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Cycletime Reduction Course Matls
Cycletime Reduction Course Matls
SH CHEAH
CYCLETIME REDUCTION
The Definition of Cycletime
Proces Proces Inspection Pack
s1 s2
WIP WIP
Leadtime Cycletim
e
The leadtime starts the moment the piece parts are withdrawn from Store and
ends when the product is completed.
The elements involved : waiting time, processing time, conversion or set-up
time, transportation time and documentation time.
To effectively reduce leadtime and cycletime, we would need to
reduce/eliminate each of these elements.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
The Definition of Cycletime
= Production Efficiency
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Importance of Cycletime
Reduction
Technology is constantly obsolete
Today’s Product Lifecycles 3 – 12 months
Inventory is money
Risk of inventory obsolescence – high
Today’s Customers want
- increased flexibility
- low obsolescence risk
These goals can be achieved with reduced cycletime
A short cycletime is an organization’s COMPETITIVE EDGE
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Theory of Constraints A B C D
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Theory of Constraints
Constraints Product flow
Cycletime
To REDUCE Cycletime, production flow
constraints need to be eliminated or reduced.
These constraints are :
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools
Three main tools used to analyze cycletime
are :
1. Flow Diagram
To analyze the actual product flow.
1. Operations Chart
To analyze every production step and part used.
1. Process Chart
To study all the handling, inspection, operations,
storage and delays as the product flows from raw
materials to finished goods.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools
These tools are the macro analysis tools in that they are used to
analyze the overall operations.
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Cycletime Analysis Tools : Flow Diagram
What it is : A diagram that shows the path
traveled by the product as it flows through from
Receiving to Production to Shipping.
How to develop :
1. Start with an existing or proposed scaled layout.
2. Each step in the actual or proposed production flow is
plotted onto the layout, with arrows showing the
direction of flow.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools : Flow Diagram
Example : A current production layout.
Actual Product
Flow
Receivin Finishe OQA
g& Shippin d Room
Issuing g Goods
Store Store
WIP
Awt.
Pack
WIP (Kits)
Proces
Assembly Flow Inspectio Pack
s1
n
WIP
WIP Awt.
OQA
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools : Flow Diagram
The Flow Diagram will be able to identify issues
such as :
Cross Traffic – where flow lines cross
Backtracking – where material flows backward
Distance product travelled.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools : Flow Diagram
Cross Traffic and Backtracking
Actual Product
Flow
Receivin Finishe OQA
g& Shippin d Backtrackin Room
Issuing g Goods g
Store Store
WIP
Awt.
Cross Pack
Traffic
WIP (Kits)
Proces
Assembly Flow Inspectio Pack
s1
n
WIP
WIP Awt.
OQA
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools : Operations
Chart
What it is : A chart showing
the raw material,
the purchased piece parts,
the fabrication/sub-assembly sequence,
the assembly sequence,
the equipment needs and
the time standards
to produce a finished product.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools : Operations
Chart
How to develop :
1. Identify purchased vs. sub-assembled piece parts.
2. Determine the operations required to fabricate each part and its
sequence of operations.
3. Determine the sequence of assembly for ALL piece parts.
4. Identify the base part (raw PCB). This is the 1st part that starts the
assembly process. Put that part on a horizontal line at the far right top
of the page. On a vertical line extending down from the right side of the
horizontal line, place a circle for each operation. Beginning with the first
operation, list all operations down to the last operation.
5. Place the 2nd part to the left of the 1st part and the 3rd part to the left of
the 2nd part etc. All of the fabrication steps are listed below the parts
with a circle representing each operation.
6. Draw a horizontal line from the bottom of the last operation of the 2nd
part to the point above the operation where it joins the 1st part, and so
on.
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Cycletime Analysis Tools : Operations
Chart
Purchased Piece
Part
Example : Parts to be 1st
fabricated
4th Part 3 Part
rd
2nd Part
Base/
Part Part
Operations
to fabricate
4th Part
Sub-assemble
4th Part to 3rd
Part
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools : Operations
Chart
How to develop : cont.
7. Introduce all the purchased piece parts on horizontal lines above the
assembly operation circle where they are placed on the assembly.
8. Put time standards, operation numbers, and operation descriptions next
to and in the circle.
9. Sum total the hours per 1,000 units and place these total hours at the
bottom right under the last assembly or pack-out operation.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools : Process Chart
What it is : A chart that shows all the handling,
inspection, operations, storage, and delays that
occur to one part as it moves through the
Production process.
How to develop : Conventional symbols are used to
describe the process steps.
Symbo Description Indicate Meaning
l Circle s
Operation Performing work on a
part
Squar Inspection Used for quality control
e work
Used when moving
Arrow Transportati
on
Storage material
Used for long term storage
Triangl
eD
D Big Delay Used for short term
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storage
CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools : Process Chart
Sample Process Charting
4 5 6
PRESENT M
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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Cycletime Analysis Tools : Process Chart
The main sections :
1. Select either present method or proposed method, date and page.
2. Describe the name of part and specifications if relevant.
3. Record the limits of the study (example : from Receiving to FG).
4. Record under the “PRESENT” column for study of current operations.
To come up with a new proposal, use the “PROPOSED” column.
5. For each step, the 5W’s and 1H are asked, starting with “Why”. Try
to
Eliminate every step possible or
Combine the steps or
Change the sequence of operations to improve the product flow.
1. A Flow Diagram should be attached if available.
2. Describe what happens in each step.
3. Methods of transportation or storage are described (eg. by pallet).
4. Symbols – shade the appropriate symbol related to the step.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Analysis Tools : Process Chart
The main sections :
10. This is recorded when the transportation symbol is used. Specify unit
of measurement.
11. Quantity refers to many things :
a. Operations – Pieces per hour
b. Transportation – Number of pieces moved at a time
c. Inspection – Pieces per hour and/or frequency of inspection
d. Delays – Number of pieces waiting
e. Storage – How many pieces per storage unit
12. Hours per unit – time spent per piece at that step. Used only for
operations, transportation and inspection.
13. Time calculations – column provided to compute time spent.
Once all the sections are completed, return to complete the Summary.
Use your Process Chart analyze and identify improvement opportunities.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Five main charts are used to micro
analyze cycletime of operations :
Operations Analysis Chart
Operator/Machine Chart
Gang Chart
Multi-Machine Chart
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
These charts are used to analyze and
breakdown each operation into its separate
micro elements.
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Methods of Analyzing Cycletime :Multi Activity
Chart
What it is : It is a standard Chart Format used
to create the
Operations analysis chart
Operator/machine chart
Gang chart
Multimachine chart
Left-hand/right-hand chart
The chart is separated into 15 different sections.
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Methods of Analyzing Cycletime :Multi
Activity Chart
1
2 3
4 5 7
6
8 8
OPERA
9 9
1 1
0 0
11
12
L
13
14
15
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime :Multi
Activity Chart
The main sections :
1. Tick or cross the appropriate box on the chart being created.
2. The operation number for the particular operation (if available).
3. The product part number.
4. The date of the study, include day, month and year.
5. The time the study started.
6. Record the name of the person who is conducting the study.
7. Operation described in clear terms.
8. Activity will represent different things for different charts
1. Operations analysis – use LEFT column only
2. Operator/machine – LEFT column for Operator, RIGHT for Machine
3. Gang – LEFT column for Operator 1, RIGHT for Operator 2
4. Multimachine – 2 charts are taped next to each other. On the 1st
chart, LEFT column for Operator, RIGHT for Machine 1. On the 2nd
chart, LEFT column for Machine 2, RIGHT column for Machine 3.
5. L-H/R-H – LEFT column for Left Hand, RIGHT for Right Hand
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime :Multi
Activity Chart
The main sections :
9. These are the activity areas where the actual activities are recorded.
10. Total Utilization is how much time this activity was working. Idle time
is NOT included.
% Utilization is the total utilization divided by the total time of that
activity.
11. Total normal time is how long it takes each activity to complete a
cycle and includes both working time and idle time.
12. Allowances are the time added to normal time to make the time
standards realistic. These include personal time, fatigue and delays.
A ballpark figure of 10% is typically used.
13. Standard time = normal time + allowances (in secs/unit).
14. Hours per unit = standard time (secs/unit)/(3600 secs/hour)
15. Pieces per hour = inverse of hours per unit = 1/(hours per unit)
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Pieces Per Hour Cycletime
Pieces Per Hour Cycletime
1 Hour
Cycletime
Cycletime
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime :Operations Analysis
Chart
What it is : A chart used to describe
a single activity
usually one operator using tools 100% operator controlled
Example : Packing operation.
X
100 AX250
Feb.26,’0 0930 Packing operation for shipment.
Bruce 5
Lee
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OPERA
CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Operations Analysis Chart
Activity Activity
1 Fold carton box, insert kimcell.
04 Insert PCBA and pack into
7 carton.
Idle.
This side is left blank
These activities need to
be analyzed, for example
:
Why 10 secs to prepare
box? Can it be prepared
ahead of time?
Why idle time of 7 secs?
How to eliminate this?
What can operator do if
cannot eliminate?
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Operations Analysis Chart
14 secs
67%
21 secs
10%
24 secs
0.0067
150
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Operator/Machine Chart
What it is : A chart that shows the activities
and inter-relationship of the operator and the
machine. The chart shows what each is doing
at any moment in time.
Example : An operator running a marking machine.
7 BY300
5
Feb.26,’0 1500 Ink marking
5 EPROM.
Jackie Chan
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OPERA
CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Operator/Machine Chart
Operator Ink Mark Machine
5 Load EPROM. Idle. 5
7 Idle. Mark unit. 7
4 Unload EPROM. Idle. 9
5 Inspect EPROM.
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Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Operator/Machine Chart
14 secs 7 secs
67% 33%
21 secs
10%
24 secs
0.0067
150
TOTAL UTIL
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Gang Chart
What it is : A chart to show the activities of two
or more people when their activities intertwine.
When more than two people are involved, tape
two or more charts side by side.
Example : Solder joint touch-up and inspection.
8 LT800
5 ‘05
Feb.26, 1700 Solder joint touch-up and
Ali inspection.
Bakar
Touch-up operator Inspection operator
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Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Gang Chart
Touch-up operator Inspection operator
Picks up unit. Inspects for
Idle. 12
16 solder joint defects.
Passes unit to touch-up 4
operator.
Touch-up solder joints. Idle.
26 Returns unit to inspection 26
operator.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Gang Chart
26 27 secs
secs
49% 51%
53 secs
10%
59 secs
0.016
63
TOTAL UTIL
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Multi-Machine Chart
What it is : A chart similar to the
operator/machine chart except that additional
charts are taped to the side of the 1st chart. On
these additional charts, each additional
machine takes up one column.
Example : 1 operator running 3 ink markers.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Left/Right Hand Chart
What it is : A chart that tracks the separate
activities of each hand of an operator. Each
hand’s activity is broken down into detailed
elements.
Example : Operator inserting PTH components into
PCBA.
X
65 AT540
Feb.26, ‘05 1030 PTH insertion into
Muru PCBA.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Left/Right Hand Chart
Left Hand Right Hand
5 Pick-up PCBA. Pick-up component. 5
1 Idle (Holding PCBA). Align and insert component 1
2 into PCBA. 2
Pass PCBA to next 4
1 Idle. operation.
Idle. 9
3
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Analyzing Cycletime
Left/Right Hand Chart
5 secs 21 secs
17% 70%
30 secs
10%
33 secs
0.009
109
TOTAL UTIL
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Work Station Design
Having a work station that is designed to ease
the task of the operator will help in maximizing
work efficiency = reducing cycletime.
A well designed work station supports motion
economy.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Work Station Design
Some key considerations :
Work station tables – to promote
“mirror image” hand motions.
Component trays should be
located between normal reach m
um
xi
and maximum reach positions of M
a
the operator.
No
Ideal lighting position is over the
rm
al
work area and slightly over the
back (to avoid glare). Properly
located lighting will reduce
fatigue.
Light Location
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Work Station Design
Some key considerations :
Work table height should be
constant and ideally at elbow
height of the seated person.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Work Station Design
Some key considerations :
Frequently used tools should
be located nearby the work
station.
Incorporate fixtures to replace
the human hand for holding
parts as much as possible.
Locate reject bins or baskets
close to the work station to
prevent unnecessary
movement by the operator.
Use chutes to take advantage
of gravity to move parts.
SH CHEAH
CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Work Station Design
Some key considerations :
Align the work station to the product flow.
IN
IN
O
U
T
O
U
T
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Motion Economy
Economic motion minimizes processing time
and hence contributes to cycletime reduction.
This is strongly related to and supported by
work station design.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Motion Economy
Some key considerations :
The hands should :
1. Operate as mirror images
2. Start and stop motions at
the same time
3. Move in opposite directions
4. Be working at all times.
Use fixtures to replace hands
holding parts where possible.
Use foot operated control
devices where possible to free
up the hands.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Motion Economy
Some key considerations :
Use ballistic motions where possible :
fast motions using one set of muscles
and not trying to end the motion
using other muscles, example,
throwing a part into a bin.
Use controlled motions, i.e. which
require control at the end of the
motion, only for activities needing
safety or quality considerations.
Use curved continuous motions
instead of separate linear motions.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Line Balancing
One technique which sees almost immediate
impact in a cycletime reduction exercise is line
balancing. By balancing the production line,
obvious line imbalances or bottlenecks can be
removed. This increases the effective line
capacity and reduces cycletime.
Refer to section on Theory of Constraints.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Removing NVA
Non-Value-Added activities are activities that do not add
value to the product. They just add cost.
Major NVA activities are inspection, product movement
and waiting time. By removing or reducing these
activities, the cycletime is reduced accordingly. Waiting
time is one of the major contributors to long cycletime.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Removing NVA
While removing inspection needs to be justified with quality
improvement, others such as eliminating a staging area
(shown below), can be easily justified.
PRODUCTION LINE
ISSUING STORE
PRODUCTION LINE
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Removing NVA
Examples of elimination of handling and
transportation. Improvement from A to D.
A
Double Handling
B
Transportation
C
Inventory on conveyor
D
No waiting
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Quick Set-ups
In handling multiple models, the process of
changing from one model to the next is NVA. It
adds up to the product leadtime and hence,
cycletime.
Quick set-ups, therefore, reduce product
cycletime.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Quick Set-ups
Internal setup : Setup activities done on the machine
while the machine is down.
Example : Changing over of tools, dies, jigs and
materials while the machine is down.
External setup : Setup activities done before and
after the machine is down and do not add to the
machine downtime.
Example : Preparing in advance the necessary jigs,
tools, the next die and materials and removing the
detached die and jigs after the machine is up.
Machine down Machine up
pressure, etc.
Test run
Standardized
Die Height
Blocks
Locating Pin
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Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Quick Set-ups
4. Improve external set-up
Reduce/eliminate time wasted searching for tools, dies and fixtures by
designating areas by color coding shelves and assigning addresses for each
storage area.
Reduce time wasted in transferring dies by storing frequently used dies close
Address
to the machine.
88B
Color
Machine coding
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Lot Size Reduction
Example : Processing time 1 min./unit
Time Lot size : 3 Time Lot size : 1
0 min A B C 0 min A B C
1 min A B C
3 min A B C
2 min A B C
A B C 3 min A B C
6 min
4 min A B C
9 min A B C
5 min A B C
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Parallel Processing
Parallel processing means processing 2 or more
operations at the same time. In set-up time
language, it means converting internal time to
external time.
Parallel processing, therefore, reduces set-up
time.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Parallel Processing
Example : Reducing internal set-up by using Parallel
Operations
Parallel Operations on a Press Machine
machine stop 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 machine start
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Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Parallel Processing
1 2 5 4 6a 7
(Set-up assistant)
3 6b (Operator)
machine machine
stop start
Internal/ Required time
Step No. Operation External (min) Performed by
1 Look for new die E 3 Assistant
2 Transfer new die E 10 Assistant
5 Transfer new material E 10 Assistant
4 Attach new die * I 2 Assistant
6a Adjust ** I 7 Assistant
3 Remove used die * I 2 Operator
6b Adjust ** I 8 Operator
7 Transfer used die E 10 Assistant
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
WIP Reduction
Work In Progress (WIP) or inventory, when not
being processed, is accumulating cycletime.
Therefore, to reduce cycletime, drive down
WIP.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
WIP Reduction
Sea of inventory
Machine
breakdown Quality
problems
Poor
scheduling
Absenteeism
Long set-up times
Inventory Covers
SH CHEAH Problems
CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
WIP Reduction
The only ‘justifiable’ WIP is that which Proces Proces
is used to prevent a process from s1 s2
being linedown. WIP
For example, the WIP shown should
only serve to prevent Process 2 from
stopping because of instability in
Process 1 due to :
Machine downtime
Low yields
Quality issues
Batch processing waiting time
However, as WIP represents “waiting
inventory” and should be driven
down.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
FIFO
FIFO stands for First In First Out. This is a flow sequence
where the first product processed flows through and gets
completed first, and so on.
By implementing FIFO, no WIP gets bypassed and line
issues are forced to be addressed, easing the
subsequent product flow and hence reducing cycletime.
The only time FIFO should be bypassed is when there is
an abnormal lot such as extremely low yield lot, quality
question etc.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Kanbans
A Kanban is a card used in the Toyota Production
System or JIT. It is used to request or pull materials in a
Pull Production System.
In Malaysia, typically Kanban squares are used in the
place of Kanban cards. By defining the Kanban quantity,
WIP, production flow and hence cycletime can be
controlled.
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Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Kanbans
What is the Kanban system?
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Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Kanbans
PROCESS 1 WIP PROCESS 2 WIP FG STORE FG CUSTOMER
3 2 1
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Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Leveled Production
Example : Models A and B (a set) are processed through
Processes 1 and 2. Each take 1 minute to process for
each process. Two sets are processed.
Tim Tim
e e A
1 min 1 A 2 1 min 1 2
2 min 1 A 2 A 2 min 1 B 2 A
3 min 1 B 2 A A 3 min 1 A 2 B A
4 min 1 B 2 B A A 4 min 1 B 2 A B A
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Eliminating Wastes
Wastes are elements in the Production area
that add cost but not value. Eliminating these
wastes will see the cycletime drop
tremendously.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Eliminating Wastes
Kiyoshi Suzaki refined waste classification
into seven categories :
Waste from overproduction
Waste of waiting time
Transportation waste
Processing waste
Inventory waste
Waste of motion
Waste from product defects
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Flow Smoothing / Layout
Like water flowing through a pipe, a short and
direct production layout will tend to produce a
smooth and fast production flow.
Use a product-centric layout instead of a
process-centric layout to shorten product
cycletime.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
Flow Smoothing / Layout
Layout/flow guidelines :
Product should flow towards
SHIPMENT
SHIPMENT
the shipment area.
No backflow where possible.
No cross flows.
SHIPMENT
SHIPMENT
Do not use excess floor
WALLED OFF
space. FOR FUTURE
EXPANSION
Keep area compact and
defined.
SHIPMENT
Identify all inventory areas
and kanbans.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Methods of Cycletime Reduction
5S
A properly executed 5S environment can help
reduce cycletime.
A neat and properly defined work area means
that tools and parts can be easily found.
Searching time and waiting time can be
minimised or eliminated resulting in reduced
cycletime.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Simulation
A cycletime simulation can reveal the
theoretical leadtime and cycletime for the
product. This will be the theoretical limit for the
product cycletime.
1. Define the lot size, the processes and the UPH for each
process.
2. Compute the lot completion time for each process.
3. List the Processes down the first column.
4. List an Hour timeline across the top row.
5. Plot the Lots as they move diagonally down from top left
to bottom right of the table.
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Simulation
Lot Size : 3,000
Lot Size
Lot Completion Time
UPH
=
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Simulation
Timeline 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
(hr)
Process
4
Assembl Lot Lot Lot
1 2 3
y
3 Mark Lot Lot Lot 5
1 2 3
Cycletim
Leadtime = 6hrs e= Cycletime
2.5hrs
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Cycletime Metrics
Metrics related to cycletime are :
Total leadtime
Cycletime
Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE)
Workstation Turnover Time (WTT)
PCE WTT
Proces Proces Inspection Pack
s1 s2
WIP WIP
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CYCLETIME REDUCTION
Cycletime Metrics
Cycletime
Unit of measurement – weeks/days/shifts/hours/mins
Although cycletime is defined as the time taken for the next
product to be produced, the average cycletime is generally
computed as follows :
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Cycletime Metrics
Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE)
PCE indicates how efficiently the process is converting
WIP into finished products.
PCE is a ratio.
Any process with low PCE will have large NVA activities
and hence opportunities to for cycletime reduction.
It is common to get PCE’s of less than 10% before
improvement.
The Process Chart can be used to collect the required
data for Value-Add Time.
Value-Add Time
PCE =
Total(time)
Leadtime
(time)
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Cycletime Metrics
Workstation Turnover Time (WTT)
It is the time taken to set-up and perform one cycle of
work at a specified workstation.
Unit of measurement - hours/mins/secs.
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