Cng ngh x l nhim

mi trng ti lng ngh nu ru, chn nui v git m gia sc

khu vc ng bng Bc B

Cc hot ng ca cc lng ngh nu ru, chn nui v git m gia sc to nn mt lng ln nc thi
v cht thi rn, gy nhim cho mi trng xung quanh v tc ng tiu cc n sc khe cng ng. M
hnh kim sot nhim mi trng cho cc lng ngh nu ru, chn nui v git m gia sc khu vc ng
bng Bc b l kt hp gia x l cht thi ti ch, thu gom nc thi v x l nc thi tp trung. Cng ngh
hp l x l cc loi nc thi giu cht hu c v cht dinh dng l x l sinh hc theo nguyn tc AO,
AAO tch ring hoc tch hp trong b ch to sn.

1. HIN TRNG NHIM MI TRNG DO CC HOT NG

CHN NUI, NU RU V GIT M GIA SC TI MT S A
PHNG VNG NG BNG BC B
Nu ru, chn nui v git m gia sc l mt hot ng sn xut lin hp
truyn thng hng trm nm nay vng ng bng Bc b. Mc d, cc hot
ng nu ru v chn nui a li mt ngun kinh t ng k cho nhn dn,
nhng do sn xut phn tn trong cc cm dn c, cc h sn xut ny to
nn mt lng ln nc thi v cht thi rn cha x l gy mi hi v lm
nhim trm trng mi trng xung quanh, tc ng xu n iu kin sng ca
nhn dn cng nh lm mt cnh quan khu vc.
Phc Lm (huyn Vit Yn, tnh Bc Giang) l mt lng ngh git m tru b
cung cp tht cho cc thnh ph H Ni, H Long, Hi Phng v cc tnh Bc
Giang, Bc Ninh... Lng c khong 30 h chuyn git m, bun bn tru, b
thng xuyn. Cc h gia nh lm ngh git m tru, b ch hot ng vo
m. Trong thn hin nay c 30 l m vi cng sut t 3 - 40 con/l/m, ph
thuc vo quy m l cng nh nhu cu th trng.
Mc d, vic git m gia sc a li mt ngun kinh t ng k cho nhn dn
a phng nhng nc thi, cht thi rn, mi hi, ting n... gy nhim
trm trng cho mi trng xung quanh, tc ng xu n iu kin sng ca
nhn dn cng nh lm mt cnh quan khu vc. Hng ngy, mt lng nc
thi khong 50 - 80 m3 nc thi, 4.000 - 6.000 kg cht thi rn... c hnh
thnh x ra mi trng l mng, rnh v cc ao lng. Trong nc thi khu vc
l git m (nc thi git m gia sc v nc thi sinh hot) c nhiu vng m,
hm lng hu c (BOD v COD) cao. c bit, do s dng lng mui ln
p da nn tng cht thi rn ha tan trong nc thi rt ln. Ngoi ra, hng
ngy c khong 2.000 - 4.000 kg xng ngm ti cc ao, 2.500 - 5.000 kg da
c p mui ngay ti cc l m trong khu dn c.

Thn Ph Lc (x cm V, huyn Cm Ging, tnh Hi Dng) l mt lng

nu ru, c truyn thng hng trm nm nay... Thn c khong 380 h chuyn
nu ru v chn nui ln thng xuyn, trung bnh 10-20 con ln/h. Cn li,
mt s h chn nui v nu ru theo thi v. Cc h ny phn b ri rc theo 3
cm dn c, nhng ch yu tp trung cm dn c s 1 (chim trn 50% s h
ca c thn).
Hot ng nu ru v chn nui a li mt ngun kinh t ng k cho nhn
dn nhng nc thi, cht thi rn, mi hi... gy nhim trm trng cho mi
trng xung quanh, tc ng xu n iu kin nhn dn cng nh lm mt
cnh quan khu vc. Hng ngy, khong 1.000 - 1.200 m3 nc thi, 4.000 6.000 kg cht thi rn... c thi ra mi trng nh mng, rnh v cc ao
lng.
Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc ti ao lng cho thy, hm lng cn l
lng l 160 mg/1, BOD5 l 320 mg/1, oxy ha tan l 2,56 mg/1, coliform l
6.900 MPN/l00ml. Nc ngm trong cc ging gia nh khu vc nu ru cng
xut hin cc cht hu c vi hm lng COD theo KMnO4 l 4,5 mg/1,
coliform l 1.500 MPN/100ml. Nc thi qu trnh chn nui gia sc gy
nhim nng cho mi trng nc.
Lng ngh nu ru Vn H (huyn Vit Yn, tnh Bc Giang) c 800 h dn th c 650 h lm ngh nu
ru vi thu nhp kh cao. Mi ngy, y s dng t 40 - 50 tn sn kh nu ru. Sn phm ph qu trnh
nu ru c dng nui ln. Cht thi rn v lng t cc hot ng nu ru v chn nui x vo mi
trng hng ngy t 500m3/ngy n 1.000 m3.

Theo cc s liu kho st ca S TN&MT Bc Giang, Vin Khoa hc v K

thut mi trng - i hc Xy dng H Ni, nc thi y c hm lng
BOD5 cao hn tiu chun cho php x vo ngun nc mt loi B theo QCVN
24:2009/BTNMT t 13,6 - 22 ln, hm lng COD cao hn t 7,5 -12,5 ln.
Nc ngm cc ging khoan su t 18 - 25 m c ch tiu coliform cao hn
tiu chun cho php t 3.500 - 3.900 ln, Feacal coliform cao hn t 675 - 750
ln. Cc cht dinh dng, xyanua v cc cht nhim khc trong nc thi
cng kh cao.
Nhng cht thi rn hu c nh: b thi, v sn... to iu kin thun li pht
sinh rui, mui. Men ru thng to mi thi nht l khi thi tit thay i,
ma ko di... Lng b thi hng ngy rt ln cng vi cc cht thi t hot
ng chn nui gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. Nc trong cc ao h c

c cao, xut hin nhiu vi sinh vt c hi vi hm lng cht hu c v phenol rt

ln. Theo mt s nghin cu, t lng ngh nu ru thng c hm lng ccbon v
mn cao. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n s ph dng t
dc mng thi ca lng.
Nh vy, c th cc hot ng lng ngh nu ru, chn nui v git m gia sc
l cc c s sn xut phn b ri rc trong thn xm, cc cm dn c v to ra mt
lng cht thi hu c, cht dinh dng,... dng rn v lng rt ln. Cc loi cht thi
ny hu nh khng c x l v x trc tip ra cc knh mng v ao lng, gy
nhim trm trng mi trng nc v khng kh, ph hy cnh quan nng thn v c
bit l nh hng xu n sc khe cng ng. ng trc tnh hnh ny, cn thit
phi c nghin cu tng th v hin trng mi trng, t chc thot nc cng nh
xut cng ngh v xy dng d n u t cc h thng x l cht thi (nc thi v
cht thi rn) ph hp vi iu kin cc lng ngh nu ru - chn nui v git m gia
sc.

2. M HNH THOT NC V X L NC THI (XLPT) cho CC lng nghe n RU, CHN

NUI V GIT M GA s KH Vc NG BANG BC B
Do c th cc c s sn xut khu vc nng thn hot ng phn tn theo h
gia nh v trong thn xm thng c nhiu khu vc nc mt nh ao h, knh
mng. V vy, cc m hnh x l nhim mi trng nc ti cc lng ngh khu
vc ng bng Bc b l kt hp hai qu trnh thu gom tch nc thi v XLNT m
bo tiu chun mi trng. S nguyn tc t chc thot nc v XLNT cc lng
ngh nu ru, chn nui v git m gia sc nh di y (s ).

Ti cc h sn xut ca lng ngh (nu ru, chn nui, git m gia sc.) mt
lng ln hn hp cht thi rn v lng m c hu c hnh thnh (phn, b
ru, thc n chn nui tha...) cn phi thu gom v x l bc mt ti ch.
Cc cng trnh x l bc ti ch hin nay thng l b biogas th tch khong t 2 5 m3. Ti y, cc cht hu c c phn hy ym kh qua qu trnh ln men m
nhit 30 - 35C. Kh sinh hc thu c (phn ln l kh metan) c th c s

dng un nu. Bn b hu c sau qu trnh ny c th s dng lm phn bn.

X l nc thi v phn rc ti ch s thun tin trong vic thu gom v vn
chuyn nc thi, phn rc. X l ti ch cng gip x hi ha c cng tc
bo v mi trng. Tuy nhin y l hnh thc x l ti ch yu cu mi c s
phi c mt din tch nht nh (khong 40 - 60 m 2) xy dng v lp t cc
cng trnh x l cht thi. Mt khc, vic b tr nhiu h thng x l cht thi

trong khu dn c s c nguy c tim n nhim mi trng khi cc b x l

khng vn hnh ng quy trnh.
Nc thi m c sau cc b x l ti ch cng vi cc loi nc thi khc (k c
nc thi sinh hot) pht sinh t cc h gia nh theo ng cng thot nc chung
ca khu dn c v trm XLNT tp trung, v ma ma, nc thi v nc ma t

u nhim nng nh ging tch nc thi tch ring v trm x l. Hn

hp nc ma v nc thi pha long c x trc tip ra ao h hoc knh
mng ti tiu trong khu vc.
H thng XLNT lng ngh nu ru, chn nui v git m gia sc theo 3
bc: x l bc 1 l x l s b trong cc cng trnh c hc nh song chn rc,
b lng ct v b lng s cp; x l bc 2 bng phng php sinh hc loi b
cc cht hu c (tnh theo BOD5) ra khi nc thi. Ty thuc vo nng
cht hu c trong nc thi m qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi c th qua
giai on: x l ym kh v x l hiu kh hoc ch c mt giai on l x l
hiu kh. Thng thng khi gi tr BOD5 ca nc thi sau x l bc 1 ln hn
500 mg/1 th nn c qu trnh x l ym kh trong cc b x l bng lp bn
ym kh dng hng ln UASB hoc b lc sinh hc k kh trc . Kh sinh
hc to thnh trong qu trnh ym kh cng c th thu hi s dng cho bn
thn trm XLNT.
Khi nng cc cht dinh dng nit v pht pho trong nc thi ln v ngun
tip nhn thuc loi A theo mc s dng th nc thi c th x l tip tc
bc 3 bng bin php sinh hc hoc ha hc. Thng thng ngi ta tch hp
qu trnh x l sinh hc bc 3 vi x l sinh hc hiu kh cc cht hu c trong
mt cng trnh hot ng theo nguyn tc AO (anoxic-. thiu kh v oxic - hiu
kh) hoc AAO (anaerobic - ym kh, anoxic - thiu kh v oxic - hiu kh).
Hn hp nc thi sinh hot v nc thi sn xut t cc h gia nh sau khi
x l cn tip tc kh trng bng ha cht (thng dng l nc javen - dung
dch hypoclorid). Tuy nhin, nc thi cng khng nht thit phi kh trng
bng phng php ha hc nu nh tip tc c x l trong h sinh hc.
Bn cn hnh thnh trong qu trnh XLNT c th ym kh trong b cha bn
hoc lm kh (bng sn phi hay my p lc) trc khi a i s dng lm phn
bn.

Trong D n XLNT lng ngh git m tru b Phc Lm (huyn Vit Yn,
tnh Bc Giang) c UBND tnh ph duyt thng 8/2010, Cng ty CP
CEETRA xut s chung x l tp trung cc loi nc thi cc l m.
Cng ngh x l cht thi lng ngh git m gia sc Phc Lm c thit lp trn c s mc x l cn
thit (p ng yu cu v sinh x nc thi ra ngun nc mt loi B theo QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT), cng sut
h thng x l v iu kin t ai khu vc. D kin b tr trm XLNT lng ngh Phc Lm ti cnh ng gn
ao nui c u thn.
i vi lng ngh nu ru, chn nui v git m gia sc Ph Lc, cc yu cu i vi h thng XLNT:

- Lu lng Q = 1250 m 3/ngy phi x l p ng ct B ca QCVN 24-

2009/BTNMT. Quy chun quc gia v nc thi cng nghip;

- H thng XLNT khng gy mi v nh hng n mi trng cnh quan

xung quanh.
Nc thi bn t cc khi cng trnh ca lng ngh s c thu gom bng h
thng cc ng cng vt liu PVC, ng knh 150 mm vo h thng cng chnh ng knh t 200 mm 300 mm dn v khu XLNT.
Nc thi sau khi c x l qua b x l k kh trong UASB, c dn n cm x l sinh hc theo nguyn
tc x l AO (anoxic -oxic) + MBR (Membrane Bio-Re-actor). Ti y cc thnh phn SS, COD, BOD, TN, ch
cho cc i tng ny rt kh khn v cc phng din nh kinh ph u t, din tch t xy dng, kim sot
qu trnh x l... V vy, m hnh kim sot nhim mi trng cc lng ngh nu ru, chn nui v git m
gia sc khu vc ng bng Bc B l m hnh kt hp gia x l cht thi ti ch, thu gom nc thi v XLNT
tp trung. Cng ngh x l ph hp cho cc loi hnh nc thi giu cht hu c v cht dinh dng ny l h
thng x l sinh hc theo nguyn tc AO hoc AAO tch ring hoc tch hp trong b x l ch to sn.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. ng Kim Chi, Nguyn Ngc Ln, Trn L Minh. Lng ngh Vit Nam v mi trng. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, 2005.
2.
3.

Trn c H. X l nc thi sinh hot quy m nh v va. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, 2002.
Cng ty C phn K thut mi trng th v nng thn (CEETRA). Bo c o kinh t k thut h thng x l nc thi lng

ngh Phc Lm (Vit Yn, Bc Giang). H Ni, thng 7 nm 2010.

4.

Cm Ging, Hi

Cng ty C phn MOPHA. Bo co D n u t xy dng h thong x l cht thi lng ngh Ph Lc (

Dng). H Ni, thng

10 nm 2010.

PGS.TS Trn c H
Vin Khoa hc v K thut mi trng, Trng i hc Xy dng