الارقام الاقياسية

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Index Numbers

: # $ % !

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! " $

! " # $ #
% & % " '
! #

# "(
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3
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4

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9

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5 10 6 ' $ 7 8 " # " # $ %
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B 0 % 8 ( > C ' &

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0 # ; ) 3
# 0 E # 0 # 0 > ( 0 0
# ! & 4 # # *

( &
)3 @ # % 9 # 0 > 0 0 ) ; + < % # 0 (
2 & ; '
H 5 8 - # 0 > 0 0 ) *
# 0 > * 1 ' # & 7 0
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1 2 % 0 & # 0 1 # 0 *

# 0 7 < 0 C !
(' ' & " ( 3 5 (' 7 & " ' 0 # & 17 0
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:

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.! # $ /

& 7 6# $ 7 & ?
7 0
# 0 < I

" 9 7 0 > " 4 # 0 * 7 0 7 &
* 1 8 4 ./
& B 7 # 3 ) & B 7 0
.I # 0 # 3

"
* 1 # 0 # 3

& # 1 2 %
: 0 0 0
" J 7 J ' 0 J % 9 0 7 6 " 2 J 1 # J 0 0 "

.# 0 /
K (2) < 1 " ; ' 0 0 K (180)
6/
& B 7 ; & B 7 # $ < & " H )
) L ./
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9 7 0
# 3 ( 0 , ' 0 9 7 &
1 2 % (
0 ('
.

:

9 < 9 " & 3 69 7 &

# 1 2 %
' A ( 9 < 0 3
." 9 7 0
2 % # " 1
10 H ) $ ! # 1< % # " 1
:# < " D1 " C 1 > / & 0 E0
.% 1 2 & # ' 0 1 NA
.% # ! 9 2 & # 0 # ! N(
.% A - O < % # ! NE
& $ 9 <
.(2 1 2 & > ) % 2 & # 0 O < N
1 ) % 9 7 & # 1<
B
.2 & % # $ ! 9 7
3 9 7 &
# 1 2 %
' > " - " 9 <
62 & # " <

" # " & 7 % ; ) 3 0 :
17 0
. $ ! 8 " > " / &

( 9 - 9

!
" # $
:3 # 1 2 %
( 1< 0 3
A g g r e g a t i v e I n d e x N u m b e r s

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R e l a t i v e I n d e x N u m b e r s &

!
:
.# ' # < # 1< > 7 0 - 1< 3 # 1<
:

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:%!

I=
S i m p l e A g g r e g a t e I n d e x $ &

(1
' ( )

*
P 100
P
+ ,
&
$ &

:, 1 2 1 . - !
' ( )
- .
* / )
:(1)
2 % ( A 62000 1995 1990 0 #

" ?
4 '
& & < & (1) '
.* A # 0 1990 # 0 2 " ; ) 3 &

& ' 1
2 0 0 0
0. 10
1 9 9 5
0. 08
0. 04
0. 30
0. 15
1. 50
1. 00
0. 80
3. 00
2. 6 2
1. 00
5 .0 0
I =
(1)
Pn
PO
4 .0 0
19 9 0
0. 05
2. 0 0
)
(2 + " )
(# 0 ) ?
(" )
(2 + " )2
*
:
(100 )
2
I 90 = (100) = 100
2
4
I 95 = (100) = 200
2
6

5
I2000 = (100) = 250
2
0 1990 2 0 1995 2 % 100 # 0 & 7 " ; ) 3 & 0 & = $ 0 ; ) 3
.1990 2 0 2000 2 % 150 # 0 & 7
5 ! % / 0 # 1 2 %
3 & ' 2 % ) 3 9 @ 0
:3 3 > " / $
" 0 0 0 0 " * % 8

# 1< ; ) 3 )
(A
8 > & 8 ( ' %
?
& 6..." # 0 2 +
.Q 1 * 7 0 B ) & 8 " Q 1 & * 1
.# " & * 7 0 & " ' # & " # 0 # 3

)
# 1< ; ) 3
# 3 # 3 1 2 % 0 / 9 0 > 0 " A "

. 7 # + # & " & B 7
# ' 0 1 2 % 7 % ./

# 3 * % 3 ( 0 # & " , ' 2 % ) 3 & (' )
. 0 & < # 0 1 # 0 *

# 0 % A ' # & "
W e i g h t e d A g g r e g a t e I n d e x 5

(2
0 0 # 1< ; ) 3 < & ' 1 2 % ( > " (" " 2 % ) 3 2
*
0 < # 0 C # 0 1 # 0 *
# 0 , ' 0
:3 A , ' & ' 1 2 % ( 9 < 2 0 7 0 ' 0 ) . ' # 0 1
: L a s p e y r e s I n d e x & ! (1
# 0 J ( " J 2 ! 2 % ) 3 8 & ) *

# 0 , ' 2 2 % ) 3
:" 2 % ) 3 8 & B a s e y e a r M e th od *

I =
Pn q 0
p0q0
: 3
2 % *
# 0 , ' 1 2 % : & !
(100 )
.# 0 1 # 0 # 17 0 10 B ' # 0 1 & *

# 0 2 % :
# 0 J J # 17 0 10 B ' *
# 0 & *
# 0 2 %
.*

::
pnq0
p0q0

((
(2 " 6?
0 " &
6 )9 " C 0

?
6 2 '
2 3
:2

*
# 0
& ' 1 2 % ( 6 ' * 7 0 5 4 3

3 2000 1995 1990
.(
2 % ) *
# 0 , '
(0 )&

2000
1995
p2
p1
(5 )
(4 )
0. 10
0. 80
(2)
1990
pO
(3 )
0. 05
C 0

1990
qO
(2 )
700
0. 40
0. 30
0. 15
100
1. 50
1. 00
0. 80
100
3. 00
2. 62
1. 00
70

(1 )
(2 + " )
(# 0 )?

(" )
(2 + " ) 2
:

2 # & " (1990) *
# 0 C 0
# > qO
I =
pnqO
pO qO
: 0 1" 1

2 % ( 0 6, ' " ( qO) *
# 0
(100 )
*
# 0 # (! 5 4 3
> " - 0 : < (3) '
" ; ) 3 > " # 17 0 10 B ' 5 4 3

B ' .# & " # 0 1 # 0 &
.# 0 1 # 0
2 % (
2 % )*
# 0 , ' 1 2 % < & '
8 -
*
# 0 # 17 0 10 B ' > " # 0 1 # 0 # 17 0 10 B ' # 1 / " -
.& # = # 1 : *
# 0 % > " # 0 1 # 0 " # % # 1 C A

(3)
2000
qOp2
(5 )
70
1995
qOp1
(4 )
56
C 0

1990
1990
qO
q Op O
(3 )
(2 )
35
700
40
30
51
100
150
100
80
100
210
183. 4
70
70
470
369. 4
200
235
184. 7
100

(1 )
(2 + " )
(# 0 )?

(" )
(2 + " ) 2
B '

2 %
/ " 1995 2 % 284. 7 , - %

" &
1 2 % C A
J % 135 J 2000 2 &

& 7 ) % 84. 7 &
C A 1990 2
.1990 *
# 0 / " 0
P a a s h e s I n d e x 6 & (
) J # 0 1 # 0 # 0 1 # 0 & *

# 0 & , ' 2 2 % ) 3
:" 2 % ) 3 8 & G i v e n y e a r m e th od # 0 1 # 0 # 1< 2 # 1< ; ) 3 8 &
I=
p q
p q
: 3 (Q 2 % )# 0 1 # 0 , ' & ' * 1 2 % :6 &
(100)
::
# 0 # 17 0 10 B ' 3 A # 0 1 # 0 & # 0 1 # 0 2 % B ' : pnqn

.# 0 1
# 17 0 10 B ' 3 *
# 0 & # 0 1 # 0 2 % B ' : POqn
.*
# 0

# 0 1990 *
# 0 2 " ?
# 17 0 # 1
1995
1990
pnqn
pOqn
(7 )
(6 )
52
32. 5
I 90 =
=
3
& (4) '
.2000 # 0 1
(4)
#
1995
1990
qn
qO
(5 )
(4 )
650
700
.
" &
1 Q 2 % (
(0 )&
1995
1990
pn
pO
(3 )
(2 )
0. 08
0. 05
33
16. 5
110
100
0. 30
0. 15
80
64. 0
80
100
1. 00
0. 80
262
100. 0
100
70
1. 00
427
213
2. 6 2
pnqn
pO qn
# & "
(1 )
(2 + " )
(# 0 )?

(" )
(2 + " )2
B '
:C (Q 2 % )# 0 1 # 0 , ' 1 2 % ) 3
(100 )
427
(100) = 200.5
213
.1990 2 3 & % 100. 5 # 0 1995 2 " & C A

:6 & & ! , & # .
J
1 # 0 1 Q , ' 0 *
, '
@ 0
/ 7 Q
# 1
* 0 0
< 0
# J * 7 0 > 1

* 0 0
< 0 C A
& # + , - # 0 # 6 " * 0 ! 7 > 1
J , ' J J !
Q J / " 6# , - # + * & 0
*
0 7 < ) # - , -
) 3 6*
# 0 * # 0 1 # 0 # "
> J " J & / 0

)
3
2 % H ) 3 2 + .# 0 1
J J 0 ' > E Q 2 % 0 # 0 ' 0 > E
*
# 0 0
# J 7 "
> " * ) 3 6
17 0 # 0 O 5 ' (" <
1 0

% J (J # 0 # O ) .# ,
.
1 2 % 2 % ( , - ) #
F i s h e r s I n d e x N u m b e r 7 ' (
I d e a l I n d e x N u m b e r !

> " 3 ! 7 (& - & ' ( 1 ' %
J
J % J 0 < ' % ' % ' % .

:" / 7 & .
1 2 % 2 % ' 2 % .Q
: !

7 '
: C A Q
% 0 < C
I ( F ) = I ( L).I ( P )
p q .p q
p q p q
n
(4 )
.(3)9
" &

1 2 % (
:
.184. 3 = 1995 2 &

2 % 2
200. 5 = 1995 2 & Q 2 % 3
I ( F ) = I ( L).I ( P )
: C A Q
% 0 < = 2 %
= (184.7)( 200.5)
= 37032.35
= 192.4
.1990 2 *
# 0 3 & % 92. 4 # 0 1995 2 " & C A
T y p i c a l y e a r m e t h o d 8 " & 5

(
HJ # J 0 1 # 0 *
# 0 + # 0 &
, ' 0 0 0
# J - > J < & 2 % ) ) 3 # 0 1 # 0 *

# 0 < # ' ) 0 # 0
I =
1 1
pnqt
pO qt
:#
(100 )

.
2 % 2 % , - t=o 0 ) 3 0 # 0 C A 0 & :t
.Q 2 % 2 % , - t=n 0 )
2 % J J 1 2 % J > J # 0 1 *

0 < qt 0 )
:" 2 % ) 3 8 & .M a r s h a l l -E d g e w pr th Ind e x : ' N

::
9 7
:# 0 1 # 0
*
# 0 < 2 % ) 3

P .
qO + q n
2
I=
(100)
qO + q n
PO . 2
Pn (qO + qn ) (100)
=
PO (qO + qn )
n
(5 )
.9 (3) 0 : ' 2 % (

:
Po(qo+qn)
Pn(qo+qn)
67. 5
108
31. 5
I=
1 2
qO+qn
: # 1< '
(5)
#
&
1350
1995
qn
650
1990
qO
700
1995
Pn
0. 08
63
210
110
100
0. 30
144. 0
180
180
80
100
1. 00
0. 80
170. 0
445. 4
170
100
70
2. 62
1. 00
413
796. 4
P (q
P (q
n
= 192.8
+ qn )
+ qn )
1990
PO
0. 05
# & "
?
0. 15

2
B '
(100)

3 0 , ' " # 0 1 *

0 0 < 2 / 0 ) 3
I=
P
P
qo q n
qo q n
:C 2 % , -
(100)
:6
.9 0 # 0 1 *

0 = & ' 1 2 % (
( 0 0
PO qO .q n 6 Pn qO .q n 6 q o .q n 2 % < & # 9 (5) '
P
P
> 8 ! 0
:" # 0 1 *

0 , ' 1 2 %
PO qO .q n
I=
:
q o .q n
q o .q n
(6) '
53. 9
31. 5
89. 4
219. 3
394. 1
Pn qO .q n
33. 7
15. 7
71. 5
83. 7
204. 6
q o .q n
674. 5
104. 9
89. 4
83. 7
B '
(100)
394.1
(100) = 192.6
204.6
# 0 1 *
0 < 2 ( 2 % ' (% 3
.192. 8 K
.1990 2 0 1995 2 1 % 92. 6 # 0 & 7 # & 0 & ) 3
: Relative Index numbers &

!
9%
; ) 3 1 2 % ( 0 2 # & " & ( 0 ' D

2 10 2 %
; ) 3 (
.( 0
: Price Relative

& ( 0 > > " # 1 2 %

( 9 < ?
& % 8 & 0 0
( < 3 . # " & ( 3 # 0 &

< 1 2 % 0 >
# & " ; ) 3 & > # 0 & # & " & # 0 C : # 1 2 %
5 0
. *
# 0 3 0
1 3

( 0 ) $ 0 > " # 0 1 # 0 *

# 0 # & " & Pn Po B
I=
Pn
(100)
Po
: 3 (I)# & " ; ) 3 & < 1 2 % &
.# $ # 0 & ( 0 1 2 % & " # $ 2 % # 0 (!
2. 5 C 0 0 3. 5 3 2000 2 2 " 2 + " " & ?
2 1
:(7)
7 0
.1990 2 0 1995 2 0
.*
# 0 3 1990 # 0 0 ) 2 " # 0 &
(
:
1990
# 0
( 0 )&

1 ( Po)
1995
2 . 5 ( P1)
2000
3 . 5 ( P2)
(7)
. < ! '

( 1 2 % )& ( 0
P
I 0 = o ( 1 0 0 ) = 1 0 0
Po
P
2 .5
I 1 = 1 ( 1 0 0 )=
( 1 0 0 )= 2 5 0
P
1
o

P
3 .5
I 2 = 2 ( 1 0 0 )=
( 1 0 0 )= 3 5 0
1
Po
2 > 1990 2 %150 # 0 &7 2 " & 0 & ) 3 250 C I1 0 3
.1995 2 > 1990 2 %250 &7 2 " & 0 & 350 C I2 6 1995
; ) 3 2 # 1 2 %
( 9 < > " 8 &
2 1 0 & ( 0 0 &
.( 0
: 3 ' > # 0 # 1 2 %
2 1
.# < # 0 # 1 2 %
(1
.# ' # 0 # 1 2 %
(2
&
< # %
14
: simple Relative Index $ &

&

!
(1
& " # # 0 * 1 2 2 %
'
. &
( 0 1 < 0 < < # 0

I=
) &
$
(1
Pn
1
n
PO
: L :
. 1 2 % ( # " " ' &

( 0 B ' 3 :
R3
) ;
$
(
R1 >
# &" " R & ( 0 0
R2
:
I = n R1 , R2 , R3 ...Rn
log I =
" # $ % * ( ' & + . Rn

:> " - 0 + " 0 % 2
1
[log R1 + log R2 + ... + log Rn ]
n
) '

$
(
I=
Pn
PO
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
R1 R2
Rn
n
= n
1
1 R
(8)
.19951990 0 " (2) 0 : 9 < < 0 1 2 % (
(8)
0. 006 25
2. 204 12
%& ( 0
R
P1 9 9 5 P1 9 9 0
16 0
0. 008 00
2. 096 91
125
0. 02300
9. 02036
7 4 7
1
R
0. 00500
0. 0038 2
I=
15
1
R
n
L og R
2. 30103
2. 4 18 30
200
26 2
:
&
1995
0. 08
0. 30
1. 00
2. 6 2
1990
0. 05
0. 15
0. 8 0
1. 00
# &"
(2 )
(# 0 )?

( )
(2 )2
B '
( 0 " < (A

1
(747)
4
= 187%
=
&
C 1990 2 / " 1995 2 %18 7 , - % 2 % C A
.%8 7 # 0
1
log R
n
9.02036
=
= 2.25509
4
I = 179.9
log I =
I=
R
1
= 173.4%
4
0.02307
( 0 " 0 < ((
.1990 2 0 1995 2 %7 9. 9 # 0 &

C
( 0 " 1 < (E
.1990 2 0 1995 2 %7 3. 4 # 0 &

C
# 7 " " # 0 # 3
C 0 # < ( 0 # 1 < ( 2 3
0 0 . &
# 1 % - &
2 %
; ) ) 6 1 2 % ( # "
.# &" # 3 ( 0 2 %
; ) 3 &0
:Weighted Relatives

(2
# 1 &0 # 0 2 %
, ' " 0 # & ' # 1 2 %

0 .# 1 = pq C # &" & (! " - 6 , ' " *
:#

*
# 0 & *
# 0 " # 1 , ' (A
poqo = *
*
& C A
*
# 0 & # 0 1 # 0 " # 1 , ' ((
poqn = # 0 1 *
& C A
# 0 1 # 0 & *
# 0 " # 1 , ' (E
pnqo = *
# 0 1 & C A
# 0 1 # 0 & # 0 1 # 0 " # 1 , ' (

pnqn = # 0 1 # 0 1 & C A
ptqt C # 0 " # 1 , ' (J 3
16
:# - ( 0 " , ' < ) )

p
p (p q )
I=
p q
p q
=
p q
n
(A
< C *
# 0 , '
2 % / 7 0 3 2 % ) 3 @
.
2 % C *
# 0 & *
# 0 # 1 , '
I =
pn
( poqn )
po
poqn
((
< C # 0 1 # 0 , ' Q 2 % / 7 0 3 2 % ) 3 @
.Q 2 % C *
# 0 & # 0 1 # 0 , '
I=
R( p q
p q
n
(E
::
pn
=R
po
I=
R( p q
p q
n
I=
17
R( p q )
pq
t
(
(J 3
.# ' ) 0 # 0 # 0 3 t :

(9)
C # # & >
K - , ' 0 1 2 % ( (3) 0 2
: 2 1 # '
.*
# 0 .i
.# 0 1 # 0 .ii
.# 0 1 # 0 & < , ' 0 3 # 0 .iii
Rpn(qo+qn)
=R(pnqt)

Pn(qo+qn)
=pnqt
R(pnqn)
R(poqo)
(9)
1995

:

1990 1995
1990

1995
1990
17 2 80
108
83 2 0
5 6 00

R
16 0
12 6 00
6 3
6 6 00
3 000
2 00
3 3
15
110
100
0. 3 0
0. 15
2 2 5 00
180
10000
10000
12 5
80
80
80
100
1. 00
0. 80
4 4 5 .4
6 86 4 4
183 4 0
2 6 2
2 6 2
7 0
100
7 0
2 .6 2
1. 00
7 96 . 4
93 5 6 4
3 6 94 0
7 4 7
4 2 7
2 00
116 6 94 .
8
16 907 4 .
8
pn qn
po qo
5 2
3 5
6 5 0
7 00
0.0 8

0. 05
( )
( )
( )
( )

:3 *
# 0 & *
# 0 2 1 , ' < .i
I=
R( p q
p q
o
36940
= 184.7
200
2 0 %8 4 . 7 # 0 &
0 & ) 3 6 (2 @ 0 )
2 % / 7 0 3 ) 3
.19 9 0
I=
R( p q
p q
n
18
:3 # 0 1 # 0 & # 0 1 # 0 2 1 , ' < .ii
93564
= 219.1
427
.19 9 0 2 0 %119 . 1 # 0 &

0 & ) 3
:3 # 0 1 # 0 & < , ' < .iii

I=
R( p q )
p q
n
169074.8
=
= 212.3
796.4
.19 9 0 0 19 9 5 2 %112. 3 # 0 &

C
:Chain or Link Relatives ( )

# 0 7 <
0 C ! / 0 *
# 0 0 0 0 )
(' ' &" ( 3 5 (' 7 &"

# 0 1 # 0 *

* & '
' " ) 3 6 # &" " # 0 # 3
(
2 % 0
; ) 3 ! 7 ) 6 " ?
& % , '
.# " " # 1 < 2 ) > " (" 6 1
)# 0 & # $ # 0 (# 0 )# 0 & ( 0 # 1 < ; ) 3 (
. * > # $ ( 0 ; ) 3 B ' ) & .# 1 ( 7
B
> " - % 0 1 ) *

@ 0
> ) > # ' "

# / 0 # 0
.# 1 2 %
( " ?
3 & > # 0 19 9 1 2 # 0 & # " # &" & ?
& E
7 0 # 1 < , !
%125 3 19 9 1 2 3 & > # 0 19 9 2 2 3 & %120 3 19 9 0 2
19 9 2 2 # &" & %130 3 19 9 2 2 3 & > # 0 19 9 3 2 3 &

: 3 19 9 0 # 0 3 & # 0
(120) 125 = 150%

100
:3 19 9 0 2 & # 0 19 9 3 2 3 &
(150) 130 = 195%

100
19 9 3 2 & ( 0 3 * 19 9 0 2 > 19 9 3 2 & ( 0 C
2 & ( 0 * 19 9 1 2 > 19 9 2 2 & ( 0 * 19 9 2 2 >

.* 19 9 0 2 > 19 9 1
:
# 7 " 0 # &" ; ) 3 & 1 2 % * # 0 19 9 0 0 )
19
19 9 3
19 9 2
19 9 1
19 9 0
19 5
15 0
120
10 0
# 0
1 2 %

" # ' # " " 9 < 1 2 % ( 0
.( 0 " < ( 0 2 * # 1 7 " # 0 &

( 0 ( 0
: ) H 0 , ! "
:(10)
19 9 0 # 0 # 0 19 9 4 19 9 3 19 9 2 19 9 1 0 " :

& ( 0 0 ?
7 0
: ' *
10
! " # $ %
( 19 9 0' 19 9 4 &19 9 1
19 9 4
19 9 3
19 9 2
19 9 1
120
115
110
10 5
115
110
10 5
10 3
110
10 5
10 3
9 5
115
110
10 6
10 1
# &"
A
(
E
( 0 <
* 19 9 0 # 0 > # 0 19 9 4 N19 9 1 0 & # 1 &

)
.115 110 10 6 10 1 ( > " 3
# &" & ( 0 ( 0 * C # " " # 1 < # 1 2 %

'

= $ 0 19 9 0 # 0 > # 0

# 1 # 0 > # 0 # 0
(11)
19 9 4
)
: (11) J '
$ %
19 9 3
19 9 2
19 9 1
10 4
10 5
10 5
10 5
10 5
10 5
10 2
10 3
10 5
10 2
10 8
10 8
10 5
10 4
10 5
10 1

A
(
E
<
1 2 % 10 1 3 19 9 0 # 0 # 0 19 9 1 # 0 & 1 2 % ) 3
# 0 # 0 19 9 3 # 0 & 1 2 % 10 5 3 19 9 1 # 0 # 0 19 9 2 # 0 &
.10 5 3 19 9 3 # 0 # 0 19 9 4 # 0 & 1 2 % 10 4 3 19 9 2
2 0

: *
( ) # 7 " = $ 0 > C 4 0 0 A # 1 2 %

( 9 < & 0 ! & 1
> " 8 % # 7 " K - # " ! 7 ! K - ; ) 3 C 8 &0 0 # # -

:#

: 3 # 1 2 %
' 8 " 0 3
.( )*
* &0
(1
. & * &0
(2
: '
; ) 3 0 0 "
: Ba s e r e v e r s a l t e s t ( )
(1
%125 C 19 9 0 2 3 & # 0 20 0 0 2 # 0 & # &" 1 2 % )
20 0 0 # 0 # 0 19 9 0 # 0 # &" ; ) 3 & 1 2 % (" 1 2 % ) 3 C ('
%8 0 C 20 0 0 2 & # 0 19 9 0 2 # &" & 1 2 % (' &

:C 2 % ) 3 (" 1 :
1
= 1.25 = 125%
0.08
# 0 1 # 1 2 % (" 1 > 6 0 *
* &0
# ' 0 ; ) 3 >
. T im e r e c ipr oc a l 0 0
(' %120 C - " # 0 # &" & 1 2 % ) )
C - " # 0 2 % (" 1 C C %8 3. 3 # 0 - " 1 2 %

# 0 1 # 1 2 % (" 1 > 0 *
* &0
3 ) 3 .%120 (" 1
% (!
- (' 2 & > " . Pl a c e r e c ipr oc a l 0 7 " 0
: C 1= 1
.1= !
. " # ' > " 9 < 0 # &" > " 9 < 0
.
) 3 9 1 # & 3 ) 9 # 1 2 %
> "
1 ; ) 3
9 < 0
C ) *
# 0 1 # 0 1 *
0 * &0 1 2 % # 2 1
# &

J J 3
9 < 0 J " -
2 J % " 0 > J " - 0 ( o J n n J o 0
1=/ " 1 2 %
:
) 3 # ' 0 "
I =
p
p
po
:3

p q
p q
:3

. * & 0 % + 2 % ) 3 C
:) ((
. * &0 % 2 % ) 3 C
:3 0 / "
p q p q
p q p q
p q
p q
=1
: ('
p q
p q
p q
p q
:3 0 / "
p p
p p
:3 0 / "
p q p q
p q p q
2 2
pn
:%
& ($
:3

. * & 0 % + 2 % ) 3 C

pn qo
poqo
:( ) *
pnqn
poqn
p q . p q
p q p q
o
:3 0 / "
.1= 0 / " 2 % ( !
< * & 0 0 * & 0
(!
-
. * & 0 %
2 % C
(, ' < ) <

. < 0
: Factor reversal test

(2
0 0 , ' " 2 0 0 &

# 1 2 %
( 0 8 1
0
# 0 *
# 0 & 5 &
, ' 0 # 1 2 %
( 0 !
.#
& , ' 0 & ( 0
# ( 0 2 0 # ; ) 3 .# 0 1
1 & * & 0
. & (Factor) &
>
: 2 & / "
. + '& , -
.
.*
# 0 # 0 1 # 0 * 7 0 ( " B ' ) " % # 0 C (' C
-
# - ; ) 3 & * & 0
) 3 9 1
1 2 % # - 0 )
. # 1 1
>
# & -H &
2 * > "

) 3 2 1
&
0 C .# 0 # & &
-H 2
.2 % " " & > " - 0 # 1 " 2 %
2 &

% 2 % )
23
p q
p q
.# 1 " 2 %
0 < 1
" & / " 2 % ( !
qn
" & / "
qo
pn

po
- ('
. & * & 0

: & # 1 2 %
?
p
p
q
q
p .q
p q
n
p q
p q
& * & 0 * 0 "
%
&
($
n
o
" & / "
n
o
. &
1 1 * &
& * & 0
2 % ) ) 3
p q
p q
pn qn
p q
o
:

() ),
&
q
q
C
C
: "
q
q
pn
pn
po
po
n
o
n
o
p q
p q
" & / "
p q C & / "
p q
p q . p q q
p q p q
q
n
p q
p qo
" & / "
('

2 % ( !
Q 2 % ( !
:
- )

1 2 % ( !
n
o
po
po
q
q
pn
pn
p q
p q
n
-
((
-
; ; ) 3 & * & 0 %
1 2 % C
# ' # < 3 0 # 1 2 %
> "
24
.
/ >
3 0 00 # 1 < * 70
. & * & 0

:

: Cost of living index

(1
& 9 7 &
1 2 % " &
1 2 % 2 ! 8 &
. # 0
" " & & 3 6 # $ '
'& / 0 6 &
# % '
) : # - # 3 2 % )
, ! 6 7
*
1 2 3 4 *
5 *
1
8 , ! 6 ! 7
*
5 9 !!3 9 . 8
& # & B 7 0 7 " 1 1 ?
# 3 2 % (

.9 1 1 .
7 0 0& # & # 170 B 7
. 1 1 B 7
:

6 # & # 1 7 0 1 2 % ( 0
2 @ & C ' .*
# 0 ) # 0 # 3 ( 0 , '
1 2 % ( "
# 0 > 2 &
. 0
# " " ; ) 3 > " 9 7 0 1 > " 5 0 # 7 " " " , '
8 ! 0 ' 3 - " " & 3 # 0 %

> " ' % & V # & # 1 7 0 1 2 % 0 ( / 0 0 3
:# 3 # $ 2 % # & > " ; ) 3

.# $ ) (1
.5 5 % (2
. (3
.* " (4
.# 0 ' (5
.# (6
. 1 7 0 (7
: ! 7 2 1 0 ' 2 % ) 3 ( # 7 O
(11)
> " % 7 @ - & # & # 1 7 0 : ?
70
: 0 > " # 1 9 7 0
2 % > " B 2 "
25

%50
# $ )
%6
5 5 %
%15

%10
* "
%7
# 0 '
%9
170
%3

( *
2 , ' " ( 0 ; ) 3 ) 1 2 % (
3 ( 3 2 " 2 % ( : # & 2 %
2 % % 2 %
1 0
/ 1 7 0 3 B ' @ 0 # ( ! 3 & 2 "
&
( !
= 0 B ' > B ' ) 3 ( 0 7 2 1 ) 3 > "
.2 1 &
1 2 % 3 = 0 * 7 0 *

2 1 " @ 0 ; ) # $ # 0 ( ! 2 % 1 2 % ( &
.# & # 1 7 0 1 2 % > " - 0 10 0 > " B ' 2 1 = $ 0 '
& : # & 2 % , ' < C # & # 1 7 0 1 2 % ) 3 > 0 &

., ' " # & # 1 7 0 # 1 ( 0
# $ ) > " 9 7 0
# 0 " % " # & 7 " / 0 > / 0 (' ) 3
.# & " ?
7 0 > " ; 0 ) 3
: The wholesale Price index

(2
# 0 & # ' & < * 1 # $ - 3 # " ' &

1 2 %
. # 0 & 2 # " '
6 # " '
' # " ' &
1 2 % "
" #
" # $ ) " # " ' &
% % H # $ > " - 1
. -
: &
' %
:# < ! # " ' &

1 2 %
.2 % 0 ( # $ % (A
.*
((
26
., ' (E

.# &
'
(
.( # - (J 3
.; 0 2 % ( (
: < ; ) 3 2 3 ' 0 "

:! : ! !7 ($
8 " 6 # " ' 9 ' 2 3 > " 2 % ) 3
2 %
; ) 3 1 # $ 2 % !
8 0 -
" 2 % ) 3 0 (
: 0 > " 2 % #
.# $ ) (1
.#
(2
.# 0 - ' 0 (3
. % (4
.5 0 (5
# $ ) 6 2 ! # $ $ > ; 2 1 # $ 2 %
; ) 3
: 3 $ 8 %
8 % 6 #
6 # $ ) + 6 6 6 2 " 6 1 6 9 % (
$7 > "
# 50
> "
. 0 - H 0 ) 6 H 0 ) : 3 $
# $ ) 1 6
8 # $
.; ) $ 7 > " # 30 > " % #

; )
. $ 7 2 %
% # 0 ) 3
: 9 ! !3 ('
&
< 3 B 7 8 -
# & < *
('
# # & < # # 0 ' ) & ) 0 < A # 0 & # 0 *

%
7 # 1 7 *
% 6 # - % & - ($
C
. *
) # 1 2 %
& ) 6 # 0 1
:; & ! !3 ((
/ 0
# 7 *
7 , ' 9 " & ! 7
.# # 7
; ) 3 9 " &
., ' " *
# 0 # " ' ' 2 % < ) 0 0 0
27

:
6 &
B ! 5 -
$ 0 # &
> " - 2 &
(!
3 ) " - &

# " -7 5 - 0 2 & 2 @ & 2 1 :
5 ' " 6 ( C
?
# + 0 ; ) 3 0 ) .( "
) & (' # ; ) 3 . #
3 - &
' >
; ) 3 & ' ' (' 6 &
2 ' 8
:' 3 < =
. &

! !3 (J 3
# ' # 1 2 %
K - # - C 2 # " ' &
1 2 % ( 0 0
:# K - 3
& K - ; ) 3 3 0
I=

# - (1
p q
p q
n n
100
o o
Q # - (2
I=
p q
p q
n
100
*
# 0 2 1 , ' 1 2 % # - (3
p (p q
I=
p q
pn
) 3
# - # " = $ 0 > 1
100
0 ) 1 ; ) 3
# -
" . 3 0 & O ! ) 3 +
&
# - &
.*
# 0 2 1 , ' 1 2 % # - C # # -
:> * ' 3 (
2 % ( 2 1 0 ( # - , ' *
&
.; 0 2 % ) 3 2 ' # 0 & # $ 7 1
28

:
(3
2 % # ' ' 5 - 0 2 & 2 @ & 2 1
- > " A <
360 > & 7 2

.
< # & (+ 0 0 & . 0 -
0 " 30 0 # 0 & # 0 - / " & "
360
100 = 120
300
: " 2 1 " 1 2 % C # 0 0 "
: #

# ' 0 ; ) 3 %20 # 0 % - C
. &
B 7 - # (1
.# &
5 1 - # (2
. &
< 3 - # (3
. &
B 7 - # (4
. &
B 7 - # W
% 0 (5
%25 # 0 C 0 " 50 0 > 0 " 40 0 # % )
:#

# ' 0 ; ) 3
. &
B 7 # (1
. &
2 # (2
. &
< 3 # (3
. &
B 7 # (4
. &
B 7 # W
% 0 (5

/ 0 A - ) 3 5 # 1

C

5 1 - # % > " &
(
.#
: 3 6 # ' ' " % % ( (' ) '

. Q u an tu m
in d e x n u m b e r # 1 2 %
.U n it val u e in d e x n u m b e r & 1 2 %
29
: ) > " "

: (12)
: " 0
- 0 ?
20 0 0 # 0
3
1990 # 0
2. 6
550
450
70
( 0 <
) - #
( 0 0 ) - # %
.# ; ) 3 - < *
: 3
3
100 = 115.4% :C - # 1 2 %
2 .6
.%15. 4 # 0 - # C
550
100 = 122.2 :C - # 1 1 2 %
450
.%22. 2 # 0 - 2 % C
, ! C )
# 0 # 1 > " ) 3
: " 1 ( - # , - & 7 % &

. & 1 2 % # " 1 2 % = # 1 " 1 2 %
# 1" 1 2 %
10 0 J J J J J J J J J J J J J = & 1 2 %
122.2
100=105.9
115.4
# " 1 2 %
.20 0 0 N1990 7 %5. 9 1 0 % &

> " / 0
( 3 0 # 1 2 %
K - # - C & ) 3
2 @ & $ / 0 + . & 1 2 % # 1 2 %
q
q
po
po
p q
p q
30
: "
# - 2 2 &
100
C # 1 2 % (A
.*
& # ' # ' ' < * 1
100
C & 1 2 % ((
.*
' & < * 1

:

# ' ' ' * 1 2 1 # ' ' " 1 % ) 3 ( &

# 0 ( ) # ' ' C
.# ' ' C ( )
' (

- 1 # " - C - 5 1 3
2 % > "
# 1 2 % # 1 ) (
. ' 2 & >
# 1 2 %
:C - # 1
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
- # 1 2 %
2 ' 1 3 " # 1 1 ( * & * 1 ) 3
< > " ) , - # 0 ; ) 3 0 ) . - " &
1 1 " - (*
# 0 # 0 ) # ) 6 # , . -
< 1 &
# ' 0 ( 1 ( 0 0 ) * 1 0 3
:C 3 # ' ' C - > * 1 ) 3
- &
1 2 %
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
&
1 2 %
& : C ) ) > 0 & , - C # 0 ; ) 3 0 )

# 0 ; ) 3 0 ) . &
8 % &
/ @ 0 # " % -
# 0 & 7 % - & ) > 0 & , -
< 0 ) # 0 - & # ' 0 ) " " ' C - %

2 % 3 - 0 - # * 7 0 # > " -

.# - %
# 3 # ' 1 1 1 7
- > < ! ) # ) > 0 & , - # 0 ! 7 0 )
% > < ! 0 # * 7 0 > " - 1 0 < ' 0 #

" 2 '
7 0
C . - # * 7 0 % #
# 3 # ' Q 0 1 1 1 ?
31
7 0 " #
.# - %

:Th e p r odu c tion index nu m b er

(4
" B ) < 0 E 0
8 " E 0 1 2 % " # 0
'
E 0 1 2 % " 0 0 .E 0
* % 3 +
.E 0
B 0 B 0 > < & , ' 3 % & ) 3 # 7 " ; ) 3
: 3 , ' 0 # & 0 3
.E 0 < & $ 7 B

(1
.# ' 0 & (2
. E 0
# 0 0
&

K - , - ) 3 .E 0 1 2 % (
(3
.E 0
2 % (4
# - 2 +
: " # 1 # &
& " #
2 % *
# 0 # ' 0 / " - 0 C ) B
$ 7 0 ' ) L (1
I=
q
q
n
o
fo
= 100
fo
:3 E 0
.(# 0 1 # 0 )# # 0 E 0
# :qn :
.*
# 0 E 0
# :qo
.*
# 0 B
$ 7 :fo
I=
q
q
po
o po
.fo # % 1 # & - 9 < # 0 + # & ; ) 3

100
: O 0 1 2 % "
# - &
0 ' ) (2
.*
# 0 & po :

# - *
# 0 E 0
# & 0 ' ) (3
I=
q h
q h
n o
o o
q (q p
I=
q p
q
q .v
=
qn
100
: "
.*
# 0 E 0 E 0
# & 3 ho :
:
# - *
# 0 E 0
# 1 0 ' ) (4
o)
32
.qopo :C *
# 0 # ' 0
# % 3 vo :

:purchasing Power of Money

# 7 Q % 0 0 5 ' ) 3 .# 1 2 %
( K - &
> 0 % 0 1
. &
& 2 %
2
.# 7 &
* % 3 & 1 2 % "
8
< > 0 & . &
" W
.# " & " # $ 1 * % 3 &
% 0 # " C
# $ 1 8 &
2 % 2 1 10 0 C # 0 1 # 0 # " & " # $ 1 10 0 3 *

# 0 1 2 %
: C .# 0 1 # 0 & 1
10 0
10 0 J J J J J J J J J J J J J = # " & " # $ 1
& 1 2 %
1 %120 3 1990 2 & # 0 20 0 0 2

100
100
120
:13

& 1 2 % ?
70
:C 1990 2 & # 0 1 20 0 0 2 0
0 " # $
= 0 . 83
:C

" # $ 1
100
0.71 = 0.59
120
. 0 0 . 71=
:
:14
12 ' 3 1994N1988 0 " # " &

1 2 % )
.# % & 0 " # " & " # $ 1 ( 6
(12)
" &
1 2 %
1988=10 0
10 0
10 3
10 5
10 8
112
114
115
33
# 0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994

:
:# # % & # 0 # " & " # $ 1 ( 0
10 0
10 0 J J J J J J J J J =# " & " # $ 1
1 2 %
: 13 ' # 0 = $ 0
# " & " # $ 1
* # 0 1988
1. 0 0
0 . 97
0 . 95
0 . 93
0 . 89
0 . 88
0 . 87
0 . 87 & 1994 2 # " & " # $ 1 0 & 1994 # 0
# 0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
@ 0 0 . 87 # ' 0
.1988 2 %
# " 1 1 # % 0 ! < 0 " &

1 2 % 2
.# & " " 1 1 & # " & " 1 1 '

) 1 1 '
*
# 0 10 0 C " &
# 0 1 # 0
1 2 %
( & ) '
C # < 3 ( 1 1 & 1 1
.# " & " # $ 1 !
.
=

.
*
# 0 1 2 %
! "# $ %
: & A
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J # 0 1 # 0 = 1 1
# 0 1 # 0 1 2 %
34

: # 1 1 &
'
(D e fl ation )Q 0
) 3 , ! 0
:(15)
7 " & 1 2 % # C < )
*
# 0 # " & # % & 0 " < ' . (14) ' 3 1994N1990
& " 1 2 %

10 0
10 3
10 8
112
115
.1990
(14)
C <
80
10 0
120
130
150
# 0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
C < # 1 1990 *
# 0 # " & " C < ( 0 0 0
:
15 ' # 0 = $ 0 10 0 = 0 ( ! # 0 " @ 0 1 2 % > " # 0 & # 0
C <
1990 # " &
80
97
111
116
130
35
(15 )
1 2 %
&
10 0
10 3
10 8
112
115
:
<
C
80
10 0
120
130
150
# 0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994

:
# "
20 0 0
1990
(16 )
20 0 0
: ( ) " * ) + $ (1
&
5
1990
# & "
10

7
6

:, + -
. & < & ' 1 2 % . i
.*
# 0 , ' & & ' 1 2 % .ii
.# 0 1 # 0 , ' & & ' 1 2 % .iii

. &
1 2 % .iv
. "
1 2 % . v
. & * & 0
# -
2 % 9 1 3 ) 3 .vi
.19 9 4 19 9 0 , + $ . / / " ) + ( , " (2
#
1994
(17 )
1990
&
#
420
15
280
14
640
19
80 0
20
30 0
32
250
30
60 0
14
40 0
.3 19 9 0 0 , " (
&
12
# & "

1 ( 0 2 - - #
.
2 % .i
.Q 2 % .ii
.: ' N 2 % .iii
.*
# 0 & *
# 0 # 1 ' 1 2 % .iv
36

.# 0 1 # 0 & # 0 1 # 0 # 1 ' ( 0 " 1 2 % .v

:/ 4 1 ) + ,
qn
7
20 0 0
(18 )
1990
( ) " * ) + $ (3
pn
3
qo
5
Po
2
10
12
# & "
A
(
E
: - #
# 0
.# 7 " 9 < * # 0 1990 20 0 0 &

< 0 1 2 % .i
# 1 ' * # 0
1990
20 0 0
&
0 1 2 % .ii
< 6 0 < 6 < C )# 7 " 9 < # 0 1 # 0 & # 0 1

.( 1
: + 19 9 4519 9 0 / 4 1 ) " ) + $ (4
1994
150 0
20 0 0
270 0
#
(19 )
1990
120 0
150 0
20 0 0
1994
25
18
12
&
1990
20
15
10
# & "
I
II
III
:3 19 9 0 " ( " - - #
. &
2 % .i
. & Q 2 % .ii
. "
2 % .iii
37

. " Q 2 % .iv
.# 1 " 1 2 % .v
1
* 6 ( 0 2 / 7 # ( , + $ (5
9 " # ( . ( (20 ) + % 19 9 9 519 9 5 ( 8
&
1 2 %
"
10 0
10 4
10 7
110
112
38
(20 )
.(19 9 5)3
# '

# 0
3. 25
3. 75
4. 15
4. 50
4. 75
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

:

.< & ' 2 % =
.
2 % =
.Q 2 %
pn
p n qo
100 =
33
100 = 137.7 %
19
.i
86
100 = 186.96 %
46
100 =
.ii
p q
p q 100 = 145 100 = 176.83 %
=
82
p q
o
.iii
. & 2 % = IL.IP = (186.96)(176.83) = 181.82 %
. " 2 % =
.iv
qn po qn pn
82 145
.
=
.
= 1.73370 = 173.37 %
qo po qo p n
46 86
/ " &
2 % ( !
-
(1
& * & 0
# -
3.152 =
p q
p q
n
.v
9 1 2 & 0 .vi
= "
2 % " &
.%10 2. 4=
2 % .i
(2
.%10 4. 5=Q 2 % .ii
.%10 3. 5= 2 % .iii

.%10 3. 4= 2 % .iv
2 % * 7 0 3 )%10 2. 4=*
# 0 & *
# 0 # 1 , ' 2 % .v
# 0 1 # 0
& # 0 1 # 0
# 1 '
& ( 0 R :
.(
( 0 " 1 2 % .vi
.%10 5. 2=
R
= &
( 0 < < (3
3
145=
R1 .R2 .R3 = 3 3000000 = 144.2 % &

( 0 < 0 <
R( p q
p q
n
39
3
= 143 % &
( 0 < 1 <
1
1
1
+
+
150 125 160
24760
= 148 %
167
# 0 1 # 0 # 1 ' ( 0 " < .ii

# 0 1 # 0 # 1 ' ( 0 " 0 <
pn q n ( p q =
n n
= 167 (150 ) 21 .(125 ) 50 .(160 ) 96 = 147 .4 %
p q
1
R p q
n
# 0 1 # 0 # 1 ' ( 0 " 1 <

n
167
= 146.5
1
1
1
0.21 +
0.50 +
0.96
150
125
160
(4
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 3 0
1 3 0
1 59
1 9 9 9
1 9 9 8
1 9 9 7
1 9 9 6
1 9 9 5
4. 2 4
4. 0 9
3 .8 8
3 .6 1
3 .2 5
.8
.7
.8
.7
.3
.i
.ii
.iii
.iv
.v
# 0
'

1 9 9 5# " &
40

(5

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 )  4 # 

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&  &  #  0   ' > "  # 3  

:  (  '  10  <  0 

.   # 0         > "  @  0  ('  ) 3 

.  # 0  & 7   A #    %  &

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   .!  # $   / 

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9 <  9 " &  3  69 7  &

.% 1  2 &  # ' 0   1 NA

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.%  A -   O <  %      # ! NE

 1  )  %  9 7  &   # 1<

B   

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62 &  # " < 

.   $ !      8 "  > "  / &   

2 %  (  A 62000 1995 1990   0  # 

&  & < &   (1) '

.* A # 0 1990 # 0 2    "  ; ) 3 &

(" )  

.1990 2  0  2000 2  % 150 #  0  & 7 

:3  3  > "  / $  

 "  0   0 0     0  "  * %    8  

&   6..."   # 0   2 +

.Q 1 * 7 0  B )    &  8 "   Q 1  & * 1

.# " &  * 7 0 &  "  '  # & "  #  0  # 3

# 3    # 3    1 2 %  0    /    9   0  >  0 "  A  "

.  0 &  <    # 0 1 # 0  *

# 0 J ( " J 2  !  2 %  ) 3 8 &  )  *

: "  2 %  ) 3 8 &   B a s e y e a r M e th od *

.# 0 1 # 0 # 17 0   10  B  '  # 0 1 &  *

 (2  "      6?

 6  )9     "  C  0  

& '  1 2 %  (  6 '  * 7 0  5 4 3 

(" )  

: 0 1"  1  

"  ; ) 3 > "  # 17 0   10  B  '   5 4 3 

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J  % 135   J   2000 2  &

) J  # 0 1 # 0  # 0 1 # 0 &  *

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: 3 (Q  2 % )# 0 1 # 0  , '  & '  * 1 2 %  :6  &  

# 0 # 17 0   10  B  '  3  A # 0 1 # 0 &  # 0 1 # 0  2 % B  ' : pnqn

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# $ ' # (

- )

.1 ) B ' ! # D ? @ 1

./ - - - ! # A # % B # F * &

) 4 #

! " # $ % # & ' (' ) * & # + , - #

& & # 0 ' > " # 3

: ( ' 10 < 0

. # 0 > " @ 0 (' ) 3

. # 0 & 7 A # % &

B 0 % 8 ( > C ' &

& < ) 3 # -

( 9 7 ; ) 3 6#

(' . ( 0 0 # 0 # 0 * 10 C ) *

.( / 0 3 @ "

1 2 % 0 & # 0 1 # 0 *

. 1 2 % ( 0 > < & # 0 # 3

.! # $ /

# 0 < I

.I # 0 # 3

* 1 # 0 # 3

" J 7 J ' 0 J % 9 0 7 6 " 2 J 1 # J 0 0 "

9 < 9 " & 3 69 7 &

.% 1 2 & # ' 0 1 NA

.% # ! 9 2 & # 0 # ! N(

.% A - O < % # ! NE

1 ) % 9 7 & # 1<

B

.2 & % # $ ! 9 7

62 & # " <

. $ ! 8 " > " / &

2 % ( A 62000 1995 1990 0 #

& & < & (1) '

.* A # 0 1990 # 0 2 " ; ) 3 &

(" )

.1990 2 0 2000 2 % 150 # 0 & 7

:3 3 > " / $

" 0 0 0 0 " * % 8

& 6..." # 0 2 +

.Q 1 * 7 0 B ) & 8 " Q 1 & * 1

.# " & * 7 0 & " ' # & " # 0 # 3

# 3 # 3 1 2 % 0 / 9 0 > 0 " A "

. 0 & < # 0 1 # 0 *

# 0 J ( " J 2 ! 2 % ) 3 8 & ) *

:" 2 % ) 3 8 & B a s e y e a r M e th od *

.# 0 1 # 0 # 17 0 10 B ' # 0 1 & *

(2 " 6?

6 )9 " C 0

& ' 1 2 % ( 6 ' * 7 0 5 4 3

(" )

: 0 1" 1

" ; ) 3 > " # 17 0 10 B ' 5 4 3

(" )

/ " 1995 2 % 284. 7 , - %

J % 135 J 2000 2 &

) J # 0 1 # 0 # 0 1 # 0 & *

:" 2 % ) 3 8 & G i v e n y e a r m e th od # 0 1 # 0 # 1< 2 # 1< ; ) 3 8 &

: 3 (Q 2 % )# 0 1 # 0 , ' & ' * 1 2 % :6 &

# 0 # 17 0 10 B ' 3 A # 0 1 # 0 & # 0 1 # 0 2 % B ' : pnqn

& (4) '

(" )

:C (Q 2 % )# 0 1 # 0 , ' 1 2 % ) 3

.1990 2 3 & % 100. 5 # 0 1995 2 " & C A

# J * 7 0 > 1

J , ' J J !

Q J / " 6# , - # + * & 0

> J " J & / 0

.184. 3 = 1995 2 &

200. 5 = 1995 2 & Q 2 % 3

# J - > J < & 2 % ) ) 3 # 0 1 # 0 *

2 % J J 1 2 % J > J # 0 1 *

:" 2 % ) 3 8 & .M a r s h a l l -E d g e w pr th Ind e x : ' N

.9 (3) 0 : ' 2 % (

: # 1< '

3 0 , ' " # 0 1 *

.9 0 # 0 1 *

PO qO .q n 6 Pn qO .q n 6 q o .q n 2 % < & # 9 (5) '

:" # 0 1 *

.1990 2 0 1995 2 1 % 92. 6 # 0 & 7 # & 0 & ) 3