٣٣ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
EPressure MeasurementFא
אא א،א
WאKא
EThe BarometerFא
אE٦٣F
אE٦ ٣Fא،אאאא
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אאאאאאאK
אאא
אאאא אא
א אאאאא א
Kאאאאאא א
אא،א ρ אא hא
W
P = ρ × g× h
- ٣٤ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
KאאKKאg
אאאא1.013 barאאאא
Wא
1.013 × 100000 = 1000 × 9.81 × h
1.013 × 100000
h = = 10.326m
1000 × 9.81
אאKאאאא10.326mאאא
אK א13.6א אאא א
Wאאא
1.013 × 100000 = 13600 × 9.81 × h
- ٣٥ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
אאE٧٣F
- ٣٦ -
אא אאא א
א ١١٣ אאא
אאE٨٣F
P1 – P2 = (ρB - ρA)gh
Aא
א، א
אאא
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P1-P 2= ρB × g × h
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Q = × d × v2 = (0.1) × 8.86 = 0.0695
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2
4 4 sec
⋅ m
∴ Q = 0.0695 3
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2. Fluid Power Theory and Applications, James A. Sullivan, 4th Ed. 1989
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١٣٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEאFא
١٣٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא
١٤٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא
١٤٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא
١٤٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא
אאאאאא
אEאFאא