A Guide for Writing Research Papers based on Styles Recommended by The American Psychological Association

The purpose of this document is to provide a common core of elements of APA style that all members of an academic department can adopt as minimal standards for any assignment that specifies APA style. This Web document is itself not a model of APA style. For an example of a complete article formatted according to APA style go to http!""###.vanguard.edu"uploadedfiles"faculty"ddegelman"prayer.pdf. For an example of an undergraduate research proposal go to http!""###.vanguard.edu"uploadedfiles"faculty"ddegelman"psychproposal.pdf. To do#nload a $icrosoft Word template of an APA%style paper go to http!""###.vanguard.edu"emplibrary"files"psychapa.doc.

I.

General &ocument Guidelines A. Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right) B. Font Size and Type: 12-pt. font (Times Roman or Courier are acceptable typefaces) C. Spacing: ouble-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, body of the document, references, appendi!es, footnotes, tables, and figure captions. D. Alignment: "lush left (creating une#en right margin) E. Paragraph Indentation: $-% spaces F. Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper on the first line of e#ery page (e!cept Figures), beginning &ith the title page. G. Manuscript Page Header: The first t&o or three &ords of the paper title appear fi#e spaces to the left of the page number on e#ery page (e!cept Figures), beginning &ith the title page. 'anuscript page headers are used to identify manuscript pages during the editorial process. (sing most &ord processors, the manuscript page header and page number can be inserted into a header, &hich then automatically appears on all pages. H. Active voice: )s a general rule, use the acti#e #oice rather than the passi#e #oice. "or e!ample, use *+e predicted that ...* rather than *,t &as predicted that ...* I. Order of Pages: Title Page, Abstract, 'ody, References, Appendixes, Footnotes, Tables, Figure (aptions, Figures Title Page A. Pagination: The Title -age is page 1. B. Key lements: -aper title, author(s), author affiliation(s), and running head. C. Paper Title: (ppercase and lo&ercase letters, centered on the page. D. Author(s): (ppercase and lo&ercase letters, centered on the line follo&ing the title. E. Institutional affiliation: (ppercase and lo&ercase letters, centered on the line follo&ing the author(s). F. !unning head: The running head is typed flush left (all uppercase) follo&ing the &ords *Running head.* on the line belo& the manuscript page header. ,t should not e!ceed $/ characters, including punctuation and spacing. The running head is a short title that appears at the top of pages of published articles. G. "ample of APA#formatted Title Page: http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"titlepage.pdf Abstract! The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important elements of the paper. A. Pagination: The abstract begins on a ne& page (page 2). B. Heading: )bstract (centered on the first line belo& the manuscript page header) C. Format: The abstract (in bloc0 format) begins on the line follo&ing the )bstract heading. The abstract should not e!ceed 12/ &ords. )ll numbers in the abstract (e!cept those beginning a sentence) should be typed as digits rather than &ords. D. "ample of APA#formatted A$stract: http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"abstract.pdf 'ody

II.

III.

IV.

A.

Pagination: The body of the paper begins on a ne& page (page 1). 2ubsections of the body of the paper do not begin on ne& pages.

B. C. D.

Title: The title of the paper (in uppercase and lo&ercase letters) is centered on the first line belo& the manuscript page header. Introduction: The introduction (&hich is not labeled) begins on the line follo&ing the paper title. Headings: 3eadings are used to organi4e the document and reflect the relati#e importance of sections. "or e!ample, many empirical research articles utili4e 'ethod, Results, iscussion, and References headings. ,n turn, the 'ethod section often has subheadings of Participants, Apparatus, and Procedure. "or an e!ample of )-)formatted headings, go to http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"headings.pdf 1. 'ain headings (&hen the paper has either one or t&o le#els of headings) use centered uppercase and lo&ercase letters (e.g., 'ethod, Results, iscussion, and References). 2ubheadings (&hen the paper has t&o le#els of headings) are italici4ed and use flush left, uppercase and lo&ercase letters (e.g., Participants, Apparatus, and Procedure as subsections of the 'ethod section).

2.

V.

Text citations! 2ource material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. The underlying principle is that ideas and &ords of others must be formally ac0no&ledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follo&s the body of the paper. ). +hen the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses follo&ing the identification of the authors. Consider the follo&ing e!ample. +irth and 'itchell (1556) found that although there &as a reduction in insulin dosage o#er a period of t&o &ee0s in the treatment condition compared to the control condition, the difference &as not statistically significant. 7)ote! and is used &hen multiple authors are identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Compare this to the e!ample in the follo&ing section.8

B.

+hen the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons. Consider the follo&ing e!ample. Re#ie&s of research on religion and health ha#e concluded that at least some types of religious beha#iors are related to higher le#els of physical and mental health (9artner, :arson, ; )llen, 1551< =oenig, 155/< :e#in ; >anderpool, 1551< 'aton ; -argament, 15?%< -aloma ; -endleton, 1551< -ayne, @ergin, @ielema, ; Aen0ins, 1551). 7)ote! & is used &hen multiple authors are identified in parenthetical material. Bote also that &hen se#eral sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered alphabetically by first authorsC surnames.8

C. .

+hen a source that has t&o authors is cited, both authors are included e#ery time the source is cited. +hen a source that has three, four, or fi#e authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. +hen that source is cited again, the first authorCs surname and *et al.* are used. Consider the follo&ing e!ample. Re#ie&s of research on religion and health ha#e concluded that at least some types of religious beha#iors are related to higher le#els of physical and mental health (-ayne, @ergin, @ielema, ; Aen0ins, 1551). -ayne et al. (1551) sho&ed that ...

D. ".

+hen a source that has si! or more authors is cited, the first authorCs surname and *et al.* are used e#ery time the source is cited (including the first time). D#ery effort should be made to cite only sources that you ha#e actually read. +hen it is necessary to cite a source that you ha#e not read (*9rayson* in the follo&ing e!ample) that is cited in a source that you ha#e read (*'ur4yns0i ; egelman* in the follo&ing e!ample), use the follo&ing format for the te!t citation and list only the source you ha#e read in the References list. Grayson *as cited in $ur+yns,i - &egelman .//01 identified four components of body language that #ere related to 2udgments of vulnerability.

9.

To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone inter#ie&s), include initials, surname, and as e!act a date as possible. @ecause a personal communication is not *reco#erable* information, it is not included in the References section. "or the te!t citation, use the follo&ing format.

'. F. S,inner *personal communication February .3 ./451 claimed ... 3. To cite a +eb document, use the author-date format. ,f no author is identified, use the first fe& &ords of the title in place of the author. ,f no date is pro#ided, use *n.d.* in place of the date. Consider the follo&ing e!amples. &egelman and 6arris *37771 provide guidelines for the use of APA #riting style. (hanges in Americans8 vie#s of gender status differences have been documented *%ender and Society n.d.1.

VI.

9uotations! +hen a direct Euotation is used, al&ays include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation. ). ) Euotation of fe&er than 6/ &ords should be enclosed in double Euotation mar0s and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. D!ample. -atients recei#ing prayer had *less congesti#e heart failure, reEuired less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fe&er episodes of pneumonia, had fe&er cardiac arrests, and &ere less freEuently intubated and #entilated* (@yrd, 15??, p. ?25). @. ) lengthier Euotation of 6/ or more &ords should appear (&ithout Euotation mar0s) apart from the surrounding te!t, in bloc0 format, &ith each line indented fi#e spaces from the left margin.

VII.

References! )ll sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper (and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section). A. Pagination: The References section begins on a ne& page. B. Heading: References (centered on the first line belo& the manuscript page header) C. Format: The references (&ith hanging indent) begin on the line follo&ing the References heading. Dntries are organi4ed alphabetically by surnames of first authors. 'ost reference entries ha#e three components. 1. )uthors. )uthors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. +hen there are se#en or more authors, list the first si! and then use *et al.* for remaining authors. ,f no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference. Fear of -ublication. ,n parentheses follo&ing authors, &ith a period follo&ing the closing parenthesis. ,f no publication date is identified, use *n.d.* in parentheses follo&ing the authors. 2ource Reference. ,ncludes title, Gournal, #olume, pages (for Gournal article) or title, city of publication, publisher (for boo0). ,talici4e titles of boo0s, titles of periodicals, and periodical #olume numbers.

2. 1.

D. E. F.

"ample of APA#formatted !eferences: 9o to http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"references.pdf Official APA & lectronic !eference Formats& document: 9o to http!""###.apastyle.org"elecref.html "amples of sources

1.

:ournal article 'ur4yns0i, A., ; egelman, . (155H). @ody language of &omen and Gudgments of #ulnerability to se!ual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1H1%-1H2H.

2.

'oo, -alout4ian, R. ". (155H). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.). @oston. )llyn and @acon.

3.

Web document on university program or department Web site egelman, ., ; 3arris, '. :. (2///). APA style essentials Retrie#ed 'ay 1?, 2///, from >anguard (ni#ersity, epartment of -sychology +eb site. http.II&&&.#anguard.eduIfacultyIddegelmanIinde!.cfmJdocKidL%5H

4.

Stand%alone Web document *no date1

Bielsen, '. D. (n.d.). !ota"le people in psychology of religion Retrie#ed )ugust 1, 2//1, from http.II&&&.psy&&&.comIpsyreligIpsyrelpr.htm

5.

Stand%alone Web document *no author no date1 #ender and society. (n.d.). Retrie#ed ecember 1, 2//1, from http.II&&&.trinity.eduIMm0earlIgender.html

6.

:ournal article from database 3ien, ., ; 3oneyman, T. (2///). ) closer loo0 at the drug abuse-maternal aggression lin0. Journal of Interpersonal $iolence, %&, $/1-$22. Retrie#ed 'ay 2/, 2///, from -roNuest database.

7.

Abstract from secondary database 9arrity, =., ; egelman, . (155/). Dffect of ser#er introduction on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2', 1H?-1%2. )bstract retrie#ed Auly 21, 2//1, from -syc,B"O database.

8.

:ournal article ;nternet%only 2ournal @ergen, . (2//2, 2pring). The role of pretend play in childrenCs cogniti#e de#elopment. (arly )hildhood *esearch & Practice, +(1). Retrie#ed "ebruary 1, 2//6, from http.IIecrp.uiuc.eduI#6n1Ibergen.html

9.

Article or chapter in an edited boo, 2hea, A. . (1552). Religion and se!ual adGustment. ,n A. ". 2chuma0er (Dd.), *eligion and ,ental health (pp. %/-?6). Be& For0. O!ford (ni#ersity -ress.

10.

&iagnostic and Statistical $anual of $ental &isorders )merican -sychiatric )ssociation. (2///). -iagnostic and statistical ,anual of ,ental disorders (6th ed., te!t re#ision). +ashington, C. )uthor.

VIII.

Appendixes! ) common use of appendi!es is to present unpublished tests or to describe comple! eEuipment or stimulus materials. A. Pagination: Dach )ppendi! begins on a separate page. B. Heading: ,f there is only one appendi!, )ppendi! is centered on the first line belo& the manuscript page header. ,f there is more than one appendi!, use )ppendi! ) (or @ or C, etc.). ouble-space and type the appendi! title (centered in uppercase and lo&ercase letters). C. Format: ,ndent the first line $-% spaces. D. "ample of APA#formatted Appendi": http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"appendix.pdf Footnotes! Content footnotes are occasionally used to support substanti#e information in the te!t.. A. Pagination: "ootnotes begin on a separate page. B. Heading: "ootnotes is centered on the first line belo& the manuscript page header. C. Format: ,ndent the first line of each footnote $-% spaces and number the foonotes (slightly abo#e the line) as they are identified in the te!t. D. "ample of APA#formatted Footnotes: http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"footnote.pdf Tables! ) common use of tables is to present Euantitati#e data or the results of statistical analyses (such as )BO>)). 2ee the Pu"lication .anual (2//1, pp. 16%-1%H) for detailed e!amples. Tables must be referred to in the te!t. A. Pagination: Dach Table begins on a separate page. B. Heading: Table 1 (or 2 or 1, etc.) is typed flush left on the first line belo& the manuscript page header. ouble-space and type the table title flush left (italici4ed in uppercase and lo&ercase letters). C. "ample of APA#formatted Ta$les: http!""###.vanguard.edu"psychology"table3.pdf Figure (aptions and Figures! ) common use of "igures is to present graphs, photographs, or other illustrations (other than tables). 2ee the Pu"lication .anual (2//1, pp.

IX.

X.

XI.

1%H-2/1) for detailed e!amples. "igure Captions pro#ide, on a single page, captions for the figures that follo&. A. Pagination: The "igure Captions page is the final numbered page of the paper. The "igures that follo& the "igure Captions page do BOT ha#e page numbers or manuscript page headers. B. Heading for Figure 'aptions: "igure Caption(s) is centered on the first line belo& the manuscript page header. ouble-space and type /igure % (or 2 or 1, etc.) italici4ed and flush left, follo&ed by the caption for the figure (not italici4ed), capitali4ing only the first letter of the first &ord and any proper nouns.

Books
Typical boo0 entry -- single author Arnheim R. *./4.1. Art and visual perception. 'er,eley! <niversity of (alifornia Press. Publishing information % Spell out the publishing names of associations and university presses but omit superfluous terms such as =Publishers = =(o. = or =;nc.= ;f t#o or more locations are given give the location listed first or the publisher8s home office. When the pubisher is a university and the name of the state *or province1 is included in the university name do not repeat the name of the state"province in the publisher location. When the author and publisher are identical use the #ord =Author= as the name of the publisher. American Psychiatric Association. *.//>1. (iagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. . !"sh#$%to$& DC' A(tho). 'ultiple authors When a #or, has up to *and including1 six authors cite all authors. When a #or, has more than six authors cite the first six follo#ed by =et al.= Festinger ?. Riec,en 6. - Schachter S. *./@01. )hen prophecy fails. $inneapolis! *$#+e)s#t, o- .#$$esot" /)ess. Roeder A. 6o#deshell :. Fulton ?. ?ochhead $. (raig A. Peterson R. et.al. *./041. Nerve cells and insect behavior. C"01)#d%e& .A' H")+")d *$#+e)s#t, /)ess. Corporate authorship ;nstitute of Financial Bducation. *./531. Managing personal funds. (hicago! $id#estern. Bo author identified "perimental psychology. *./C51. )e# Dor,! 6olt. Citing items in an anthologyIchapter in edited boo0 Rubenstein :.P. *./041. The effect of television violence on small children. ;n '.F. Aane *Bd.1 Television and juvenile psychological development (22. 1123134 . 4e5 6o)k'

A0e)#7"$ /s,7ho8o%#7"8 9o7#et,. Reprinted or republished chapter Freud S. *./0.1. The ego and the id. ;n :. Strachey *Bd. and Trans.1 The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vo8. 19& 22. 3366 . :o$do$' Ho%")th /)ess. (;)#%#$"8 5o)k 2(18#shed 1923 Follo#ing the entry enclose =Eriginal #or, published= in parentheses noting the original date. Chapter in a #olume in a series $accoby B.B. - $artin :. *./5C1. Sociali+ation in the context of the family! Parent%child #$te)"7t#o$. I$ /.H. .(sse$ (9e)#es Ed. < E... Hethe)#$%to$ (Vo8. Ed. & Handbook of child psychology: ol. !. Sociali"ation# personality# and social development (4th ed.& 22. 13101 . 4e5 6o)k' !#8e,. Citing multi#olume &or0s Wilson :. G. - Fraser F. (. *Bds.1. *./44%./451. Hand$oo* of teratology *Fols. .%>1. 4e5 6o)k' /8e$(0 /)ess. ;n listing a multivolume #or, the publication dates should be inclusive for all volumes. The volumes should be identified in parentheses immediately follo#ing the boo, title. &o not use a period bet#een the title and the parenthetical informationG close the entire title including the volume information #ith a period. Ddited collections 6iggins :. *Bd.1. *./551. Psychology. )e# Dor,! )orton. or Grice 6. P. - Gregory R. ?. *Bds.1. *./051. arly language development. 4e5 6o)k' .7G)"53H#88. Citing specific editions of a boo0 'roc,ett E. *./541. History of the theatre *@th ed.1. 'oston! Allyn and 'acon. ;mmediately after the boo,8s title note the edition information in parentheses *for example =@th ed.= or =rev. ed.=1. &o not use a period bet#een the title and the parenthetical information. Translated &or0s Freud S. *./471 An outline of psychoanalysis *:. Strachey Trans.1. )e# Dor,!

4o)to$. (;)#%#$"8 5o)k 2(18#shed 1940 The original publication date is the last portion of the entry and should be in parentheses #ith the note =Eriginal #or, published= follo#ed by the date. -roceedings &eci B.?. - Ryan R.$. *.//.1. A motivational approach to self! ;ntegrataion in personality. I$ =. D#e$st1#e) (Ed. & Nebraska Symposium on $otivation: ol. %&. 'erspectives on motivation (22. 2373288 . :#$7o8$' *$#+e)s#t, o- 4e1)"sk" /)ess. or (ynx :. Williams 6. - )ottebohm F. *.//31. 6emispheric diffences in avian song d#s7)#0"t#o$. 'roceedings of the National (cademy of Sciences# )S(# &*& 13723 1375.

:ournals
Citing articles in Gournals &ith continuous pagination Passons W. *./041. Predictive validities of the A(T SAT and high school grades -o) -#)st se0este) G/A "$d -)esh0"$ 7o()ses. +ducational and 'sychological $easurement# ,-# 114331144. Citing articles in Gournals &ith non-continuous pagination Sa#yer :. *./001. $easurement and prediction clinical and statistical. Psychological .ulletin# // (3 & 1783200. 'ecause pagination begins ane# #ith each issue of this 2ournal it is necessary to include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number. )ote that there is a comma bet#een the issue number and the page numbers but no comma bet#een the itali+ed volume number and the issue number. ;f the periodical does not use volume numbers include =pp.= before the page numbers so the reader #ill understand that the numbers refer to pagination. <se =p.= if the source is a page or less long. Citing articles in monthly periodicals (handler%(risp S. *./55 $ay1 =Aerobic #riting=! a #riting practice model. )riting 0ab Newsletter& 22. 9311. Citing articles in &ee0ly periodicals Aauffmann S. *.//C Ectober .51. En films! class consciousness. The +e, !epu$lic p.C7.

Be&spaper articles $onson $. *.//C September .01. <rbana firm obstacle to office pro2ect. The 1hampaign2)rbana News23a"ette& 22. A1&A8. Bo author identified (linton puts 8human face8 on health%care plan. *.//C September .01. The New 4ork Times& 2. B1. Reprinted or republished articles (lar, G. - Himmerman B. *./551. Professional roles and activities as models for art ed(7"t#o$. I$ 9. Do11s (Ed. & 5esearch readings for discipline2based art education. =esto$& VA' 4AEA. (=e2)#$ted -)o0 Studies in (rt +ducation# 6* (1986 & 34339. Follo#ing the entry enclose =Reprinted from= in parentheses noting the original publication information. (lose #ith a period. DR,C ocuments *Report a#ailable from the Dducational Resources ,nformation Center1 $ead :.F. *.//31. -oo*ing at old photographs. Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (=e2o)t 4o. 4C=>:3==39234 . E"st :"$s#$%& .I' 4"t#o$"8 Ce$te) -o) =ese")7h o$ >e"7he) :e")$#$%. (E=IC Do7(0e$t =e2)od(7t#o$ 9e)+#7e 4o. ED346082

&issertations
issertation obtained from issertation )bstracts ,nternational ( ),) 'o#er &.?. *.//C1. Bmployee assistant programs supervisory referrals! (haracteristics o- )e-e))#$% "$d $o$)e-e))#$% s(2e)+#so)s. 7issertation (bstracts 8nternational# 9! (01 & 534B. (*.I 4o. 9315947 issertation obtained from the uni#ersity. Ross &. F. *.//71. <nconscious transference and mista,en identity! When a #itness 0#s#de$t#-#es " -"0#8#") 1(t #$$o7e$t 2e)so$ -)o0 " 8#$e(2 (Do7to)"8 d#sse)t"to$& Co)$e88 *$#+e)s#t,& 1990 . 7issertation (bstracts 8nternational# 96# 417. Give the university and year of the dissertation as #ell as the volume and page numbers from the &issertation Abstract ;nternational.

Ether $edia
Citing inter#ie&s Archer ). *.//C1. I;ntervie# #ith 6elen 'urns author of Sense and PerceptionJ. 8

:ournal of Sensory Studies# ,6& 2113216. ;n this example the intervie# lac,s a title so a description of the intervie# is given in brac,ets. ;f the intervie# has a title include the title *#ithout Kuotation mar,s1 after the year and then give a further description in brac,ets if necessary. <npublished intervie#s do not need a reference page entry because they are #hat the Publication $anual of the APA calls =personal communications= and so =do not provide recoverable data.= 6ere the entry consists of the first initial and last name of the intervie#ee the type of communication and the date of the intervie#. *). Archer personal intervie# Ectober .. .//C1 Citing films or #ideotapes I$otion pictureJ replaces Film and Fideotape as a brac,eted descriptor. Weir P.'. *Producer1 - 6arrison '.F. *&irector1. *.//31. -evels of consciousness ?.ot#o$ 2#7t()e@. Bosto$& .A' F#805",s. 6ere the main people responsible for the videotape are given #ith their roles identified in parentheses after their names. After the title the medium is identified *here a motion picture1. The distributor8s name and location comprises the last part of the entry. Citing recordings Writer A. *&ate of copyright1. Title of song IRecorded by artist if different from #riterJ. ;$ Title of album ?.ed#(0 o- )e7o)d#$%' CD& )e7o)d& 7"ssette& et7.@. :o7"t#o$' :"1e8. (=e7o)d#$% d"te #- d#--e)e$t th"$ 7o2,)#%ht $cFerrin 'obby *Focalist1. *.//71. Medicine music I(assette RecordingJ. 6olly#ood CA' E.I3*9A.

Blectronic ;nformation
The type of medium can be but is not limited to the follo#ing! aggregated databases online 2ournals Web sites or Web pages ne#sgoups Web% or e%mail based discussion groups or Web or e% mail based ne#sletters. Pagination in electronic references is unavailable in many cases thus left out of the citation. The APA $anual has a short section demonstrating the format for electronic references on pp. 305%35.. For other examples visit http!""###.apastyle.org"elecref.html

Citing computer soft&are Arend &ominic ). *.//C1. (hoices *Fersion >.71 I(omputer soft#areJ. (hampaign ;?! <.S. Army Co)2s o- E$%#$ee)s =ese")7h :"1o)"to),. (CE=: =e2o)t 4o.CH7322510 ;f an individual*s1 has proprietary rights to the soft#are their name*s1 are listed at the head of the entry last names first follo#ed by a period. Ether#ise treat such references as unauthored. &o not itali+e the title. Specify in brac,ets that the source is computer soft#are program or language. ?ist the location and the organi+ation8s name that produced the program. Add any other necessary information for identifying the program *in this example the report number1 in parentheses at the entry8s conclusion. To reference a manual follo# the same as above but add =manual= as the source in the brac,eted information. &o not add a period at the end of a citation if it ends in a #eb address. "ull-Te!t atabase (i.e., boo0, maga4ine, ne&spaper article or report) The second date #hich follo#s is the date the user retrieved the material. )o period follo#s an ;nternet Web address. Schneiderman R. A. *.//41. ?ibrarians can ma,e sense of the )et. San Antonio .usiness :ournal# 66# 58A. =et)#e+ed B"$("), 27& 1999& -)o0 EB9C; ."ste)-#8e d"t"1"se. )rticle in an ,nternet-only Gournal Aa#asa,i :. ?. - Raven $.R. *.//@1. (omputer%administered surveys in extension. :ournal of +;tension# %%# 2523255. =et)#e+ed B($e 2& 1999& -)o0 htt2'CCDoe.o)%CDoeC#$deE.ht08 )rticle in an ,nternet-only ne&sletter Waufton A.A. *./// April1. &ealing #ith anthrax. Telehealth +e,s/ 0*31. Retreived De7e01e) 16& 2000& -)o0 htt2'CC555.te8ehe")8th.$etCs(1s7)#1eC$e5s8ett)F51.ht08G1 ,nternet technical or research reports <niversity of (alifornia San Francisco ;nstitute for 6ealth and Aging. *.//0 )ovember1. 1hronic care in (merica: ( ,6st century challenge. =et)#e+ed 9e2te01e) 9& 2000& -)o0 the =o1e)t !ood Fo($d"t#o$ !e1 s#te' htt2'CC555.)5D-.o)%C8#1)"),C7h)7")e ocument created by pri#ate organi4ation, no page numbers, no date Greater 6attiesburg (ivic A#areness Group Tas, Force on Sheltered Programs. *n.d.1. Fund2raising efforts. =et)e#+ed 4o+e01e) 10& 2001& -)o0 htt2'CC555.h"tt#es1()%7"%.o)%

10

Sometimes authors are not identified and there is no date sho#ing for the document. &ate #ebsite #as accessed should be used and efforts should be made to identify the sponsoring author"organi+ation of the #ebsite. ;f none is found do not list an author. ocument from uni#ersity program or department $c)eese $.). *377.1. 1sing technology in educational settings2 Retrieved Ectober .C 377. -)o0 *$#+e)s#t, o- 9o(the)$ .#ss#ss#22#& Ed(7"t#o$"8 :e"de)sh#2 "$d =ese")7h !e1 s#te' htt2'CC5553de2t.(s0.ed(CHed"C D-'ail, ne&sgroups, online forums, discussion groups and electronic mailing lists Personal communications #hich are not archived should not included in reference lists and cited #ithin the text only! Smith Fred *=personal communication = :anuary 3. .///1 ,f archi#ed 6ammond Tl *3777 )ovember 371. DA6(! 6andle Parameters &E; Genres etc. $essage posted to =e-3:#$ks e8e7t)o$#7 0"#8#$% 8#st& ")7h#+ed "t htt2'CC555.do#.o)%C0"#83")7h#+eC)e-38#$kC0s%00088.ht08
C. "ample of APA#formatted Figure 'aption and Figure.

6eadings
Probably three levels of headings #ill suffice for most college and high%school papers. *)otice the double%spacing #ithin the headings. 'old and other font variants Icolor fancy fonts etc.J are neither reKuired nor appropriate.1 >he F#)st :e+e8& Ce$te)ed 5#th *22e)7"se "$d :o5e)7"se >,2#$% 9e7o$d :e+e8& F8(sh3:e-t& *$de)8#$ed He"d#$%s >h#)d 8e+e8& #$de$ted& ($de)8#$ed& 8o5e)7"se 2")"%)"2h he"d#$% e$d#$% 5#th " 2e)#od. Reference: Newspaper Articles, Editorials Letters to the Editor, etc. I- the ")t#78e #s Is#%$edI (th"t #s& ,o( k$o5 the "(tho)Js $"0e & 1e%#$ 5#th th"t "(tho)Js $"0e. (4ot#7e ho5 d#s7o$t#$(o(s 2"%es ")e $oted "$d se2")"ted 1, 7o00"s. Do $ot o0#t the I>heI -)o0 the t#t8e o- " $e5s2"2e) (($8#ke the .:A te7h$#K(e . /o#)ot& C. (2004& .")7h 17 . HIV 2)e+e$t#o$ 2#88 %oes 1e,o$d J0o)$#$% "-te)J. The Hartford 1ourant# 22. F1& F6.

11

I- the "(tho)Js $"0e #s $ot "+"#8"18e& 1e%#$ the )e-e)e$7e 5#th the he"d8#$e o) t#t8e #$ the "(tho) 2os#t#o$. 4e5 eE"0 -o) do7to) o- -(t()e. (1989& .")7h 15 . The New 4ork Times# 2. B310. I- the teEt 1e#$% 7#ted #s -)o0 "$ ed#to)#"8 o) 8ette) to the ed#to) #$d#7"te the $"t()e o- the so()7e #$ 1)"7kets "-te) the t#t8e "$d d"te. 9#8+e)0"$& /.H. (2004& B($e . Ge$et#7 E$%#$ee)#$% ?:ette) to the ed#to)@. The (tlantic# ,*% 14.

Reference: Nonprint Resources (Film, Recording, Video, television or radio program, etc. >he so()7e #s #de$t#-#ed #$ 1)"7kets "-te) the t#t8e =ed-o)d& =. (D#)e7to) . (1980 . <rdinary people ?F#80@. Ho88,5ood' /")"0o($t. (-#80 5#th 8#0#ted 7#)7(8"t#o$ ' Ho8dt& D. (/)od(7e) & < Eh8e)s& E. (D#)e7to) . (2002 . 5iver at High Summer: The St. 0awrence ?F#80@. (A+"#8"18e -)o0 .e)%"$se) F#80s& I$7.& 61 !ood8"$d 9t)eet& H")t-o)d& C> 06105 ( assette!: :"ke& F. :. (A(tho) "$d s2e"ke) . (1989 . .ias and organi"ational decision making ?C"ssette@. G"#$es+#88e' Ed5")ds. ("elevision program!: 9"-e)& .. (4"))"to) . (2004 . Torture at (bu 3hraib ?>e8e+#s#o$ 1)o"d7"st@. H")t-o)d' !F9B. (.(s#7"8 )e7o)d#$% ' B")1e)& 9. (1995 . Ce88o 9o$"t". ;$ .arber ?CD@. 4e5 6o)k' E.I =e7o)ds :td. #andling $uoted %aterial 9ho)t K(ot"t#o$s (-e5e) th"$ 40 5o)ds ")e #$7o)2o)"ted #$to the teEt "$d e$78osed 1, do(18e K(ot"t#o$s 0")ks (I . :o$% K(ot"t#o$s o- 40 o) 0o)e 5o)ds ")e d#s28",ed #$ " do(18e3s2"7ed 18o7k o- t,2e5)#tte$ 8#$es 5#th $o K(ot"t#o$ 0")ks. >he A/A s(%%ests th"t ,o( do not single spaceL ho5e+e)& so0e #$st)(7to)s 5#88 )eK(#)e th"t #$de$ted K(ot"t#o$s 1e s#$%8e3s2"7ed& es2e7#"88, 5he$ K(ot#$% 2oet),& 5h#7h 8oses so0e o- #ts -o)0"8 7h")"7te)#st#7s 5he$ do(18e3s2"7ed. Che7k 5#th ,o() #$st)(7to) 1e-o)e s#$%8e3s2"7#$% K(ot"t#o$s. I$de$t -#+e s2"7es -)o0 the 8e-t 0")%#$ "$d t,2e the e$t#)e K(ot"t#o$ o$ the #$de$ted 0")%#$ without the (s("8 o2e$#$% 2")"%)"2h #$de$t"t#o$. I- the K(ot"t#o$ #s 0o)e th"$ o$e 2")"%)"2h& 12

#$de$t the -#)st 8#$e o- the se7o$d "$d "dd#t#o$"8 2")"%)"2hs -#+e s2"7es -)o0 the "8)e"d, #$de$ted 0")%#$& "22)oE#0"te8, "$ #$7h -)o0 the 8e-t 0")%#$. I- ,o( h"+e " K(ot"t#o$ 5#th#$ " 18o7k K(ot"t#o$& e$78ose #t #$ do(18e (I K(ot"t#o$ 0")ks. I- ,o( h"+e " K(ot"t#o$ 5#th#$ " sho)t K(ote (o$e #$7o)2o)"ted 5#th#$ the teEt & e$78ose #t 5#th#$ s#$%8e K(ot"t#o$ 0")ks (J . E88#2s#s 2o#$ts ")e (sed to #$d#7"te o0#tted 0"te)#"8. >,2e th)ee 2e)#ods 5#th " s2"7e 1e-o)e "$d "-te) e"7h 2e)#od to #$d#7"te o0#ss#o$ 5#th#$ " se$te$7e (M . >o #$d#7"te "$ o0#ss#o$ 1et5ee$ se$te$7es t,2e " 2($7t("t#o$ 0")k -o) the se$te$7e -o88o5ed 1, th)ee s2"7ed 2e)#ods (. M (N M (O M . 6o() d"te 2)o7ess#$% so-t5")e 2)o1"18, 2)o+#des es2e7#"88, t,2ed 7h")"7te)s th"t 5#88 7)e"te e88#2ses th"t 5#88 $ot 1e 1)oke$& #$"22)o2)#"te8,& "t the e$d o- " 8#$e. !he$ " 2e)#od o) 7o00" o77()s 5#th 78os#$% K(ot"t#o$ 0")ks& 28"7e the 2e)#od o) 7o00" 5#th#$ the 78os#$% K(ot"t#o$ 0")k. /(t "$, othe) 2($7t("t#o$ 0")k o(ts#de the K(ot"t#o$ 0")ks ($8ess th"t 0")k #s 2")t o- the K(oted 0"te)#"8. &arenthetical itation

>he A/A s,ste0 o- 7#t#$% so()7es #$d#7"tes the "(tho)Js 8"st $"0e "$d the d"te& #$ 2")e$theses& 5#th#$ the teEt o- ,o() 2"2e). A. A t,2#7"8 7#t"t#o$ o- "$ e$t#)e 5o)k 7o$s#sts o- the "(tho)Js $"0e "$d the ,e") o2(18#7"t#o$. EE"028e' Ch")8otte "$d E0#8, B)o$te 5e)e 2o8") o22os#tes& $ot o$8, #$ the#) 2e)so$"8#t#es 1(t #$ the#) so()7es o- #$s2#)"t#o$ -o) 5)#t#$% (>",8o)& 1990 . *se the 8"st $"0e o$8, #$ 1oth -#)st "$d s(1seK(e$t 7#t"t#o$s& eE7e2t 5he$ the)e #s 0o)e th"$ o$e "(tho) 5#th the s"0e 8"st $"0e. I$ th"t 7"se& (se the 8"st $"0e "$d the -#)st #$#t#"8. B. I- the "(tho) #s $"0ed #$ the teEt& o$8, the ,e") #s 7#ted. EE"028e' A77o)d#$% to I)e$e >",8o) (1990 & the 2e)so$"8#t#es o- Ch")8otte. . . C. I- 1oth the $"0e o- the "(tho) "$d the d"te ")e (sed #$ the teEt& 2")e$thet#7"8 )e-e)e$7e #s $ot $e7ess"),. EE"028e' I$ " 1989 ")t#78e& Go(8d eE28"#$s D")5#$Js 0ost s(77ess-(8. . . D. 92e7#-#7 7#t"t#o$s o- 2"%es o) 7h"2te)s -o88o5 the ,e"). EE"028e' E0#8, B)o$te IeE2)essed #$7)e"s#$% host#8#t, -o) the 5o)8d o- h(0"$ )e8"t#o$sh#2s& 5hethe) seE("8 o) so7#"8I (>",8o)& 1988& 2. 11 .

13

E. !he$ the )e-e)e$7e #s to " 5o)k 1, t5o "(tho)s& 7#te 1oth $"0es e"7h t#0e the )e-e)e$7e "22e")s. EE"028e' 9eE("83se8e7t#o$ theo), o-te$ h"s 1ee$ (sed to eE28o)e 2"tte)s o- +")#o(s #$se7t 0"t#$% (A87o7k < >ho)$h#88& 1983 M A87o7k "$d >ho)$h#88 (1983 "8so de0o$st)"te M F. !he$ the )e-e)e$7e #s to " 5o)k 1, th)ee to -#+e "(tho)s& 7#te "88 the "(tho)s the -#)st t#0e the )e-e)e$7e "22e")s. I$ " s(1seK(e$t )e-e)e$7e& (se the -#)st "(tho)Js 8"st $"0e -o88o5ed 1, et "8. (0e"$#$% I"$d othe)sI . EE"028e o- " s(1seK(e$t )e-e)e$7e' /"tte)$s o- 1,P"$t#$e #$t)#%(e h"+e 8o$% 28"%(ed the #$te)$"8 2o8#t#7s o- 7o00($#t, 7o88e%e "d0#$#st)"t#o$ #$ >eE"s (Do(%8"s et "8.& 1997 !he$ the )e-e)e$7e #s to " 5o)k 1, s#E o) 0o)e "(tho)s& (se o$8, the -#)st "(tho)Js $"0e -o88o5ed et "8. #$ the -#)st "$d "88 s(1seK(e$t )e-e)e$7e. >he o$8, eE7e2t#o$s to th#s )(8e ")e 5he$ so0e 7o$-(s#o$ 0#%ht )es(8t 1e7"(se o- s#0#8") $"0es o) the s"0e "(tho) 1e#$% 7#ted. I$ th"t 7"se& 7#te e$o(%h "(tho)s so th"t the d#st#$7t#o$ #s 78e"). G. !he$ the )e-e)e$7e #s to " 5o)k 1, " 7o)2o)"te "(tho)& (se the $"0e o- the o)%"$#P"t#o$ "s the "(tho). EE"028e' =et#)ed o--#7e)s )et"#$ "77ess to "88 o- the ($#+e)s#t,Js ed(7"t#o$"8 "$d )e7)e"t#o$"8 -"7#8#t#es (Co8(01#" *$#+e)s#t,& 1987& 2. 54 . H. /e)so$"8 8ette)s& te8e2ho$e 7"88s& "$d othe) 0"te)#"8 th"t 7"$$ot 1e )et)#e+ed ")e $ot 8#sted #$ =e-e)e$7es 1(t ")e 7#ted #$ the teEt. EE"028e' Besse .oo)e (te8e2ho$e 7o$+e)s"t#o$& A2)#8 17& 1989 7o$-#)0ed th"t the #de"s. M I. /")e$thet#7"8 )e-e)e$7es 0", 0e$t#o$ 0o)e th"$ o$e 5o)k& 2")t#7(8")8, 5he$ #de"s h"+e 1ee$ s(00")#Ped "-te) d)"5#$% -)o0 se+e)"8 so()7es. .(8t#28e 7#t"t#o$s sho(8d 1e "))"$%ed "s -o88o5s. EE"028es' 1. :#st t5o o) 0o)e 5o)ks 1, the s"0e "(tho) #$ o)de) o- the d"te o- 2(18#7"t#o$' (Go(8d& 1987& 1989 2. D#--e)e$t#"te 5o)ks 1, the s"0e "(tho) "$d 5#th the s"0e 2(18#7"t#o$ d"te 1, "dd#$% "$ #de$t#-,#$% 8ette) to e"7h d"te' (B8oo0& 1987"& 19871 3. :#st 5o)ks 1, d#--e)e$t "(tho)s #$ "82h"1et#7"8 o)de) 1, 8"st $"0e& "$d (se se0#7o8o$s to se2")"te the )e-e)e$7es' (Go(8d& 1989L 90#th& 1983L >(t5#8e)& 1989 .

14

'pacing and &unctuation >he A/A 'ublication $anual $o5 7"88s -o) o$e s2"7e to "22e") "-te) "88 2($7t("t#o$ 0")ks. >h#s #s ($do(1ted8, #$ )es2o$se to the 7"2"1#8#t#es o- 0ode)$ 5o)d32)o7ess#$% de+#7es to dete)0e the 7o))e7t "esthet#7 d#st"$7e 1et5ee$ 2($7t("t#o$ 0")ks "$d s(1seK(e$t 8ette)s. >o do(18e3s2"7e "-te) " 2($7t("t#o$ 0")k de-e"ts th"t 7"2"1#8#t,. I,o( ")e (s#$% " 0o$o3s2"7e -o$t (s(7h "s Co()#e) & ,o( 0", 7o$s#de) (s#$% t5o s2"7es "-te) e$d32e)#ods "$d 7o8o$s& 1(t 7o$s(8t ,o() #$st)(7to) -#)st. E(ceptions:

4o s2"7e "-te) #$te)$"8 2e)#ods #$ "11)e+#"t#o$s (".0.& #.e.& *.9. . 4o s2"7e "-te) the 7o8o$ #$ )"t#os (6'1

"a)les and Figures >he (se o- t"18es "$d -#%()es #s too 7o028#7"ted to t)e"t 5#th#$ th#s do7(0e$tL st(de$ts sho(8d 7o$s(8t the A/A 'ublication $anual. Ge$e)"88,& ho5e+e)& #t #s (se-(8 to 8"1e8 e"7h "$d e+e), t"18e "$d -#%()e 5#th the 5o)d >"18e o) F#%()e "$d "$ ")"1#7 $(0e)"8 #de$t#-,#$% #t. >#t8es sho(8d 1e ($de)8#$ed. >he teEt "77o02"$,#$% t"18es "$d -#%()es 0(st 1e do(18e3s2"7ed. >he A/A s(%%ests th"t "88 t"18es "$d -#%()es "22e") "t the e$d o- the 2"2e)& e"7h o$ " se2")"te 2"%e. 9o0e s7hoo8s "$d 7o88e%es& ho5e+e)& )eK(#)e these e8e0e$ts to "22e") 5#th#$ the 1od, o- the 2"2e). A %)e"t de"8 0", de2e$d o$ the 7"2"1#8#t#es o- the 5o)d3 2)o7ess#$% 0"7h#$e ,o( ")e (s#$%. Co$s(8t 5#th ,o() #$st)(7to) 1e-o)e de7#d#$% 5he)e to 28"7e t"18es "$d -#%()es. %a*ing orrections on the %anuscript 4o5"d",s& 5#th the (se o- 0ode)$ 5o)d 2)o7ess#$% eK(#20e$t& 0"k#$% 7o))e7t#o$s "-te) so0eth#$% #s 2)#$ted #s (s("88, ($$e7ess"),. 6o() 2"2e) sho(8d 1e Q esse$t#"88, Q 2e)-e7t. Do $ot s"7)#-#7e e$t#)e -o)ests to "+o#d #$se)t#$% " 7o00"& ho5e+e)O

Do $ot (se 7o))e7t#o$ 2"2e)& -8(#d& o) t"2e to 7o+e) "$d t,2e o+e) "$ e))o). I$se)t " t,2ed 7o))e7t#o$ d#)e7t8, "1o+e the 5o)d o) 8#$e to 1e 7o))e7ted ($ot #$ the 0")%#$ . =et,2e the 2"%e #- #t h"s 0"$, 7o))e7t#o$s. =e$(01e) the 2"%es #- " 2"%e 0(st 1e #$se)ted o) )e0o+ed "-te) the $(01e)#$% #s 7o028eted. Do $ot $(01e) #$se)ted 2"%es 5#th& -o) eE"028e& I4".I Do $ot t,2e +e)t#7"88, #$ the 0")%#$. Do $ot st)#ke o+e) " 8ette). Do $ot t,2e #$se)ts o$ s8#2s "$d "tt"7h the0 to 2"%es. Do $ot 5)#te o$ the 0"$(s7)#2t.

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Reference! Blectronic and Enline Resources"h3L

A. General ;nformation
Blectronic correspondences such as e%mail or discussions on bulletin boards or discussion groups is regarded by the APA as personal communication *li,e phone conversations or memos1 because it is not recoverable by others. Personal communications are cited only #ithin the text and not on the reference page. 6o#ever if the information is in fact retrievable the follo#ing elements are necessary for the reference page! Author(s), I. (date or "n.d." if not date is posted). Title of work. (Online), date retrieved. Name of Database or Internet address of the specific document. Specify URLexactly. [Do not end your entry with a period when ending with an URL.] The date should be the year of publication or the most recent update. ;f the date of the source cannot be determined provide the exact date you retrieved the information on the ;nternet. The path information should be sufficient for someone else to retrieve the material. For example specify the method used to find the material! the protocol *6TTP Telnet FTP etc.1 the directory and the file name. (o not end the path statement ,ith a period after a file name or )e$ address2 :ust about everything of serious interest on the ;nternet is no# available through the hypertext transfer protocol *the familiar 6TTP1. Some items ho#ever may still be discovered through FTP GEP6BR TB?)BT etc. *For instance some universities might enable a professor to archive articles etc. on a server accessible only through File Transfer Protocol *FTP1. ;f you need to cite such sources as, your instructor or consult the AP Publication $anual. ;t is not a good idea to cite resources that are available only #ith a pass#ord unless that pass#ord can be established freely and easily *some online ne#spapers have pass#ord%protected archives li,e that1. Also do not refer your reader to a course Website that is pass#ord protected unless you ,no# that all your potential readers have access to that material.

'. Sample References

Enline article (entral Fein Ecclusion Study Group. *.//C. Ectober 31. (entral vein occlusion study of photocoagulation! $anual of operations I04@ paragraphsJ. Enline :ournal of (urrent (linical Trials IEn%line serialJ. Available! &oc )o. /3

16

En%line abstract Dou can cite an entire Web site #ithin your text but do not include it in your list of References. For instance you could say something incredibly profound you learned from this Web page and cite the <R? at the end of the paragraph *http!""###.ccc.commnet.edu"apa"1. ;f a line%brea, is necessary #hen you cite an <R? ma,e the brea, immeidately after a slash mar, and carefully avoid the insertion of a hyphen #here none is appropriate. Blectronic &atabase (ollege and public libraries subscribe to electronic databases such a sB'S(E ?exis)exis E(?( WilsonWeb S;RS etc. There are also online databases such as BR;( Psych;)FE and Public Affairs ;nformation Service *PA;S1. These databases contain full%text articles and article abstracts.

Reference! (lassroom ?ecture

?i,e personal intervie#s and phone conversations material presented in a classroom lecture is regarded as non%retrievable data. A lecture therefore should be cited #ithin the text but not be included in your References. The model belo# could also be used for more formal lecture settings. In an Introduction to Literature lecture at Capital Community College on April 14, 2004, Professor Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams' poem as a barnyard snapshot (C.W. Darling, ENG 102 lecture, April 14, 2004). ;f the lecturer distributed material at the lecture you could cite that resource in your References! Darling, C.W. (2004, April). Images at Work in the Poetry of William Carlos Williams. Outline presented in a classroom lecture at Capital Community College, Hartford, CT.

Reference! Personal ;ntervie# Phone (onversation ?etter )on%archived B%$ail etc.

'ecause this material is not recoverable *i.e. it is not possible for someone else to see or hear it1 it should not be listed in the list of References. ;t can ho#ever be cited parenthetically #ithin the text. ;t is extremely important that #hat is cited in this #ay be legitimate and have scholarly integrity. (interview): Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of religiosity made by contemporaries. (personal letter, March 28, 1977)

17

(phone conversation): According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were largely autobiographical (personal phone conversation, July 22, 2003).

Reference! An Bdited Folume *Anthology or Reference 'oo,1

Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The female autograph: Theory and practice of autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press. ;f you are refering to an article or signed chapter in an edited volume your reference #ould loo, li,e this! Pepin, R. E. (2002). Uses of time in the political novels of Joseph Conrad. In C. W. Darling, Jr., J. Shields, & E. C. Farbman (Eds.), Chronological looping in political novels (pp. 99-135). Hartford: Capital Press. )otice that there are no Kuote mar,s around the title of the article and that only the first #ord of a title is capitali+ed. The names of editors are listed first%initials%first *not reversed1. The inclusive page numbers are preceded by the abbreviations for =pages=! pp.

Annotated 'ibliography
An annotated bibliography #ill have the same basic layout as a Reference page. There are three ma2or differences ho#ever. First you can include in your bibliography #or,s that you thin, #ould be useful to your reader that you might not have used in the #riting of this particular paper or article. Second you can brea, do#n the references into useful categories and arrange those categories in #ays that you thin, #ould be helpful to your reader. Third you can add commentary to the references telling your reader the particular virtues *or if necessary the shortcomings1 of that resource. (ommentaries should be concise economical summaries #ritten in sentence fragmentsG if related fragments should be connected #ith semicolons. The commentary should begin on a ne# line indented slightly from the preceding line. Bxample! National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82-1195). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

18

Documents connections between children's lack of attention in school and hours of television watching; provides scientific evidence of changed viewing habits over ten years.

Reference! 'oo, #ith T#o or $ore Authors

Natarajan, R., & Chaturvedi, R. (2003). Geology of the Indian Ocean Floor. Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press. Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (1983). Computers in the world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press. )otice the hanging indent style *about half an inch after the initial line1. The abbreviation et al. *for =and others=1 is not used on the Reference page regardless of the number of authors although it can be used in the parenthetical citation of material #ith three to five authors *after the inital citation #hen all are listed1 and in all parenthetical citations of material #ith six or more authors. )otice that all authors are listed last%name%first *unli,e $?A style1 and that an ampersand M - M is used before the last name.

Reference! 'oo, Without Author or Bditor ?isted

Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam. To alphabeti+e such an entry on your Reference page use the first significant #ord of the title *ignoring the articles =a = =an = and =the=1.

Reference! &ictionary
Shorter Oxford English dictionary (5th ed.).(2002). New York: Oxford University Press.

Reference! &issertation or &issertation Abstract

When you have used an abstract of the dissertion found on microfilm in (issertation A$stracts International 3(AI42 ;f you are using a microfilm source include in parentheses at the end of your entry the university microfilm number. Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44-8794) When you have used the actual dissertation *usually from the shelves of the <niversity #here it #as #ritten sometimes obtained through interlibrary loan1!

19

Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.

Reference! Bdition Ether Than First *Republished 'oo,1

Creech, P. J. (2004). Radiology and the technology of the absurd. Boston: HoughtonMifflin. (Original work published 1975) After the author8s name list the most recent date of publication you can find. ;n the text citation give both dates! *(reech ./4@"377>1.

Reference! Government &ocuments

Report from the Government Printing Effice corporate author. Bxample! )ational ;nstitute of $ental 6ealth. *./531. Television and $ehavior. Ten years of scientific progress *&66S Publication )o. A 53% ../@1. Washington &(! <.S. Government Printing Effice. Reports from a &ocument and &eposit Service *)T;S BR;(1 other than <.S. government Bxamples! Tandy, S. (1980). Development of behavioral techniques to control hyperaggressiveness in young children (CYC Report No. 80-3562). Washington, DC: Council on Young Children. (NTIS No. P880-14322). Gottfredson, L. S. (1980). How valid are occupational reinforcer pattern scores? (Report No. CSOS-R-292). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. Center for Social Organization of Schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 182 465)

Reference! $aga+ines"Periodicals
Wheatcroft, G. (2004, June). The Tragedy of Tony Blair. The Atlantic, 293 5672. Thomas, E. & Hosenball, M. (2004, May 31). Bush's Mr. Wrong: The Rise and Fall of Chalabi. Newsweek, 143, 2232. <se inclusive page numbers. &o not use the abbreviations =p.= or =pp.=

Reference! $ulti%Folume Wor,

Nadeau, B. M. & Darling, J. M. (Eds.). (19942003). Studies in the history of cutlery (Vols. 46). Utica, NY: Mohican Valley-River Press. 20

To refer to a single volume include only the relevant date and volume number. When you are referring to more than one volume include all the relevant volume numbers *as in the above example1. The date after the author or editor8s name should include the range of years of publication *say if the #or, appeared over a number of years1.

Reference! Scholarly :ournal

$any scholarly 2ournals number their pages consecutively throughout a given volume. Thus volume one might end on page C>@ and the first page of volume t#o #ould be number C>@. &o not use p. or pp. to indicate page numbers. )otice that proper nouns are capitali+ed in an APA%style title but other #ords are not. A comma separates the title of the 2ournal from the volume number but the volume number *as #ell as the comma that follo#s1 is also italici+ed. Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13, 2129. ;f that article #ere found in a 2ournal in #hich each issue has pages numbered separately *each issue begins #ith a page .1 the issue number is given in parentheses but not in italics after the volume number. Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13(3), 2129.

Reference! Secondary Resources

O'Connor, C. O. & DeLoatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever happened to the humanities? In I. Rubenzahl (Ed.), Studies in Byzantine Intrigue (pp. 235278). Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press. To use material that is Kuoted or paraphrased else#here #hen you do not use the original resource your reference #ill include the source of your language *or idea1. ;n your text you #ould Kuote or paraphrase the idea that E8(onnor and others have Kuoted or used as follo#s! As V#88" t)e$7h"$t8, 2o#$ts o(t& I/e)h"2s the 7o$-8#7t see0s so st)o$% 1e7"(se the st"kes ")e so 8o5I ("s 7#ted #$ ;JCo$$o) < De:o"t7h& 2003 .

Reference! Single%Author 'oo, - Part of a 'oo,

Alverez, A. (1970). The savage god: A study of suicide. New York: Random House.

21

Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner's Modern American Usage. New York: Oxford University Press. )otice that #ords li,e =<niversity= and =Press= are not abbreviated *unli,e the $?A style in #hich such #ords are abbreviated #ithout a period1 but abbreviations such as =(o.= and =;nc.= are omitted. )otice too that the period after the title is part of the italici+ed portion of the citation. ;f the material cited is from a fore#ord preface introduction or after#ord list the name of the author of the boo, element you are citing. Follo# the date *#hich might be different from the actual publication date1 #ith the name of the element the title of the boo, and in parentheses the page number or page range on #hich the element appears *#ith p. or pp. to indicate page or pages1 Pepin, R.E. (2003). Introduction. Selected Poetry of Charles Darling: 19772002 (pp. iv xxii). Colchester, CT: Colophon Books.

Reference! )e#spaper Articles Bditorials ?etters to the Bditor etc.

;f the article is =signed= *that is you ,no# the author8s name1 begin #ith that author8s name. *)otice ho# discontinuous pages are noted and separated by commas.1 &o not omit the =The= from the title of a ne#spaper *unli,e the $?A techniKue1. Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). HIV prevention pill goes beyond 'morning after'. The Hartford Courant, pp. F1, F6. ;f the author8s name is not available begin the reference #ith the headline or title in the author position. New exam for doctor of future. (1989, March 15). The New York Times, p. B-10. ;f the text being cited is from an editorial or letter to the editor indicate the nature of the source in brac,ets after the title and date. Silverman, P.H. (2004, June). Genetic Engineering [Letter to the editor]. The Atlantic, 293 14.

Reference! )onprint Resources *Film Recording Fideo television or radio program etc.
The source is identified in brac,ets after the title Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Hollywood: Paramount.

22

*film #ith limited circulation1! Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002). River at High Summer: The St. Lawrence [Film]. (Available from Merganser Films, Inc., 61 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT 06105) *(assette1! Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making [Cassette]. Gainesville: Edwards. *Television program1! Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Torture at Abu Ghraib [Television broadcast]. Hartford: WFSB. *$usical recording1!

'arber S. *.//@1. (ello Sonata. En 5ar$er I(&J. )e# Dor,! B$; Records ?td. 6andling 9uoted $aterial

Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotations marks ("). Long quotations of 40 or more words are displayed in a double-spaced block of typewritten lines with no quotation marks. The APA suggests that you do not single space; however, some instructors will require that indented quotations be single-spaced, especially when quoting poetry, which loses some of its formal characteristics when double-spaced. Check with your instructor before single-spacing quotations. Indent five spaces from the left margin and type the entire quotation on the indented margin without the usual opening paragraph indentation. If the quotation is more than one paragraph, indent the first line of the second and additional paragraphs five spaces from the already indented margin, approximately an inch from the left margin.

If you have a quotation within a block quotation, enclose it in double (") quotation marks. If you have a quotation within a short quote (one incorporated within the text), enclose it within single quotation marks (').

Ellipsis points are used to indicate omitted material. Type three periods with a space before and after each period to indicate omission within a sentence (). To indicate an omission between sentences type a punctuation mark for the sentence followed by three spaced periods (. ) (? ) (! ). Your date

23

processing software probably provides especially typed characters that will create ellipses that will not be broken, inappropriately, at the end of a line.

!he$ " 2e)#od o) 7o00" o77()s 5#th 78os#$% K(ot"t#o$ 0")ks& 28"7e the 2e)#od o) 7o00" 5#th#$ the 78os#$% K(ot"t#o$ 0")k. /(t "$, othe) 2($7t("t#o$ 0")k o(ts#de the K(ot"t#o$ 0")ks ($8ess th"t 0")k #s 2")t o- the K(oted 0"te)#"8.

$A)<S(R;PT PRBPARAT;E) - PAPBR FER$AT

Print the manuscript on one side of standard%si+ed heavy #hite bond paper *5%."3 N .. 37%pound bond1. ;n,2et and laser printers #ill generally produce good Kuality acceptable Kuality papers. Eld fashioned tractor%fed computer paper is acceptable but the pin hole borders must be removed. *Ra+or%edge is preferable.1 Brasable bond and onion s,in are not acceptable. ;f you must prepare your paper on erasable bond prepare a good copy of your paper on a copying machine and submit the copy instead of the original.

Bxamples of proper page formats are sho#n belo#.

Ene%inch margins at the top bottom right and left sides are no# reKuired by APA. *Formerly . ."3%inch margins #ere reKuired.1 &ouble spacing is reKuired throughout the paper. &ouble%space after every line of the title headings Kuotations references etc. &o not use single or one%and%a%half spacing. ;f you #ish to use single%spacing for Kuotations of verse and drama because it more nearly approximates #hat the poet and dramatist #ould #ant consult #ith your instructor before doing so. Bach page is numbered consecutively including title page and reference page. Type the numbers in the upper right%hand corner using Arabic numerals. Arrange the pages of the manuscript as follo#s!

Title page numbered 1. Abstract (separate page numbered 2). Text (start on a new page numbered 3). Pages with figures are not numbered.

A short title is used throughout the paper including the title page. The short title is a single t#o or three%#ord derivation of the title of the paper. For example if the title of your paper #ere <nderstanding Patterns of 'y+antine ;ntriKue your Short Title could be 'y+antine ;ntrigue1. The Short Title is typed one inch belo# the top of the page flush #ith the right%hand margin *of one inch1G the numeral one also appears on the title page. The Short Title should not be confused #ith the Running 6ead #hich is typed flush left at the top of the title page *but belo# the manuscript page header1 and in all uppercase letters. The Running 6ead is usually not necessary for high school and college papers unless specifically reKuired by individual instructors. 6o#ever it may #ell be reKuired on documents being prepared for actual publication.

24

The title itself is typed in uppercase and lo#ercase letters centered on the page. ;f the title reKuires more than one line double%space bet#een all the lines. Within the text paragraphs are indented five to seven spaces *#hich translates into about a half%inch indent on #ord%processors1. The only exceptions to this reKuirement are the abstract bloc, Kuotations titles and headings entries in the reference list table titles and notes *if any1 and figure captions #hich reKuire no indents. All typing is done flush%left not right 2ustified nor full 2ustified. ;n other #ords leave the right margin uneven or =ragged right.= &o not brea, *hyphenate1 #ords at the ends of lines. Type a line short or 2ust beyond the right%hand margin rather than brea, a #ord at the end of a line. The title page should have the title of the paper centered on the page. The Short Title and page number appear at the top right of the title page. The student8s name appears one double%space belo# the title. The institutional affiliation *name of the college or high%school for #hich the paper has been #ritten1 appears one double%space belo# student name. *;f there is no institutional affiliation the city and state or city and country of the author should be identified instead.1

Page t#o is the Abstract for the paper. ;t is a brief *.77%.@7 #ords1 comprehensive summary of the research paper. The Short Title and the number 3 are typed in the upper right%hand corner of the page. The #ord Abstract is centered as the first line of type on this page. Type the abstract as a single paragraph in bloc, format *i.e. #ithout paragraph indentation1.

Page three is the beginning of the body of the paper. The title of the paper appears *centered1 one double%space belo# the Short Title. The first line of the body of the paper appears one double%space belo# the title.

25

The reference list begins on a ne# page. Type the #ord References *Reference in the case of only one1 centered at the top of the page. &ouble% space all reference entries. The initial line of each entry is indented about half an inch *hanging indent style1.

Parenthetical (itation
The APA system of citing sources indicates the author8s last name and the date in parentheses #ithin the text of your paper. A. A typical citation of an entire #or, consists of the author8s name and the year of publication. Example: Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). Use the last name only in both first and subsequent citations, except when there is more than one author with the same last name. In that case, use the last name and the first initial.

26

'. ;f the author is named in the text only the year is cited. Example: According to Irene Taylor (1990), the personalities of Charlotte. . . (. ;f both the name of the author and the date are used in the text parenthetical reference is not necessary. Example: In a 1989 article, Gould explains Darwin's most successful. . . &. Specific citations of pages or chapters follo# the year. Example: Emily Bronte "expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social" (Taylor, 1988, p. 11). B. When the reference is to a #or, by t#o authors cite both names each time the reference appears. Example: Sexual-selection theory often has been used to explore patters of various insect mating (Alcock & Thornhill, 1983) Alcock and Thornhill (1983) also demonstrate F. When the reference is to a #or, by three to five authors cite all the authors the first time the reference appears. ;n a subseKuent reference use the first author8s last name follo#ed by et al. *meaning =and others=1. Example of a subsequent reference: Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 1997) When the reference is to a work by six or more authors, use only the first author's name followed et al. in the first and all subsequent reference. The only exceptions to this rule are when some confusion might result because of similar names or the same author being cited. In that case, cite enough authors so that the distinction is clear. G. When the reference is to a #or, by a corporate author use the name of the organi+ation as the author. Example: Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).

27

6. Personal letters telephone calls and other material that cannot be retrieved are not listed in References but are cited in the text. Example: Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, April 17, 1989) confirmed that the ideas. ;. Parenthetical references may mention more than one #or, particularly #hen ideas have been summari+ed after dra#ing from several sources. $ultiple citations should be arranged as follo#s. Examples: 4. List two or more works by the same author in order of the date of publication: (Gould, 1987, 1989) 5. Differentiate works by the same author and with the same publication date by adding an identifying letter to each date: (Bloom, 1987a, 1987b) 6. List works by different authors in alphabetical order by last name, and use semicolons to separate the references: (Gould, 1989; Smith, 1983; Tutwiler, 1989).

Spacing and Punctuation

The APA Pu$lication Manual no# calls for one space to appear after all punctuation mar,s. This is undoubtedly in response to the capabilities of modern #ord%processing devices to determe the correct aesthetic distance bet#een punctuation mar,s and subseKuent letters. To double%space after a punctuation mar, defeats that capability. ;f you are using a mono%space font *such as (ourier1 you may consider using t#o spaces after end% periods and colons but consult your instructor first. Bxceptions!

No space after internal periods in abbreviations (a.m., i.e., U.S.). No space after the colon in ratios (6:1)

Tables and Figures

The use of tables and figures is too complicated to treat #ithin this documentG students should consult the APA Pu$lication Manual. Generally ho#ever it is useful to label each and every table and figure #ith the #ord Table or Figure and an arabic numeral identifying it. Titles should be underlined. The text accompanying tables and figures must be double% spaced. The APA suggests that all tables and figures appear at the end of the paper each on a separate page. Some schools and colleges ho#ever reKuire these elements to appear #ithin the body of the paper. A great deal may

28

depend on the capabilities of the #ord%processing machine you are using. (onsult #ith your instructor before deciding #here to place tables and figures.

$a,ing (orrections on the $anuscript

)o#adays #ith the use of modern #ord processing eKuipment ma,ing corrections after something is printed is usually unnecessary. Dour paper should be M essentially M perfect. &o not sacrifice entire forests to avoid inserting a comma ho#everO

Do not use correction paper, fluid, or tape to cover and type over an error. Insert a typed correction directly above the word or line to be corrected (not in the margin). Retype the page if it has many corrections. Renumber the pages if a page must be inserted or removed after the numbering is completed. Do not number inserted pages with, for example, "4a." Do not type vertically in the margin. Do not strike over a letter. Do not type inserts on slips and attach them to pages. Do not write on the manuscript.

A Sample Running head:

A SAMPLE PAPER ACCORDING TO THE PUBLICATION MANUAL

A 9"028e /"2e) A77o)d#$% to the Pu$lication Manual of the American Psychological Association Dour )ame Dour Affiliation

A Sample

A 9"028e /"2e) A77o)d#$% to the Pu$lication Manual of the American Psychological Association Fifth Bdition 377.

29

This sample paper #ill attempt to simplify the usage of the Pu$lication Manual of the American Psychological Association Fifth Bdition 377.. ;t is meant to be used primarily by the Falencia students enrolled in Professions of (aring 6S(..7. and should serve as an introduction to APA style. The sources cited in the Reference list do not exist but do reflect the types of sources #hich might be used in a paper. The te!t of the paper is left%2ustified and double-spaced< this sample paper is single spaced to sa#e space. The margins should be one inch on all sides. (se the tab 0ey to indent paragraphs. This document does not indent paragraphs because of html coding< ne& paragraphs are indicated by a double space. Be& pages are indicated in this sample paper by a hori4ontal line. The title of the sample paper follo#s the format given on page C70 of the manual. As you prepare the title page ,eep in mind the follo#ing reKuirements starting from the top of the paper and #or,ing do#n. 1. >he 2"%e $(01e) 0(st 1e o$ "88 2"%es o- the 2"2e)& #$78(d#$% the t#t8e 2"%e. *se A)"1#7 $(0e)"8s "$d 2os#t#o$ the 2"%e $(01e) o$e #$7h -)o0 the )#%ht h"$d ed%e o- the 2"2e)& #$ the s2"7e 1et5ee$ the to2 ed%e o- the 2"2e) "$d the -#)st 8#$e oteEt.

A Sample

2. >he 2"%e he"de) #de$t#-#es e"7h 2"%e o- the 2"2e) 5#th the -#)st t5o3to3th)ee 5o)ds -)o0 the t#t8e. >he 2"%e he"de) #s 2os#t#o$ed #$ the (22e) )#%ht 7o)$e) "1o+e& o) -#+e s2"7es to the 8e-t o- the 2"%e $(01e). 3. >he )($$#$% he"d& o) "11)e+#"ted t#t8e& "22e")s o$8, o$ the t#t8e 2"%e. It #s #$ (22e) 7"se "$d 0(st $ot eE7eed 50 7h")"7te)s& #$78(d#$% 2($7t("t#o$ "$d s2"7es. I- the t#t8e o- ,o() 2"2e) #s 8e$%th,& e$d the )($$#$% he"d "t the e$d o- " 5o)dL do $ot s28#t the 5o)d. >,2e the )($$#$% he"d -8(sh "t the 8e-t 0")%#$& "22)oE#0"te8, -o() 8#$es& o) t5o do(18e3s2"7es 1e8o5 the 2"%e he"de). >he te)0 )($$#$% he"d #s #$78(ded& "s #88(st)"ted o$ 2"%e 306 o- the 0"$("8& 1(t #s $ot 7o($ted "s 2")t o- the 50 7h")"7te)s "$d #s $ot (22e) 7"se. 4. >he t#t8e o- the 2"2e) #s t,2ed #$ (22e) "$d 8o5e) 7"se 8ette)s& "$d #s 7e$te)ed 1et5ee$ the 8e-t "$d )#%ht 0")%#$s "$d 2os#t#o$ed #$ the (22e) h"8- o- the 2"%e. Ithe t#t8e #s t5o o) 0o)e 8#$es #$ 8e$%th& do(18e s2"7e 1et5ee$ the 8#$es. 5. I- the t#t8e o- ,o() 2"2e) #s o$8, o$e o) t5o 5o)ds& the 2"%e he"de)& )($$#$% he"d "$d 2"2e) t#t8e 5#88 1e #$de$t#7"8. 6. >he 1,8#$e "$d #$st#t(t#o$"8 "--#8#"t#o$ 7o0e $eEt. >he "(tho)Js $"0e (,o() $"0e #s t,2ed #$ (22e) "$d 8o5e) 7"se 8ette)s "$d #s 7e$te)ed o$ the 8#$e& o$e do(18e3 s2"7e 1e8o5 the 8"st 8#$e o- the t#t8e. >he #$st#t(t#o$"8 "--#8#"t#o$ o) 78"ss #s "8so t,2ed #$ (22e) "$d 8o5e) 7"se& #s 7e$te)ed o$ the 8#$e& "$d #s o$e do(18e3s2"7e 1e8o5 the "(tho)Js $"0e.
A Sample "

Papers #ritten in the APA style must document sources in the body of the paper. Pages 374 to 3.> of the APA manual provide a general overvie# of citing references in the text. Dour paper #ill include a Reference list at the end #hich #ill list the articles boo,s etc. you cite in your paper. The Reference list must provide the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source used. ;t is very important to remember that each source on the Reference list must be cited in the body of the paper and conversely each source cited in the body of the paper must be on the Reference list.

30

As indicated on page 374 of the manual the basic format used by the APA to cite sources in the body of the paper is the author and date method of citationG that is the surname of the author*s1 and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point. This can be accomplished in one of t#o #ays. ;f the author8s name is mentioned in the text of the paper as in =Smith stated that . . . .= then only the date need be cited. ;f the author8s name is not mentioned in the text of the paper then both the name and the date must be cited. Parentheses are used to enclose the author and date or date alone. Separate the name and the date #ith a comma if both are listed. ;n some cases as you #ill see later in this paper page numbers either must or may be included. Give credit to your sources #henever you either Kuote an author directly or paraphrase an author.
A Sample #

Emitting credit is plagiarism or the presentation of another8s #ords or ideas as if they #ere your o#n. Plagiarism is academic theft and is treated as an ethical crime in the academic communityG not only #ill you fail the assignment but in most cases the course as #ell. The APA treats paraphrases and Kuotations differently. ;f a passage is summari+ed rearranged or other#ise changed in some manner it is paraphrasing and Kuotation mar,s are not necessary. (redit must be given to the original author*s1 though. 9uotations are treated differently by the APA depending on the length of the Kuoted source. 9uotations of less than >7 #ords should be incorporated in the text and be enclosed by Kuotation mar,s. ?ong Kuotations are treated differently as illustrated by the follo#ing from the Pu$lication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
Di$pla% &u'(a(i'n$ ') "* '+ m'+e ,'+d$ in a )+ee$(anding -l'./ ') (%pe,+i((en line$0 and 'mi( (he &u'(a(i'n ma+/$1 S(a+( $u.h a quotation 'n a ne, line0 and inden( (he -l'./ a-'u( 12 in1 311!

block .m0

'+ )i4e $pa.e5 )+'m (he le)( ma+gin 3in (he $ame p'$i(i'n a$ a ne, pa+ag+aph51 I) (he+e a+e addi(i'nal pa+ag+aph$ ,i(hin (he &u'(a(i'n0 inden( (he )i+$( line ') ea.h addi(i'nal 12 in1 The en(i+e &u'(a(i'n $h'uld -e d'u-le6 $pa.ed1 3 **10 p1 11751 A Sample 8

When Kuoting al#ays provide the page number in addition to the author and year of publication. =When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another #or, authors are not reKuired to provide a location reference. )evertheless authors are encouraged to do so especially #hen it #ould help an interested reader locate the relevant passage. . . .= *Pu$lication Manual 377. p. .3.1 Bven though this sample paper consists of fictitious references it #ill include the page numbers in examples #hen possible. )ote that the preceeding Kuote is C/ #ords longG thus it is included in the text of the paper and is enclosed by Kuotation mar,s. 31

When citing from a full%text electronic source you may not have page numbers to include in your parenthetical reference. ;n that case use the author*s1 and year of publication only. Dour reader #ill be able to access the specific text by using the =Bdit= and =Find= feature of the bro#ser to locate the specific passage cited. ;f you retrieve an article from a database #hich uses =real page= technology such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader list the page numbers as they #ill accurately correspond to the original print source. This sample paper #ill consider each source cited in the References list and explain both the actual citation and sho# ho# the source #ould be cited in the text of the paper. The Reference list uses a hanging indent the first line of each reference is flush #ith the left marginG subseKuent lines of the same reference are indented. <se the Tab Aey to indent. The Reference list must be double% spaced. References are alphabeti+ed by the surname of the first author or in the case of no author by the title of the boo, or 2ournal article.
A Sample 7

The follo#ing are some general rules to ,eep in mind #hen citing periodical articles on the Reference list. 1. *se the "(tho)Js s()$"0e "$d #$#t#"8(s o$8,. Do $ot (se -#)st $"0es& 0ed#7"8 de%)ees& B). "$d the 8#ke. 2. C#te "88 "(tho)s #$ the =e-e)e$7es 8#st )e%")d8ess o- ho5 0"$, the)e ")e. C#te the0 #$ the o)de) the, ")e 8#sted 5#th the so()7e. 3. Fo88o5#$% the "(tho) #$-o)0"t#o$& %#+e the d"te o- 2(18#7"t#o$ #$ 2")e$theses. Fo) 5eek8, "$d d"#8, 2e)#od#7"8C0"%"P#$es s(7h "s $e5s2"2e)s "$d 2o2(8") 0"%"P#$es& 7#te the ,e")& 0o$th "$d d",& 5h#8e -o) 2)o-ess#o$"8 Do()$"8s& 7#te o$8, the ,e"). 4. >he t#t8e o- the ")t#78e -o88o5s. ;$8, the -#)st 8ette) o- the -#)st 5o)d o- the t#t8e o) s(1t#t8e #s 7"2#t"8#Ped "s 5e88 "s "$, 2)o2e) $"0es "22e")#$% #$ the t#t8e. 5. >he t#t8e o- the Do()$"8 7o0es $eEt& -o88o5ed 1, the +o8(0e $(01e)& "$d #"22)o2)#"te& the #ss(e $(01e). I- the Do()$"8 (ses 7o$t#$(o(s 2"%#$"t#o$& #e& #t )($s 2"%e $(01e)s th)o(%ho(t " ,e") o) +o8(0e& $o )e-e)e$7e to "$ #ss(e $(01e) #s $eeded. I$ th"t 7"se& the t#t8e o- the Do()$"8 #s #t"8#7#Ped& "s 5e88 "s the +o8(0e $(01e). EE"028e' 0ancet# ,&*# I- the Do()$"8 #s )e32"%ed #ss(e 1, #ss(e& #e& e"7h #ss(e h"s " 2"%e $(01e) 1& the$ the #ss(e $(01e) 0(st -o88o5 the +o8(0e $(01e). >he #ss(e $(01e) #s #$ 2")e$theses 1(t #s $ot #t"8#7#Ped. EE"028e' 'ublic Health# ,=, (5

A Sample

6. >he 8"st 2")t o- the 7#t"t#o$ #s the 2"%#$"t#o$. >h#s #s -o88o5ed 1, " 2e)#od to e$d the 7#t"t#o$. >he 2"%e des#%$"t#o$ 2 #s $ot (sed eE7e2t 5he$ 7#t#$% $e5s2"2e) ")t#78es. 7. I- the Do()$"8 #s -)o0 "$ e8e7t)o$#7 d"t"1"se& )et)#e+"8 #$-o)0"t#o$ 0(st 1e #$78(ded 5h#7h st"tes the d"te o- )et)#e+"8 "$d the 2)o2e) $"0e o- the d"t"1"se. Fo) eE"028e' =et)#e+ed B(8, 19& 2001& -)o0 A7"de0#7 9e")7h /)e0#e) d"t"1"se. 8. >he A0e)#7"$ /s,7ho8o%#7"8 Asso7#"t#o$ h"s 2(18#shed " 5e1 h"$do(t 5#th #$st)(7t#o$s -o) do7(0e$t#$% e8e7t)o$#7 )eso()7es' APAStyle.org 32

9. 92"7e o$7e "-te) 2e)#ods th"t se2")"te the 2")ts o- the 7#t"t#o$& "$d o$7e "-te) the 2e)#ods o- the #$#t#"8s #$ 2e)so$"8 $"0es. 10. ;-te$& $o o$e eE"028e -)o0 the 0"$("8 o) -)o0 th#s 2"2e) 5#88 -#t ,o() )e-e)e$7e eE"7t8,L #$ th"t 7"se& -o88o5 the 78osest eE"028e 2oss#18e o) 7o01#$e "22)o2)#"te e8e0e$ts -)o0 t5o eE"028es. The follo#ing are some general rules to ,eep in mind #hen citing boo,s on the References list. 1. *se the "(tho)Js s()$"0e "$d #$#t#"8(s o$8,. Do $ot (se -#)st $"0es& 0ed#7"8 de%)ees& B). "$d the 8#ke. 2. C#te "88 "(tho)s 8#sted -o) the 1ook #$ the o)de) the, ")e 8#sted. 3. Fo88o5 the "(tho)Js $"0e 5#th the ,e") o- 2(18#7"t#o$. >h#s 5#88 1e #$ 2")e$theses. 4. >he t#t8e o- the 1ook #s $eEt "$d #t #s #t"8#7#Ped. ;$8, the -#)st 5o)d #$ the t#t8e #s 7"2#t"8#Ped "s 5e88 "s "$, 2)o2e) $"0es. 5. >he 7#t, o- 2(18#7"t#o$ -o88o5s. I- the 7#t, #s )e8"t#+e8, o1s7()e& #$78(de the t5o 8ette) 7ode -o) the st"te.

A Sample

6. >he 2(18#she) o- the 1ook #s 8#sted 8"st -o88o5ed 1, " 2e)#od. 7. 92"7e o$7e "-te) 2e)#ods th"t se2")"te the 2")ts o- the 7#t"t#o$ "$d o$7e "-te) the 2e)#ods o- the #$#t#"8s #$ 2e)so$"8 $"0es. 8. ;-te$& $o o$e eE"028e -)o0 the 0"$("8 5#88 -#t ,o() 7#t"t#o$ eE"7t8,L #$ th"t 7"se -o88o5 the 78osest eE"028e 2oss#18e o) 7o01#$e "22)o2)#"te e8e0e$ts -)o0 t5o eE"028es.
Adam$0 ;1A10 < =u/')$/%0 S1P1 31:::51 I $a4ed m% pa(ien( ,i(h (he APA1 American Journal of Public Health,72, 9*169"!1 Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1!0 **10 )+'m Heal(h and >ellne$$ Re$'u+.e Cen(e+ da(a-a$e1

>he F#)st =e-e)e$7e

The first source on the Reference list is a scholarly 2ournal from an electronic database 6ealth and Wellness Resource (enter #hich uses continuous pagination. *Dou can tell the pagination is continuous because of the high number 57. of the page number.1 <se a combination of examples . and 3 on page ./@ of the manual to set up the reference correctly. Add the appropriate online information. ;n the body of the paper if the source is paraphrased it can be cited in one of the follo#ing #ays. Bxample! The APA is used by many physicians to save lives *Adams Hu,ofs,y .///1. Bxample! Adams and Hu,ofs,y *.///1 recently stated that the APA is used by many physicians to save lives. ;n any subseKuent references to this source both authors #ould again be cited. 'ecause this is an electronic source #hich does not use =real page= technology page numbers are omitted from the parenthetical reference.
A Sample 1*

>he 9e7o$d =e-e)e$7e

Bu+ge$$0 ?1 31::951 Mastering the APA in 600 easy lessons 3Re41 ed151 O+land': Ha+.'u+(1

33

The second source on the Reference list is to a boo, by a single author. T#o #ays to cite this reference in the body of the paper follo#. Bxample! 'urgess *.//5 p. CC1 concluded that the APA #as the easiest style manual to use. Bxample! ;n a recent comparison of style manuals *'urgess .//5 p. CC1 the APA #as 2udged to be easier to use than the $?A style manual. >he >h#)d =e-e)e$7e
B%+d0 P1 31:::0 ;ul%2Augu$(51 Bed6$ide manne+ ,i(h (he APA1 Hospital tiquette0 16!1 Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1:0 **10 )+'m A.ademi. Sea+.h P+emie+ da(a-a$e1

The third source on the Reference list is a maga+ine article obtained from the Academic Search Premier database. (ite the source in the body of the paper li,e the previous 'urgess citationG a source #ith one author. Pagination is included as this article #as available in Adobe Acrobat or =real page= technology.
A Sample 11

@in/'0 P10 M.C'nnell0 C10 S('ne0 S10 A'+ehand0 S10 Bl'ndeau0 @10 < Le%-'ld0 ;1 3 **151 >e )'ugh( (he APA and (he APA ,'n1 !he Journal of the American Me"ical Association, 276, 1 7:61 9#1

>he Fo()th =e-e)e$7e

The fourth source on the Reference list is a professional 2ournal article #ith six authors. ;n the body of the paper use only the last name of the first author follo#ed by et al. the year of publication and the page number. )ote that et reKuires no punctuation as it is the ?atin #ord for =andG= al is an abbreviation for the #ord others and does reKuire punctuation. ;f you have a reference #ith more than six authors provide the surname and initials of the first six and shorten any remaining authors to el al. T#o #ays to cite an exact Kuotation from this source are as follo#s. Bxample! Ain,o et al. *377. p. .3571 stated =the American Psychological Association spent many years developing the fifth edition of the style manual.= Bxample! =The American Psychological Association spent many years developing the fifth edition of the style manual= *Ain,o et al. 377. p. .3571. >he F#-th =e-e)e$7e

Le$$'n plan$ 'n in(+a4en'u$ inBe.(i'n$ ,i(h (he APA1 31::#0 ;anua+% !he #e$ %ork !imes0 p1 C"71

751

The fifth source on the Reference list is a ne#spaper article #ith no stated author.
A Sample 1

;n the body of the paper cite the first t#o to three #ords in the article title enclosed in Kuotation mar,s the year of publication and the page number

34

if necessay. Since this is a one page article it #ould not be necessary to include the page number. Bxample! The APA can be used in in2ections *=?esson plans = .//@1. >he 9#Eth =e-e)e$7e

Mille+0 ?1P1 31::90 O.('-e+ 951 H', (' +e)e+en.e a -ed pan a..'+ding (' (he APA1 #e$s$eek0 1 1 Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1!0 **10 )+'m Heal(h and >ellne$$ Re$'u+.e Cen(e+ da(a-a$e1

The sixth source on the Reference list is an article from a #ee,ly maga+ine available on the 6ealth and Wellness Resource (enter database. ;n the body of the paper this source #ould be cited in the same #ay as the 'urgess and 'yrd examples a source #ith one author and the year. The page #ould not be necessary in a paraphrase as the article is 2ust one page in length. >he 9e+e$th =e-e)e$7e

Ne,-%0 S10 P+'.('+0 P10 S('ne0 S10 ;'ne$0 B1 < M.C'nnel0 C1 31:::51 The APA 4$1 (he MLA: Ma% (he -e$( $(%le manual ,in1 &onsulting Psychology Journal' Practice an" (esearch, )* 3 50 1*6!81

The seventh source on the Reference list is a 2ournal article #ith five authors. :ournal articles #ith three four or five authors are all treated the same in terms of parenthetical references. This 2ournal pages each issue separately.
A Sample 1!

The first time this source is referenced in the body of the paper all five authors must be listed as #ell as the year of publication and the page number if appropriate. *Again this applies to articles #ith three four or five authors.1 Bxample! )e#by Proctor Stone :ones and $c(onnell *./// p. C@1 found in their research that the APA #as an excellent manual. Bxample! The definitive study on the APA style manual *)e#by Proctor Stone :ones - $c(onnell ./// p. C@1 #as published recently. ;n subseKuent references to the same article cite only the last name of the first author follo#ed by et al.. ;f the subseKuent reference is in the same paragraph as the first citation the year and page number need not be listed. Bxample! Additional research proves the APA style manual is very easy to use *)e#by et al.1. ;f the subseKuent reference is in a different paragraph the year must be listed as #ell as the page number if appropriate. Bxample! )e#by et al. *./// p. C@1 discovered that there #as a great deal of interest in the latest edition of the APA style manual.

35

Again ,eep in mind that this rule applies to 2ournal articles #ith three four or five authors. Articles #ith six or more authors list only the first surname follo#ed by et al. and articles #ith one or t#o authors list all authors each time the article is referenced.
A Sample 1"

The eighth source on the Reference list is for the APA style manual #hich #as cited earlier in this paper. >he 4#$th =e-e)e$7e

Sal('n0 D1C1 31::90 Ma+.h51 SeC0 lie$ and (he APA1 Psycoloquy1 Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1!0 **10 )+'m h((p:22,,,1li-1n.$u1edu2 $(a./$2p$%.'l'&u%6indeC1h(ml

The last source on the Reference list is to a non%proprietary electronic 2ournal available over the ;nternet. ;n the body of the paper this #ould be referenced by the author8s last name and the year of publication. Some final suggestions #hich may help you #rite and document an excellent paper for this class follo#. 1. I- ,o( h"+e "$, K(est#o$s& A9ROO 2. I$#t#"88,& the A/A st,8e 0", see0 7o$-(s#$%& 1(t #- ,o( -o88o5 d#)e7t#o$s ,o( 5#88 do -#$e. 3. I- ,o( ")e " V"8e$7#" Co00($#t, Co88e%e st(de$t 5e 5#88 1e +e), h"22, to "$s5e) ,o() A/A K(est#o$s o+e) the 2ho$e (407358231432 o) +#" )s0-a:ibrarian. 4. /8"$ to do "t 8e"st " -e5 d)"-ts o- the 2"2e). ;$7e ,o( h"+e " 2)o7essed 7o2, othe 2"2e)& o$e o- the 8#1)")#"$s 5#88 1e h"22, to 8ook o+e) ,o() #$3teEt )e-e)e$7es "$d =e-e)e$7e 8#st& 1(t 5#88 $ot )e"d the 2"2e) -o) %)"00")& st)(7t()e& "$d the 8#ke. 5. ."ke "$ "22o#$t0e$t "t the !)#t#$% Ce$te). >he#) $(01e) #s 407358231356 "$d the, ")e 8o7"ted #$ 73240. 6. Good :(7kO
A Sample 1#

=e-e)e$7es
Adam$0 ;1A1 < =u/')$/%0 S1P1 31:::51 I $a4ed m% pa(ien( ,i(h (he APA1 American Journal of Public Health,72, 9*169"!1 Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1!0 **10 )+'m Heal(h and >ellne$$ Re$'u+.e Cen(e+ da(a-a$e1 Bu+ge$$0 ?1 31::951 Mastering the APA in 600 easy lessons 3Re41 ed151 O+land': Ha+.'u+(1 B%+d0 P1 31:::0 ;ul%2Augu$(51 Bed6$ide manne+ ,i(h (he APA1 Hospital tiquette0 #!1 Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1:0 **10 )+'m A.ademi. Sea+.h P+emie+ da(a-a$e1 @in/'0 P10 M.C'nnell0 C10 S('ne0 S10 A'+ehand0 S10 Bl'ndeau0 @10 Le%-'ld0 ;1 3 **151 >e )'ugh( (he APA and (he APA ,'n1 !he Journal of the American Me"ical Association, 276, 1 7:61 9#1 Le$$'n plan$ 'n in(+a4en'u$ inBe.(i'n$ ,i(h (he APA1 31::70 ;anua+% 751 !he #e$ %ork !imes0 p1 C"71 Mille+0 ?1P1 31::90 O.('-e+ 951 H', (' +e)e+en.e a -ed pan a..'+ding (' (he APA1 #e$s$eek0 1 1 Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1!0 **10 )+'m Heal(h and >ellne$$ Re$'u+.e Cen(e+ da(a-a$e1 Ne,-%0 S10 P+'.('+0 P10 S('ne0 S10 ;'ne$0 B10 < M.C'nnell0 C1 31:::51 The APA 4$1 (he MLA: Ma% (he -e$( $(%le manual ,in1 &onsulting Psychology Journal' Practice an" (esearch, )* 3 50 1*6!81 Publication manual of the American Psychological Association

36

3#(h ed151 3 **151 >a$hing('n0 DC: Ame+i.an P$%.h'l'gi.al A$$'.ia(i'n1 Sal('n0 D1C1 31::90 Ma+.h51 SeC0 lie$ and (he APA1 Psycoloquy1 Re(+ie4ed Augu$( 1!0 1:::0 )+'m h((p:22,,,1li-1n.$u1edu2 $(a/.$2p$%.'l'&u%6indeC1h(ml
Co2,)#%ht 199732004 V"8e$7#" Co00($#t, Co88e%e !est C"02(s :=C >h#s s"028e 2"2e) 5"s 2)e2")ed 1, B(d# De:#s8e :"st )e+#sed 9 De7e01e) 2004

37