Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
AT CHICAGO
ON THE
7TH
CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION PREAMBLE WHEREAS t h e f u t u r e development of i n t e r n a t i o n a l c i v i l a v i a t l o r i can g r e a t l y h e l p t o c r e a t e and p r e s e r v e f r i e n d s h i p and u n d e r s t a n d i n g among t h e n z t f o n a and p e o p l e s o f t h e world, y e t its a b u s e can become a t h r e a t t o t h e g e n e r a l s e c u r i t y ; and
NAVIGATION
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION Article 1 Sovereignty The c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s r e c o g n i z e t h a t every S t e t e
1
II
- .
s p a c e above i t s t e r r i t o r y .
2 Article -
Iirritoq
-
I
I
I such S t a t e
c i v i l a i r c r a f t , and s h a l l n o t be a p p l i c a b l e t o s t a t e aircraft
(b)
.
A i r c r a f t u s e d i n m i l i t a r y , customs and p o l i c e
s e r v i c e s s h a l l be deemed t o be s t a t e a i r c r a f t . (c)
N o s t a t e a i r c r a f t of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e
The c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s u n d e r t a k e , when l s s u -
civil aircraft
Article 4 Misuse of civil s.viation Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e a g r e e s n o t to u s e c i v i l a v i a t i o n f o r any purpose i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e aims of t h i s Convention. CHAPTER I1
FLIGHT OVER TERRITORY
CONTRACTING STATES
Article 2 -Right o f nonscheduled flight Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e a g r e e s that a l l a i r c r a f t of t h e o t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s , b e i n g a i r c r a f t n o t engaged i n s c h e d u l e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r s e r v i c e s s h a l l have t h e r i g h t , s u b j e c t t o t h e observance of t h e t e r m s o f t h i s Convention, t o make f l i g h t s i n t o o r i n t r a n s i t non-stop a c r o s s i t s t e r r i t o r y and t o make s t o p s f o r
S t a t e nevertheless r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h t , f o r reasons of s a f e t y of f l i g h t , t o r e q u i r e a i r c r a f t d e s i r i n g t o p r o ceed o v e r r e g i o n s which a r e i n a c c e s s i b l e o r w i t h o u t adequate a i r n a v t g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s t o f o l l o w p r e s c r i b e c r o u t e s , o r t o o b t a i n s p e c i a l p e r m l e s i o n f o r such flights. Such a i r c r a f t , i f engaged i n t h e c a r r i a g e of p a s s e n g e r s , c a r g o , o r m a i l f o r remuneration o r h i r e on o t h e r than scheduled i n t e r n a t i o n a l air s e r v i c e s , s h a l l a l s o , s u b j e c t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s of A r t i c l e 7 , have t h e p r i v i l e g e of t a k i n g on o r d i s c h a r g i n g p a s s e n g e r s , c a r g o , o r mail, s u b J e c t t o t h e r i g h t o f any S t a t e where s u c h embarkation o r d i s c h a r g e t & e s p l a c e t o impose such r e g u l a t i o n s , c o n d i t i o n s o r l i m i t a t i o n s as
i t may c o n s i d e r d e s i r a b l e .
Article Scheduled air services N o s c h e d u l e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r s e r v i c e m a y be o p e r a t e d o v e r o r i n t o t h e t e r r i t o r y of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e , except w i t h t h e s p e c i a l p e r m i s s i o n o r o t h e r a u t h o r i z a t i o n of that S t a t e , and i n accordance w i t h t h e terms of s u c h p e r m i s s i o n o r a u t h o r i z a t i o n . Article Cabotage
Eaoh
c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertakes n o t t o e n t e r i n t o any arrangement s which s p e c i f i c a l l y g r a n t any such p r i v i l e g e on an e x c l u s i v e b a s i s t o m y o t h e r S t a t e o r an a i r l i n e of any o t h e r S t a t e , and not t o o b t a i n any euch exclus i v e p r i v i l e g e from any o t h e r S t a t e . Article 8 Pilotless aircraft
a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e without s p e c i a l a u t h o r i z a t i o n by
t h a t S t a t e and i n accordance w i t h t h e terms of euch
authorization.
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertake8 t o
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e may, f o r r e a s o n s of
m i l i t a r y n e c e s s i t y o r p u b l i c s a f e t y , r e s t r i c t o r proh i b i t uniformly t h e a i r c r a f t of o t h e r S t a t e s from f l y i n g over c e r t a i n a r e a s o f i t s t e r r i t o r y , provided th%'b no d i s t i n c t i o n i n t h i s r e s p e c t i s made between t h e a i r c r a f t of t h e S t a t e whose t e r r i t o r y i s involved, engaged i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l scheduled a i r l i n e s e r v i c e s , and t h e a i r c r a f t of t h e o t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s l i k e wise engaged. Such p r o h i b i t e d a r e a s e h a l l be of
~I
D e s c r i p t i o n s of
r-
h i b i t f l y i n g o v e r t h e whole o r any p a r t of
i t 6
terri-
t o r y , on c o n d i t i o n t h a t s u c h r e s t r i c t i o n o r p r o h i b i t i o n e h a l l be a p p l i c a b l e w i t h o u t d i s t i n c t i o n of n a t i o n a l i t y t o a i r c r a f t of a l l o t h e r S t a t e s . (c) tions
a8
e n t e r i n g t h e a r e a s contemplated i n subparagraphs ( a ) o r ( b ) above t o e f f e c t a l a n d i n g as soon a s p r a c t i c a b l e t h e r e a f t e r at some d e s i g n a t e d a i r p o r t w i t h i n i t s territory. A r t i c l e 10 Landing at cuetoms airport Except i n a c a s e where, under t h e terms of t h i s Convention o r a s p e c i a l a u t h o r i z a t i o n , a i r c r a f t a r e p e r m i t t e d t o c r o s s t h e t e r r i t o r y of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e w i t h o u t l a n d i n g , every a i r c r a f t which e n t e r s t h e t e r r i t o r y of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s h a l l , if t h e r e g u l a t i o n s of t h a t S t a t e so r e q u i r e , l a n d at a n a i r p o r t d e s i g n a t e d
by t h a t S t a t e f o r t h e p u r p o s e of customs and o t h e r
examination.
On d e p a r t u r e from t h e t e r r i t o r y of a
of a l l d e s i g n a t e d customs a i r p o r t s s h a l l be p u b l i s h e d
f
1 1
S u b j e c t t o t h e p r o v i s i o n e of t h i s Convention, t h e
laws and r e g u l a t i o n s o f a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e r e l a t i n g
t o t h e admission t o o r d e p a r t u r e from i t s t e r r i t o r y of a i r c r a f t engaged i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r n a v i g a t i o n , o r t o t h e o p e r a t i o n and n a v i g a t i o n of s u c h a i r c r a f t w h i l e w i t h i n i t s t e r r i t o r y , shall be a p p l i e d t o t h e a i r c r a f t of a l l c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s w i t h o u t d i s t i n c t i o n as t o n a t i o n a l i t y , and shall be complied w i t h by such airc r a f t u2on e n t e r i n g o r d e p a r t i n g from o r w h i l e w i t h i n t h e t e r r i t o r y of t h a t S t a t e . Article Rules of t h e
12
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e u n d e r t a k e s t o adopt measu r e s t o i n s u r e t h a t every a i r c r a f t f l y i n g o v e r o r maneuvering w i t h i n i t s t e r r i t o r y and that every airc r a f t c a r r y i n g i t s n a t i o n a l i t y mark, wherever s u c h a i r c r a f t may be, shall comply w i t h t h e r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e f l i g h t and maneuver of a i r c r a f t there i n force. Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e u n d e r t a k e s t o keep i t s own r e g u l a t i o n s i n t h e s e r e s p e c t s uniform, t o t h e greatest poesible extent, with thoee established from t i m e t o t i m e under t h i s Convention. Over t h e
1 3
P r e v e n t i o n of s p r e a d of disease
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e a g r e e s t o t a k e e f f e c t i v e measures t o p r e v e n t t h e s p r e a d by meons of a i r navigat i o n of c h o l e r a , typhus ( e p i d e m i c ) , smallpox, y e l l o w f e v e r , p l a g u e , and such o t h e r communicable d i s e a s e s as t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s shall from t i m e t o time d e c i d e t o d e s i g n a t e , and t o t h a t end c o n t r a c t i n g
S t a t e s w i l l keep i n c l o s e c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e agen-
c i e s concerned w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e g u l a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o s a n i t a r y measures a p p l i c a b l e t o a i r c r a f t . Such c o n s u l t a t i o n shall be w i t h o u t p r e j u d i c e t o t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of any e x i s t i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l oonvent i o n on t h i s s u b j e c t t o which t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s may be p a r t i e s . Article A i r p o r t and similar charges
1 5
The l i k e uniform
uled international air services, than those t h a t would be p a i d by i t s n a t i o n a l a i r c r a f t of t h e same c l a . s s engaged i n similar o p e r a t i o n s , and (b)
A s t o a i r c r a f t engaged i n scheduled
t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i v i l Aviation Organization: provided t h a t , upon r e p r e s e n t a t i o n by an i n t e r e s t e d c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e , t h e charges imposed f o r t h e u s e of a i r p o r t s and o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s s h a l l be s u b j e c t t o review by t h e Council, which shall r e p o r t and make recommendations thereon f o r t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e S t a t e o r S t a t e s concerned. N o f e e s , dues o r o t h e r
a i r c r a f t of t h e o t h e r con-
1 8
An a i r c r a f t cannot be v a l i d l y r e g i s t e r e d i n more
19
20
21
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertakes t o supply t o any o t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e o r t o t h e I n t e r n ~ . t i o n a l C i v i l Aviation Organization, on demand, information concerning t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n and ov.mership of any particular aircraft registered in that State. I n ad-
I
H
d i t i o n , each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s h a l l f u r n i s h r e p o r t s t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i v i l Aviation Orga.nlza.tlon, und-er) such r e g u l a t i o n s a s t h e l a t t e r may p r e s c r i b e , g i v i n g such p e r t i n e n t d a t a as can be made a v a i l a b l e concerni n g t h e ownership and c o n t r o l of a i r c r a f t r e g i e t e r e d i n t h a t S t a t e and h a b i t u a l l y engaged i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r navigation. The d a t a t h u s o b t a i n e d by t h e I n t e r -
n a t i o n a l C i v i l Aviation Organization s h a l l be made a v a i l a b l e by i t on r e q u e s t t o t h e o t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g States. CHAPTER I V MEASURES TO FACILITATE AIR NAVIGATION Article Facilitation of f o m a l i ties
I/
22
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e a g r e e s t o adopt a l l pract i c a b l e measures, through t h e i s s u a n c e of e p e c i a l r e g u l a t i o n 8 o r otherwise, t o f a c i l i t a t e and e x p e d i t e n a v i g a t i o n by a i r c r a f t between t h e t e r r i t o r i e s of c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t ee, and t o p r e v e n t unnecessary d e l a y s t o a i r c r a f t , crews, passengere and cargo, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e administre.tion of t h e laws r e l a t i n g t o irnmlgrat i o n , q u a r a n t i n e , cuetoms and c l e a r a n c e . Article 23
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertakee,
80
far a s i t
immigration p r o c e d u r e s ~ f e f cting international air n a v i g a t i o n i n accordance w i t h t h e p r a c t i c e s which may be e s t a b l i s h e d o r recommended from t i m e t o t i m e , purs u a n t t o t h i s Convention. Nothing i n t h i s Convention
shell be c o n s t r u e d as p r e v e n t i n g t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of
24
A i r c r a f t on a f l i g h t t o , from, o r a c r o s s
t h e t e r r i t o r y of a n o t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e e h a l l be a d m i t t e d t e m p o r a r i l y f r e e of d u t y , s u b j e c t t o t h e customs r e g u l a t i o n s of t h e S t a t e . Fuel, l u b r i c a t i n g
o i l s , s p a r e parts, regu1a.r equipment and a i r c r a f t s t o r e 8 on b o a r d an P - i r c r a f t of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e , on a r r i v a l i n t h e t e r r i t o r y of a n o t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e and r e t a i n e d on b o a r d on l e a v i n g t h e t e r r i t o r y of that S t a t e s h a l l be e x e ~ p tfrom customs d u t y , i n s p e c t i o n f e e s o r similar n a t i o n a l o r l o c a l d u t i e s and cha-rges.
This exemption s h a l l n o t apply t o any
q u a n t i t i e s o r a r t i c l e s unloaded, e x c e p t i n a c c o r d a n c e
with t h e customs r e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e S t a t e , which may
A r t i c l e 25 Aircraft i n
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertake8 t o p r o v i d e such measures of a s s i s t a n c e t o a i r c r a f t i n d i s t r e s s I n i t s t e r r i t o r y a8 i t may f i n d p r a c t i c a b l e , and t o p e r m i t , s u b j e c t t o c o n t r o l by i t s own a u t h o r i t i e s , t h e owners of t h e a i r c r a f t o r a u t h o r i t i e s of t h e S t a t e i n which t h e a i r c r a f t i s r e g i s t e r e d t o provide such measures of a s s i s t m c e a s may be n e c e e s i t a t e d by t h e circumstances. Each a m t r a c t i n g S t a t e , when undertaking
search f o r missing a i r c r a f t , w i l l collaborate i n c o o r d l n a t ed measure8 which may be recommended from time t o time pureuant t o t h i s Convention. Article
o f accident8
26
Inveet i g a t i o n
I n t h e event of an a c c i d e n t t o an a i r c r a f t of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e o c c u r r i n g i n t h e t e r r i t o r y of ano t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e , and involving d e a t h o r s e r i o u s i n j u r y , o r i n d i c ~ t i n ge e r i o u e t e c h n i c a l d e f e c t i n t h e a i r c r a f t o r air navigation f a c i l i t i e s , t h e S t a t e i n which t h e ~ c c i d e n toccur8 w i l l i n s t i t u t e an i n q u i r y i n t o t h e circumstances of t h e a c c i d e n t , I n accordance, so f a r as
it8
m a y be recommended by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i v i l A v i a t i o n
Organization.
The S t a t e i n which t h e a i r c r a f t i s
Article 27
(a) While engaged i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r navigat i o n , any a u t h o r i z e d e n t r y of a i r c r a f t of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e i n t o t h e t e r r i t o r y of a n o t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e o r a u t h o r i z e d t r a n s i t a c r o s s t h e t e r r i t o r y of such S t a t e w i t h o r without l a n d i n g s s h a l l not e n t a i l any e e i z u r e o r d e t e n t i o n of t h e a i r c r a f t o r any claim a g a i n s t t h e ormer o r o p e r a t o r t h e r e o f o r any o t h e r i n t e r f e r e n c e t h e r e w i t h by o r on behalf of such S t a t e o r any person t h e r e i n , on t h e ground t h a t t h e c o n e t r u c t i o n , mechanism, p a r t s , a c c e s s o r i e s o r operat i o n of t h e a i r c r a f t i s an infringement of any p a t e n t , d e s i g n , o r model duly g r a n t e d o r r e g i s t e r e d i n t h e S t a t e whoee t e r r i t o r y i s e n t e r e d by t h e a i r c r a f t , i t being agreed t h a t no d e p o s i t of s e c u r i t y i n connection w i t h t h e f o r e g o i n g exemption from s e i z u r e o r detent i o n of t h e a i r c r a f t e h a l l i n any c a s e be r e q u i r e d i n t h e S t a t e e n t e r e d by such a i r c r a f t . (b) The p r o v i s i o n s of paragraph (a) of t h i s
A r t i c l e s h a l l a l s o be a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e e t o r a g e of s p a r e p a r t s and epare equipment f o r t h e a i r c r a f t and t h e r i g h t t o u s e and i n s t a l l t h e same i n t h e r e p a i r of an a i r c r a f t of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e i n t h e t e r r i t o r y of any o t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e , provided t h a t any p a t e n t e d p a r t o r equipment so s t o r e d shall n o t be s o l d o r d i s t r i b u t e d i n t e r n a l l y i n o r exported commerc i a l l y from t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e e n t e r e d by t h e aircraft.
(c)
The b e n e f i t e of t h i e A r t i c l e s h a l l apply
only t o such S t a t e s , p a r t i e e t o t h i e Convention, a6 e i t h e r (1) a r e p ~ r t i e e t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Convention f o r t h e P r o t e c t i o n of I n d u s t r i ~ P l r o p e r t y and t o any amendments t h e r e o f ; o r ( 2 ) have enacted p a t e n t lawe which recognize and g i v e adequate p r o t e c t i o n t o i n v e n t i o n s made by t h e n a t i o n a l e of t h e o t h e r S t a t e s p a r t i e s t o t h i e Convention. Article
A i r navigation
28
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertakee, so f a r as
i t may f i n d p r a c t i c a b l e , t o :
( a ) Provide, i n i t s t e r r i t o r y , a i r p o r t s ,
radio services, meteorological service8 a d other air navigation f a c i l i t i e s t o f a c i l i t a t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r n a v i g a t i o n , i n accordance
w i t h t h e s t a n d a r d s and p r a c t i c e e recommended
p r o p r i a t e standard systems of communications procedure, codee, markings, s i g n a l e , l i g h t i n g and o t h e r o p e r a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e e and r u l e s which may be recommended o r e e t a b l i e h e d from time t o time, pureuant t o t h i s Convention; (c) C o l l a b o r a t e i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l meae-
29
I t s c e r t i f i c a t e of r e g i s t r a t i o n ;
(b) (c)
I t s c e r t i f i c a t e of a i r w o r t h i n e e s ;
The a p p r o p r i a t e l i c e n s e e Tor e ~ c h
If i t i s equipped w i t h r a d i o a p p a r a t u s
t h e a i r c r a f t radio s t a t i o n license;
f
If i t c a r r i e e paesengers, a l i s t of
d e t a i l e d d e c l a r a t i o n s of t h e cargo.
30 Article -
(a)
A i r c r a f t of each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e may, i n
'(I
(b)
32
o r rendered v a l i d by t h e S t a t e i n which t h e a i r c r a f t
i s registered.
(b)
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e r e s e r v e 8 t h e r i g h t
n a t i o n a l e by
33
r e q u i r e m e n t s u n d e r which s u c h c e r t i f i c a t e s o r l i c e n s e s were i s s u e d o r r e n d e r e d v a l i d a r e e q u a l t o o r above t h e minimum e t a n d a r d e which may be e s t a b l i s h e d from t i m e t o t i m e p u r s u a n t t o t h i s Convention. A rticle 34 Journey l o g books There s h a l l be m a i n t a i n e d i n r e s p e c t of every a i r c r a f t engaged i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l n a v i g a t i o n a j o u r ney l o g book i n which s h a l l be e n t e r e d p a r t i c u l a r s of t h e a i r c r a f t , i t s crew a n d of e a c h Journey, i n s u c h form as may be p r e s c r i b e d from t i m e t o t i m e p u r s u a n t t o t h i s Convention. Article Cargo reetrictions
35
(b)
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h t ,
.-
o t h e r S t z t e s so engaged; and provided f u r t h e r t h a t no r e s t r i c t i o n s h a l l be imposed which may i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e c a r r i a g e and u s e on a i r c r a f t of a p p a r a t u s necessary f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n o r n a v i g a t i o n of t h e a i r c r a f t o r t h e s a f e t y of t h e personnel o r passengers. Article
36
37
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertakes t o c o l l a b o r a t e
formity i n r e g u l a t i o n e , s t a n d a r d s , procedures, and o r g a n i z a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o a i r c r a f t , personnel, a i r ways and a u x i l i a r y s e r v i c e s i n a l l m a t t e r s i n which such uniformity w i l l f a c i l i t a t e and improve a i r navigation. To t h i s end t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i v i l Aviation Organization s h a l l adopt and amend from time t o time, as may be necessary, i n t e r n a t i o n a l . s t a n d a r d s and r e c ommended p r a c t i c e s and procedures d e a l i n g with: (a) Communications systems and e.ir naviga-
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a i r p o r t s and l a n d -
control practicee;
.*
Airworthiness of a l r c r a f t ; R e g i s t r a t i o n and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of
aircraft ;
(g)
(j)
(k)
of a c c i d e n t s ; and euch o t h e r m a t t e r s concerned with t h e s a f e t y , r e g u l a r i t y , and e f f i c i e n c y of a i r n a v i g a t i o n as may from time t o time appear a p p r o p r i a t e . Article Departures from i n t e r n a t ion81 standards and procedures
38
own r e g u l a t i o n s o r
p r a c t i c e e i n t o f u l l accord w i t h any i n t e r n a t i o n a l e t a n d a r d o r procedure a f t e r amendment of t h e l a t t e r , o r which deems i t neceeeary t o adopt r e g u l a t i o n s o r p r a c t i c e e d i f f e r i n g i n any p a r t i c u l a r r e s p e c t from t h o s e e e t a b l i s h e d by an i n t e r n a t i o n a l standard, s h a l l g i v e immediate n o t i f i c a t i o n t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i v i l A v i ~ t i o nOrganization of t h e d i f f e r e n c e s between i t s own p r a c t i c e and t h a t e e t a b l i s h e d by t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l standard. I n t h e c a s e of amendments t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l
7
a p p r o p r i a t e amendments t o i t s own r e g u l a t i o n s o r p r a c t i c e s shall g i v e n o t i c e t o t h e Council w i t h i n s i x t y days of t h e adoption of t h e amendment t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l standard, o r i n d i c a t e t h e a c t i o n which i t proposes t o t a k e . I n any such c a s e , t h e Council
39
( a ) Any a i r c r a f t o r p a r t thereof w i t h r e s p e c t
t o which t h e r e e x i s t s an i n t e r n a t i o n a l standard of a i r w o r t h i n e s s o r perforrnanoe, and which f a i l e d i n any r e s p e c t t o s a t i s f y t h a t s t a n d a r d a t t h e time of i t s c e r t i f i c a t i o n , s h a l l have endorsed on o r a t t a c h e d t o i t s a i r w o r t h i n e s s c e r t i f i c a t e a complete enumerat i o n of t h e d e t a i l s i n r e s p e o t of which i t so f a i l e d . (b) Any person h o l d i n g a l i c e n s e who does not
s a t i s f y i n f u l l t h e c o n d i t i o n s l a i d down i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d r e l a t i n g t o t h e c l a s s of l i c e n s e o r c e r t i f i c a t e which he h o l d s s h a l l have endorsed on o r a t t a c h e d t o h i s l i c e n s e a complete enumeration of t h e p a r t i c u l a r s i n which he does not s a t i s f y such conditions. A r t i c l e 40 N o a i r c r a f t o r personnel having c e r t i f i c a t e s o r certificates and l i c e n s e s l i c e n s e s so endorsed s h a l l p a r t i c i p a t e i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l n a v i g a t i o n , except w i t h t h e permission of t h e S t a t e o r S t a t e s whose t e r r i t o r y i s e n t e r e d . The
r e g i s t r a t i o n o r u s e of any s u c h a i r c r a f t , o r of any c e r t i f ' i c a t e d a i r c r a f t p a r t , i n any S t a t e o t h e r t h a n t h a t i n which i t was o r i g i n a l l y c e r t i f i c a t e d s h a l l be a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n of t h e S t a t e i n t o which t h e a i r c r a f t o r p a r t i s imported. Article Recognition of e x i s t i n g ~tand-ards of a i r w o r t h i ness
41
The p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s Chapter shall n o t a p p l y t o a i r c r a f t and a i r c r a f t equipment of t y p e s of which t h e prototype i s submitted t o t h e appropriate n a t i o n a l authorities f o r certification prior to a date three y e a r s a f t e r t h e d a t e of a d o p t i o n of an i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d of a i r w o r t h i n e s s f o r such equipment. A r t i c l e 42
Recognition of e x i s t i n g s t a n d a r d s of competency of p e r s o n n e l
CIVIL AVIATIOJ
ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER VII
43
An org'a-nization t o be named t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l
C i v i l A v i a t i o n O r g a n i z a t i o n i s formed by t h e Conven-
such o t h e r b o d i e s as may b e n e c e s s a r y .
Article
44
The aims and o b j e c t i v e s of t h e Organization a r e t o develop t h e p r i n c i p l e s and. techniques of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r n a v i g a t i o n tins- t o f o s t e r t h e planning and development of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r t r a n s p o r t so a s
(a)
I n s u r e t h e s a f e and o r d e r l y growth of
i n t e r n a t ion& c i v i l a v i a t i o n throughout t h e
(b)
Encourage t h e a r t s of a i r c r a f t design
and o p e r a t i o n f o r p e a c e f u l purposee;
( c)
Meet t h e needs of t h e p e o p l e s of t h e
air transport;
(e) Prevent economic waete ca.used by un-
S t a t e e a r e f u l l y r e s p e c t e d end t h a t every cont r a c t i n g S t a t e has a f a i r opportunity t o operate international airlines; (g) Avoid d i s c r i n i n a t i o n between c o n t r a c t -
ing States;
(h)
Promote s a f e t y of f l i g h t i n i n t e r n a -
avigation; t i o n a l ~ i nr
( i ) Promote g e n e r a l l y t h e development of
a l l a s p e c t s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l c i v i l aeronaut i c s
45
46
t i n g of Assembly
The f i r s t meeting of t h e Assembly s h a l l be summoned by t h e I n t e r i m Council of t h e above-mentioned P r o v i s i o n a l Organization as soon as t h e Convention has come i n t o f o r c e , t o meet at a time and p l a c e t o be decided by t h e I n t e r i m Council. A r t i c l e 47
Legal capacity
The O r g a n i z a t i o n s h a l l enjoy i n t h e t e r r i t o r y of each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e such l e g a l c a p a c i t y a s may be necessary f o r t h e performance of i t s f u n c t i o n s . F u l l J u r i d i c a l p e r a o n a l i t y s h a l l be g r a n t e d wherever compatible w i t h t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n m d laws of t h e S t a t e concerned.
CHAPTER VIII
THE ASSEMBLY
a t t h e r e q u e s t of any t e n c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s ~ d d r e s s e d
t o t h e S e c r e t a r y General. (b)
A l l c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s s h a l l have an equal
49
Elect
8.t
each meeting i t s P r e s i d e n t
and o t h e r o f f i c e r s ;
( b ) E l e c t t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s t o be
(e)
of Chapter X I I I ;
( j)
Consider p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e modifica-
50
It s h a l l be composed of twenty
one c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s e l e c t e d by t h e Assembly.
A n
e l e c t i o n shall be h e l d a t t h e f i r s t meeting of t h e Assembly and t h e r e a f t e r every t h r e e y e a r s , and t h e memb e r s of t h e Council so e l e c t e d shall h o l d o f f i c e u n t i l t h e next f o l l o w i n g e l e c t i o n .
(b) I n e l e c t i n g t h e nembers of t h e Council, t h e
Assembly s h a l l g i v e adequate r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t o (1) t h e S t a t e s of c h i e f importance i n a i r t r a n s p o r t ; ( 2 ) the S t a t e s not o t h e r w i s e i n c l u d e d which make t h e l a r g e s t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e p r o v i s i o n of f a c i l i t i e s f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c i v i l a i r n a v i g a t i o n ; and ( 3 ) t h e S t a t e s n o t otherwise i n c l u d e d whose d e s i g n a t i o n w i l l i n s u r e that
a l l t h e major geographic a r e a s of t h e world a r e r e p r e -
s e n t e d on t h e Council.
s h a l l be f i l l e d by t h e Assembly as soon ns p o s s i b l e ;
(a.)
52
The Council may d e l e -
g a t e a u t h o r i t y with r e s p e c t t o any p a r t i c u l a r m a t t e r
t o a committee of i t s members.
53
especially a f f e c t s i t s i n t e r e s t s .
N o member of t h e
54 ~rticle
The Council s h a l l : of Council
(a)
Submit a n n u d r e p o r t s t o t h e Assembly;
Administer t h e f i n a n c e s of t h e Organi-
z a t i o n i n accordance w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s of Chapters X I 1 and XV; (g) Determine t h e emoluments of t h e P r e s i dent of t h e Council; (h) Appoint a c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r who
s h a l l be c a l l e d t h e S e c r e t a r y General, and make p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e appointment of such o t h e r personnel as may be necessary, i n accordance with t h e p r o v i s i o n s of Chapter X I ; (i) Request, c o l l e c t , examine and p u b l i e h
Report t o c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s any i n -
s i o n s of Chapter V I of t h i s Convention, i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s and recommended p r a c t i c e s ; f o r convenience, d e s i g n a t e them as Annexes t o t h i s Convention; and n o t i f y a l l c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s of t h e a c t i o n taken;
Convention which
it.
Article
55
t r a n s p o r t commissions on a r e g i o n a l o r o t h e r b a s i s and d e f i n e g r o u p s of s t a t e s o r a i r l i n e s
with o r t h r o u g h which i t m a y d e a l t o f a c i l i t a t e
(c)
Conduct r e s e a r c h i n t o a l l a s p e c t s of
a i r t r a n s p o r t and a i r n a v i g a t i o n which a r e of
i n t e r n a t i o n a l importance, communicate t h e r e s u l t s of i t s r e s e a r c h t o t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s , and f a c i l i t a t e t h e exchange of information between c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s on a i r t r a n s p o r t and a i r navigation matters; (d) Study any m a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g t h e organ-
i z a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r tre.nsport , i n c l u d i n g t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l ownership and o p e r a t i o n of i n t e r n a t i o n a l air s e r v i c e s on t r u n k r o u t e s , anc? submit t o t h e Assembly pla.ns i n r e l a t i o n thereto; (e) I n v e s t i g a t e , at t h e r e q u e s t of any
c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e , any s i t u a t i o n which may appear t o present avoidable obstacles t o the development of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r n a v i g a t i o n ; and, a f t e r such i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i s s u e such r e p o r t s as may appear t o i t d e s i r a b l e . CHAPTER X
The A i r Navigation Commission shall be composed of twelve members appointed by t h e Council from among persona nominated by c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s . These
p e r s o n s s h a l l have s u i t a b l e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and exper i e n c e i n t h e s c i e n c e and p r a c t i c e of a e r o n a u t i c s . The Council s h a l l r e q u e s t a l l c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s t o submit nominations. The P r e s i d e n t of t h e A i r Naviga-
Article D u t i e s of Commission
57
(c)
l e c t i o n and communication t o t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s of a l l i n f o r m a t i o n which i t c o n s i d e r s necessary and u s e f u l f o r t h e advancement of a i r navigation. CHAPTER X I PERSONNEL Article Appointment of p e r s o n n e l
58
t e r m i n a t i o n of appointment, t h e t r a i n i n g , and t h e s a l a r i e s , allowances, and c o n d i t i o n s of s e r v i c e of t n e S e c r e t a r y General and o t h e r p e r s o n n e l of t h e Organization, and may employ o r make u s e of t h e s e r v i c e s of n a t i o n a l s of any c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e . A r t i c l e 59 International c h a r a c t e r of personnel
Organization.
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertakes
60
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertakes, so f a r as p o s s i b l e under i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l . procedure, t o a c c a r j t o t h e P r e e i d e n t of t h e Council, t h e S e c r e t a r y General, and t h e o t h e r p e r s o n n e l of t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e iinrnunities and p r i v i l e g e s which a r e accorded t o corresponding personnel of o t h e r p u b l i c i n t e r n a t i o n a l organizations.
I f a g e n e r a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreement
t h a t g e n e r a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreement.
CHAPTER XI1
FINANCE
61
Assembly s h a l l v o t e t h e budget with whatever modific a t i o n i t s e e s f i t t o p r e s c r i b e , and, w i t h t h e exception of assessments under Chapter XV t o S t a t e s consenting t h e r e t o , shall a p p o r t i o n t h e expenses
of t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n among t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s on t h e b a s i s which i t shall from time t o time determine. Article Suspension of v o t i n g power
62
63
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s h a l l b e a r t h e expenses of
64
The O r g a n i z a t i o n may, w i t h r e s p e c t t o a i r m a t t e r s
65
with o t h e r
The Council, on behalf of t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n , may e n t e r i n t o agreements w i t h o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d i e s f o r t h e maintenance of common s e r v i c e s and f o r cornmon arrangements concerning personnel and, with t h e
approval of t h e Assembly, may e n t e r i n t o suzh o t h e r arrangements a e may f a c i l i t a t e t h e work of t h e Organization. Article (a)
66
The Organization s h a l l a l s o c a r r y o u t t h e
December 7, 1944, i n accordance with t h e terms and conditions therein s e t forth. (b) Members o f t h e Assembly and t h e Council who have not accepted t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r S e r v i c e s T r a n s i t Agreement o r t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r Transport Agreement drawn up a t Chicago on December 7, 1944 s h a l l not have t h e r i g h t t o v o t e on any q u e s t i o n s r e f e r r e d t o t h e Aseembly o r Council under t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e r e l e v a n t Agreement.
PART 111. --
INTERNATIONAL
fi TRANSPORT
CHAPTER X I V
INFORMATION AND REPORTS
Article
67
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e undertakes t h a t i t s i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r l i n e s s h a l l , i n accordance with r e quirements l a i d down by t h e Council, f i l e w i t h t h e Council t r a f f i c r e p o r t s , c o s t s t a t i s t i c s and f i n a n c i a l s t a t e m e n t s showing among o t h e r t h i n g s a l l r e c e i p t s and t h e sources t h e r e o f .
68
69
If t h e Council i a of t h e o p i n i o n that t h e a i r -
p o r t s o r other air navigation f a c i l i t i e s , including r a d i o and m e t e o r o l o g i c a l s e r v i c e s , of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e a r e n o t reasonably adequate f o r t h e s a f e , r e g u l a r , e f f i c i e n t , and economical o p e r a t i 3 n o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r s e r v i c e s , p r e s e n t o r contemplated, t h e Council sha.11 c o n s u l t w i t h t h e S t a t e d i r e c t l y concerned. and o t h e r S t a t e s a f f e c t e d , w i t h a view t o f i n d i n g means by which t h e s i t u a t i o n may be remedied, and m a y make recommendations f o r that purpose. No
A c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e , i n t h e circumstances a r i a -
such recommendations.
The S t a t e may e l e c t t o b e a r
agree, a t t h e r e q u e s t of t h e S t a t e , t o provide f o r
a l l o r a p o r t i o n of t h e c o s t s .
71
c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e so r e q u e s t s , t h e
of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n ~ la i r s e r v i c e s of t h e o t h e r c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s , and may s p e c i f y j u s t and r e a sonable charges f o r t h e u s e of t h e f a c i l i t i e s provided. A r t i c l e 72 Acquisition Where l a n d i s needed f o r f a c i l i t i e s financed i n whole o r i n p a r t by t h e Council at t h e r e q u e s t of
a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e , t h a t S t a t e shall e i t h e r pro-
v i d e t h e l a n d i t s e l f , r e t a i n i n g t i t l e i f i t wishes,
o r f a c i l i t a t e t h e use of t h e l a n d by t h e Council on
j u s t and reasonable terms and i n accordance w i t h t h e laws of t h e S t a t e concerned. A r t i c l e 73 Expenditure and a s s e s s ment of funds Within t h e l i m i t of t h e funds which may be made a v a i l a b l e t o i t by t h e As~emblyunder Chapter
X I I , t h e Council may m ~ k ec u r r e n t e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r
Pea,-
60n~ble p e r i o d of time t o t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s consenting t h e r e t o whose a i r l i n e s u s e t h e f a c i l i t i e s . The Council may a l s o a s s e s s t o B t a t e s t h a t consent any working f u n d s that a r e r e q u i r e d . Article assistance and u t i l i revenues
74
When t h e Council, a t t h e r e q d e s t of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e , advances funds o r p r o v i d e s a i r p o r t s o r o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s i n whole o r i n p a r t , t h e arrangement may p r o v i d e , with t h e conaent of t h a t B t a t e , f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e s u p e r v i s i o n and o p e r a t i o n of t h e a i r p o r t s and o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s , and f o r t h e payment, from t h e revenues d e r i v e d from t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e a i r p o r t s and o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s , of t h e o p e r a t i n g expenses of tht; a i r p o r t s and t h e o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s , and of i n t e r e s t and a m o r t i z a t i o n charges. Article
75
Article
? O D and
t a k e over a i r p o r t s and o t h e r f a c i i -
lip
i )
Funds o b t a i n e d by t h e Council through reimbursement under A r t i c l e 75 and from r e c e i p t s of i n t e r e s t and a m o r t i z a t i o n payments under A r t i c l e 74
s h a l l , i n t h e caee of advances o r i g i n a l l y f i n a n c e d
by S t a t e s under A r t i c l e 73, be r e t u r n e d t o t h e S t a t e s which were o r i g i n a l l y aeseseed i n t h e proport i o n of t h e i r assessments, as determined by t h e Council. CHAPTER X V I
J O I N T OPERATING ORGANIZATIONS AND POOLED SERVICES
Article
77
t i o n a l o p e r a t i n g a g e n c i e s and from p o o l i n g t h e i r a i r s e r v i c e s on any r o u t e s o r i n any r e g i o n s , but such o r g a n i z a t i o n s o r a g e n c i e s and such pooled s e r v i c e 8 s h a l l be s u b j e c t t o a l l t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i e Convention, i n c l u d i n g t h o s e r e l a t i n g t o t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n of agreements with t h e Council. The Council
shall apply t o a i r c r a f t o p e r s t ed by i n t e r n a t i o n a l
operating agencies.
The Council may suggest t o c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s concerned t h a t they form j o i n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o opera t e a i r s e r v i c e s on any r o u t e s o r i n any r e g i o n s . Article
A S t a t e may p a r t i c i p 8 , t e I n j o i n t o p e r a t i n g organ-
may, a t t h e s o l e d i s c r e t i o n of t h e S t a t e concerned, be
PART I V -*
FINAL PROVISIONS
CHAPTER XVII
any o t h e r S t a t e o r t h e a i r l i n e of any o t h e r S t a t e ,
shall be f o r t h w i t h r e g i e t e r e d w i t h t h e Council.
Article
82
a8
a b r o g a t i n g a l l o b l i g a t i o n s and understanding6 between them which a r e i n c o n a i s t e n t with i t s terme, wid undert a k e not t o e n t e r i n t o any euch o b l i g a t i o n s and undelstandings.
A c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e which, b e f o r e beoom-
i n g a member of t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n hae undertdcen any o b l i g a t i o n s toward a non-contracting S t a t e o r a n a t i o n a l of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e o r of a non-contracting S t a t e i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e terms of t h i e Convention, s h ~ l tl a k e immediate e t e p s t o procure i t s r e l e a s e from t h e o b l i g a t i o n s .
I f an a i r l i n e of any c o n t r a c t -
i n g S t a t e hae e n t e r e d i n t o any such i n c o n e i s t e n t o b l i g a t i o n s , t h e S t a t e of which i t i s a n a t i o n a l shall use i t s beet e f f o r t e t o secure t h e i r terminatlon f o r t h w i t h and e h a l l i n any event cause them t o be termi-
83
CHAPTER XVIII
DISPUTES AND DEFAULT
Article Settlement of d i s p u t e s
84
I f any disagreement between two o r more c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o r applicat i o n of t h i s Convention and i t s Annexes c ~ n n o tb e s e t t l e d by n e g o t i a t i o n , i t s h a l l , on t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of any S t a t e concerned i n t h e d i s a g r e e m e n t , be d e c i d e d by t h e Council. No member of t h e Council a h a l l v o t e
ad & a r b i t r a l
t r i b u n a l a g r e e d upon
which t h e d e c i s i o n of t h e Counci.1 i s u n d e r a p p e a l h a s n o t a c c e p t e d t h e S t a t u t e of t h e Permanent Court of I n t e r n a t i o n a l J u s t i c e and t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t e t e s p a r t i e s t o t h e d i s p u t e cannot a g r e e on t h e c h o i c e of t h e a r b i t r a l t r i b u n a l , each of t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s p a r t i e s t o t h e d i s p u t e s h a l l name a s i n g l e a r b i t r a t o r who a h a l l name an umpire.
If e i t h e r c o n t r a , c t i n g
G,
t h a t S t a t e by t h e P r e s i d e n t of t h e Council from a
l i s t of q u a l i f i e d and a v a i l a b l e p e r s o n s m a i n t a i n e d by
t h e Council. I f , w i t h i n t h i r t y days, t h e a r b i t r e t o r s
cannot a g r e e on an umpire, t h e P r e s i d e n t of t h e Council s h a l l designs-te a n umpire from t h e l i s t p r e viously referred t o . The a r b i t r a t o r s and t h e umpire
s h a l l t h e n J o i n t l y c o n s t i t u t e an a r b i t r a l t r i b u n a l .
Any a r b i t r a l tribuna.1 e s t a b l i s h e d under t n i s o r t h e
i s excessive.
Article
86
Each c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e u n d e r t a k e s not t o a l l o w
n a i r l i n e of a c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e t h e operation of a
t h r o u g h t h e a i r s p a c e above i t s t e r r i t o r y if t h e Council h a s d e c i d e d t h a t t h e a i r l i n e concerned i s not conforming t o a f i n a . 1 d e c i s i o n r e n d e r e d i n accordance
Article 88 Penalty f o r non-conf o m I t y by S t a t e The Assembly s h a l l suspend t h e v o t i n g power i n t h e Assembly and i n t h e Council of any c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e that i s f o u n d i n d e f a u l t under t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s C h a p t e r . CWTER X I X
WAR
Article
89
s t a t e of r i a t i o n a l emergency and n o t i f i e s t l i e
f a c t t o t h e Council. CHAPTER XX
ANNEXES
90
s u c h Annex o r any amendment of a n Annex s h a l l become e f f e c t i v e w i t h i n t h r e e months a f t e r i t s submission t o t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s o r a t t h e end of such l o n g e r p e r i o d of t i m e as t h e C o u n c i l may p r e s c r i b e , u n l e s s i n t h e memtime a m a j o r i t y of t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s r e g i s t e r t h e i r disapproval w i t h t h e Council.
(b)
91
The i n s t r u m e n t s
This Convention s h a l l be s u b j e c t t o r a t i -
f i c a t i o n by t h e s i g n a t o r y S t a t e s .
s h a l l come i n t o f o r c e f o r e a c h S t a t e r a t i f y i n g t h e r e -
a f t e r on t h e t h i r t i e t h day ~ f t e t r h e d e p o s i t of i t s i n s t r u m e n t of r a t i f i c a t i o n . (c)
I t shall be t h e d u t y of t h e Government of
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of America t o n o t i f y t h e governrflent of e a c h of t h e s i g n a t o r y and a d h e r i n g S t a t e s of t h e d a t e on which t h i s Convention comes i n t o f o r c e . Articls Adherence to Convention (a)
92
(b)
Adherence s u a l l be e f f e c t e d by a n o t i f i c a -
t i o n a d d r e ~ s e dt o t h e Government of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of America and shall t a k e e f f e c t as from t h e t h i r t i e t h day from t h e r e c e i p t of t h e n o t i f i c a t i o n by t h e Government of t h e United S t a t e s of America, which
shall n o t i f y a l l t h e c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s .
S t a t e s o t h e r than those provided f o r i n A r t i c l e s 9 1 a-nd 9 2 ( a ) may, s u b j e c t t o a p p r o v a l by any g e n e r a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s e t up by t h e n a t i o n s of t h e world t o p r e s e r v e peRce, be adirnitted t o p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h i s Convention by means of a f o u r - f i f t h s v o t e of t h e Assembly md on s u c h c o n d i t i o n s as t h e Assembly may p r e s c r i b e : p r o v i d e d t h a t i n each c a s e
94
( a ) Any proposed amendment t o t h i s Convention must be approved by a t w o - t h i r d s v o t e of t h e Assembly and s h a l l t h e n come i n t o f o r c e i n r e s p e c t of S t a t e s which have r a t i f i e d such amendment when r a t i f i e d by t h e number of c o n t r a c t i n g S t a t e s s p e c i f i e d by t h e Assembly. The number so s p e c i f i e d shall n o t be l e s s
a n a t u r e as t o J u s t i f y t h i s c o u r s e , t h e Assembly i n
i t e r e s o l u t i o n recommending a d o p t i o n may p r o v i d e t h a t
A r t i c l e 95
Denunciation Convention
from t h e d a t e of t h e r e c e i p t o f t h e n o t i f i c a t i o n and
shall o p e r a t e o n l y as r e g a r d s t h e S t a t e e f f e c t i n g t h e
denunciation.
CHAPTER X X I I
DEFINITION3
Article
96
a i r s e r v i c e which p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e a i r s p a c e
o v e r t h e t e r r i t o r y of more t h a n one S t a t e . (c) L A 1 r l i n e u means any a i r t r a n s p o r t
e n t e r p r i e e o f f e r i n g o r o p e r a t i n g an i n t e r n a tlonal a i r service.
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2. The Republic of Panama understands that the technicax w x e s t o which reference is made in the Convention constitute recommendations only, and not binding obligations.
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