Engineering DrawingCopyright © 2007 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Lid. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. ‘This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior written consent in any form of bin cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this con imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, of transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book. ISBN 978-8 1-317-0944-3 First Impression, 2007 Second Impression, 2009 Third Impression Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Lid., licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia. Head Office: 482 FIE, Patparganj, Delhi 110 092, india. Registered Office: 14 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India. ‘Typeset by Anvi Composers, Delhi. Printed in India by Sai Print-O-Pac Pvt, Ltd,Contents 3. Projections of Points and Lines 8.1_Introduction _\..__ 3.2 Orthographic Projections 48 3.3 First Angle Projections of a Point 50 3.4 Second, Third, and Fourth Angle Projections 51 3.5 Conclusions about Projections of Points 53 3.6_Projections of Lines 54 3.7 Angles Made by Lines with the Reference Planes 55 3.8 Projections of Lines Parallel to One and Inclined to the Other Reference Plane 0 3.9 Projections of Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes 61 3.11 Procedure for Solving Problems of Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes 9.4.22 8.12 Tracesofaline | 3.13 Procedure for Locating the HT and the V7 wit} 3.14 Procedure for Solving Problems Having the HT and/or the VT" 3.15 Side Views 14 16 Sh Di bi Given Line AB and Ground Line X¥ 75 Exercise MP... ge 4. Projections on Auxiliary Reference Planes 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP) 88 4.3 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP) 88 4.4 Procedure for Drawing Auxiliary Front View (AFV) 89 45 Procedure for Drawing Auxiliary Top View (ATV) 89 6. Projections of Planes - 82 6.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Angles between a Plane Surface and a Principal Plane of Projection 92 6.3_Projection of Planes Parallel to the VP 93 5.4 Projections of Planes Parallel to the HP 94 5.5 Projections of Plane Surfaces Perpendicular to the VP and 5.6 Projections of a Plane Surface Perpendicular to the HP and 5.7 Conclusions Regarding Projections of Planes Perpendicular to One 5.8 Projections of Plane Surfaces Inclined to Both Reference Planes 9T 5.9 Drawing Projections of Planes when Shape and Size in Either Front View and/or Top View Are Given 109 Exercise V 112119 6.2 Solids 9 6.3_Orthographic Projections of Solids 123 6.4 Projections of Solids Having Axis Perpendicular to One of the 6.5 Projections of Solids Having Axes Parallel to Either the HP or the 6.6 Hints for Drawing Two-step Problems. 182 6.7 Position of Axis 136 6.8 Visibility of Surfaces 137 6.9 Projections of Solids Having Axes Inclined to Both the HP and the Exercise VI 155 cepa te 7.1 Introduction _ _ 168 7.2 Cutting Planes (CP) 169 7.3 Drawing of Sections and Sectional Views 169 74 Procedure for Drawing Sectional Views 171 7.5 Locating the Position of the Cutting Plane When the True Shape of the Section is Known 178 7.6 Procedure for Locating the Cutting Plane When the True Shape of a Section is Given. 179 Exercise Vil Is3 i 8.1 Introduction 186 8.2 Methods of Determining the Curve of Intersection or the Curve of Interpenetration 187 83 Line Method 187 8.4 Procedure for Drawing Line of Intersection of Surfaces of Two Solids by the Line Method 187 8.5 Visibility of the Curve of Intersection 191 8.6 Deciding Portions of Lines that are Cut off from Penetrated Solid 192 8.7 Deciding Visibility when a Solid has a Hole 195 8.8 Cutting Plane Method 198 8.9 Procedure for Drawing the Curve of Intersection of Surfaces in Orthographic Projections Using the Cutting Plane Method 199 Exercise VAT - 203 ‘eh 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methods for Drawing Developments of Surfaces 208 Urheberrechtlich geschitztes Materialxii Contents 9.3 Line Method for Drawing Development of a Cut Solid 212 9.3.1 Procedure for Drawing Development by the Line Method 212 9.4 Cutting Plane Method for Drawing Development of a Cut Solid 220 Exercise IX. 224 10, Multiview 231 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Multiview Orthographic Projection 231 10.3 Multiview Orthographic Projection of Objects Bound by Plane Surfaces 900 TS 10.4 Reading a Pictorial View 241 10.5 Rules to Recognise the Position of Each Line or Surface of an Object in a Pictorial View 242 10.6 Misleading Conditions in Pictorial Views 250 Exercise X 262. 11. Sectional Views 259 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Projection of Sectional Views 259 11.3 Hatching Lines 260 11.4 Procedure for Drawing Sectional Views of Machine Parts 262 11.5 Types of Sectional Views 265 11.6 Full Sectional View 266 11.7 Half Sectional View 266 118 Offset Sections 200 GL 11.9 Revolved Section. 267 11.10 Removed Section 1 1111 Partiai Gecti Broken Secti 269 Exercise XI 278 12.; Dimensioning 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Dimensioning 12.3 Dimensioning Systems 12.4 Dimensioning Principles 12.5 Dimensioning Pictorial Views Exercise XU 18. Auxiliary Views 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Front Auxiliary View 13.3 Top Auxiliary View or Auxiliary Elevation 13.4 Side Auxiliary View SEER BSe8e8 8Contents xii 3.5 Partial Views 302 13.6 Procedure for Drawing Apparent Shapes of Surfaces 303 Exercise XII 310 14, Reading Orthographic Projections 316 14.1 Introduction 816 14.2 Reading Orthographic Projections by Visualising Shapes of Basic Solids that Make up an Object 316 14.3 Reading Orthographic Projections by Visualising Shapes and Positions of Bounding Surfaces 326 14.4 Recognising Projections of the Same Plane Surface 327 14.4.1 Properties of Projections of the Same Plane Surface 327 Exercise XIV 359 15. Isometric Projection 365 16.1 Introduction 365 15.2 Types of Pictorial Projections 365 15.3 Isometric Projection 366 16.4 Isometric Seale JB 15.5 Drawing Isometric Projections of Solid Objects 369 15.6_Procedure for Drawing the Isometric Projection of an Object. 371 15.7 Isometric Projection of a Sphere 379 Exercise XV 381 16. Oblique Parallel and Perspective Projections 387 16.1 Introduction B87 16.2 Oblique Parallel Projection. 387 16.3 Oblique Parallel Projections of a Cube 390 16.4 Perspective Projection 398 16.5 Terminology 398 16.6 Theory of Perspective Projection 398 16.7 Visual Ray Method 399 16.8 Vanishing Point Method 402 16.9 Conclusions About Perspective Projections 403 Exercise XVI 409 17. Threaded Fasteners. 416 12.1_Introduction 416 12.2_Serew Thread 416 17.3 Terminology 417 17.4 Forms of Screw Threads 929 17.5 Conventional Representation of Threads 422 17.6 Bolt, Nut and Washer 426 17.7 Hexagonal Nut 428xiv Contents 17.8 Orthographic Projections of a Hexagonal Nut 428 17.9 Symbolic Views of a Hexagonal Nut 430 17.10 Projections of a Hexagonal Headed Bolt 431 17.11 Washer 432 17.12 Square Nut 433 17.13 Special Purpose Nuts 434 17.14 Types of Bolt Heads 437 17.15 Set Screws 441 17.16 Foundation Bolts ||| 17.17 Tap Bolt 448 17.18 Stud Balt 449 17.19 Locking Arrangements for Nuts 451 Exercise XVII 456 18. Riveted and Welded Joints ; } “458 18.1 Introduction. 45S 18.2 Types of Rivet Heads 459 18.2 Riveted Joints 4444 BO 18.4 Welding 465 18.5 Types of Welded Joints 466 18.6 Types of Welds 466 18.7 Welding Drawing 468 18.8 Representation of Welded Joints 468 18.9 Indication for Plate Preparation 469 18.10 Dimensioning Welds 469 18.11 Supplementary Symbols 472 18.12 Indication of Welding Process 473 Evercine XVI 19. Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) : 414 19.1 Introduction ATA 19.2 Autocad Command Access AT 19.3 Toolbar Options 475 19.4 Starting to Draw 478 19.4.1 Mouse 479 19.4.2 Keyboard 480 19.4.3 Draw Commands 480 Exercise XTX. SOL Miscellaneous Problems CO Solutions 511 Index 559